UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2023

Or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____

Commission File Number 001-38252

Spark Networks SE

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

Germany	N/A
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
Kohlfurter Straße 41/43 Berlin Germany	10999
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (+49) 30 868000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depository Shares each representing one-tenth of an ordinary share	LOV	The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC
Ordinary shares, €1.00 nominal value per share*

* Not for trading purposes, but only in connection with the registration of American Depository Shares pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of ordinary shares outstanding as of August 8, 2023 was 2,625,475.

 Table of Contents

		Page
PART I
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' (Deficit) Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8
	Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	8
	Note 2 - Revenue	9
	Note 3 - Income Taxes	10
	Note 4 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets	10
	Note 5 - Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities	12
	Note 6 - Debt	13
	Note 7 - Contingencies	14
	Note 8 - Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements	15
	Note 9 - Stock-based Compensation	15
	Note 10 - Subsequent Events	17
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	26
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	26
PART II
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	28
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	28
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	29
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	29
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	29
Item 5.	Other Information	29
Item 6.	Exhibits	30
	Signatures	32

2

PART I

Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements

Spark Networks SE

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share data)

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	5,683	$	11,438
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $566 and $85, respectively	5,473		5,154
Prepaid expenses	3,166		3,514
Other current assets	1,654		1,557
Total current assets	15,976		21,663
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $5,474 and $4,782, respectively	5,769		4,956
Goodwill	98,620		119,276
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $17,425 and $16,798, respectively	10,393		13,299
Other assets	4,028		5,183
Total assets	$	134,786	$	164,377
Liabilities and Shareholders' Deficit
Current liabilities:
Debt	$	94,197	$	94,817
Accounts payable	7,142		6,487
Deferred revenue	27,401		28,085
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	27,611		24,247
Total current liabilities	156,351		153,636
Deferred tax liabilities	368		409
Other liabilities	16,697		17,118
Total liabilities	173,416		171,163
Contingencies (Note 7)
Shareholders' Deficit:
Common stock, €1.00 nominal value; 3,992,078 shares authorized; 2,661,386 shares issued; 2,625,476 and 2,623,820 shares outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	3,064		3,064
Treasury stock, at €1.00 nominal value; 35,910 shares as of June 30, 2023 and 37,566 shares as of December 31, 2022	(40)		(42)
Additional paid-in capital	224,915		224,506
Accumulated deficit	(275,878)		(244,593)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	9,309		10,279
Total shareholders' deficit	(38,630)		(6,786)
Total liabilities and shareholders' deficit	$	134,786	$	164,377

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

3

Spark Networks SE

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenue	$	41,202	$	48,035	$	82,541	$	97,942
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	22,790		36,356		50,082		70,602
Other operating expenses	18,920		14,520		32,426		29,955
Depreciation and amortization	625		577		1,243		1,180
Impairment of intangible assets	21,847		—		22,947		—
Total operating costs and expenses	64,182		51,453		106,698		101,737
Operating loss	(22,980)		(3,418)		(24,157)		(3,795)
Other income (expense):
Interest income	7		—		47		—
Interest expense	(4,065)		(2,706)		(7,922)		(9,588)
Gain (Loss) on foreign currency transactions	(216)		(2,441)		464		(3,208)
Other income (expense)	276		(3)		276		260
Total other expense, net	(3,998)		(5,150)		(7,135)		(12,536)
Loss before income taxes	(26,978)		(8,568)		(31,292)		(16,331)
Income tax benefit (expense)	52		(193)		7		99
Net loss	(26,926)		(8,761)		(31,285)		(16,232)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	145		3,880		(970)		4,973
Comprehensive loss	$	(26,781)	$	(4,881)	$	(32,255)	$	(11,259)
Loss per share:
Basic loss per share	$	(10.26)	$	(3.35)	$	(11.92)	$	(6.20)
Diluted loss per share	$	(10.26)	$	(3.35)	$	(11.92)	$	(6.20)
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	2,625,476		2,617,397		2,625,137		2,617,397
Diluted	2,625,476		2,617,397		2,625,137		2,617,397

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

4

Spark Networks SE

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' (Deficit) Equity (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share data)

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
	Common Stock			Treasury Stock
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total shareholders' deficit
Balance at April 1, 2023	2,661,386	$	3,064	(35,910)	$	(40)	$	224,664	$	(248,952)	$	9,164	$	(12,100)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		251		—		—		251
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(26,926)		—		(26,926)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—		—	—		—		—		145		145
Balance at June 30, 2023	2,661,386	$	3,064	(35,910)	$	(40)	$	224,915	$	(275,878)	$	9,309	$	(38,630)
	Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
	Common Stock			Treasury Stock
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total shareholders' equity
Balance at April 1, 2022	2,661,386	$	3,064	(43,989)	$	(48)	$	223,605	$	(207,874)	$	8,070	$	26,817
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		490		—		—		490
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(8,761)		—		(8,761)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—		—	—		—		—		3,880		3,880
Balance at June 30, 2022	2,661,386	$	3,064	(43,989)	$	(48)	$	224,095	$	(216,635)	$	11,950	$	22,426

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
	Common Stock			Treasury Stock
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total shareholders' equity
Balance at January 1, 2023	2,661,386	$	3,064	(37,566)	$	(42)	$	224,506	$	(244,593)	$	10,279	$	(6,786)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		424		—		—		424
Treasury stock issued pursuant to equity-based plans				1,656	2		(15)						(13)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(31,285)		—		(31,285)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—		—	—		—		—		(970)		(970)
Balance at June 30, 2023	2,661,386	$	3,064	(35,910)	$	(40)	$	224,915	$	(275,878)	$	9,309	$	(38,630)
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
	Common Stock			Treasury Stock
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total shareholders' equity
Balance at January 1, 2022	2,661,386	$	3,064	(43,989)	$	(48)	$	223,103	$	(200,403)	$	6,977	$	32,693
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		992		—		—		992
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(16,232)		—		(16,232)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—		—	—		—		—		4,973		4,973
Balance at June 30, 2022	2,661,386	$	3,064	(43,989)	$	(48)	$	224,095	$	(216,635)	$	11,950	$	22,426

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

5

Spark Networks SE

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(in thousands)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Net loss	$	(31,285)	$	(16,232)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1,243		1,180
Impairment of intangible assets	22,947		—
Loss on tangible and intangible assets	—		30
Unrealized (gain) loss on foreign currency transactions	(140)		3,837
Stock-based compensation expense	424		992
Amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of debt discounts	1,124		1,343
Non-cash PIK interest	83		—
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		3,964
Deferred tax expense	(40)		(158)
Provision for credit losses	44		256
Non-cash lease expense	1,134		1,092
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(329)		326
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	285		(2,687)
Other assets	55		(5)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other current liabilities	3,838		(2,980)
Other liabilities	(1,113)		(1,045)
Deferred revenue	(940)		(608)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(2,670)	$	(10,695)
Capital expenditures	(1,393)		(1,268)
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(1,393)	$	(1,268)
Proceeds from debt, net of discount and issuance costs	$	—	$	97,750
Repayment of debt	(1,250)		(85,552)
Debt issuance costs paid to third parties	—		(3,531)
Payment of early extinguishment of debt charge	—		(893)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	$	(1,250)	$	7,774
Net change in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	(5,313)		(4,189)
Effects of exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	(439)		(613)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(5,752)	$	(4,802)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	11,569		16,279
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	5,817	$	11,477
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest including payment of early extinguishment of debt charges of $0 and $893, respectively	$	6,713	$	5,107
Cash paid for income taxes	$	260	$	2,538
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	279	$	69
Debt amendment PIK fee added to principal balance	$	250	$	—
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the condensed consolidated balance sheets	Jun-23		Dec-22
Cash and cash equivalents	$	5,683	$	11,438
Restricted cash included in other current assets	134		131
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash as shown on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows	$	5,817	$	11,569

6

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

7

Spark Networks SE

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Note 1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Spark Networks SE (the "Company") is a leader in social dating platforms for meaningful relationships focusing on the 40+ age demographic and faith-based affiliations, including Zoosk, EliteSingles, SilverSingles, Christian Mingle, Jdate, and JSwipe, among others. The Company's brands are tailored to quality dating with real users looking for love and companionship in a safe and comfortable environment. The Company is domiciled in Germany with significant corporate operations, including executive leadership, accounting and finance, located in the United States. Except where the context clearly indicates otherwise, the terms “the Company,” “Spark Networks,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Spark Networks SE and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") and applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), regarding interim financial reporting. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

In management's opinion, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements and reflect, in management’s opinion, all adjustments, consisting of normal and recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company's balance sheets, statement of operations and comprehensive loss, statement of shareholders' equity and statement of cash flows for the periods presented. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the Company's entire fiscal year. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC for the year ended December 31, 2022 ("2022 Form 10-K").

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Significant estimates and assumptions are required in the determination of: revenue reserves, deferred tax asset valuation allowances, unrecognized tax benefits, classification and measurement of virtual stock option plans, and annual impairment testing of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. The Company evaluates its estimates and judgements on an ongoing basis based on historical experience, expectations of future events and various other factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances and revises them when necessary. Actual results may differ from the original or revised estimates.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Going Concern

The Company's financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business. As of the date of the financial statements, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. Principal conditions and events leading to this conclusion are that the Company has generated losses from operations, continues to have declines in revenues, incurred impairment charges to its Zoosk goodwill and intangible assets, has cash outflows from operations and has a working capital deficiency. Based on these conditions and events, we may not be able to comply with the covenants under our Financing Agreement (see Note 6. Debt) over the next 12 months, specifically related to the maximum leverage ratio covenant. The Company plans to alleviate these conditions and events by implementing additional cost reduction measures to reduce our operating expenses and optimize our net working capital and profit.

On March 29, 2023, we entered into an Amendment and Forbearance Agreement with our lender, MGG Investment Group LP, due to not delivering financial statements accompanied by a report and an opinion that does not include any qualification, exception or explanatory paragraph expressing substantial doubt about the ability to continue as a going concern (“Event of

8

Default”). Among other terms, this agreement contains terms that state during the forbearance period, defined as the date of the Agreement through the earlier of May 15, 2023 or the occurrence of a Termination Event (as defined in the Amendment and Forbearance Agreement), our lender agrees to forbear from exercising any of its remedies with respect to this Event of Default. Based on these facts and circumstances, we have reclassified the debt from long-term to current within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. On May 15, 2023, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to Forbearance Agreement with MGG, pursuant to which the forbearance period was extended through the earlier of May 25, 2023 or the occurrence of a Termination Event.

On May 25, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 to Forbearance Agreement (the “Second Amendment”) which extended the forbearance period termination date to June 15, 2023 and removed from the forbearance the Company’s failure to deliver to the collateral agent a control agreement (as moot). No other changes were made to the Financing Agreement.

On June 15, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 to Forbearance Agreement (the “Third Amendment”) which extends the forbearance period termination date to July 14, 2023, conditioned on (i) by June 19, 2023, the delivery to MGG of an engagement letter appointing an individual of Ankura Consulting Group, LLC (“Ankura”) as special project officer, (ii) by June 30, 2023, the Company must cause its financial advisor to deliver to MGG a bottoms-up, step-by-step operational performance improvement plan with a fully integrated financial model, including restructuring options and future capital and liquidity requirements of the Company (the “Transition Plan”), (iii) by July 7, 2023, approval by the Company’s board of directors of the Transition Plan; and (iv) by July 7, 2023, the Company must engage an auditor to provide an IDW-S6 opinion.

On July 14, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 4 to Forbearance Agreement (the “Fourth Amendment”) which extended the forbearance period termination date to July 21, 2023.

On July 21, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 5 to Forbearance Agreement (the “Fifth Amendment”) which extended the forbearance period termination date to July 28, 2023 and added to the forbearance the Company’s failure to meet minimum marketing spend requirements over a twelve month period.

On July 28, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 6 to Forbearance Agreement (the “Sixth Amendment”) which extended the forbearance period termination date to August 4, 2023.

On August 4, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 7 to Forbearance Agreement (the “Seventh Amendment”) which extends the forbearance period termination date to August 11, 2023 and adds to the forbearance the Company’s failure to maintain minimum liquidity.

On August 11, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 8 to Forbearance Agreement (the "Eighth Amendment") which extends the forbearance period termination date to September 1, 2023.

If we are not able to extend the forbearance period or renegotiate certain terms of the Financing Agreement, our lender could declare all or any portion of the loans then outstanding to be accelerated and due and payable, including the aggregate principal of loans outstanding, accrued and unpaid interest thereon, and all fees, premiums and other amounts payable under the Financing Agreement. Our lender could also require that we and our subsidiaries that have guaranteed our indebtedness pay the obligations in full, and exercise all of its available remedies as a secured party following an event of default with respect to all of our and our subsidiary guarantors’ assets that serve as collateral securing our indebtedness, including foreclosing on, and disposing of, our and our subsidiary guarantors’ assets. If any such demand was to be made, there can be no assurance that our assets would be sufficient to repay the indebtedness in full; if our assets were insufficient to repay the indebtedness in full following such a demand, and if we were not able to come to a satisfactory arrangement with our lender to restructure our indebtedness, possible outcomes for the Company would include filing for bankruptcy or being forced into bankruptcy. If any of these events were to occur, our ability to fund our operations could be materially impaired.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

There were no new accounting pronouncements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and through the date of filing of this report that had or are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Note 2. Revenue

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, revenue was as follows:

9

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Subscription revenue	$	39,295	$	45,975	$	78,656	$	93,517
Virtual currency revenue	1,287		1,440		2,619		2,965
Advertising revenue	620		620		1,266		1,460
Total Revenue	$	41,202	$	48,035	$	82,541	$	97,942

Revenue disaggregated by geography, based on where the revenue is generated, consists of the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
United States	$	29,187	$	32,616	$	58,123	$	66,047
Germany	253		278		506		562
Rest of world	11,762		15,141		23,912		31,333
Total Revenue	$	41,202	$	48,035	$	82,541	$	97,942

During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $26.7 million and $33.5 million of revenue, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue balances as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Note 3. Income Taxes

For the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded income tax benefit of $0.1 million and an income tax expense of $0.2 million, respectively, which reflects an effective tax rate of 0.2% and (2.3)%, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded income tax benefit of $0.0 million and $0.1 million, respectively, which reflects an effective rate of 0.0% and 0.6%, respectively. The change in the provision for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily driven by the Company benefiting from year-to-date losses in the U.S. jurisdiction.

The Company had a valuation allowance against certain U.S., Israel, and German deferred tax assets as of both June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company evaluates on a quarterly basis whether the deferred tax assets are realizable, which requires significant judgement. The Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including historical operating performance and expectations of future operating performance. The Company intends to maintain these valuation allowances until there is sufficient evidence to support reversal of all or some portion of them.

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has $4.5 million and $4.5 million of unrecognized tax benefits, respectively. Of the $4.5 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of June 30, 2023, $1.9 million would impact the effective tax rate if recognized, and $2.9 million would result in an increase in the valuation allowance. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has recorded $1.0 million and $0.8 million of interest and penalties, respectively, related to unrecognized tax benefits. The Company’s policy is to classify interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense.

As a matter of course, the Company may be audited by Germany, U.S. Federal and state, Israel, France, the U.K. and other foreign tax authorities within which it operates. From time to time, these audits result in proposed assessments. The Company was notified during 2020 that the Israeli tax authorities were auditing Spark Networks Ltd. for the tax years 2018-2019. There is minimal activity in the entity and, while we do not expect adverse findings, any potential findings would result in a reduction of the net operating loss carryforward which has a full valuation allowance against it. The Company was notified that the German tax authorities are auditing Spark SE for the tax years 2017-2018, as well as Spark GmbH for the tax years 2016-2018. In the fourth quarter of 2022 we received draft reports from the German tax authorities and we are not expecting any material assessments.

Based on the current status of Germany, U.S. Federal, state, local and other foreign audits, the Company does not expect the amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly decrease in the next 12 months as a result of settlements of tax audits and/or the expiration of statutes of limitations.

Note 4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

10

The Company completes its annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if triggering events indicate a possible impairment in one or more of its reporting units. During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company identified an impairment triggering event related to goodwill and intangibles as a result of lowering the Company's financial projections.

Goodwill

The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022:

(in thousands)
Balance as of January 1, 2023	$	119,276
Impairment charges	(20,667)
Impact of currency translation	11
Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	98,620
Balance as of January 1, 2022	$	134,744
Impairment charges	—
Impact of currency translation	(51)
Balance as of June 30, 2022	$	134,693

During the three months ended June 30, 2023 the Company performed an impairment analysis for the Spark and Zoosk reporting units. The goodwill impairment test concluded that the fair value of the Spark reporting unit exceeded the carrying amounts, and no goodwill impairment was recognized. Goodwill assigned to the Spark reporting unit was $24.4 million. For the Zoosk reporting unit, the fair value did not exceed the carrying value, and the Company recorded impairment charges of $20.7 million. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 there were no impairment charges recognized.

The total accumulated impairment loss of the Company's goodwill was $120.6 million as of June 30, 2023 and $99.9 million as of December 31, 2022.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consists of the following as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	June 30, 2023
(in thousands)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Impairment Charges		Accumulated Amortization		Currency Translation Impact on Carrying Amount		Net Carrying Amount
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Brands and trademarks	$	63,800	$	(53,431)			$	—	$	10,369
Long-lived intangible assets:
Brands and trademarks	86		—		(61)		(1)		24
Acquired technology	5,910		—		(5,910)		—		—
Customer relationships	10,780		—		(10,780)		—		—
Licenses and domains	205		—		(204)		(1)		—
Other	470		—		(470)		—		—
Total intangible assets	$	81,251	$	(53,431)	$	(17,425)	$	(2)	$	10,393

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	December 31, 2022
(in thousands)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Impairment Charges		Accumulated Amortization		Currency Translation Impact on Carrying Amount		Net Carrying Amount
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Brands and trademarks	$	63,800	$	(51,151)	$	—	$	—	$	12,649
Long-lived intangible assets:
Brands and trademarks	86		—		(58)		(2)		26
Acquired technology	5,910		—		(5,286)		—		624
Customer relationships	10,780		—		(10,780)		—		—
Licenses and domains	205		—		(204)		(1)		—
Other	470		—		(470)		—		—
Total intangible assets	$	81,251	$	(51,151)	$	(16,798)	$	(3)	$	13,299

During the three months ended June 30, 2023 the Company recognized impairment charges of $1.2 million related to the Zoosk tradename due to further lowered revenue expectations. During the three months ended June 30, 2022 there were no impairment charges. The Company estimated the fair value using an income approach, specifically the relief-from-royalty method, based on the present value of future cash flows. The Company used a royalty rate of 3% and weighted average cost of capital of 33% to estimate the fair value of Zoosk tradename.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023 the Company recognized impairment charges of $2.3 million related to the Zoosk tradename. During the six months ended June 30, 2022 there were no impairment charges.

Amortization expense for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 was $0.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 was $0.6 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

Note 5. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(in thousands)	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accrued advertising	$	5,972	$	6,257
Accrued employee compensation and benefits	3,123		1,614
Accrued professional fees	1,047		944
Accrued service providers	1,830		1,501
Accrued value-added, sales, and other non-income-based taxes	10,559		9,078
Current portion of income tax payable	1,295		1,812
Current portion of lease liabilities	2,195		2,422
Other	1,590		619
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	27,611	$	24,247

Other liabilities consist of the following as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(in thousands)	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Deferred payment to Zoosk's shareholders	$	13,299	$	12,716
Lease liabilities, less current portion	463		1,416
Sublease security deposit	692		1,038
Other	2,243		1,948
Other liabilities	$	16,697	$	17,118

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Note 6.Debt

MGG Term Loan Agreement

On March 11, 2022, the Company entered into a Financing Agreement (the "Financing Agreement") with Zoosk, Inc. and Spark Networks, Inc., the subsidiary guarantor party thereto, the lender party thereto, and MGG Investment Group LP ("MGG"), as administrative agent and collateral agent (the "Term Loan"). The Financing Agreement provides for senior secured term loans of $100.0 million. Substantially all of the Company's assets are pledged as collateral. Borrowings under the Term Loan bear interest at a rate equal to LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 7.5% per annum. The proceeds were used to repay in full all amounts outstanding under the loan facilities with Blue Torch Finance LLC. The outstanding principal amounts will be repayable in quarterly payments of $1.25 million commencing with the quarter ending June 30, 2023 through March 31, 2025, and $2.50 million commencing with the quarter ending June 30, 2025 and thereafter.

The Term Loan was issued at a discount of 2.0% of the aggregate principal amount of the $100.0 million. Transaction costs and overhead fees of $3.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively, were paid at closing. Through the effective interest rate method, the discount and overhead fees on the Term Loan are amortized to interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss through the maturity on March 11, 2027 ("Maturity Date"). The effective interest on the Term Loan was 10.1%. In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Term Loan, within 5 days after the annual financial statements are required to be delivered to the lender, commencing with the delivery of the fiscal year 2022 audited financial statements, the Company is required to make a prepayment of the loan principal in an amount equal to a percentage of the excess cash flow of the most recently completed fiscal year.

The Financing Agreement requires the following financial covenants to be maintained: (i) quarterly leverage ratio no greater than 4.50 to 1.00 for the quarter ending June 30, 2022, 4.25 to 1.00 through June 30, 2023, 3.75 to 1.00 through June 30, 2024, 3.25 to 1.00 through June 30, 2025, 2.75 to 1.00 through June 30, 2026 and 2.25 to 1.00 through the maturity date of the loan; (ii) marketing efficiency ratio to be less than 1.36 to 1.00 for the quarter ending June 30, 2022 through the maturity date of the loan; and (iii) minimum liquidity of $5.0 million at any time. In addition, the Financing Agreement contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company and its subsidiaries' ability to: incur additional indebtedness, create liens, engage in mergers or consolidations, sell or transfer assets, pay dividends and distributions, make share repurchases, make certain acquisitions, engage in certain transactions with affiliates and change lines of business.

On August 5, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the Financing Agreement, as amended and restated by that certain Amended and Restated Amendment No. 1 to the Financing Agreement dated as of August 19, 2022 (the "Amendment No. 1"). The Amendment No. 1 revised certain financial covenants associated with the quarterly leverage ratio and requires the Company to maintain quarterly leverage ratio no greater than 6.50 to 1.00 through December 31, 2022, and 6.25 to 1.00 for the quarter ending March 31, 2023. The remaining quarterly leverage ratio did not change. The Amendment also requires the Company's minimum marketing spend for the twelve consecutive month period ending at the end of each fiscal quarter, commencing with the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2022, not to be less than $80.0 million. In connection with the Amendment, the Company paid a $0.3 million amendment fee during August 2022, which will be amortized as interest expense over the remaining life of the loan.

Additionally, the Amendment No. 1 amended the margin for the Term Loan interest to be set at the levels based on the period for which the leverage ratio is calculated. Specifically, from August 5, 2022 to June 30, 2023, the margin shall be 7.5% or 8.5% on reference rate or LIBOR rate, respectively, based on the leverage ratio greater than or equal to 4.25 to 1.00, or 7.0% or 8.0% on reference rate or LIBOR rate, respectively, based on the leverage ratio less than 4.25 to 1.00, and after June 30, 2023, the margin shall be 7.5% or 8.5% on reference rate or LIBOR rate, respectively, based on the leverage ratio greater than or equal to 3.75 to 1.00, or 7.0% or 8.0% on reference rate or LIBOR rate, respectively, based on the leverage ratio less than 3.75 to 1.00.

On June 15, 2023, the Company entered into an amendment to the Financing Agreement, as amended and restated by the Amendment No. 3 to the Forbearance Agreement and Financing Agreement dated as of June 15, 2023 ("Amendment No. 3"). The amendment included an amendment fee of $0.3 million which will be paid in kind by being added to the principal balance of the Term Loan on the Amendment No. 3 effective date of June 15, 2023 ("PIK fee"). The PIK fee will be amortized as interest expense over the remaining life of the loan. Additionally, 2.0% of interest will be deferred and added to the principal balance of the Term Loan to be payable at the final maturity.

As of June 30, 2023, the aggregated outstanding principal balance and amortized cost basis of the Term Loan was $99.0 million and $94.2 million, respectively. Cash paid for principal during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was $1.25 and

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$1.25 million, respectively. The components of interest expense relating to the Term Loan consist of the amortization of debt issuance costs, amendment fees, and debt discount. Deferred interest capitalized into the Term Loan balance relating to the PIK fee as of June 30, 2023 was $0.08 million.

The Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 included an opinion with an explanatory paragraph expressing substantial doubt about the ability of the Company and its Subsidiaries to continue as a going concern which caused the Company to fail to comply with Section 7.01(a) under the Financing Agreement, which constitutes an Event of Default. See Note 1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.

Termination of Blue Torch Term Loan Facility and Blue Torch Revolving Credit Facility

During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, the Company used funds borrowed under the Financing Agreement to pay off the outstanding balance of the debt under the existing Blue Torch term loan facility (the "Blue Torch Term Loan Facility") with a principal amount of $85.6 million, and the amortized cost basis of $82.1 million as of December 31, 2021. The Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $3.9 million, which is comprised of $3.0 million of unamortized debt issuance cost offset by the debt discount with the Blue Torch Term Loan Facility, and a prepayment penalty of $0.9 million. The loss on extinguishment of debt is included in the Interest expense on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The existing Blue Torch Term Loan Facility was terminated.

Additionally, the Company terminated the existing Blue Torch revolving credit facility (the "Blue Torch Revolving Credit Facility") and recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $0.1 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2022 for unamortized transaction costs and upfront fees related to the Blue Torch Revolving Credit Facility, which was included in Interest expense in the Company's Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. There was no outstanding debt under the Blue Torch Revolving Credit Facility at the time of termination.

Note 7. Contingencies

The Company is involved in lawsuits, claims and proceedings incident to the ordinary course of business and establishes reserves for specific legal matters when it determines that the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is probable and the loss is reasonably estimable. Management has also identified certain other legal matters where the Company believes an unfavorable outcome is not probable and, therefore, no reserve is established. Any claims against the Company, whether meritorious or not, could result in costly litigation, require significant amounts of management's time and result in the diversion of significant operational resources. The results of these lawsuits, claims and proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty. However, the Company believes that the ultimate resolution of these current matters will not have a material adverse effect on its liquidity, results of operations or financial condition.

Hungarian Proceeding

On May 18, 2022, the Hungarian Competition Authority (the “GVH”) initiated a proceeding against Spark Networks Services GmbH alleging unfair commercial practices concerning the Company’s Hungarian EliteSingles (in Hungarian: Elittárs) dating service. As a result of the proceeding, the GVH could determine that certain commercial practices were not compliant with Hungarian laws and may need to be changed. In addition, the GVH could impose fines. On July 17, 2023, the Company received the preliminary findings of the GVH case handler, which concluded that the Company engaged in unfair claims relating to the size of the Company’s user base, and unfairly failed to inform premium and unpaid members as to the functionality associated with the respective modes of the product. In its preliminary findings, the GVH’s case handler also concluded that a fine would be appropriate, taking into account as a mitigating factor the Company’s voluntary efforts to address the GVH’s concerns. We cannot predict what the GVH may ultimately and finally determine regarding the Company’s compliance with Hungarian laws, but based upon the preliminary findings, we expect the case handler will recommend to the Competition Council that the GVH should impose a fine.

At this time, management does not believe the above matter will have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations or financial condition however, in June 2023 it increased its reserve relating to this matter and it believes such reserve is adequate with respect to the probable and estimable liabilities. However, no assurance can be given that either of the forgoing beliefs will prove to be correct.

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Note 8. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

Financial Instruments

The Company records debt at carrying value less unamortized discount and unamortized fees as it is not required to be carried at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value of the debt was determined using observable inputs (Level 2). The valuation considers the present value of expected future repayments, discounted using a market interest rate equal to the interest margin on the borrowings and variable interest rate.

The following table presents the carrying values and the estimated fair values of the debt as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	June 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
Years Ended December 31,	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Debt, including current portion(1)	$	94,197	$	98,835	$	94,817	$	93,511

(1) At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the carrying value of the debt is net of unamortized original issue discount and debt issuance costs and the amendment fees relating to the Amendment No. 1 and No. 3 in an aggregate amount of $4.9 million and $5.2 million, respectively.

The Company's financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, deposits, accounts receivable, and accounts payable are carried at cost, which approximates their fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company does not have financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

Certain assets, such as goodwill and intangible assets, are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. For goodwill, the process involves using a market approach and income approach (using discounted estimated cash flows) to determine the fair value of each reporting unit on a stand-alone basis. That fair value is compared to the carrying value of the reporting unit, including its recorded goodwill. Impairment is considered to have occurred if the fair value of the reporting unit is lower than the carrying value of the reporting unit. For the indefinite lived intangible assets, the Company estimated the fair value using a relief-from-royalty method, which includes unobservable inputs, including projected revenues, royalty rates and weighted average cost of capital. Impairment is considered to have occurred if the fair value of the intangible asset is lower than its carrying value. The fair value measurements for goodwill and the indefinite lived intangible assets are considered Level 3 and these assets are recognized at fair value if they are deemed to be impaired. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $1.1 million for the Zoosk trade name. There were no impairment charges during the three months ended March 31, 2022. During the three months ended June 30, 2023, there were impairment charges from the Zoosk reporting unit of $20.7 million and impairment charges from the Zoosk tradename of $1.2 million. There were no impairment charges during the three months ended June 30, 2022. See Note 4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further discussion of the impairment.

Note 9. Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense reflects share awards issued under the Company's 2018 virtual stock option plan and the Long Term Incentive Plan adopted in 2020 (the "LTIP"). For the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized total stock-based compensation expense for all the plans of $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized total stock-based compensation expense for all the plans of $0.4 million and $1.0 million, respectively. Total stock-based compensation expense is included as a component of Other operating expenses in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

2020 Long Term Incentive Plan

The LTIP provides for the grant of virtual stock options, where each option represents the right to receive, upon exercise, a certain amount in cash determined based on the relevant ADS Stock Price of the option minus the strike price of such options; provided, however, that the Company may elect to settle options in ADSs or ordinary shares of the Company instead of cash. In connection with the adoption of the LTIP, the Administrative Board of the Company (the "Administrative Board") authorized

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the issuance of virtual options for up to 3.5 million American Depository Shares ("ADSs"), subject to limitations imposed by German law. As of June 30, 2023, 197,866 ADSs have been issued pursuant to previous exercises.

The fair value of the virtual stock options and zero-priced options are measured using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. There were no options issued during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

The following table summarizes the activity for the Company's options under the LTIP during the six months ended June 30, 2023:

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
			(in years)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	2,155,998	$3.91	5.36	$—
Forfeited	(379,016)	3.63
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	1,776,982	3.97	4.74	—
Vested and exercisable at June 30, 2023	1,217,620	$4.51	4.20	$—

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2022	1,152,508	$1.26
Vested	(214,130)	1.29
Forfeited	(379,016)	1.46
Unvested as of June 30, 2023	559,362	$1.45

The following table summarizes the activity for the Company's zero priced options under the LTIP during the six months ended June 30, 2023:

	Number of Options
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	713,459
Exercised	(28,063)
Forfeited	(223,736)
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	461,660
Vested and exercisable at June 30, 2023	216,102

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2022	574,215	$2.72
Vested	(104,921)	2.82
Forfeited	(223,736)	3.11
Unvested as of June 30, 2023	245,558	$3.18

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The total unrecognized compensation expense related to awards granted under the LTIP at June 30, 2023 was $0.9 million, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.46 years.

As of June 30, 2023 and 2022, diluted loss per share excludes 1,746,478 and 1,250,688 potentially dilutive common shares, respectively, related to vested option awards, as their effect was anti-dilutive.

Authorized Capital 2022

At the 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders of the Company held on August 31, 2022, the Company’s shareholders approved an amendment to the Company’s Articles of Association to: (a) cancel an authorized capital in the original amount of EUR 640,000 (the "Authorized Capital 2017") that could be utilized by the Company’s Administrative Board until October 31, 2022 on one or several occasions to increase the Company’s share capital against contributions in cash and/or in kind, and (b) create a new authorized capital in the amount of EUR 1,064,554 (the “Authorized Capital 2022”) that can be utilized by the Administrative Board until August 29, 2027 on one or several occasions to increase the Company’s share capital against contributions in cash and/or in kind (the “Amended Articles of Association”). The Amended Articles of Association became effective on September 14, 2022 upon registration with the commercial register (Handelsregister) of the local court (Amtsgericht) of Munich, Germany. An amount of EUR 593,481 was available under the Authorized Capital 2017 at the time of its cancellation.

Note 10. Subsequent Events

On July 7, 2023, the Board of Directors (“Board”) of Spark Networks SE (the “Company”) and Chelsea A. Grayson determined that Ms. Grayson resigned as Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and Spark Networks, Inc., and terminated her service and employment with the Company and Spark Networks, Inc. effective July 7, 2023. Ms. Grayson also resigned as a member of the Company’s Board, effective July 7, 2023. The Company and Sparks Networks, Inc. have entered into a Resignation Agreement with Ms. Grayson (the “Resignation Agreement”). The Resignation Agreement provides for Ms. Grayson’s resignation as a member of the Board, and as Chief Executive Officer of the Company and Spark Networks, Inc., and contains other customary terms and conditions. Pursuant to the Resignation Agreement, the Company will pay Ms. Grayson $600,000 as severance compensation in six equal monthly installments, and reimburse Ms. Grayson for up to $25,000 in professional advisory fees and 12 months of COBRA payments. In addition, the parties have agreed to mutual releases of claims.

Colleen Birdnow Brown, the Chair of the Board, was appointed by the Board as interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company and Spark Networks, Inc. effective July 7, 2023. As a result, Ms. Brown has resigned as a member of the Audit Committee of the Board effective July 7, 2023, but will continue to serve as the Chair of the Board. Ms. Brown is foregoing cash compensation for her role as CEO.

On July 14, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 4 to Forbearance Agreement which extended the forbearance period termination date to July 21, 2023.

On July 21, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 5 to Forbearance Agreement which extended the forbearance period termination date to July 28, 2023 and added to the forbearance the Company’s failure to meet minimum marketing spend requirements over a twelve month period.

On July 28, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 6 to Forbearance Agreement which extended the forbearance period termination date to August 4, 2023.

On August 4, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 7 to Forbearance Agreement which extends the forbearance period termination date to August 11, 2023 and adds to the forbearance the Company’s failure to maintain minimum liquidity.

On August 11, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 8 to Forbearance Agreement which extends the forbearance period termination date to September 1 , 2023.

Relating to the Hungarian proceeding discussed in Note 7, the Company received notice on July 17, 2023, that an initial report was issued at the case handler level of the GVH with preliminary findings that the Company engaged in unfair claims relating to the size of the Company’s user base, and unfairly failed to inform premium and unpaid members as to the functionality associated with the respective modes of the product. In June 2023 the Company increased its reserve after receiving the issued

17

preliminary findings relating to this matter and it believes such reserve is adequate with respect to the probable and estimable liabilities.

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This section and other parts of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q ("Form 10-Q") contain forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as "future," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "predicts," "will," "would," "could," "can," "may," and similar terms. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and the Company’s actual results may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 ("2022 Form 10-K") under the heading "Risk Factors." The Company assumes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law. Except the context clearly indicates otherwise, the terms “the Company,” “Spark Networks,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Spark Networks SE and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Overview

We are a leader in social dating platforms for meaningful relationships focusing on the 40+ age demographic and faith-based affiliations. Since our inception, we have had 116 million users register with our dating platforms (which includes inactive accounts). We currently operate one or more of our brands worldwide.

We intend to expand our presence in North America through significant marketing investment in this region as we look to drive both organic growth of our existing brand portfolio and expansion through the launch of new or acquired brands. We intend to incorporate more social features in our products with content, community, and social discovery functionality to allow our users to meet in more informal ways and to provide new ways to date online. Our portfolio of strong brands positions us to deliver a superior user experience to our customers and drive long-term value to shareholders.

Our ability to compete effectively will depend upon our ability to address the needs of our members and paying subscribers, on the timely introduction and performance of innovative features and services associated with our brands, and our ability to respond to services and features introduced by competitors. We must also achieve these objectives within the parameters of our consolidated and operating segment profitability targets. We are focused on enhancing and augmenting our portfolio of services while also continuing to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of our operations.

In June of 2022 the Company began a process of reviewing strategic alternatives. As part of this process, the Company considered a wide range of options including a potential sale, merger or other strategic transaction, while continuing to operate as a public, independent company. On July 11 2023, the Company announced that it had concluded the process and intended to continue as a public, independent company. We have now begun a transition plan (the "Transition Plan") and have worked closely with Ankura Consulting to create a new roadmap that includes a five-phase plan intended to be put in place over the next 18-24 months. Phase one is focused on the outsourcing of key functions to third-party providers which we have already begun through our performance marketing efforts. Phase two is dedicated to the completion of the critical projects we know are priorities, including the development and deployment of a series of mobile apps for our brands. In the third phase we plan to focus on fixing significant issues, highlighted by platform consolidation and consolidated data, reporting, and analytics. In phase four, we plan on modernizing our matching algorithm to help us compete more effectively in the online dating market. And finally phase five is all about positioning Spark for growth which includes embracing a contemporary customer segmentation strategy and approach.

Overall, we expect the Transition Plan will ultimately result in a smaller, nimbler employee base, provide operational flexibility, a lower and more variable cost structure, and a significantly more efficient and effective performance marketing program. The plan was developed on a detailed, bottoms-up, zero-based basis, and is supported by extensive analysis, historical data, and third-party validation. By focusing on the long-term reduction of costs and the simplification of our operating structure, the plan is designed to be executable, reasonably achievable, and measurable.

Operations Overview

We offer services both via websites and mobile applications and utilize a "subscription" business model, where certain basic functionalities are provided free of charge, while providing premium features (such as interacting with other community members via messages) only to paying subscribers. We generate revenues primarily through paid membership subscriptions. We manage our operations through one reportable segment.

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Foreign Currency Exchange and Inflation Risks

In addition to operating in the United States ("U.S."), we also operate in various markets outside the U.S., primarily in various jurisdictions within the European Union ("EU"), and as a result, are exposed to foreign exchange risk for the Euro, U.S. dollar, British pound, Australian dollar and Canadian dollar. Financial statements of subsidiaries outside the U.S. are generally measured using the local currency as the functional currency. We translate revenue generated outside the U.S. (the "non-U.S. revenue") into U.S. dollar-denominated operating results and during periods of a strengthening U.S. dollar, such revenue will be reduced when translated into U.S. dollars. In addition, as foreign currency exchange rates fluctuate, the translation of the non-U.S. revenue into U.S. dollar-denominated operating results affects the period-over-period comparability of such results and can result in foreign currency exchange gains or losses. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, 29.6% of our total revenue was non-U.S. revenue. The average U.S. dollar versus Euro exchange rate was 2.2% lower and 1.1% higher, respectively, during the three months and six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same periods prior year. The strengthening in U.S. dollar against other major currencies has partially resulted in the decreases in our total revenue for the current periods. Historically, we have not hedged any foreign currency exposures. If the U.S. dollar continues strengthening against the Euro and other foreign currencies, our revenue earned in, and our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations and as a result such fluctuations could adversely affect our future results of operations.

We believe that any effect of inflation at current levels will be minimal. Inflation has increased during the periods covered by this Quarterly Report, and is expected to continue to increase for the near future. Inflationary factors, such as increases in customer acquisition costs, interest rates and overhead costs may adversely affect our operating results. Historically, we have been able to increase prices at a rate equal to or greater than that of inflation; with rising inflation rates, however, there is no assurance we will continue to be able to do so in the foreseeable future. In addition, we have been able to maintain a relatively stable variable cost structure for our products due, in part, to a continued optimization of marketing spend. We do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, we may experience some effect in the future, especially if inflation rates continue to rise.

Key Business Metrics

We regularly review certain operating metrics in order to evaluate the effectiveness of our operating strategies and monitor the financial performance of the business. The key business metrics that we utilize include the following:

Total Registrations

Total registrations are defined as the total number of new members registering to our platforms with their email address. Those include members who enter into premium subscriptions and free memberships.

Average Paying Subscribers

Paying subscribers are defined as individuals who have paid a monthly fee for access to premium services, which include, among others, unlimited communication with other registered users, access to user profile pictures and enhanced search functionality. Average paying subscribers for each month are calculated as the sum of the paying subscribers at the beginning and the end of the month, divided by two. Average paying subscribers for periods longer than one month are calculated as the sum of the average paying subscribers for each month, divided by the number of months in such period.

Monthly Average Revenue Per User ("ARPU")

Monthly ARPU represents the total net subscriber revenue for the period divided by the number of average paying subscribers for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

Contribution

Contribution is defined as revenue, net of refunds and credit card chargebacks, less direct marketing.

Direct Marketing

Direct Marketing is defined as online and offline advertising spend and is included within Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization within our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

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Unaudited selected statistical information regarding the key business metrics described above is shown in the table below:

	Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		Change		% Change		2023		2022		Change		% Change
Registrations	1,990,719		3,115,984		(1,125,264)		(36.1)	%	4,251,958		6,066,123		(1,814,165)		(29.9)	%
Average Paying Subscribers	636,502		795,284		(158,782)		(20.0)	%	651,152		801,449		(150,297)		(18.8)	%
Total Monthly ARPU	$	21.58	$	20.13	$	1.45	7.2	%	$	21.13	$	20.37	$	0.76	3.7	%
	Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		Change		% Change		2023		2022		Change		% Change
Net Revenue	$	41,202	$	48,035	$	(6,833)	(14.2)	%	$	82,541	$	97,942	$	(15,401)	(15.7)	%
Direct Marketing	17,126		29,995		(12,869)		(42.9)	%	38,743		57,691		(18,948)		(32.8)	%
Contribution	$	24,076	$	18,040	$	6,036	33.5	%	$	43,798	$	40,251	$	3,547	8.8	%

During the quarter ended June 30, 2023, the Company revised certain business metrics which resulted in a change to the prior period metrics disclosed for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. The Company revised its definition of registrations at EliteSingles and SilverSingles brands to property align with the Company's other brands' definitions of a new member. Additionally, upon conducting a review of the Company's business intelligence systems, the Company updated its count of historical average paying subscribers to properly remove certain refunded and inactive subscribers from the paying subscriber count.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, new members registered to our platforms decreased by 1.1 million, or 36.1%, and 1.8 million, or 29.9%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. The decreases were primarily driven by the reduction in marketing spend.

Average paying subscribers during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 also decreased by less than 0.2 million, or 20.0%, and 0.2 million, or 18.8%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022 which was also driven by the reduction in marketing spend.

Monthly ARPU for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 increased by 7.2% and 3.7%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022.

Results of Operations

The following table shows our results of operations for the periods presented. The period-over-period comparison of our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future.

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	Three Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
Revenue	$	41,202	$	48,035	$	(6,833)	(14.2)	%
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	22,790		36,356		(13,566)		(37.3)	%
Other operating expenses	18,920		14,520		4,400		30.3	%
Depreciation and amortization	625		577		48		8.3	%
Impairment of intangible assets	21,847		—		21,847		100.0	%
Total operating costs and expenses	64,182		51,453		12,729		24.7	%
Operating loss	(22,980)		(3,418)		(19,562)		572.3	%
Other income (expense):
Interest income	7		—		7		100.0	%
Interest expense	(4,065)		(2,706)		(1,359)		50.2	%
Gain (Loss) on foreign currency transactions	(216)		(2,441)		2,225		(91.2)	%
Other income (expense)	276		(3)		279		(9300.0)	%
Total other expense, net	(3,998)		(5,150)		1,152		(22.4)	%
Loss before income taxes	(26,978)		(8,568)		(18,410)		214.9	%
Income tax benefit (expense)	52		(193)		245		(126.9)	%
Net loss	$	(26,926)	$	(8,761)	$	(18,165)	207.3	%

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
Revenue	$	82,541	$	97,942	$	(15,401)	(15.7)	%
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	50,082		70,602		(20,520)		(29.1)	%
Other operating expenses	32,426		29,955		2,471		8.2	%
Depreciation and amortization	1,243		1,180		63		5.3	%
Impairment of intangible assets	22,947		—		22,947		100.0	%
Total operating costs and expenses	106,698		101,737		4,961		4.9	%
Operating loss	(24,157)		(3,795)		(20,362)		536.5	%
Other income (expense):
Interest income	47		—		47		100.0	%
Interest expense	(7,922)		(9,588)		1,666		(17.4)	%
Gain (Loss) on foreign currency transactions	464		(3,208)		3,672		(114.5)	%
Other income	276		260		16		6.2	%
Total other expense, net	(7,135)		(12,536)		5,401		(43.1)	%
Loss before income taxes	(31,292)		(16,331)		(14,961)		91.6	%
Income tax benefit (expense)	7		99		(92)		(92.9)	%
Net loss	$	(31,285)	$	(16,232)	$	(15,053)	92.7	%

Comparison of Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022

Revenue

Revenue during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 decreased by $6.8 million, or 14.2%, and $15.4 million, or 15.7%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the decline in revenue was mainly attributable to the decrease in the number of average paying subscribers of 20.0% and 18.8%.

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Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization consists primarily of direct marketing expenses, data center expenses, credit card fees and mobile application processing fees. Cost of revenue during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 decreased by 13.6 million, or 37.3%, and $20.5 million, or 29.1%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022, The decreases were primarily due to a reduction in marketing spend. During the current period, the Company engaged Lamark Media Group to be a managed service provider to create performance marketing and ad campaigns on behalf of the Company, resulting in an overall decrease in marketing spend with less being spent on affiliate and legacy marketing partners.

Other operating expenses

Other operating expenses consists primarily of costs for sales and marketing, customer service, technical operations and development, and corporate functions. These costs include personnel, technology platform and system costs, third-party service and professional fees, occupancy and other overhead costs. Other operating expenses during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 increased by $4.4 million, or 30.3%, and 2.5 million, or 8.2%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. The increases were primarily driven by increases in severance, retention bonuses, and consulting and advisory fees.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 increased by $0.0 million, or 8.3%, and $0.1 million, or 5.3%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. The slight increases were primarily driven by depreciation on newly capitalized software projects put into service after the quarter ended June 30, 2022.

Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets

Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 increased by $21.8 million, or 100.0%, and $22.9 million, or 100.0%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. The increases were a result of an impairment triggering event identified during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 due to the Company further lowering its financial projections. This resulted in a goodwill impairment test for the Spark and Zoosk reporting unit, and an impairment test for the Zoosk tradename. Pursuant to the impairment tests, it was concluded that the Zoosk reporting unit was impaired by $20.7 million and the Zoosk tradename was impaired by $1.2 million See Note 4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further discussion on the impairment tests.

Other expense

Other expense, net, consist primarily of interest income and expenses, foreign exchange gains and losses, and other related finance costs. Other expenses, net, during the three months ended June 30, 2023 decreased by $1.2 million, or 22.4%, compared to the same period in 2022. Other expenses, net, during the six months ended June 30, 2023 decreased by $5.4 million, or 43.1%, compared to the same periods in 2022. The decreases were primarily driven by an increase in interest expense due to a higher effective interest rate as a result of Amendment No. 2 and Amendment No. 3 to the Financing Agreement which was offset by foreign currency transaction gains in the current period. See Note 6. Debt for further discussion of the debt amendment.

Income tax expense

Income tax benefit was $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to income tax expense of $0.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, which reflects an effective tax rate of 0.2% and (2.3)%, respectively. Income tax benefit was $0.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $0.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, which reflects an effective tax rate of 0.0% and 0.6%, respectively. The changes in income tax provision were primarily driven by the Company benefiting from year-to-date losses in the U.S. jurisdiction.

See Note 3. Income Taxes in the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further discussion of income taxes.

Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures

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We report our financial results in accordance with U.S. GAAP. However, management believes that certain non-U.S. GAAP financial measures provide users of our financial information with additional useful information in evaluating our performance.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("Adjusted EBITDA"), a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure, is one of the primary metrics by which we evaluate the performance of our business, budget, forecast and compensate management. We believe this measure provides management and investors with a consistent view, period to period, of the core earnings generated from the ongoing operations and allows for greater transparency with respect to key metrics used by senior leadership in its financial and operational decision-making. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net earnings (loss) excluding interest expense, (gain) loss on foreign currency transactions, income tax (benefit) expense, depreciation and amortization, asset impairments, stock-based compensation expense, acquisition related costs and other costs. Adjusted EBITDA has inherent limitations in evaluating the performance of the Company, including, but not limited to the following:

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the cash capital expenditures during the measurement period;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any changes in working capital requirements during the measurement period;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the cash tax payments during the measurement period; and

•Adjusted EBITDA may be calculated differently by other companies in our industry, thus limiting its value as a comparative measure.

Because of these limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including net income (loss) and our other U.S. GAAP results. The following table reconciles Net loss to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net loss	$	(26,926)	$	(8,761)	$	(31,285)	$	(16,232)
Interest expense	4,058		2,706		7,875		9,588
(Gain) loss on foreign currency transactions	216		2,441		(464)		3,208
Income tax (benefit) expense	(52)		193		(7)		(99)
Depreciation and amortization	625		577		1,243		1,180
Impairment of intangible assets	21,847		—		22,947		—
Stock-based compensation expense	251		490		424		992
Other costs(1)	7,172		614		8,823		636
Adjusted EBITDA	$	7,191	$	(1,740)	$	9,556	$	(727)

(1) Includes consulting and advisory fees related to special projects, CFO severance fees, and retention bonuses

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company's principal sources of liquidity are cash balances and cash flows from operations and borrowings. Our ongoing liquidity requirements arise primarily from working capital needs, research and development requirements and the debt service. In addition, we may use liquidity to fund acquisitions or make other investments. As of June 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $5.7 million.

On March 11, 2022, the Company completed the successful refinancing of its existing term and revolving facility with borrowings under the Financing Agreement with MGG Investment Group LP, which provides more covenant flexibility and allows more resources to be invested into the business to drive growth. The Financing Agreement was previously amended on August 5, 2022 to, among other things, revise certain financial covenants related to quarterly testing of the Company's leverage ratio. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had outstanding principal debt balance of $99.0 million and $100.0 million, respectively. See Note 6. Debt in the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further discussion of our debt.

The Company has generated losses from operations, incurred impairment charges to its Zoosk goodwill and intangible assets, and has a working capital deficiency. We have received a Forbearance Letter from our lender, MGG Investment Group LP, due to an Event of Default under our Financing Agreement. See Note 6. Long Term Debt in the Notes to the Unaudited Condensed

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Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion regarding the financing agreement with MGG. Management’s plans in regards to these matters are discussed in Note 1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors and those set forth in Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC for the fiscal year ended December 31,

2022 . We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of June 30, 2023.

Cash Flows Information

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		$ Change
Net cash (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	(2,670)	$	(10,695)	$	8,025
Investing activities	(1,393)		(1,268)		(125)
Financing activities	(1,250)		7,774		(9,024)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(5,313)	$	(4,189)	$	(1,124)

Operating Activities

Our cash flows from operating activities primarily include net loss adjusted for (i) non-cash items included in net loss, such as unrealized loss on foreign currency transactions, amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of debt discounts, depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill and intangible assets, and stock-based compensation and (ii) changes in the balances of operating assets and liabilities.

Net cash used in operating activities was $2.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, a decrease of $8.0 million compared to $10.7 million net cash used in operating activities during the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in cash collected from our customers, and a decrease in payments to our vendors as a result of timing of payments.

Investing Activities

Our cash flows from investing activities primarily include development of internal-use software, and purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash used in investing activities was $1.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, a decrease of $0.1 million compared to $1.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to reduced capital expenditures on personnel and freelancers working on software development projects of $0.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Financing Activities

Our cash flows from financing activities primarily include changes in debt.

Net cash used in financing activities was $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, a decrease of $9.1 million compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $7.8 million during the same period in 2022. Net cash used in financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 included $1.3 million repayment of debt. See Note 6. Debt for detail information. Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 included $97.8 million of net cash proceeds from the Term Loan, partially offset by the $85.6 million repayment of debt and the $0.9 million prepayment penalty under the existing Blue Torch Term Loan Facility, as well as $3.5 million of transaction costs paid to third parties in connection with the Term Loan.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

25

See Note 1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I. Item 1. of this Form 10-Q for a discussion of recently issued and adopted accounting standards.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Please refer to Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation, the “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” section of our 2022 Form 10-K for a full description of all of our critical accounting estimates. We believe there have been no new critical accounting policies and estimates, or material changes to our existing critical accounting policies and estimates during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, with the participation of its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2023. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the rules and forms promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers concluded that, as of June 30, 2023, due to the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting previously identified in our 2022 Form 10-K which continues to exist, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective.

Remediation Plan for Material Weakness in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Please refer to Part II. Item 9A. "Controls and Procedures" of our 2022 Form 10-K for a full description of the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting and remediation plan.

Our remediation of the identified material weaknesses and the strengthening of our internal control environment is ongoing. We continue to focus on the design and implementation of processes and procedures to improve our new and existing controls and remediate our material weaknesses. We are committed to maintaining a strong control environment and believe that these remediation efforts represent continued improvements in our control environment. As we continue to evaluate and take actions to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we may determine it is necessary to take additional action to address control deficiencies or modify certain of the remediation measures. The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated, however, until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these enhanced internal controls are operating effectively. We will continue to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in the areas affected by the material weaknesses. Our management is committed to remediating the material weakness in a timely manner.

Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, management believes that the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q fairly present in all material respects our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

27

PART II

Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

For information that updates the disclosure set forth under Part I. Item 3 in the section titled "Legal Proceedings" in our 2022 Form 10-K, refer to Note 7. Contingencies to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

If we fail to comply with the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market, our common stock may be delisted and the price of our common stock and our ability to access the capital markets could be negatively impacted.

Our common stock is currently listed for trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market. We must satisfy Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements, including, among other things, a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share and a minimum stockholders’ equity of $2.5 million or risk delisting, which would have material adverse effects on our business. A delisting of our common stock from the Nasdaq Capital Market could materially reduce the liquidity of our common stock and result in a corresponding material reduction in the price of our common stock. In addition, delisting could harm our ability to raise capital through alternative financing sources on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may result in the potential loss of confidence by investors, suppliers, customers and employees and fewer business development opportunities.

On April 12, 2023, we received a written notice from Nasdaq (the “Notice”) dated April 12, 2023, notifying us that we are no longer in compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) requires listed companies to maintain stockholders’ equity of at least $2.5 million. In our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fourth quarter and year ended December 31, 2022, we reported stockholders’ deficit of approximately $(6,786,000), which is below the minimum stockholders’ equity required for continued listing pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1). In addition, as of April 18, 2023, we do not meet the alternative compliance standards relating to the market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations.

On June 21, 2023, the Company received a notice (the "Delisting Notice") from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq. The Delisting Notice advised the Company that based on the Nasdaq’s review and the materials submitted by the Company on June 5, 2023, the Nasdaq had determined to deny the Company’s request for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. Accordingly, the Company’s ADSs will be delisted from The Nasdaq Stock Market. Further, the Delisting Notice stated that unless the Company requested an appeal of this determination by 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time on June 28, 2023 to the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Hearings Panel”), pursuant to the procedures set forth in the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5800 Series, trading of the Company’s ADSs will be suspended at the opening of business on June 30, 2023, and a Form 25-NSE will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which will remove the Company’s ADSs from listing and registration on The Nasdaq Stock Market.

On June 22, 2023, after evaluating its options with respect to the Nasdaq’s determination, the Company decided to submit an appeal to the Hearings Panel and submitted an appeal on June 28, 2023. The hearing request automatically stayed the suspension of trading on June 30, 2023, and the subsequent delisting of the Company’s ADSs is currently pending the Hearings Panel’s decision. The hearing has been set for August 31, 2023. There can be no assurance that the Company's appeal will be successful.

There is no assurance we can maintain compliance with such minimum listing requirements. If our ADSs were delisted from Nasdaq, trading of our ADSs would most likely take place on an over-the-counter market established for unlisted securities, such as the OTCQB or the Pink Market maintained by OTC Markets Group Inc. An investor would likely find it less convenient to sell, or to obtain accurate quotations in seeking to buy, our ADSs on an over-the-counter market, and many investors would likely not buy or sell our ADSs due to difficulty in accessing over-the-counter markets, policies preventing them from trading in securities not listed on a national exchange or other reasons. In addition, as a delisted security, our common stock would be subject to SEC rules as a “penny stock,” which impose additional disclosure requirements on broker-dealers. The regulations relating to penny stocks, coupled with the typically higher cost per trade to the investor of penny stocks due to factors such as broker commissions, generally representing a higher percentage of the price of a penny stock than of a higher-priced stock, would further limit the ability of investors to trade in our ADSs. For these reasons and others, delisting would adversely affect the liquidity, trading volume and price of our ADSs, causing the value of our shares to decrease and having an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and to raise capital.

The loss of any of our key personnel could harm our business.

Our future financial performance will depend to a significant extent on our ability to motivate and retain key management personnel. Competition for qualified management personnel is intense, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to

28

hire additional qualified management on terms satisfactory to us. Further, in the event we experience turnover in our senior management positions, we cannot assure you that we will be able to recruit suitable replacements. We must also successfully integrate all new management and other key positions within our organization to achieve our operating objectives. Even if we are successful, turnover in key management positions may temporarily harm our financial performance and results of operations until new management becomes familiar with our business.

We have experienced frequent turnover in our top executives, and our business could be adversely affected by these and other transitions in our senior management team or if any of the resulting vacancies cannot be filled with qualified replacements in a timely manner.

We have experienced turnover in our top executives and the replacement of these positions with new officers. On April 12, 2023, David Clark resigned as Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer. Additionally, on April 12, 2023, the Board appointed Kristie Goodgion, our Global Controller, as the Company's Chief Financial Officer (also serving as principal financial officer and principal accounting officer) and Managing Director of the Company. On July 7, 2023, Chelsea A. Grayson resigned as Chief Executive Officer and Director of the Company. Additionally, on July 7, 2023, the Board appointed Colleen Birdnow Brown as the interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company. Ms. Brown stepped down from her role as a member of the Audit Committee, but will continue her role as Chair of the Board.

Management transition is often difficult and inherently causes some loss of institutional knowledge, which could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our ability to execute our business strategies may be adversely affected by the uncertainty associated with these transitions and the time and attention of the board and management needed to fill vacant roles could disrupt our business. Although we generally enter into employment agreements with our executives, our executive officers may terminate their employment relationship with us at any time, and we cannot ensure that we will be able to retain the services of any of them. Our senior management’s knowledge of our business and industry would be difficult to replace, and any further turnover could negatively affect our business, growth, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows.

Please refer to Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors of our 2022 Form 10-K for additional discussion of our risk factors. The risks and uncertainties are not limited to those set forth in the 2022 Form 10-K or in this Form 10-Q. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that affect us.

Item 2. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Not applicable.

29

Item 6. Exhibits

		Incorporated by Reference				Filed/Furnished Herewith
Exhibit Number	Description	Form	File No.	Exhibit Filing Date	Exhibit No.
3.1	Spark Networks SE Amended Articles of Association, dated as of September 14, 2022.	8-K	001-38252	September 16, 2022	3.1
3.2	Rules of Procedure for the Administrative Board of Spark Networks SE	10-K	001-38252	March 31, 2021	3.3
4.1	Form of Specimen Certificate representing Ordinary Shares of Spark Networks SE	F-4/A	333-220610	September 29, 2017	4.1
4.2	Form of American Depositary Receipt	F-6	333-220610	September 25, 2017	1
10.1	Executive Director Service Agreement, by and between Spark Networks SE and Kristie Goodgion, effective as of April 14, 2023.	8-K	001-38252	April 13, 2023	10.1
10.2	Employment Agreement by and between Spark Networks SE and Kristie Goodgion, effective as of April 13, 2023	8-K	001-38252	April 13, 2023	10.2
10.3	Resignation Agreement, by and between Chelsea A. Grayson and Spark Networks SE and Spark Networks, Inc., dated as of July 7, 2023.	8-K	001-38252	July 11, 2023	10.1
10.4	Amendment No. 8 to Forbearance Agreement dated as of August 11, 2023, by and among Spark Networks SE, Zoosk, Inc., Spark Networks, Inc. and MGG Investment Group LP	8-K	001-38252	August 14, 2023	10.1
10.5	Amendment No. 7 to Forbearance Agreement dated as of August 4, 2023, by and among Spark Networks SE, Zoosk, Inc., Spark Networks, Inc. and MGG Investment Group LP	8-K	001-38252	August 7, 2023	10.1
10.6	Amendment No. 6 to Forbearance Agreement dated as of July 28, 2023, by and among Spark Networks SE, Zoosk, Inc., Spark Networks, Inc. and MGG Investment Group LP	8-K	001-38252	July 28, 2023	10.1
10.7	Amendment No. 5 to Forbearance Agreement dated as of July 21, 2023, by and among Spark Networks SE, Zoosk, Inc., Spark Networks, Inc. and MGG Investment Group LP	8-K	001-38252	July 24, 2023	10.1
10.8	Amendment No. 4 to Forbearance Agreement dated as of July 14, 2023, by and among Spark Networks SE, Zoosk, Inc., Spark Networks, Inc. and MGG Investment Group LP	8-K	001-38252	July 17, 2023	10.1
10.9	Amendment No. 3 to Forbearance Agreement, by and among Spark Networks SE, Zoosk, Inc., Spark Networks, Inc. and MGG Investment Group LP, dated as of June 15, 2023.	8-K	001-38252	June 22, 2023	10.1
10.10	Amendment No. 2 to Forbearance Agreement, by and among Spark Networks SE, Zoosk, Inc., Spark Networks, Inc. and MGG Investment Group LP, dated as of May 25, 2023.	8-K	001-38252	May 26, 2023	10.1
10.11	Amendment No.1 to Financing Agreement, dated as of August 5, 2022, between Spark Networks SE, Zoosk, Inc., Spark Networks, Inc. and MGG Investment Group LP.	8-K	001-38252	August 9, 2022	10.1
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002					X

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31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	X
32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**	X
32.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**	X
101.1	The following financial statements from the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (“XBRL”): •unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets; •unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss; •unaudited condensed consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity; •unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows; and •notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.	X
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File – the cover page from this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, is formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.1

** The certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10-Q and are not deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	Spark Networks SE
Date: August 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Colleen Brown
		Colleen Brown
		Managing Director and Interim Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: August 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Kristie Goodgion
		Kristie Goodgion
		Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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