10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2022

Or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____

Commission File Number 001-38252

Spark Networks SE

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

Germany	N/A
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
Kohlfurter Straße 41/43 Berlin Germany	10999
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (+49) 30 868000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depository Shares each representing one-tenth of an ordinary share	LOV	The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC
Ordinary shares, €1.00 nominal value per share*

* Not for trading purposes, but only in connection with the registration of American Depository Shares pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of ordinary shares outstanding as of May 2, 2022 was 2,619,586.

 Table of Contents

		Page
PART I
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
	Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	7
	Note 2 - Revenue	8
	Note 3 - Income Taxes	8
	Note 4 - Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities	9
	Note 5 - Long-term Debt	9
	Note 6 - Contingencies	11
	Note 7 - Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements	12
	Note 8 - Stock-based Compensation	12
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	15
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	20
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	20
PART II
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	22
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	22
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	22
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	22
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	22
Item 5.	Other Information	22
Item 6.	Exhibits	23
	Signatures	24

2

PART I

Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements

Spark Networks SE

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share data)

	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,007	$	16,141
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $361 and $368, respectively	5,753		6,261
Prepaid expenses	4,395		3,201
Other current assets	886		1,085
Total current assets	24,041		26,688
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $4,212 and $3,998, respectively	3,748		3,613
Goodwill	134,733		134,744
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $15,799 and $15,522, respectively	29,049		29,369
Deferred tax assets	7,471		7,623
Other assets	7,142		7,764
Total assets	$	206,184	$	209,801
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt	$	—	$	17,593
Accounts payable	2,098		11,474
Deferred revenue	35,299		36,973
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	26,359		27,042
Total current liabilities	63,756		93,082
Long-term debt, net of current portion	94,282		64,531
Deferred tax liabilities	999		1,077
Other liabilities	18,192		18,418
Total liabilities	177,229		177,108
Contingencies (Note 6)
Shareholders' Equity:
Common stock, €1.00 nominal value; 3,521,005 shares authorized; 2,661,386 shares issued; 2,617,397 shares outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021	3,064		3,064
Treasury stock, at €1.00 nominal value; 43,989 shares as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021	(48)		(48)
Additional paid-in capital	223,605		223,103
Accumulated deficit	(205,752)		(200,403)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	8,086		6,977
Total shareholders' equity	28,955		32,693
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	206,184	$	209,801

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

3

Spark Networks SE

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Revenue	$	52,374	$	56,379
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	34,246		36,918
Other operating expenses	15,435		16,151
Depreciation and amortization	603		2,290
Total operating costs and expenses	50,284		55,359
Operating income	2,090		1,020
Other income (expense):
Interest expense	(6,882)		(3,440)
Loss on foreign currency transactions	(767)		(1,728)
Other income (expense)	263		(16)
Total other expense, net	(7,386)		(5,184)
Loss before income taxes	(5,296)		(4,164)
Income tax expense	(53)		(2,340)
Net loss	(5,349)		(6,504)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustment	1,109		2,354
Comprehensive loss	$	(4,240)	$	(4,150)
Loss per share:
Basic loss per share	$	(2.04)	$	(2.50)
Diluted loss per share	$	(2.04)	$	(2.50)
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	2,617,397		2,605,689
Diluted	2,617,397		2,605,689

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

4

Spark Networks SE

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share data)

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
	Common Stock			Treasury Stock
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total shareholders' equity
Balance at January 1, 2022	2,661,386	$	3,064	(43,989)	$	(48)	$	223,103	$	(200,403)	$	6,977	$	32,693
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		502		—		—		502
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(5,349)		—		(5,349)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—		—	—		—		—		1,109		1,109
Balance at March 31, 2022	2,661,386	$	3,064	(43,989)	$	(48)	$	223,605	$	(205,752)	$	8,086	$	28,955
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
	Common Stock			Treasury Stock
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total shareholders' equity
Balance at January 1, 2021	2,661,386	$	3,064	(55,697)	$	(61)	$	220,852	$	(132,248)	$	3,296	$	94,903
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		1,036		—		—		1,036
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(6,504)		—		(6,504)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—		—	—		—		—		2,354		2,354
Balance at March 31, 2021	2,661,386	$	3,064	(55,697)	$	(61)	$	221,888	$	(138,752)	$	5,650	$	91,789

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

5

Spark Networks SE

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(in thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Net loss	$	(5,349)	$	(6,504)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	603		2,290
Loss on tangible and intangible assets	15		—
Unrealized loss on foreign currency transactions	1,078		340
Stock-based compensation expense	502		1,036
Amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of debt discounts	805		916
Loss on extinguishment of debt	3,964		—
Deferred tax expense	(79)		2,340
Provision for credit losses	142		95
Non-cash lease expense	546		470
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	261		(3,328)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(1,053)		(2,095)
Other assets	(31)		(33)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other current liabilities	(9,937)		1,533
Other liabilities	(599)		(93)
Deferred revenue	(1,343)		2,646
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(10,475)	$	(387)
Capital expenditures	(490)		(423)
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(490)	$	(423)
Proceeds from debt, net of discount and issuance costs	$	97,750	$	—
Repayment of debt	(85,552)		(3,163)
Debt issuance costs paid to third parties	(3,531)		—
Payment of early extinguishment of debt charge	(893)		—
Payments directly related to debt	—		(523)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	7,774	$	(3,686)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	(3,191)		(4,496)
Effects of exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	55		781
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(3,136)	$	(3,715)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	16,279		21,117
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	13,143	$	17,402
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest including payment of early extinguishment of debt charges of $893 and $0, respectively	$	2,953	$	2,497
Cash paid for income taxes	$	29	$	—
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the condensed consolidated balance sheets	Mar-22		Dec-21
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,007	$	16,141
Restricted cash included in other current assets	136		138
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash as shown on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows	$	13,143	$	16,279

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

6

Spark Networks SE

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Note 1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Spark Networks SE (the "Company") is a leader in social dating platforms for meaningful relationships focusing on the 40+ age demographic and faith-based affiliations, including Zoosk, EliteSingles, SilverSingles, Christian Mingle, Jdate, and JSwipe, among others. The Company's brands are tailored to quality dating with real users looking for love and companionship in a safe and comfortable environment. The Company is domiciled in Germany with significant corporate operations, including executive leadership, accounting and finance, located in the United States.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") and applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), regarding interim financial reporting. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

In management's opinion, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements and reflect, in management’s opinion, all adjustments, consisting of normal and recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company's balance sheets, statement of operations and comprehensive loss, statement of shareholders' equity and statement of cash flows for the periods presented. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the Company's entire fiscal year. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Significant estimates and assumptions are required in the determination of: revenue reserves, deferred tax asset valuation allowances, unrecognized tax benefits, classification and measurement of virtual stock option plans, and annual impairment testing of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. The Company evaluates its estimates and judgements on an ongoing basis based on historical experience, expectations of future events and various other factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances and revises them when necessary. Actual results may differ from the original or revised estimates.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company's financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business. As of the date of the financial statements, the Company has generated losses from operations, incurred historical impairment charges to its Zoosk goodwill and intangible assets and has a working capital deficiency. These factors are potential indications of the Company's inability to continue as a going concern. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 205-40, Going Concern, the Company evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these consolidated financial statements are issued.

The Company's plans to alleviate these indicators include growing its subscriber base by improving its marketing techniques and implementing new features to increase customer engagement on its various platforms. Further, on March 11, 2022, the Company completed the successful refinancing of its existing term and revolving facility, which provides more covenant flexibility and allows more resources to be invested into the business to drive growth. Refer to Note 5. Long-term Debt for additional information. The Company's plans, along with its current cash and cash equivalents, is expected to be sufficient to meet its anticipated cash requirements for financial liabilities, capital expenditures and contractual obligations, for at least the next 12 months from the issuance of these financial statements.

7

COVID-19 Update

During 2020, the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") outbreak spread worldwide and was declared a global pandemic in March 2020. Despite challenging economic conditions on consumers, we maintained stable churn levels during the period and experienced positive user engagement. The global outbreak of COVID-19 continues to rapidly evolve. Management is actively monitoring the global situation and potential impact on the Company's business. The effects of COVID-19 did not have a material impact on the Company's result of operations or financial condition for the period ended March 31, 2022. However, given the evolution of the COVID-19 situation, and the global responses to curb its spread, the Company is not able to estimate the effects COVID-19 may have on its future results of operations or financial condition.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

There were no new accounting pronouncements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and through the date of filing of this report that had or are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Note 2. Revenue

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, revenue was as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Subscription revenue	$	50,009	$	54,546
Virtual currency revenue	1,525		1,096
Advertising revenue	840		737
Total Revenue	$	52,374	$	56,379

Revenue disaggregated by geography, based on where the revenue is generated, consists of the following:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
United States	$	34,569	$	36,550
France	3,229		5,374
Germany	308		333
Rest of world	14,268		14,122
Total Revenue	$	52,374	$	56,379

The Company's deferred revenue balances as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are $35.3 million and $37.0 million, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized $26.1 million and $28.8 million of revenue, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue balances as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Note 3. Income Taxes

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded income tax expense of $0.1 million and $2.3 million, respectively, which reflects an effective tax rate of (1.0)% and 112.5%, respectively. The decrease in the income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was primarily driven by the Company benefiting from year to date losses in the U.S. jurisdiction.

The Company had a valuation allowance against certain U.S., Israel, and German deferred tax assets as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The Company evaluates on a quarterly basis whether the deferred tax assets are realizable which requires significant judgement. The Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including historical operating performance and expectations of future operating performance.

8

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has $4.8 million and $4.7 million of unrecognized tax benefits, respectively. Of the $4.8 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of March 31, 2022, $1.4 million would impact the effective tax rate if recognized, and $2.9 million would result would result in an increase in the valuation allowance. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has recorded $0.7 million of interest and penalties for both periods related to unrecognized tax benefits. The Company’s policy is to classify interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense.

As a matter of course, the Company may be audited by Germany, U.S. Federal and state, Israel, France, the U.K. and other foreign tax authorities within which it operates. From time to time, these audits result in proposed assessments. The Company was notified during 2020 that the Israeli tax authorities were auditing Spark Networks Ltd. for the tax years 2016-2019. There is minimal activity in the entity and, while we do not expect adverse findings, any potential finding would result in a reduction of the net operating loss carryforward which has a full valuation allowance against it. The Company received correspondence from the German tax authorities auditing Spark SE for the tax years 2017-2018, as well as Spark GmbH for the tax years 2016-2018 after March 31, 2022. While the company is in the process of assessing the correspondence, there does not appear to be any material changes or adjustments.

Based on the current status of Germany, U.S. Federal, state, local and other foreign audits, the Company does not expect the amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly decrease in the next 12 months as a result of settlements of tax audits and/or the expiration of statutes of limitations.

Note 4. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accrued advertising	$	7,824	$	6,483
Accrued employee compensation and benefits	1,619		1,487
Accrued professional fees	1,001		835
Accrued service providers	2,018		1,806
Accrued value-added, sales, and other non-income-based taxes	7,629		8,837
Current portion of income tax payable	3,673		3,733
Current portion of lease liabilities	2,344		2,325
Other	251		1,536
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	26,359	$	27,042

Other liabilities consist of the following as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Deferred payment to Zoosk's shareholders	$	11,833	$	11,545
Lease liabilities, less current portion	3,272		3,887
Sublease security deposit	1,038		1,038
Other	2,049		1,948
Other liabilities	$	18,192	$	18,418

Note 5. Long-term Debt

MGG Term Loan Agreement

On March 11, 2022, the Company entered into a Financing Agreement with Zoosk, Inc. and Spark Networks, Inc., the subsidiary guarantor party thereto, the lender party thereto, and MGG Investment Group LP ("MGG"), as administrative agent and collateral agent (the "Term Loan"). The agreement provides for senior secured term loans of $100.0 million. Substantially all of the Company's assets are pledged as collateral. Borrowings under the Term Loan bear interest at a rate equal to LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 7.5% per annum. The proceeds were used to repay in full all amounts outstanding under the Loan Facilities with Blue Torch Finance LLC. The outstanding principal amounts will be repayable in quarterly payments of $1.25

9

million commencing with the quarter ending June 30, 2023 through March 31, 2025, and $2.50 million commencing with the quarter ending June 30, 2025 and thereafter.

The Term Loan was issued at a discount of 2.0% of the aggregate principal amount of the $100.0 million. Transaction costs and overhead fees of $3.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively, were paid at closing. Through the effective interest rate method, the discount and overhead fees on the Term Loan are amortized to interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss through the maturity on March 11, 2027 ("Maturity Date"). The effective interest on the loan was 10.1%. In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Term Loan, within 5 days after the annual financial statements are required to be delivered to the lender, commencing with the delivery of the fiscal year 2022 audited financial statements, the Company is required to make a prepayment of the loan principal in an amount equal to a percentage of the excess cashflow of the most recently completed fiscal year.

The Loan Agreement requires the following financial covenants to be maintained: (i) quarterly leverage ratio no greater than 4.50 to 1.00 for the quarter ending June 30, 2022, 4.25 to 1.00 through June 30, 2023, 3.75 to 1.00 through June 30, 2024, 3.25 to 1.00 through June 30, 2025, 2.75 to 1.00 through June 30, 2026 and 2.25 to 1.00 through the maturity date of the loan; (ii) marketing efficiency ratio to be less than 1.36 to 1.00 for the quarter ending June 30, 2022 through the maturity date of the loan; and (iii) minimum liquidity of $5.0 million at any time. In addition, the Term Loan contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company and its subsidiaries' ability to: incur additional indebtedness, create liens, engage in mergers or consolidations, sell or transfer assets, pay dividends and distributions, make share repurchases, make certain acquisitions, engage in certain transactions with affiliates and change lines of business.

As of March 31, 2022, the aggregated outstanding principal balance and amortized cost basis of the Term Loan was $100.0 million and $94.3 million, respectively.

Blue Torch Term Loan Facility

On July 1, 2019, in connection with the acquisition of Zoosk, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with Zoosk, Spark Networks, Inc., the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto, and Blue Torch Finance LLC ("Administrative Agent"), as administrative agent and collateral agent (the "Senior Secured Facilities Agreement") that provides for a four-year $125.0 million Senior Secured Facility, maturing July 1, 2023 (the "Maturity Date"). The Senior Secured Facilities Agreement provides for a term loan facility in an aggregate amount equal to $120.0 million (the "Term Loan Facility") and a revolving credit facility in an aggregate amount equal to $5.0 million (the "Revolving Credit Facility" and, together with the Term Loan Facility, the "Facilities"). Borrowings under the Facilities bear interest at a rate equal to either LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 8.0% per annum.

On December 2, 2020, the Company entered into the Second Amendment to Loan Agreement (the "Second Amendment" and together with the Term Loan Facility, the "Amended Term Loan Facility"), which established an additional $6.0 million of term loan commitment to its existing Term Loan Facility. The additional borrowing was applied to pay the quarterly Term Loan Facility principal and interest payments on December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2021. The Second Amendment was accounted for as a modification of debt, and as such, the third-party costs incurred in connection with the Second Amendment of approximately $1.3 million were expensed as incurred. The debt issuance costs of $1.3 million that were paid directly to the lender at the closing date were capitalized and will be amortized using the effective interest method over the term of the loan. The effective interest rate on the modified loan is 11.3%. The Second Amendment required repayment of the principal amount of $0.15 million quarterly, beginning on March 31, 2021, in addition to the $3.0 million quarterly principal repayment of the original Term Loan Facility and the modified interest.

On March 5, 2021, the Company entered into a Limited Waiver under Loan Agreement (the "Limited Waiver") with the Administrative Agent and the lenders pursuant to which certain defaults under the Senior Secured Facilities Agreement were waived. In consideration of the Limited Waiver, the Company agreed to pay the Administrative Agent, for the ratable benefit of the lenders, a fee of $0.5 million upon the execution of the Limited Waiver, plus $0.3 million paid in kind by capitalizing such amount into the principal balance under the Senior Secured Facilities Agreement. The aggregated fees were capitalized and was amortized using the effective interest rate of 11.8%.

On March 11, 2022, the Company entered into the Term Loan Agreement with MGG as described above and the facility was terminated. The aggregated outstanding principal balance of the existing Term Loan Facility and the Second Amendment was $85.6 million, and the amortized cost basis was $82.1 million as of December 31, 2021. The Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $3.9 million in the first quarter of Fiscal 2022, which is comprised of $3.0 million of unamortized debt issuance cost offset by the debt discount with the Blue Torch term loan facility, and a prepayment penalty of $0.9 million.

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The loss on extinguishment of debt is included as a component of Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

Blue Torch Revolving Credit Facility

The $5.0 million Revolving Credit Facility has a commitment fee of 0.75% per annum on the unutilized commitments thereunder payable on the Maturity Date. As the Revolving Credit Facility is not expected to be drawn down, transaction costs and upfront fees totaling $0.3 million related to the Revolving Credit Facility were deferred and are being amortized over the term of the agreement. On March 11, 2022, the Company entered in to the Term Loan Agreement as described above and the facility was terminated, and there were no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2021. The Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $0.1 million in the first quarter of Fiscal 2022 for unamortized transaction costs and upfront fees related to the Revolving Credit Facility, which is included as a component of Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

The Facilities contain a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company's ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to: incur additional indebtedness, create liens, engage in mergers or consolidations, sell or transfer assets, pay dividends and distributions and make share repurchases, make certain acquisitions, engage in certain transactions with affiliates, and change lines of business. The Company was in compliance with all applicable financial covenants as of March 31, 2022.

Note 6. Contingencies

The Company is involved in lawsuits, claims and proceedings incident to the ordinary course of business and establishes reserves for specific legal matters when it determines that the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is probable and the loss is reasonably estimable. Management has also identified certain other legal matters where the Company believes an unfavorable outcome is not probable and, therefore, no reserve is established. Any claims against the Company, whether meritorious or not, could result in costly litigation, require significant amounts of management's time and result in the diversion of significant operational resources. The results of these lawsuits, claims and proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty. However, the Company believes that the ultimate resolution of these current matters will not have a material adverse effect on its liquidity, results of operations or financial condition.

Cybersecurity Matters

On July 22, 2020, a putative class action was filed against the Company and Zoosk in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California by individuals claiming to be Zoosk users whose information was affected by the 2020 security incident disclosed by Zoosk. The complaint, as subsequently amended, asserts that by reason of the Zoosk security incident Spark and Zoosk violated the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA"), the California Unfair Competition Law ("UCL"), and common-law obligations. Based on these assertions, the complaint seeks statutory damages, compensatory damages, punitive damages, attorneys' fees, and injunctive relief. On December 14, 2020, plaintiffs voluntarily withdrew their claim under the CCPA. On January 30, 2021, the district court granted in part, and denied in part, Zoosk's motion to dismiss the remainder of the complaint for failure to state a claim by dismissing the UCL claim, but allowing the common-law claim to go forward. The court held in abeyance the Company's motion to dismiss itself on jurisdictional grounds and for failure to state a claim. The court granted plaintiffs limited jurisdictional discovery as to the Company. Zoosk answered the portion of the complaint that asserts the one remaining common-law claim by denying its material allegations and asserting a number of affirmative defenses. The court stayed the case pending resolution of the jurisdictional discovery. On May 6, 2021, plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed the Company from the case and the stay was lifted. On July 28, 2021, plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint re-alleging the UCL claim on behalf of a subclass. The court granted Zoosk’s motion to dismiss that amended claim on October 5, 2021. On October 28, 2021, plaintiffs sought leave to file a third amended complaint that re-alleges a UCL claim. Following briefing and oral argument, the court granted plaintiffs’ motion for leave to file an amended complaint as to one theory of UCL liability and ordered plaintiffs either file the third amended complaint or seek leave to file a fourth amended complaint by February 17, 2022. Plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint, then sought leave to file a fourth amended complaint to substitute one of the two named plaintiffs. On March 31 2022, the court granted Zoosk’s motion to dismiss with prejudice one named plaintiff for failure to prosecute. The court also granted Plaintiffs’ motion to substitute the dismissed plaintiff with a new plaintiff but ordered Plaintiffs to reimburse Zoosk for reasonable costs and attorney fees incurred in connection with the dismissed named plaintiff. Fact discovery concluded on April 29, 2022 except as to discovery from the new named plaintiff, and the parties are engaged in expert discovery. The parties have submitted a proposed order to the court setting the deadline for plaintiffs’ motion for class certification on May 20, 2022 and trial in late 2022.

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Separately, a group of lawyers that is different from those who filed the putative class action described above filed 77 separate arbitration demands against Zoosk in the Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services, Inc. ("JAMS") arbitration forum. Zoosk has objected that neither JAMS nor any arbitrator appointed by JAMS has authority to arbitrate any of these claims or to rule on the issue of arbitrability. JAMS decided to commence arbitration proceedings in regard to one of the arbitration claims filed to date, but that claim was withdrawn in November 2021 as it was established that the claimant was not affected by the incident. On May 5, 2021, the same group of attorneys that filed the arbitration demands, described above, filed a petition to compel arbitration in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California on behalf of three other individuals claiming to be Zoosk users affected by the 2020 security incident. The attorneys then voluntarily dismissed the petition in its entirety on July 15, 2021. JAMS has initiated three further arbitration claims previously filed and intends to proceed with those arbitrations if requisite fees are paid. Zoosk has refused to pay the respondents’ share of the initiation fee for those arbitrations. On December 8, 2021, the same attorneys then filed a petition to compel arbitration in Orange County Superior Court in California on behalf of those three individuals. In response, Zoosk filed a motion to dismiss the California petition based on the forum selection clause in the Zoosk Terms of Use that selects New York as the venue for any dispute. Zoosk's motion to dismiss was granted in April 2022. Zoosk has also filed a petition to stay arbitration in New York on the basis that the claimants breached the TOU when they filed their arbitration demands and Zoosk is therefore under no obligation to arbitrate.

Intellectual Property

Trademarks are an important element in running online dating websites and mobile applications. Given the large number of markets and brands, the Company deals with claims against its trademarks from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company vigorously defends against each of the above legal proceedings.

The Company may encounter future legal claims in the normal course of business.

At this time, management does not believe the above matters, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations or financial condition and believes the recorded legal provisions as of March 31, 2022 are adequate with respect to the probable and estimable liabilities. However, no assurance can be given that these matters will be resolved in the Company's favor.

Note 7. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

The Company records long-term debt at carrying value less unamortized discount and unamortized fees as it is not required to be carried at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value of long-term debt was determined using observable inputs (Level 2). The valuation considers the present value of expected future repayments, discounted using a market interest rate equal to the interest margin on the borrowings and variable interest rate.

The following table presents the carrying values and the estimated fair values of long-term debt as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	March 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
(in thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Long-term debt, including current portion(1)	$	94,282	$	100,161	$	82,124	$	96,089

(1) At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the carrying value of long-term debt is net of unamortized original issue discount and debt issuance costs of $5.7 million and $3.4 million, respectively.

The Company's financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, deposits, accounts receivable, and accounts payable are carried at cost, which approximates their fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company does not have financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Note 8. Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense reflects share awards issued under the Company's 2018 virtual stock option plan and the Long Term Incentive Plan adopted in 2020 (the "LTIP"). For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized total stock-based compensation expense for all the plans of $0.5 million and $1.0 million, respectively, which is included as a component of Other operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

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2020 Long Term Incentive Plan

In connection with the adoption of the LTIP, the Administrative Board authorized for 2020 the issuance of virtual options for up to three million ADSs, including up to one million zero-priced options. In 2021, the Administrative Board authorized the issuance of an additional 500,000 ADSs, which can be used for the issuance of both options and zero-priced options. The additional authorized ADSs were used in connection with the options granted in the first quarter of 2022. As of March 31, 2022, 215,833 virtual options, and 208,867 zero-priced options were available for future grant under the LTIP.

The fair value of the virtual stock options and zero-priced options are measured using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The inputs used in the measurement of the fair values at the date of grant are summarized below:

	Virtual Stock Options		Zero-Priced Options
	Long Call	Short Call	Long Call	Short Call
	Option	Option (Cap)	Option	Option (Cap)
Stock price	$2.70	$2.70	$2.70	$2.70
Strike price	$2.93	$29.30	$—	$50.00
Term	4.65	4.65	4.65	4.65
Volatility	65.0%	65.0%	65.0%	65.0%
Dividend	—%	—%	—%	—%
Risk-free rate	2.4%	2.4%	2.4%	2.4%

The following table summarizes the activity for the Company's options under the LTIP during the three months ended March 31, 2022:

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
			(in years)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	1,802,228	$4.71	5.62	$0.01
Granted	530,000	2.93
Forfeited	(48,061)	5.24
Outstanding as of March 31, 2022	2,284,167	4.29	5.76	0.01
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2022	684,513	$4.81	4.95	$0.01

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2021	1,190,967	$2.53
Granted	530,000	1.20
Vested	(73,252)	3.03
Forfeited	(48,061)	2.56
Unvested as of March 31, 2022	1,599,654	$2.06

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The following table summarizes the activity for the Company's zero priced options under the LTIP during the three months ended March 31, 2022:

	Number of Options
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	584,068
Granted	220,000
Forfeited	(12,935)
Outstanding as of March 31, 2022	791,133
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2022	104,233

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2021	514,370	$5.29
Granted	220,000	2.59
Vested	(34,535)	6.21
Forfeited	(12,935)	5.35
Unvested as of March 31, 2022	686,900	$4.38

The total unrecognized compensation expense related to awards granted under the LTIP at March 31, 2022 was $3.2 million, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.00 years.

As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, diluted loss per share excludes 1,096,902 and 806,280 potentially dilutive common shares, respectively, related to vested option awards, as their effect was anti-dilutive.

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This section and other parts of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q ("Form 10-Q") contain forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as "future," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "predicts," "will," "would," "could," "can," "may," and similar terms. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and the Company’s actual results may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 under the heading "Risk Factors." The Company assumes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.

Overview

We are a leader in social dating platforms for meaningful relationships focusing on the 40+ age demographic and faith-based affiliations. Since our inception, we have had 103 million users register with our dating platforms (which includes inactive accounts). We currently operate one or more of our brands worldwide.

We will continue to expand our presence in North America through significant marketing investment in this region as we look to drive both organic growth of our existing brand portfolio and expansion through the launch of new or acquired brands. We intend to incorporate more social features in our products with content, community and social discovery functionality to allow our users to meet in more informal ways and to provide new ways to date online. Our portfolio of strong brands along with our improved financial strength positions us to deliver a superior user experience to our customers and drive long-term value to shareholders.

Our ability to compete effectively will depend upon our ability to address the needs of our members and paying subscribers, on the timely introduction and performance of innovative features and services associated with our brands, and our ability to respond to services and features introduced by competitors. We must also achieve these objectives within the parameters of our consolidated and operating segment profitability targets. We are focused on enhancing and augmenting our portfolio of services while also continuing to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of our operations. We believe we have sufficient available cash resources on hand to accomplish the enhancements currently contemplated.

Operations Overview

We offer services both via websites and mobile applications and utilize a "subscription" business model, where certain basic functionalities are provided free of charge, while providing premium features (such as interacting with other community members via messages) only to paying subscribers. We generate revenues primarily through paid membership subscriptions. We manage our operations through one reportable segment.

In addition to operating in the United States ("U.S."), we also operate in various markets outside the U.S., primarily in various jurisdictions within the European Union ("EU"), and as a result, are exposed to foreign exchange risk for the Euro, U.S. dollar, British pound, Australian dollar and Canadian dollar. Financial statements of subsidiaries outside the U.S. are generally measured using the local currency as the functional currency. The revenue generated outside the U.S. is translated into U.S. dollar at the date of transactions and subject to unpredictable fluctuations if the value of other currencies change relative to the U.S. dollar. Fluctuating foreign exchange rates result in foreign currency exchange gains and losses. We have not and do not intend to hedge any foreign currency exposures.

We believe that any effect of inflation at current levels will be minimal. Historically, we have been able to increase prices at a rate equal to or greater than that of inflation and we believe that we will continue to be able to do so for the foreseeable future. In addition, we have been able to maintain a relatively stable variable cost structure for our products due, in part, to a continued optimization of marketing spend.

COVID-19 Update

Management continues to actively monitor the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") developments and potential impact on our employees, business and operations. The effects of COVID-19 did not have a material impact on our result of operations or financial condition for the period ended March 31, 2022. However, given the evolution of the COVID-19 situation, and the

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global responses to curb its spread, we are not able to estimate the effects COVID-19 may have on our future results of operations or financial condition.

Key Business Metrics

We regularly review certain operating metrics in order to evaluate the effectiveness of our operating strategies and monitor the financial performance of the business. The key business metrics that we utilize include the following:

Total Registrations

Total registrations are defined as the total number of new members registering to our platforms with their email address. Those include members who enter into premium subscriptions and free memberships.

Average Paying Subscribers

Paying subscribers are defined as individuals who have paid a monthly fee for access to premium services, which include, among others, unlimited communication with other registered users, access to user profile pictures and enhanced search functionality. Average paying subscribers for each month are calculated as the sum of the paying subscribers at the beginning and the end of the month, divided by two. Average paying subscribers for periods longer than one month are calculated as the sum of the average paying subscribers for each month, divided by the number of months in such period.

Monthly Average Revenue Per User ("ARPU")

Monthly ARPU represents the total net subscriber revenue for the period divided by the number of average paying subscribers for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

Contribution

Contribution is defined as revenue, net of refunds and credit card chargebacks, less direct marketing.

Direct Marketing

Direct Marketing is defined as online and offline advertising spend and is included within Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization within our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Unaudited selected statistical information regarding the key business metrics described above is shown in the table below:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Registrations	3,415,750		3,607,702
Average Paying Subscribers	838,961		896,344
Total Monthly ARPU	$	20.81	$	20.97
Net Revenue	$	52,374	$	56,379
Direct Marketing	27,696		30,403
Contribution	$	24,678	$	25,976

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, new members registered to our platforms decreased by 0.2 million, or 5.3%, compared to the same period in 2021. Average paying subscribers during the three months ended March 31, 2022 decreased by 0.1 million, or 6.4%, compared to the same period in 2021. The decreases were primarily driven by a reduction in marketing spend.

Monthly ARPU for three months ended March 31, 2022 decreased by 0.8% compared to the same period in 2021.

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Results of Operations

The following table shows our results of operations for the periods presented. The period-over-period comparison of our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021		$ Change		% Change
Revenue	$	52,374	$	56,379	$	(4,005)	(7.1)	%
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	34,246		36,918		(2,672)		(7.2)	%
Other operating expenses	15,435		16,151		(716)		(4.4)	%
Depreciation and amortization	603		2,290		(1,687)		(73.7)	%
Total operating costs and expenses	50,284		55,359		(5,075)		(9.2)	%
Operating income	2,090		1,020		1,070		104.9	%
Other income (expense):
Interest expense	(6,882)		(3,440)		(3,442)		100.1	%
Loss on foreign currency transactions	(767)		(1,728)		961		(55.6)	%
Other income (expense)	263		(16)		279		(1743.8)	%
Total other expense, net	(7,386)		(5,184)		(2,202)		42.5	%
Loss before income taxes	(5,296)		(4,164)		(1,132)		27.2	%
Income tax expense	(53)		(2,340)		2,287		(97.7)	%
Net loss	$	(5,349)	$	(6,504)	$	1,155	(17.8)	%

Comparison of Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021

Revenue

Revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2022 decreased by $4.0 million, or 7.1%, compared to the same period in 2021. The decrease in revenue was attributable to the 6.4% decrease in the number of average paying subscribers, driven by a reduction in marketing spend.

Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization consists primarily of direct marketing expenses, data center expenses, credit card fees and mobile application processing fees. Cost of revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2022 decreased by $2.7 million, or 7.2%, compared to the same period in 2021. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in marketing spend and a decrease in commission expense for mobile application due to the decline in revenue.

Other operating expenses

Other operating expenses consists primarily of costs for sales and marketing, customer service, technical operations and development, and corporate functions. These costs include personnel, technology platform and system costs, third-party service and professional fees, occupancy and other overhead costs. Other operating expenses during the three months ended March 31, 2022 decreased by $0.7 million, or 4.4%, compared to the same period in 2021. The decrease was primarily driven by higher accounting and audit fees in connection with the U.S. GAAP conversion in the first quarter of 2021, and decreases in personnel costs driven by lower stock-based compensation, and recruiting fees.

Other income (expense)

Other expense, net, consist primarily of interest income and expenses, foreign exchange gains and losses, and other related finance costs. Other expenses, net, during the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased by $2.2 million, or 42.5%, compared to the same period in 2021. The increase was primarily related the $4.0 million loss recognized on extinguishment of

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debt in connection with the Amended Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility, as discussed in Note 5. Long-term Debt. The increase was partially offset by a $1.0 million decrease in losses on foreign currency transactions compared to the same period in 2021.

Income tax expense

Income tax expense was $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, which reflects an effective tax rate of (1.0)% and 112.5%, respectively. The decrease in income tax expense was primarily driven by the Company benefiting from year to date losses in the U.S. jurisdiction.

See Note 3. Income Taxes in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of this quarterly report for further discussion of income taxes.

Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures

We report our financial results in accordance with U.S. GAAP. However, management believes that certain non-U.S. GAAP financial measures provide users of our financial information with additional useful information in evaluating our performance.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("Adjusted EBITDA"), a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure, is one of the primary metrics by which we evaluate the performance of our business, budget, forecast and compensate management. We believe this measure provides management and investors with a consistent view, period to period, of the core earnings generated from the ongoing operations and allows for greater transparency with respect to key metrics used by senior leadership in its financial and operational decision-making. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net earnings (loss) excluding interest expense, (gain) loss on foreign currency transactions, income tax (benefit) expense, depreciation and amortization, asset impairments, stock-based compensation expense, acquisition related costs and other costs. Adjusted EBITDA has inherent limitations in evaluating the performance of the Company, including, but not limited to the following:

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the cash capital expenditures during the measurement period;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any changes in working capital requirements during the measurement period;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the cash tax payments during the measurement period; and

•Adjusted EBITDA may be calculated differently by other companies in our industry, thus limiting its value as a comparative measure.

Because of these limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including net income (loss) and our other U.S. GAAP results. The following table reconciles Net loss to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Net loss	$	(5,349)	$	(6,504)
Interest expense	6,882		3,440
Loss on foreign currency transactions	767		1,728
Income tax expense	53		2,340
Depreciation and amortization	603		2,290
Stock-based compensation expense	502		1,036
Other costs(1)	22		795
Adjusted EBITDA	$	3,480	$	5,125

(1) Includes primarily consulting and advisory fees related to special projects, as well as non-cash acquisition related expenses, post-merger integration activities and long-term debt transaction and advisory fees.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company's principal sources of liquidity are cash balances and cash flows from operations and borrowings. Our ongoing liquidity requirements arise primarily from working capital needs, research and development requirements and the debt service. In addition, we may use liquidity to fund acquisitions or make other investments. As of March 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $13.0 million.

On March 11, 2022, the Company completed the successful refinancing of its existing term and revolving facility with borrowings under a new term loan facility with MGG Investment Group LP (the "Term Loan"). As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had outstanding principal debt balance of $100.0 million and $85.6 million, respectively. See Note 5. Long-term Debt in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of this quarterly report for further discussion of our debt.

We believe that our current cash and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for financial liabilities, capital expenditures and contractual obligations, for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors and those set forth in Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of March 31, 2022.

Cash Flows Information

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	(10,475)	$	(387)
Investing activities	(490)		(423)
Financing activities	7,774		(3,686)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(3,191)	$	(4,496)

Operating Activities

Our cash flows from operating activities primarily include net loss adjusted for (i) non-cash items included in net loss, such as depreciation and amortization, and stock-based compensation and (ii) changes in the balances of operating assets and liabilities.

Net cash used in operating activities was $10.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, an increase of $10.1 million compared to $0.4 million during the same period in 2021. The increase was primarily driven by a decrease in accounts payable due to the timing of payments.

Investing Activities

Our cash flows from investing activities primarily include development of internal-use software, and purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, an increase of $0.1 million compared to $0.4 million during the three months ended March 31 2021. The increase was primarily due to the additional capital expenditures of $0.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022.

Financing Activities

Our cash flows from financing activities primarily include changes in long-term debt.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $7.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, an increase of $11.5 million compared to net cash used in financing activities of $3.7 million during the same period in 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to $97.8 million of proceeds, net of discount and issuance costs, received from the Term Loan, partially offset by the $85.6 million repayment of debt under the existing Term Loan Facility and the Second Amendment, transaction

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costs of $3.5 million paid to third parties in connection with the Term Loan, and a $0.9 million prepayment penalty in connection with the existing Term Loan Facility and the Second Amendment, as discussed in Note 5. Long-term Debt.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I. Item 1. of this quarterly report for a discussion of recently issued and adopted accounting standards.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Please refer to Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation, the “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” section of our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 ("2021 Form 10-K") for a full description of all of our critical accounting estimates. We believe there have been no new critical accounting policies and estimates, or material changes to our existing critical accounting policies and estimates during the three months ended March 31, 2022.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, with the participation of its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2021. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the rules and forms promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that, as of March 31, 2022, due to the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting previously identified in our 2021 Form 10-K which continues to exist, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective.

Remediation Plan for Material Weakness in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Please refer to Part II. Item 9A. "Controls and Procedures" of our 2021 Form 10-K for a full description of the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting and remediation plan.

Our remediation of the identified material weaknesses and the strengthening of our internal control environment is ongoing. We continue to focus on the design and implementation of processes and procedures to improve our new and existing controls and remediate our material weaknesses. We are committed to maintaining a strong control environment and believe that these remediation efforts represent continued improvements in our control environment. As we continue to evaluate and take actions to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we may determine it is necessary to take additional action to address control deficiencies or modify certain of the remediation measures. The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated, however, until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these enhanced internal controls are operating effectively. We will continue to monitor and evaluate the

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effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in the areas affected by the material weaknesses. Our management is committed to remediating the material weakness in a timely manner.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II

Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

For information that updates the disclosure set forth under Part I. Item 3. Legal Proceedings in our 2021 Form 10-K, refer to Note 6. Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Please refer to Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors of our 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of our risk factors. The risks and uncertainties are not limited to those set forth in the 2021 Form 10-K. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that affect us. We believe there have been no new risk factors, or material changes to our existing risk factors, during the three months ended March 31, 2022.

Item 2. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

On May 9, 2022, the Company and David Clark amended Mr. Clark’s Employment Agreement with the Company dated as of August 10, 2021, to provide that the amount of severance paid under the agreement shall no longer be subject to offset for any other remuneration paid to Mr. Clark during the severance period. A copy of the amendment is attached hereto as Exhibit 10.2 and incorporated herein by reference.

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Item 6. Exhibits

		Incorporated by Reference				Filed/Furnished Herewith
Exhibit Number	Description	Form	File No.	Exhibit Filing Date	Exhibit No.
10.1	Financing Agreement, dated as of March 11, 2022, between the Company, Zoosk, Inc., Spark Networks, Inc. and MGG Investment Group LP.	8-K	001-38252	March 14, 2022	10.1
10.2	First Amendment to Employment Agreement with David Clark, dated May 9, 2022.					X
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002					X
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002					X
32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**					X
32.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**					X
101.1	The following financial statements from the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (“XBRL”): •unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets; •unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss; •unaudited condensed consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity; •unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows; and •notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.					X
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File – the cover page from this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, is formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.1

** The certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10-Q and are not deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

23

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	Spark Networks SE
Date: May 10, 2022	By:	/s/ Eric Eichmann
		Eric Eichmann
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: May 10, 2022	By:	/s/ David Clark
		David Clark
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

24

EX-10.2

FIRST AMENDMENT TO EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT THIS IS THE FIRST AMENDMENT (the “Amendment”), dated as of May 9, 2022, to that certain Employment Agreement (the “Agreement”), dated as of August 10, 2021, by and between by and between Spark SocialNet, Inc. (f/k/a Social Net, Inc.) (the “Company”) and David Clark (Executive”). The Company and Executive wish to amend the Agreement on the terms and conditions set forth herein. Therefore, in consideration of the mutual agreements set forth herein and intending to be legally bound, the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. Capitalized Terms. Capitalized terms used herein without definition shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the Agreement. 2. Removal of Certain Language. The following sentence is hereby removed in its entirety from Section 4(b) of the Agreement: “Such Severance shall be reduced by any remuneration paid to Executive because of Executive’s employment or self-employment during the severance period, and Executive shall promptly report all such remuneration to the Company in writing.” 3. Ratification of Agreement. Except as expressly set forth in this Amendment, the Agreement is hereby ratified in full (including without limitation the provisions of Section 4(b) thereof other than the sentence removed by this Amendment) and shall, as so changed by this Amendment, continue in full force and effect. 4. Counterparts. This Amendment may be executed and delivered originally or by facsimile and in one or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original and all of which taken together shall constitute a single instrument. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have duly executed this Amendment on the date first above written. SPARK SOCIALNET, INC. __________________________________ By: Eric Eichmann Title: Chief Executive Officer __________________________________ David Clark Exhibit 10.2

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

Form of Certification

Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Eric Eichmann, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Spark Networks SE;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the consolidated financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 10, 2022	By:	/s/ Eric Eichmann
		Eric Eichmann
		Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

Form of Certification

Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, David Clark, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Spark Networks SE;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the consolidated financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 10, 2022	By:	/s/ David Clark
		David Clark
		Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

Form of Certification

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code), each of the undersigned officers of Spark Networks SE (the “Company”), does hereby certify, to such officer’s knowledge, that:

The Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 of the Company fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and information contained in the Form 10-Qfairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 10, 2022	By:	/s/ Eric Eichmann
		Eric Eichmann
		Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

Form of Certification

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code), each of the undersigned officers of Spark Networks SE (the “Company”), does hereby certify, to such officer’s knowledge, that:

The Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 of the Company fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and information contained in the Form 10-Qfairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 10, 2022	By:	/s/ David Clark
		David Clark
		Chief Financial Officer

XML

Cover Page - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	May 02, 2022
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2022
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-38252
Entity Registrant Name	Spark Networks SE
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	2M
Entity Address, Address Line One	Kohlfurter Straße 41/43
Entity Address, City or Town	Berlin
Entity Address, Country	DE
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	10999
Country Region	+49
City Area Code	30
Local Phone Number	868000
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		2,619,586
Entity Central Index Key	0001705338
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2022
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
ADR
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	American Depository Shares each representing one-tenth of an ordinary share
Trading Symbol	LOV
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Ordinary shares, €1.00 nominal value per share*
Trading Symbol
Security Exchange Name

XML

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 13,007	$ 16,141
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $361 and $368, respectively	5,753	6,261
Prepaid expenses	4,395	3,201
Other current assets	886	1,085
Total current assets	24,041	26,688
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $4,212 and $3,998, respectively	3,748	3,613
Goodwill	134,733	134,744
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $15,799 and $15,522, respectively	29,049	29,369
Deferred tax assets	7,471	7,623
Other assets	7,142	7,764
Total assets	206,184	209,801
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt	0	17,593
Accounts payable	2,098	11,474
Deferred revenue	35,299	36,973
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	26,359	27,042
Total current liabilities	63,756	93,082
Long-term debt, net of current portion	94,282	64,531
Deferred tax liabilities	999	1,077
Other liabilities	18,192	18,418
Total liabilities	177,229	177,108
Contingencies (Note 6)
Shareholders' Equity:
Common stock, €1.00 nominal value; 3,521,005 shares authorized; 2,661,386 shares issued; 2,617,397 shares outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021	3,064	3,064
Treasury stock, at €1.00 nominal value; 43,989 shares as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021	(48)	(48)
Additional paid-in capital	223,605	223,103
Accumulated deficit	(205,752)	(200,403)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	8,086	6,977
Total shareholders' equity	28,955	32,693
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$ 206,184	$ 209,801

XML

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($) shares	Mar. 31, 2022 € / shares	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2021 € / shares
Assets
Accounts receivable, allowance | $	$ 361		$ 368
Property, plant and equipment, accumulated depreciation | $	(4,212)		(3,998)
Intangible assets, accumulated amortization | $	$ (15,799)		$ (15,522)
Shareholders' Equity:
Common stock, nominal value (in Euro per share) | € / shares		€ 1.00		€ 1.00
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	3,521,005		3,521,005
Common stock, issued (in shares)	2,661,386		2,661,386
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)	2,617,397		2,617,397
Treasury stock, shares (in shares)	43,989

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenue	$ 52,374	$ 56,379
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	34,246	36,918
Other operating expenses	15,435	16,151
Depreciation and amortization	603	2,290
Total operating costs and expenses	50,284	55,359
Operating income	2,090	1,020
Other income (expense):
Interest expense	(6,882)	(3,440)
Loss on foreign currency transactions	(767)	(1,728)
Other income (expense)	263	(16)
Total other expense, net	(7,386)	(5,184)
Loss before income taxes	(5,296)	(4,164)
Income tax expense	(53)	(2,340)
Net loss	(5,349)	(6,504)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustment	1,109	2,354
Comprehensive loss	$ (4,240)	$ (4,150)
Loss per share:
Basic earnings (loss) per share (in USD per share)	$ (2.04)	$ (2.50)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share (in USD per share)	$ (2.04)	$ (2.50)
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic (in shares)	2,617,397	2,605,689
Diluted (in shares)	2,617,397	2,605,689

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020		2,661,386	(55,697)
Beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 94,903	$ 3,064	$ (61)	$ 220,852	$ (132,248)	$ 3,296
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock-based compensation	1,036			1,036
Net loss	(6,504)				(6,504)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	2,354					2,354
End of period (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2021		2,661,386	(55,697)
End of period at Mar. 31, 2021	$ 91,789	$ 3,064	$ (61)	221,888	(138,752)	5,650
Beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	2,617,397	2,661,386	(43,989)
Beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 32,693	$ 3,064	$ (48)	223,103	(200,403)	6,977
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock-based compensation	502			502
Net loss	(5,349)				(5,349)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	$ 1,109					1,109
End of period (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022	2,617,397	2,661,386	(43,989)
End of period at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 28,955	$ 3,064	$ (48)	$ 223,605	$ (205,752)	$ 8,086

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Net cash provided by operating activities
Net loss	$ (5,349)	$ (6,504)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	603	2,290
Loss on tangible and intangible assets	15	0
Unrealized loss on foreign currency transactions	1,078	340
Stock-based compensation expense	502	1,036
Amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of debt discounts	805	916
Loss on extinguishment of debt	3,964	0
Deferred tax expense	(79)	2,340
Provision for credit losses	142	95
Non-cash lease expense	546	470
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	261	(3,328)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(1,053)	(2,095)
Other assets	(31)	(33)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other current liabilities	(9,937)	1,533
Other liabilities	(599)	(93)
Deferred revenue	(1,343)	2,646
Net cash used in operating activities	(10,475)	(387)
Net cash provided by investing activities
Capital expenditures	(490)	(423)
Net cash used in investing activities	(490)	(423)
Net cash provided by financing activities
Proceeds from debt, net of discount and issuance costs	97,750	0
Repayment of debt	(85,552)	(3,163)
Debt issuance costs paid to third parties	(3,531)	0
Payment of early extinguishment of debt charge	(893)	0
Payments directly related to debt	0	(523)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	7,774	(3,686)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	(3,191)	(4,496)
Effects of exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	55	781
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	(3,136)	(3,715)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	16,279	21,117
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	13,143	17,402
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest including payment of early extinguishment of debt charges of $893 and $0, respectively	2,953	2,497
Cash paid for income taxes	29	0
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the condensed consolidated balance sheets
Cash and cash equivalents	13,007
Restricted cash included in other current assets	136
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash as shown on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows	$ 13,143	$ 17,402

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract]
Loss on extinguishment of debt	$ 893	$ 0

XML

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Spark Networks SE (the "Company") is a leader in social dating platforms for meaningful relationships focusing on the 40+ age demographic and faith-based affiliations, including Zoosk, EliteSingles, SilverSingles, Christian Mingle, Jdate, and JSwipe, among others. The Company's brands are tailored to quality dating with real users looking for love and companionship in a safe and comfortable environment. The Company is domiciled in Germany with significant corporate operations, including executive leadership, accounting and finance, located in the United States.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") and applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), regarding interim financial reporting. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

In management's opinion, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements and reflect, in management’s opinion, all adjustments, consisting of normal and recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company's balance sheets, statement of operations and comprehensive loss, statement of shareholders' equity and statement of cash flows for the periods presented. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the Company's entire fiscal year. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Significant estimates and assumptions are required in the determination of: revenue reserves, deferred tax asset valuation allowances, unrecognized tax benefits, classification and measurement of virtual stock option plans, and annual impairment testing of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. The Company evaluates its estimates and judgements on an ongoing basis based on historical experience, expectations of future events and various other factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances and revises them when necessary. Actual results may differ from the original or revised estimates.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company's financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business. As of the date of the financial statements, the Company has generated losses from operations, incurred historical impairment charges to its Zoosk goodwill and intangible assets and has a working capital deficiency. These factors are potential indications of the Company's inability to continue as a going concern. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 205-40, Going Concern, the Company evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these consolidated financial statements are issued.

The Company's plans to alleviate these indicators include growing its subscriber base by improving its marketing techniques and implementing new features to increase customer engagement on its various platforms. Further, on March 11, 2022, the Company completed the successful refinancing of its existing term and revolving facility, which provides more covenant flexibility and allows more resources to be invested into the business to drive growth. Refer to Note 5. Long-term Debt for additional information. The Company's plans, along with its current cash and cash equivalents, is expected to be sufficient to meet its anticipated cash requirements for financial liabilities, capital expenditures and contractual obligations, for at least the next 12 months from the issuance of these financial statements.

COVID-19 Update

During 2020, the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") outbreak spread worldwide and was declared a global pandemic in March 2020. Despite challenging economic conditions on consumers, we maintained stable churn levels during the period and experienced positive user engagement. The global outbreak of COVID-19 continues to rapidly evolve. Management is actively monitoring the global situation and potential impact on the Company's business. The effects of COVID-19 did not have a material impact on the Company's result of operations or financial condition for the period ended March 31, 2022. However, given the evolution of the COVID-19 situation, and the global responses to curb its spread, the Company is not able to estimate the effects COVID-19 may have on its future results of operations or financial condition.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

There were no new accounting pronouncements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and through the date of filing of this report that had or are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

XML

Revenue

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue

Revenue

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, revenue was as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Subscription revenue	$	50,009	$	54,546
Virtual currency revenue	1,525		1,096
Advertising revenue	840		737
Total Revenue	$	52,374	$	56,379

Revenue disaggregated by geography, based on where the revenue is generated, consists of the following:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
United States	$	34,569	$	36,550
France	3,229		5,374
Germany	308		333
Rest of world	14,268		14,122
Total Revenue	$	52,374	$	56,379

The Company's deferred revenue balances as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are $35.3 million and $37.0 million, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized $26.1 million and $28.8 million of revenue, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue balances as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

XML

Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded income tax expense of $0.1 million and $2.3 million, respectively, which reflects an effective tax rate of (1.0)% and 112.5%, respectively. The decrease in the income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was primarily driven by the Company benefiting from year to date losses in the U.S. jurisdiction.

The Company had a valuation allowance against certain U.S., Israel, and German deferred tax assets as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The Company evaluates on a quarterly basis whether the deferred tax assets are realizable which requires significant judgement. The Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including historical operating performance and expectations of future operating performance.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has $4.8 million and $4.7 million of unrecognized tax benefits, respectively. Of the $4.8 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of March 31, 2022, $1.4 million would impact the effective tax rate if recognized, and $2.9 million would result would result in an increase in the valuation allowance. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has recorded $0.7 million of interest and penalties for both periods related to unrecognized tax benefits. The Company’s policy is to classify interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense.

As a matter of course, the Company may be audited by Germany, U.S. Federal and state, Israel, France, the U.K. and other foreign tax authorities within which it operates. From time to time, these audits result in proposed assessments. The Company was notified during 2020 that the Israeli tax authorities were auditing Spark Networks Ltd. for the tax years 2016-2019. There is minimal activity in the entity and, while we do not expect adverse findings, any potential finding would result in a reduction of the net operating loss carryforward which has a full valuation allowance against it. The Company received correspondence from the German tax authorities auditing Spark SE for the tax years 2017-2018, as well as Spark GmbH for the tax years 2016-2018 after March 31, 2022. While the company is in the process of assessing the correspondence, there does not appear to be any material changes or adjustments.

Based on the current status of Germany, U.S. Federal, state, local and other foreign audits, the Company does not expect the amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly decrease in the next 12 months as a result of settlements of tax audits and/or the expiration of statutes of limitations.

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Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accrued advertising	$	7,824	$	6,483
Accrued employee compensation and benefits	1,619		1,487
Accrued professional fees	1,001		835
Accrued service providers	2,018		1,806
Accrued value-added, sales, and other non-income-based taxes	7,629		8,837
Current portion of income tax payable	3,673		3,733
Current portion of lease liabilities	2,344		2,325
Other	251		1,536
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	26,359	$	27,042

Other liabilities consist of the following as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Deferred payment to Zoosk's shareholders	$	11,833	$	11,545
Lease liabilities, less current portion	3,272		3,887
Sublease security deposit	1,038		1,038
Other	2,049		1,948
Other liabilities	$	18,192	$	18,418

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Long-term Debt

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Long-term Debt

Long-term Debt

MGG Term Loan Agreement

On March 11, 2022, the Company entered into a Financing Agreement with Zoosk, Inc. and Spark Networks, Inc., the subsidiary guarantor party thereto, the lender party thereto, and MGG Investment Group LP ("MGG"), as administrative agent and collateral agent (the "Term Loan"). The agreement provides for senior secured term loans of $100.0 million. Substantially all of the Company's assets are pledged as collateral. Borrowings under the Term Loan bear interest at a rate equal to LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 7.5% per annum. The proceeds were used to repay in full all amounts outstanding under the Loan Facilities with Blue Torch Finance LLC. The outstanding principal amounts will be repayable in quarterly payments of $1.25

million commencing with the quarter ending June 30, 2023 through March 31, 2025, and $2.50 million commencing with the quarter ending June 30, 2025 and thereafter.

The Term Loan was issued at a discount of 2.0% of the aggregate principal amount of the $100.0 million. Transaction costs and overhead fees of $3.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively, were paid at closing. Through the effective interest rate method, the discount and overhead fees on the Term Loan are amortized to interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss through the maturity on March 11, 2027 ("Maturity Date"). The effective interest on the loan was 10.1%. In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Term Loan, within 5 days after the annual financial statements are required to be delivered to the lender, commencing with the delivery of the fiscal year 2022 audited financial statements, the Company is required to make a prepayment of the loan principal in an amount equal to a percentage of the excess cashflow of the most recently completed fiscal year.

The Loan Agreement requires the following financial covenants to be maintained: (i) quarterly leverage ratio no greater than 4.50 to 1.00 for the quarter ending June 30, 2022, 4.25 to 1.00 through June 30, 2023, 3.75 to 1.00 through June 30, 2024, 3.25 to 1.00 through June 30, 2025, 2.75 to 1.00 through June 30, 2026 and 2.25 to 1.00 through the maturity date of the loan; (ii) marketing efficiency ratio to be less than 1.36 to 1.00 for the quarter ending June 30, 2022 through the maturity date of the loan; and (iii) minimum liquidity of $5.0 million at any time. In addition, the Term Loan contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company and its subsidiaries' ability to: incur additional indebtedness, create liens, engage in mergers or consolidations, sell or transfer assets, pay dividends and distributions, make share repurchases, make certain acquisitions, engage in certain transactions with affiliates and change lines of business.

As of March 31, 2022, the aggregated outstanding principal balance and amortized cost basis of the Term Loan was $100.0 million and $94.3 million, respectively.

Blue Torch Term Loan Facility

On July 1, 2019, in connection with the acquisition of Zoosk, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with Zoosk, Spark Networks, Inc., the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto, and Blue Torch Finance LLC ("Administrative Agent"), as administrative agent and collateral agent (the "Senior Secured Facilities Agreement") that provides for a four-year $125.0 million Senior Secured Facility, maturing July 1, 2023 (the "Maturity Date"). The Senior Secured Facilities Agreement provides for a term loan facility in an aggregate amount equal to $120.0 million (the "Term Loan Facility") and a revolving credit facility in an aggregate amount equal to $5.0 million (the "Revolving Credit Facility" and, together with the Term Loan Facility, the "Facilities"). Borrowings under the Facilities bear interest at a rate equal to either LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 8.0% per annum.

On December 2, 2020, the Company entered into the Second Amendment to Loan Agreement (the "Second Amendment" and together with the Term Loan Facility, the "Amended Term Loan Facility"), which established an additional $6.0 million of term loan commitment to its existing Term Loan Facility. The additional borrowing was applied to pay the quarterly Term Loan Facility principal and interest payments on December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2021. The Second Amendment was accounted for as a modification of debt, and as such, the third-party costs incurred in connection with the Second Amendment of approximately $1.3 million were expensed as incurred. The debt issuance costs of $1.3 million that were paid directly to the lender at the closing date were capitalized and will be amortized using the effective interest method over the term of the loan. The effective interest rate on the modified loan is 11.3%. The Second Amendment required repayment of the principal amount of $0.15 million quarterly, beginning on March 31, 2021, in addition to the $3.0 million quarterly principal repayment of the original Term Loan Facility and the modified interest.

On March 5, 2021, the Company entered into a Limited Waiver under Loan Agreement (the "Limited Waiver") with the Administrative Agent and the lenders pursuant to which certain defaults under the Senior Secured Facilities Agreement were waived. In consideration of the Limited Waiver, the Company agreed to pay the Administrative Agent, for the ratable benefit of the lenders, a fee of $0.5 million upon the execution of the Limited Waiver, plus $0.3 million paid in kind by capitalizing such amount into the principal balance under the Senior Secured Facilities Agreement. The aggregated fees were capitalized and was amortized using the effective interest rate of 11.8%.

On March 11, 2022, the Company entered into the Term Loan Agreement with MGG as described above and the facility was terminated. The aggregated outstanding principal balance of the existing Term Loan Facility and the Second Amendment was $85.6 million, and the amortized cost basis was $82.1 million as of December 31, 2021. The Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $3.9 million in the first quarter of Fiscal 2022, which is comprised of $3.0 million of unamortized debt issuance cost offset by the debt discount with the Blue Torch term loan facility, and a prepayment penalty of $0.9 million.

The loss on extinguishment of debt is included as a component of Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

Blue Torch Revolving Credit Facility

The $5.0 million Revolving Credit Facility has a commitment fee of 0.75% per annum on the unutilized commitments thereunder payable on the Maturity Date. As the Revolving Credit Facility is not expected to be drawn down, transaction costs and upfront fees totaling $0.3 million related to the Revolving Credit Facility were deferred and are being amortized over the term of the agreement. On March 11, 2022, the Company entered in to the Term Loan Agreement as described above and the facility was terminated, and there were no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2021. The Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $0.1 million in the first quarter of Fiscal 2022 for unamortized transaction costs and upfront fees related to the Revolving Credit Facility, which is included as a component of Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

The Facilities contain a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company's ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to: incur additional indebtedness, create liens, engage in mergers or consolidations, sell or transfer assets, pay dividends and distributions and make share repurchases, make certain acquisitions, engage in certain transactions with affiliates, and change lines of business. The Company was in compliance with all applicable financial covenants as of March 31, 2022.

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Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Contingencies

Contingencies

The Company is involved in lawsuits, claims and proceedings incident to the ordinary course of business and establishes reserves for specific legal matters when it determines that the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is probable and the loss is reasonably estimable. Management has also identified certain other legal matters where the Company believes an unfavorable outcome is not probable and, therefore, no reserve is established. Any claims against the Company, whether meritorious or not, could result in costly litigation, require significant amounts of management's time and result in the diversion of significant operational resources. The results of these lawsuits, claims and proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty. However, the Company believes that the ultimate resolution of these current matters will not have a material adverse effect on its liquidity, results of operations or financial condition.

Cybersecurity Matters

On July 22, 2020, a putative class action was filed against the Company and Zoosk in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California by individuals claiming to be Zoosk users whose information was affected by the 2020 security incident disclosed by Zoosk. The complaint, as subsequently amended, asserts that by reason of the Zoosk security incident Spark and Zoosk violated the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA"), the California Unfair Competition Law ("UCL"), and common-law obligations. Based on these assertions, the complaint seeks statutory damages, compensatory damages, punitive damages, attorneys' fees, and injunctive relief. On December 14, 2020, plaintiffs voluntarily withdrew their claim under the CCPA. On January 30, 2021, the district court granted in part, and denied in part, Zoosk's motion to dismiss the remainder of the complaint for failure to state a claim by dismissing the UCL claim, but allowing the common-law claim to go forward. The court held in abeyance the Company's motion to dismiss itself on jurisdictional grounds and for failure to state a claim. The court granted plaintiffs limited jurisdictional discovery as to the Company. Zoosk answered the portion of the complaint that asserts the one remaining common-law claim by denying its material allegations and asserting a number of affirmative defenses. The court stayed the case pending resolution of the jurisdictional discovery. On May 6, 2021, plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed the Company from the case and the stay was lifted. On July 28, 2021, plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint re-alleging the UCL claim on behalf of a subclass. The court granted Zoosk’s motion to dismiss that amended claim on October 5, 2021. On October 28, 2021, plaintiffs sought leave to file a third amended complaint that re-alleges a UCL claim. Following briefing and oral argument, the court granted plaintiffs’ motion for leave to file an amended complaint as to one theory of UCL liability and ordered plaintiffs either file the third amended complaint or seek leave to file a fourth amended complaint by February 17, 2022. Plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint, then sought leave to file a fourth amended complaint to substitute one of the two named plaintiffs. On March 31 2022, the court granted Zoosk’s motion to dismiss with prejudice one named plaintiff for failure to prosecute. The court also granted Plaintiffs’ motion to substitute the dismissed plaintiff with a new plaintiff but ordered Plaintiffs to reimburse Zoosk for reasonable costs and attorney fees incurred in connection with the dismissed named plaintiff. Fact discovery concluded on April 29, 2022 except as to discovery from the new named plaintiff, and the parties are engaged in expert discovery. The parties have submitted a proposed order to the court setting the deadline for plaintiffs’ motion for class certification on May 20, 2022 and trial in late 2022.

Separately, a group of lawyers that is different from those who filed the putative class action described above filed 77 separate arbitration demands against Zoosk in the Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services, Inc. ("JAMS") arbitration forum. Zoosk has objected that neither JAMS nor any arbitrator appointed by JAMS has authority to arbitrate any of these claims or to rule on the issue of arbitrability. JAMS decided to commence arbitration proceedings in regard to one of the arbitration claims filed to date, but that claim was withdrawn in November 2021 as it was established that the claimant was not affected by the incident. On May 5, 2021, the same group of attorneys that filed the arbitration demands, described above, filed a petition to compel arbitration in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California on behalf of three other individuals claiming to be Zoosk users affected by the 2020 security incident. The attorneys then voluntarily dismissed the petition in its entirety on July 15, 2021. JAMS has initiated three further arbitration claims previously filed and intends to proceed with those arbitrations if requisite fees are paid. Zoosk has refused to pay the respondents’ share of the initiation fee for those arbitrations. On December 8, 2021, the same attorneys then filed a petition to compel arbitration in Orange County Superior Court in California on behalf of those three individuals. In response, Zoosk filed a motion to dismiss the California petition based on the forum selection clause in the Zoosk Terms of Use that selects New York as the venue for any dispute. Zoosk's motion to dismiss was granted in April 2022. Zoosk has also filed a petition to stay arbitration in New York on the basis that the claimants breached the TOU when they filed their arbitration demands and Zoosk is therefore under no obligation to arbitrate.

Intellectual Property

Trademarks are an important element in running online dating websites and mobile applications. Given the large number of markets and brands, the Company deals with claims against its trademarks from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company vigorously defends against each of the above legal proceedings.

The Company may encounter future legal claims in the normal course of business.

At this time, management does not believe the above matters, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations or financial condition and believes the recorded legal provisions as of March 31, 2022 are adequate with respect to the probable and estimable liabilities. However, no assurance can be given that these matters will be resolved in the Company's favor.

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Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

The Company records long-term debt at carrying value less unamortized discount and unamortized fees as it is not required to be carried at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value of long-term debt was determined using observable inputs (Level 2). The valuation considers the present value of expected future repayments, discounted using a market interest rate equal to the interest margin on the borrowings and variable interest rate.

The following table presents the carrying values and the estimated fair values of long-term debt as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	March 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
(in thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Long-term debt, including current portion(1)	$	94,282	$	100,161	$	82,124	$	96,089

(1) At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the carrying value of long-term debt is net of unamortized original issue discount and debt issuance costs of $5.7 million and $3.4 million, respectively.

The Company's financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, deposits, accounts receivable, and accounts payable are carried at cost, which approximates their fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company does not have financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

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Stock-based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based CompensationStock-based compensation expense reflects share awards issued under the Company's 2018 virtual stock option plan and the Long Term Incentive Plan adopted in 2020 (the "LTIP"). For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized total stock-based compensation expense for all the plans of $0.5 million and $1.0 million, respectively, which is included as a component of Other operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

2020 Long Term Incentive Plan

In connection with the adoption of the LTIP, the Administrative Board authorized for 2020 the issuance of virtual options for up to three million ADSs, including up to one million zero-priced options. In 2021, the Administrative Board authorized the issuance of an additional 500,000 ADSs, which can be used for the issuance of both options and zero-priced options. The additional authorized ADSs were used in connection with the options granted in the first quarter of 2022. As of March 31, 2022, 215,833 virtual options, and 208,867 zero-priced options were available for future grant under the LTIP.

The fair value of the virtual stock options and zero-priced options are measured using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The inputs used in the measurement of the fair values at the date of grant are summarized below:

	Virtual Stock Options		Zero-Priced Options
	Long Call	Short Call	Long Call	Short Call
	Option	Option (Cap)	Option	Option (Cap)
Stock price	$2.70	$2.70	$2.70	$2.70
Strike price	$2.93	$29.30	$—	$50.00
Term	4.65	4.65	4.65	4.65
Volatility	65.0%	65.0%	65.0%	65.0%
Dividend	—%	—%	—%	—%
Risk-free rate	2.4%	2.4%	2.4%	2.4%

The following table summarizes the activity for the Company's options under the LTIP during the three months ended March 31, 2022:

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
			(in years)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	1,802,228	$4.71	5.62	$0.01
Granted	530,000	2.93
Forfeited	(48,061)	5.24
Outstanding as of March 31, 2022	2,284,167	4.29	5.76	0.01
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2022	684,513	$4.81	4.95	$0.01

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2021	1,190,967	$2.53
Granted	530,000	1.20
Vested	(73,252)	3.03
Forfeited	(48,061)	2.56
Unvested as of March 31, 2022	1,599,654	$2.06

The following table summarizes the activity for the Company's zero priced options under the LTIP during the three months ended March 31, 2022:

	Number of Options
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	584,068
Granted	220,000
Forfeited	(12,935)
Outstanding as of March 31, 2022	791,133
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2022	104,233

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2021	514,370	$5.29
Granted	220,000	2.59
Vested	(34,535)	6.21
Forfeited	(12,935)	5.35
Unvested as of March 31, 2022	686,900	$4.38

The total unrecognized compensation expense related to awards granted under the LTIP at March 31, 2022 was $3.2 million, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.00 years.

As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, diluted loss per share excludes 1,096,902 and 806,280 potentially dilutive common shares, respectively, related to vested option awards, as their effect was anti-dilutive.

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Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") and applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), regarding interim financial reporting. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

In management's opinion, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements and reflect, in management’s opinion, all adjustments, consisting of normal and recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company's balance sheets, statement of operations and comprehensive loss, statement of shareholders' equity and statement of cash flows for the periods presented. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the Company's entire fiscal year. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Use of Estimates

Use of EstimatesThe preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Significant estimates and assumptions are required in the determination of: revenue reserves, deferred tax asset valuation allowances, unrecognized tax benefits, classification and measurement of virtual stock option plans, and annual impairment testing of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. The Company evaluates its estimates and judgements on an ongoing basis based on historical experience, expectations of future events and various other factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances and revises them when necessary. Actual results may differ from the original or revised estimates.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

There were no new accounting pronouncements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and through the date of filing of this report that had or are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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Revenue (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Disaggregation of Revenue

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, revenue was as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Subscription revenue	$	50,009	$	54,546
Virtual currency revenue	1,525		1,096
Advertising revenue	840		737
Total Revenue	$	52,374	$	56,379

Revenue from External Customers by Geographic Areas

Revenue disaggregated by geography, based on where the revenue is generated, consists of the following:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
United States	$	34,569	$	36,550
France	3,229		5,374
Germany	308		333
Rest of world	14,268		14,122
Total Revenue	$	52,374	$	56,379

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Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accrued advertising	$	7,824	$	6,483
Accrued employee compensation and benefits	1,619		1,487
Accrued professional fees	1,001		835
Accrued service providers	2,018		1,806
Accrued value-added, sales, and other non-income-based taxes	7,629		8,837
Current portion of income tax payable	3,673		3,733
Current portion of lease liabilities	2,344		2,325
Other	251		1,536
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	26,359	$	27,042

Other Liabilities

Other liabilities consist of the following as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Deferred payment to Zoosk's shareholders	$	11,833	$	11,545
Lease liabilities, less current portion	3,272		3,887
Sublease security deposit	1,038		1,038
Other	2,049		1,948
Other liabilities	$	18,192	$	18,418

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Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Carrying Values and Estimated Fair Values of Debt Instruments

The following table presents the carrying values and the estimated fair values of long-term debt as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	March 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
(in thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Long-term debt, including current portion(1)	$	94,282	$	100,161	$	82,124	$	96,089

(1) At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the carrying value of long-term debt is net of unamortized original issue discount and debt issuance costs of $5.7 million and $3.4 million, respectively.

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Stock-based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Share-based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions

The inputs used in the measurement of the fair values at the date of grant are summarized below:

	Virtual Stock Options		Zero-Priced Options
	Long Call	Short Call	Long Call	Short Call
	Option	Option (Cap)	Option	Option (Cap)
Stock price	$2.70	$2.70	$2.70	$2.70
Strike price	$2.93	$29.30	$—	$50.00
Term	4.65	4.65	4.65	4.65
Volatility	65.0%	65.0%	65.0%	65.0%
Dividend	—%	—%	—%	—%
Risk-free rate	2.4%	2.4%	2.4%	2.4%

Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Activity

The following table summarizes the activity for the Company's options under the LTIP during the three months ended March 31, 2022:

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
			(in years)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	1,802,228	$4.71	5.62	$0.01
Granted	530,000	2.93
Forfeited	(48,061)	5.24
Outstanding as of March 31, 2022	2,284,167	4.29	5.76	0.01
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2022	684,513	$4.81	4.95	$0.01

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2021	1,190,967	$2.53
Granted	530,000	1.20
Vested	(73,252)	3.03
Forfeited	(48,061)	2.56
Unvested as of March 31, 2022	1,599,654	$2.06

The following table summarizes the activity for the Company's zero priced options under the LTIP during the three months ended March 31, 2022:

	Number of Options
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	584,068
Granted	220,000
Forfeited	(12,935)
Outstanding as of March 31, 2022	791,133
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2022	104,233

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2021	514,370	$5.29
Granted	220,000	2.59
Vested	(34,535)	6.21
Forfeited	(12,935)	5.35
Unvested as of March 31, 2022	686,900	$4.38

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Revenue - Disaggregation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 52,374	$ 56,379
Subscription revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	50,009	54,546
Virtual currency revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	1,525	1,096
Advertising revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 840	$ 737

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Revenue - Geographical (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 52,374	$ 56,379
United States
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	34,569	36,550
France
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	3,229	5,374
Germany
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	308	333
Rest of world
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 14,268	$ 14,122

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Revenue - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Deferred revenue	$ 35,299		$ 36,973
Revenue recognized from prior deferred revenue balances	$ 26,100	$ 28,800

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Income Taxes - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income tax expense	$ 53	$ 2,340
Effective income tax rate reconciliation, percent	(1.00%)	112.50%
Unrecognized tax benefits	$ 4,800		$ 4,700
Unrecognized tax benefits, income tax penalties and interest accrued	700		$ 700
Unrecognized tax benefits that would impact effective tax rate	1,400
Unrecognized tax benefits that would impact valuation allowance	$ 2,900

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Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities - Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Accrued advertising	$ 7,824	$ 6,483
Accrued employee compensation and benefits	1,619	1,487
Accrued professional fees	1,001	835
Accrued service providers	2,018	1,806
Accrued value-added, sales, and other non-income-based taxes	7,629	8,837
Current portion of income tax payable	3,673	3,733
Current portion of lease liabilities	2,344	2,325
Other	251	1,536
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$ 26,359	$ 27,042

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Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities - Other Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Deferred payment to Zoosk's shareholders	$ 11,833	$ 11,545
Lease liabilities, less current portion	3,272	3,887
Sublease security deposit	1,038	1,038
Other	2,049	1,948
Other liabilities	$ 18,192	$ 18,418

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Long-term Debt - MGG Term Loan Agreement Narrative (Details) - Secured Debt - Senior Secured Term Loan $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Mar. 11, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2025 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 11, 2027	Jun. 30, 2026	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Face amount	$ 100,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Discount Percent	0.020
Effective interest rate	10.10%
Liquidity threshold, minimum				$ 5,000
Outstanding principal				100,000
Long-term debt, carrying value				$ 94,300
Transaction Costs
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt expenses	$ 3,500
Overhead Fees
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt expenses	$ 300
Forecast
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Covenant, leverage ratio, maximum		3.25	4.25		2.25	2.75	3.75	4.50
Debt Instrument, Covenant, Marketing Efficiency Ratio, Maximum					1.36
LIBOR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	7.50%
LIBOR | Forecast
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Periodic payment, principal		$ 2,500	$ 1,250

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Long-term Debt - Blue Torch Term Loan Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands			3 Months Ended
	Dec. 02, 2020	Jul. 01, 2019	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021	Mar. 11, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Mar. 05, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Payments of debt issuance costs			$ 3,531	$ 0
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt			(3,964)	$ 0
Limited Waiver Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt fee amount							$ 500
Payment in kind, increase to principal amount							$ 300
Secured Debt | Senior Secured Facilities Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt term		4 years
Face amount		$ 125,000
Secured Debt | Senior Secured Facilities Agreement | LIBOR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		8.00%
Secured Debt | Senior Secured Facilities Agreement | Term Loan Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Face amount		$ 120,000
Effective interest rate							11.80%
Secured Debt | Senior Secured Facilities Agreement | Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity		5,000
Debt fee amount		$ 300
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt			100
Secured Debt | Senior Secured Facilities Agreement | Term Loan Facility, Second Amendment
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Face amount	$ 6,000
Debt modification expenses	1,300
Payments of debt issuance costs	$ 1,300
Effective interest rate	11.30%
Periodic payment, principal			150
Secured Debt | Senior Secured Facilities Agreement | Term Loan Facility, Original
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Periodic payment			3,000
Secured Debt | Senior Secured Facilities Agreement | Term Loan Facility and Second Amendment
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Outstanding principal					$ 85,600	$ 82,100
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt			3,900
Secured Debt | Senior Secured Facilities Agreement | Term Loan Facility and Second Amendment | Unamortized Debt Issuance Cost
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt			3,000
Secured Debt | Senior Secured Facilities Agreement | Term Loan Facility and Second Amendment | Prepayment Penalty
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt			$ 900

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Long-term Debt - Blue Torch Revolving Credit Facility Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Jul. 01, 2019	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt		$ (3,964)	$ 0
Secured Debt | Senior Secured Facilities Agreement | Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 5,000
Commitment fee percentage	0.75%
Debt fee amount	$ 300
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt		$ 100

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Contingencies (Details)	Jul. 22, 2020 arbitrationDemand
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Number of arbitration demands	77

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Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs	$ 5,700	$ 3,400
Level 2 | Carrying Value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Long-term debt, including current portion	94,282	82,124
Level 2 | Fair Value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Long-term debt, including current portion	$ 100,161	$ 96,089

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Stock-based Compensation - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense	$ 500	$ 1,000
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	1,096,902	806,280
Long Term Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Cost not yet recognized, amount	$ 3,200
Cost not yet recognized, period for recognition	3 years
Long Term Incentive Plan | Virtual Stock Options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares authorized (in shares)			500,000	3,000,000
Number of shares available for future grant	215,833
Long Term Incentive Plan | Zero-Priced Options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares authorized (in shares)				1,000,000
Number of shares available for future grant	208,867

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Stock-based Compensation - Inputs used in the Measurement of the Fair Value Assumptions (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022 $ / shares
Virtual Stock Options | Long Call
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share price (in dollars per share)	$ 2.70
Strike price (in dollars per share)	$ 2.93
Term	4 years 7 months 24 days
Volatility	65.00%
Dividend	0.00%
Risk-free rate	2.40%
Virtual Stock Options | Short Call
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share price (in dollars per share)	$ 2.70
Strike price (in dollars per share)	$ 29.30
Term	4 years 7 months 24 days
Volatility	65.00%
Dividend	0.00%
Risk-free rate	2.40%
Zero-Priced Options | Long Call
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share price (in dollars per share)	$ 2.70
Strike price (in dollars per share)	$ 0
Term	4 years 7 months 24 days
Volatility	65.00%
Dividend	0.00%
Risk-free rate	2.40%
Zero-Priced Options | Short Call
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share price (in dollars per share)	$ 2.70
Strike price (in dollars per share)	$ 50.00
Term	4 years 7 months 24 days
Volatility	65.00%
Dividend	0.00%
Risk-free rate	2.40%

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Stock-based Compensation - Stock Option Activity (Details) - Long Term Incentive Plan - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Number of Options
Beginning balance (in shares)	1,802,228
Granted (in shares)	530,000
Forfeited (in shares)	(48,061)
Ending balance (in shares)	2,284,167	1,802,228
Vested and exercisable at ending balance (in shares)	684,513
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning balance (in dollars per share)	$ 4.71
Granted (in dollars per share)	2.93
Forfeitures (in dollars per share)	5.24
Outstanding at ending balance (in dollars per share)	4.29	$ 4.71
Vested and exercisable at ending balance (in dollars per share)	$ 4.81
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Additional Disclosures [Abstract]
Outstanding, weighted average remaining contractual term (in years)	5 years 9 months 3 days	5 years 7 months 13 days
Vested and exercisable, weighted average remaining contractual term (in years)	4 years 11 months 12 days
Outstanding, aggregate intrinsic value	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Vested and exercisable, aggregate intrinsic value	$ 0.01
Zero-Priced Options
Number of Options
Beginning balance (in shares)	584,068
Granted (in shares)	220,000
Forfeited (in shares)	(12,935)
Ending balance (in shares)	791,133	584,068
Vested and exercisable at ending balance (in shares)	104,233

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Stock-based Compensation - Unvested Stock Option Activity (Details) - Long Term Incentive Plan	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
Number of Options
Unvested, beginning balance (in shares) | shares	1,190,967
Granted (in shares) | shares	530,000
Vested (in shares) | shares	(73,252)
Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(48,061)
Unvested, ending balance (in shares) | shares	1,599,654
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested, beginning balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 2.53
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	1.20
Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	3.03
Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	2.56
Unvested, ending balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 2.06
Zero-Priced Options
Number of Options
Unvested, beginning balance (in shares) | shares	514,370
Granted (in shares) | shares	220,000
Vested (in shares) | shares	(34,535)
Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(12,935)
Unvested, ending balance (in shares) | shares	686,900
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested, beginning balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 5.29
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	2.59
Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	6.21
Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	5.35
Unvested, ending balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 4.38

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Label	Element	Value
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents	us-gaap_RestrictedCashAndCashEquivalents	$ 138,000