UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)
x	Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

Or

¨
Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission File Number: 001-38352

ADT Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	47-4116383
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1501 Yamato Road, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431

(561) 322-7235

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code, Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes x   No ¨

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes ¨   No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes x   No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes x  No ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ¨	Accelerated filer ¨	Non-accelerated filer x	Smaller reporting company ¨	Emerging growth company ¨
	(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

The aggregate market value of common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2018 was $909,112,275 and was computed by reference to the closing price for such stock on the New York Stock Exchange on such date and excludes unvested shares of common stock.

The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.01 par value, was 756,606,375 (excluding 10,249,799 unvested shares of common stock) as of March 5, 2019.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual and Special Meeting of Shareholders, which is to be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2018, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		1
Part I
ITEM 1.	BUSINESS	2
ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	9
ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	35
ITEM 2.	PROPERTIES	35
ITEM 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	35
ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	35
Part II
ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	36
ITEM 6.	SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA	38
ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS; AND SUPPLEMENTAL MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	39
ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	65
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	66
ITEM 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	66
ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	66
ITEM 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	67
Part III
ITEM 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	68
ITEM 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	70
ITEM 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT	70
ITEM 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	70
ITEM 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES	70
Part IV
ITEM 15.	EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	71
ITEM 16.	FORM 10-K SUMMARY	75
SIGNATURES		76

CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report (“Annual Report”) contains certain information that may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. While we have specifically identified certain information as being forward-looking in the context of its presentation, we caution you that all statements contained in this report that are not clearly historical in nature, including statements regarding anticipated financial performance, management’s plans and objectives for future operations, business prospects, market conditions, and other matters are forward-looking. Forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections of this report entitled “Business,” “Risk Factors,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Without limiting the generality of the preceding sentence, any time we use the words “expects,” “intends,” “will,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “confident,” “continue,” “propose,” “seeks,” “could,” “may,” “should,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “might,” “goals,” “objectives,” “targets,” “planned,” “projects,” and similar expressions, we intend to clearly express that the information deals with possible future events and is forward-looking in nature. However, the absence of these words or similar expressions does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. For ADT, particular uncertainties that could cause our actual results to be materially different than those expressed in our forward-looking statements include, without limitation:

• our ability to maintain and grow our existing customer base;

• our ability to integrate the businesses of ADT, Protection 1, Red Hawk and other companies we have acquired in an efficient and cost-effective manner;

• the amount and timing of our cash flows and earnings, which may be impacted by customer, competitive, supplier and other dynamics and conditions;

• our ability to maintain or improve margins through business efficiencies;

• our ability to successfully upgrade obsolete equipment, such as 3G and CDMA communications equipment installed at our customers’ premises, in an efficient and cost-effective manner;

• our ability to launch new product and service offerings that achieve market acceptance with acceptable margins;

• changes in law, economic and financial conditions, including tax law changes, changes to privacy requirements, changes to telemarketing, email marketing and similar consumer protection laws, interest and exchange rate volatility, and trade tariffs applicable to the products we sell;

• the impact of potential information technology, cybersecurity or data security breaches;

• the other factors that are described in this report under the heading “Risk Factors.”

Forward-looking information involves risks, uncertainties, and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in, or reasonably inferred from, such statements, including without limitation, the risks and uncertainties disclosed in Item 1A of this report under the heading “Risk Factors.” Therefore, caution should be taken not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Much of the information in this report that looks toward future performance of our Company is based on various factors and important assumptions about future events that may or may not actually occur. As a result, our operations and financial results in the future could differ materially and substantially from those we have discussed in the forward-looking statements included in the Annual Report. We assume no obligation (and specifically disclaim any such obligation) to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.

Definitions

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in the Annual Report to (i) “we,” “our,” “us,” “ADT,” “ADT Inc.,” and the “Company” refer to ADT Inc., a Delaware corporation (formerly named Prime Security Services Parent, Inc.) and each of its consolidated subsidiaries, (ii) “The ADT Corporation” refers to The ADT Security Corporation (formerly named The ADT Corporation) and each of its consolidated subsidiaries prior to the consummation of the ADT Acquisition described below under “Item 1. Business—Our Formation,” (iii) “ASG” refers to ASG Intermediate Holding Corp. and each of its consolidated subsidiaries prior to the consummation of the ASG Acquisition described below under “Item 1. Business— Our Formation,” (iv) “Protection One” refers to Protection One, Inc. and each of its consolidated subsidiaries prior to the consummation of the Protection One Acquisition described below under “Item 1. Business— Our Formation,” (v) “Holdings” refers to Prime Security Services Holdings, LLC, (vi) “Prime Borrower” refers to Prime Security Services Borrower, LLC, (vii) “Ultimate Parent” refers to Prime Security Services TopCo Parent, LP, our direct parent company, (viii) “Parent GP” refers to Prime Security Services TopCo Parent GP, LLC, the general partner of Ultimate Parent, which is controlled by affiliates of our Sponsor (as defined below), and (ix) our “Sponsor” refers to certain investment funds directly or indirectly managed by Apollo Global Management, LLC, its subsidiaries, and its affiliates (“Apollo”).

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PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

Our Company

We are a leading provider of monitored security and interactive home and business automation solutions in the United States (or “U.S.”) and Canada. Our mission is to help our customers protect and connect to what matters most—their families, homes, and businesses. The ADT brand is synonymous with security and, as the most recognized and trusted brand in the industry, is a key driver of our success. We currently serve approximately 7.2 million customers, excluding contracts monitored but not owned, making us one of the largest companies of our kind in the U.S. and Canada. We are also one of the largest full-service companies with a national footprint providing both residential and commercial monitored security. We deliver an integrated customer experience by maintaining one of the industry’s largest sales, installation, and service field forces, as well as a 24/7 professional monitoring network, all supported by approximately 19,000 employees. We handle approximately 15 million alarms annually. We provide support from approximately 240 sales and service locations and through our 12 monitoring centers listed by Underwriters Laboratories (“U.L.”) in the U.S. and Canada.

Our Formation

On July 1, 2015, we consummated two acquisitions that were instrumental in the formation of our company. First, we acquired Protection One (“Protection One Acquisition”). Second, on July 1, 2015, we acquired ASG (“ASG Acquisition” and collectively with the Protection One Acquisition, referred to as the “Formation Transactions”). Prior to the Formation Transactions, ADT Inc. was a holding company with no assets or liabilities. Protection One is the predecessor of ADT Inc. for accounting purposes.

On May 2, 2016, we acquired The ADT Corporation (“ADT Acquisition”). The ADT Acquisition significantly increased our market share in the security industry making us one of the largest monitored security companies in the U.S. and Canada.

All of the aforementioned acquisitions were funded by a combination of equity invested by certain investment funds directly or indirectly affiliated with or managed by our Sponsor and new and/or assumed borrowings. In addition, concurrently with the consummation of the ADT Acquisition, ADT Inc. issued 750,000 shares of Series A preferred securities (“Koch Preferred Securities”) and Ultimate Parent issued 7,620,730 detachable warrants for the purchase of Class A-1 Units in Ultimate Parent to an affiliate of Koch Industries, Inc. (“Koch Investor”) for an aggregate amount in cash of $750 million.

On January 23, 2018, we consummated an initial public offering of 105,000,000 shares of our common stock at an initial public offering price of $14.00 per share pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-222233), which was declared effective by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on January 18, 2018 (“IPO” or the “Initial Offering”). The aggregate gross proceeds from the IPO were approximately $1,406 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and offering expenses. In February 2018, we used approximately $649 million of the proceeds to redeem $594 million aggregate principal amount of the 9.250% Second-Priority Senior Secured Notes due 2023 (“Prime Notes”) and to pay the related call premium. On July 2, 2018, we used approximately $949 million of proceeds from the IPO and cash on hand to redeem in full the original stated value of $750 million of the Koch Preferred Securities and pay approximately $103 million related to the redemption premium and tax reimbursements, as well as $96 million related to the accumulated dividend obligation on the Koch Preferred Securities (“Koch Redemption”). The remaining proceeds from the IPO were used to pay IPO related fees and expenses and for general corporate purposes. Refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further discussion.

As of December 31, 2018, our Sponsor owned approximately 84.7% of our outstanding common stock, which excludes unvested common shares.

Information about Segment and Geographic Revenue

We report financial and operating information in one segment. Our operating segment is also our reportable segment. For the results of our operations outside of the U.S., which consist of our operations in Canada, refer to Note 15 “Geographic Data” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 15 for further discussion.

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Brands and Services

ADT is among the most respected, trusted, and well-known brands in the monitored security industry, and we operate a number of other industry leading brands under our portfolio. The strength of our brands is built upon a long-standing record of providing high-quality and reliable monitored security services and commitment to superior customer care and service expertise. In addition, we offer interactive technologies that add automation capabilities to our traditional monitored security systems. We also seek opportunities that allow us to leverage our brand names as well as focus on security and trust among our customer base to expand our service offerings to help our customers protect and connect to what matters most. Due to the importance that customers place on reputation and trust when purchasing monitored security, we believe the strength of our brands is a key competitive advantage and contributor to our success.

Our monitored security and automation offerings involve the installation and monitoring of security and premises automation systems designed to detect intrusion; control access; sense movement, smoke, fire, carbon monoxide, flooding, temperature, and other environmental conditions and hazards; and address personal emergencies such as injuries, medical emergencies, or incapacitation. Upon the occurrence of certain initiating events, our monitored security systems send event-specific signals to our monitoring centers. Our monitoring center personnel respond to alarms by relaying appropriate information to local police or fire departments and notifying the customer or others on the customer’s emergency contact list according to the type of service contract and customer preference. Additional action may be taken by our monitoring center personnel as needed depending on the specific situation and customer preferences. The breadth of our solutions allows us to meet a wide variety of customer needs.

Additionally, using our interactive technologies, our customers can remotely monitor and manage their residential and commercial environments by adding automation capabilities to our monitored security systems. This is accomplished in a way that maintains the separate network integrity and redundancy of a customer’s security signals. Depending on the service plan purchased and the type and level of product installation, customers are able to remotely access information regarding the security of their residential or commercial environment, arm and disarm their security system, adjust lighting or thermostat levels, or view real-time video from cameras covering different areas of their premises from web-enabled devices (such as smart phones, laptops, and tablet computers) and a customized web portal. Additionally, our interactive automation solutions enable customers to create customized schedules or automation for managing lights, thermostats, appliances, and garage doors. The system can also be programmed to perform additional functions such as recording and viewing live video and sending text messages based on triggering events.

As part of our innovative and dynamic growth markets, our goal is to extend the concept of security from the physical home or business to cybersecurity and personal on-the-go security and safety. Customers’ increasingly mobile and active lifestyles have created new opportunities for us in the fast-growing market for self-monitored and do-it-yourself (“DIY”) products and services. Our technology also allows us to service our customers via various connected and wearable devices whether they are at home or on-the-go.

Many of our residential customers are driven to purchase monitored security and automation services due to a perceived or actual increase in crime, life safety concerns in their neighborhood, or other significant life events. In addition, we believe many of our customers purchase monitored security and automation services as a result of their insurance carriers, who may offer lower insurance premium rates if a security system is installed or may require that a system be installed as a condition of coverage.

Reasons for purchasing monitored security and automation systems vary for our commercial customers. Most commercial customers require a basic security system for insurance purposes. However, as internet protocol (“IP”) video solutions have become more affordable and interactive, businesses view these solutions for applications beyond just security and leverage them for operational purposes as well, including employee safety, theft prevention, and inventory management. In addition, certain commercial premises are required to install and maintain fire alarm and, in some cases, fire suppression systems to meet the requirements under applicable building codes and insurance policies.

Some of our customers use traditional land-line telephone service as the primary communication method for alarm signals from their sites. As the use of land-line telephone service has decreased, the ability to provide alternative communication methods from a customer’s security control panel to our central monitoring centers has become increasingly important. We currently offer, and recommend, a variety of alternative primary and back-up alarm transmission methods, including cellular and broadband Internet.

Additionally, we offer personal emergency response system products and services, which are supported by our monitoring centers and leverage our security monitoring infrastructure to provide customers with solutions helping to sustain independent living and encourage better self-care activities.

In addition to monitoring services, we provide our residential and commercial customers with other services such as routine maintenance and the installation of upgraded or additional equipment. A majority of our customer base is enrolled in a service plan, which provides additional value to the customer and generates incremental recurring monthly revenue. Our customers

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typically contract for both monitoring and maintenance services at the time of initial equipment installation. In certain markets, we also sell, install, integrate, maintain, and inspect commercial building safety and management technologies including fire detection, fire suppression, video surveillance, and access control systems for both new and existing commercial premises.

Our monitoring and maintenance services provided to our customers are generally governed by multi-year contracts with automatic renewal provisions providing us with recurring monthly revenue. Under our typical customer contract, the customer pays an upfront fee and is then obligated to make monthly payments for the remainder of the initial contract term. In the residential market, the standard contract term is three years (two years in California), with automatic renewals for successive 30-day periods, unless canceled by either party. In the commercial market, the standard contract term is typically five years with various automatic renewals with terms ranging from 30-day periods to one year. If a customer cancels or is otherwise in default under the contract prior to the end of the initial contract term, we have the right under the contract to receive a termination payment from the customer in an amount equal to a designated percentage of all remaining monthly payments. Monitoring services are generally billed monthly or quarterly in advance. More than 70% of our residential customers pay us through automated payment methods, with new residential customers generally opting for these payment methods. We periodically adjust the standard monthly monitoring rate charged to new and existing customers.

Our Markets

We operate in the following three markets: Residential, Commercial, and Growth Markets.

• Residential: Our residential market primarily consists of owners of single-family homes who have purchased monitored security and automation services as a result of having moved to a new residence, in response to changes in the perceived threat of crime or life safety concerns in their neighborhood, or in conjunction with other significant life events, such as the birth of a child.

• Commercial: Our commercial market ranges from smaller businesses to large single-site commercial facilities, as well as multi-site national companies. The market is characterized by higher penetration rates, driven in part by fire and building codes and insurance requirements, and by a higher degree of complexity with respect to system installations.

• Growth Markets: Our growth markets, which include new customer types and new offerings, present opportunities for us to leverage our brand names, our core focus on security, and our high degree of trust among our customer base to pursue complementary markets such as smart home technologies, network and cybersecurity, and personal on-the-go security and safety. We also leverage our security monitoring infrastructure to provide customers with solutions that help sustain independent living and encourage better self-care activities.

Customers and Marketing

We serve approximately 7.2 million customers, excluding contracts monitored but not owned, throughout the U.S. and Canada. Our residential customers are typically owners of single-family homes. Our commercial customers include retail businesses, food and beverage service providers, medical offices, financial institutions, and professional service providers, among others, and can range from smaller businesses to large single-site commercial facilities, as well as multi-site national companies. We manage our existing customer base to maximize customer lifetime value, which includes continually evaluating our product offerings, pricing, and service strategies; managing our costs to provide service to customers; upgrading existing customers to our interactive services, IP video solutions for businesses, or other upgraded solutions; and achieving long customer tenure. Our ability to increase our average selling prices for individual customers is dependent on a number of factors including the quality of our service as well as our continued introduction of additional features and services that increase the value of our offerings to customers and the competitive environment in which we operate.

To support the growth of our customer base and to improve awareness of our brands, we market our monitored security and automation systems and services through national television, radio, and direct mail advertisements, as well as through Internet advertising, including national search engine marketing, email, online video, local search, and social media. We continually work to optimize our marketing spend through a lead modeling process, whereby we dynamically allocate our marketing spend based on lead flow and measured marketing channel effectiveness. In addition to traditional and digital marketing, we have several affinity partnerships with organizations that promote our services to their customer bases.

We continually consider and evaluate new customer lead generation methods and channels to increase our customer base and drive greater market penetration without sacrificing customer quality. We also explore opportunities to expand our market presence by providing branded solutions through various third parties, including insurance companies, financial institutions, retailers, public utilities, and software service providers.

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Sales and Distribution Channels

We utilize a complementary mix of direct and indirect distribution channels. Our direct channel customers are generated by our direct response marketing efforts and supported by our internal sales force, including our national call center and in-market field teams. Our indirect channel customers are generated mainly through our ADT Authorized Dealer Program (as defined below), and to a smaller extent, through agreements with leading homebuilders and related partners. As opportunities arise, we may also engage in selective bulk account purchases, which typically involve the purchase of a set of customer accounts from other security service providers.

New customers for monitored security and automation services typically require us to make an upfront investment, consisting primarily of installation costs, including direct materials and labor, direct and indirect sales costs, marketing costs, and administrative costs related to the installation activities, which are partially offset by fees received in connection with the initiation of a monitoring contract. While the economics of our installation business can vary depending on the customer acquisition channel, we operate our business with the goal of retaining customers for long periods of time to recoup our initial investment in new customers, generally achieving revenue break-even in less than three years.

Direct Channel

Our national sales call centers (inbound and outbound) close sales from prospective customers generated through national marketing efforts and lead generation channel partners. Our telephone sales associates work to understand customer needs and then direct customers to the most suitable sales approach. We make attempts to close a sale over the phone while balancing the opportunity for up-sales and customer education that occurs when a sales representative works directly with the customer. When the sale is best handled in the customer’s home or business to fully understand their individual needs, the sales center associate can schedule a field sales consultant appointment.

The approximately 3,100 sales consultants that make up our field sales force generate sales from customers through company-generated leads, as well as customer referrals and other lead methods. Our field sales consultants undergo an in-depth screening process prior to hire. Each field sales consultant completes comprehensive centralized training prior to conducting customer sales presentations and participates in ongoing training in support of new offerings and the use of our structured model sales call. We utilize a highly structured sales approach, which includes, in addition to the structured model sales call, daily monitoring of sales activity and effectiveness metrics and regular coaching by our sales management teams.

Indirect Channel

We have agreements with a network of third-party independent alarm dealers who sell alarm equipment and ADT Authorized Dealer-branded monitoring and interactive services to end users (“ADT Authorized Dealer Program”). The dealers in this program generate new end-user contracts which we have the right, but not the obligation, to purchase from the dealer. Our authorized dealer network consists of approximately 250 authorized dealers operating across the U.S. and Canada and extends our reach by aligning us with select independent security sales and installation companies. These authorized dealers generally have exclusivity arrangements with us for security-related services. We monitor each authorized dealer’s financial stability, use of sound and ethical business practices, and delivery of reliable and consistent high-quality sales and installation methods. Authorized dealers are required to adhere to the same high-quality standards for sales and installation as our own field offices.

Typically, our authorized dealers are contractually obligated to offer exclusively to us all qualified security service accounts they generate, but we are not obligated to accept these accounts. We pay our authorized dealers for the acquisition of any qualified monitored accounts from them. In certain instances in which we reject an account, we generally still indirectly provide monitoring services for that account through a monitoring services agreement with the authorized dealer. Like our direct sales contracts, dealer generated customer contracts typically have an initial term of three years with automatic renewals for successive 30-day periods, unless canceled by either party. If an accepted security services account is canceled during the charge-back period, which is generally twelve to fifteen months, the dealer is required to provide an account with equivalent economic characteristics or to refund our payment of the purchase price for the canceled account.

Field Operations

We serve our customer base from approximately 240 sales and service offices located throughout the U.S. and Canada. From these locations, our staff of approximately 5,600 installation and service technicians provides monitored security and automation system installations and on-premises service and repair. We staff our field offices to efficiently and effectively make sales calls, install systems, and provide service support based on customer needs and our evaluation of growth opportunities in each market. We utilize third-party subcontract labor when appropriate to assist with these efforts. We maintain the relevant and necessary licenses related to the provision of installation of security and related services in the jurisdictions in which we operate.

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Our objective is to provide a differentiated service experience by providing same-day or next-day service to the majority of our customers.

Monitoring Centers and Support Services

We operate 12 monitoring centers that are listed by U.L. across the U.S. and Canada. We employ approximately 4,200 customer care professionals who are required to complete extensive initial training, as well as receive ongoing training and coaching. To obtain and maintain a U.L. listing, a security system monitoring center must be located in a building meeting U.L.’s structural requirements, have back-up computer and power systems, and meet U.L. specifications for staffing and standard operating procedures. Many jurisdictions have laws requiring that security systems for certain buildings be monitored by U.L.-listed centers. In addition, a U.L. listing is required by insurers of certain customers as a condition of insurance coverage. Our monitoring centers are fully redundant, which means that in the event of an emergency at one of our monitoring centers such as fire, tornado, major interruption in telephone or computer service, or any other event affecting the functionality of the center, all monitoring operations can be automatically transferred to another monitoring center. All of our monitoring centers operate 24 hours a day on a year-round basis.

We serve our largest multi-site customers from our National Accounts Operation Center (“NAOC”) in Irving, Texas. Our multi-site customers call one location to resolve all support issues, including billing, installations, service calls, upgrades, or other service-related assistance. This concept is unique in our industry and is a strong selling point for national accounts choosing us for their security needs.

Newark, Delaware is home to our Network Operations Center (“NOC”). The NOC houses a group of highly experienced certified engineers capable of designing and provisioning broadband networks for our customers. These employees are Cisco Certified and Meraki Certified, and our NOC earned the Cisco Cloud and Managed Services Express Partner Certification, which makes us one of the few security companies in the industry with this designation.

Three of our monitoring centers provide monitoring under the CMS brand, which provides outsourced monitoring services related to contracts monitored but not owned.

Customer Care

We believe the fastest and most profitable way to grow our company is by keeping the customers we already have. To maintain our high standard of customer service, we provide ongoing, high-quality training to call center and field employees and our authorized dealers. We also continually measure and monitor key performance metrics that drive a high-value customer experience, including customer satisfaction-oriented metrics across each customer touch point.

Our call center operations provide support 24 hours a day on a year-round basis. Customer care specialists answer non-emergency inquiries regarding service, billing, and alarm testing and support, while our monitoring centers primarily handle inbound alarms and dispatch of alarms. To ensure technical service requests are handled promptly and professionally, all requests are routed through our customer contact centers. Customer care specialists help customers resolve minor service and operating issues and, in many cases, the specialists can remotely resolve customer concerns. We continue to implement new customer-facing self-service tools via interactive voice response systems and the Internet, thereby providing customers additional choices in managing their services.

Suppliers

We purchase equipment and components of our products from a limited number of suppliers and distributors. Inventory is held in our regional distribution centers at levels we believe are sufficient to meet current and anticipated customer needs. We also maintain inventory of equipment and components at each field office and in technicians’ vehicles. Generally, our third-party distributors maintain a minimum stocking level of certain key items to cover supply chain disruptions. We also utilize dual sourcing methods to minimize the risk of a disruption from any single supplier. We do not anticipate any major interruptions in our supply chain.

Competition

Technology trends are creating significant change in our industry. Innovation has lowered the barriers to entry in the interactive services and automation market, and new business models and competitors have emerged. We believe a combination of increasing customer interest in lifestyle and business productivity and technology advancements will support the increasing penetration of the interactive services and automation industry. We are focused on extending our leadership position in the monitored security industry while also growing our share of the fast-growing interactive automation industry. The security systems market

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in the U.S. and Canada remains highly competitive and fragmented, with a number of major firms and thousands of smaller regional and local companies. The high fragmentation of the industry is primarily the result of relatively low barriers to entering the business in local geographies and the availability of companies providing outsourced monitoring services but not maintaining the customer relationship. We believe our principal competitors within the security systems market are Johnson Controls International plc.; Vivint, Inc.; Stanley Security Solutions, a subsidiary of Stanley Black and Decker; MONI, a subsidiary of Ascent Capital Group, Inc.; Comcast Corporation; Convergint Technologies; and Securitas. In addition, as more and more homeowners choose DIY products over professionally installed and monitored security and automation solutions, and as we expand our presence in this market space, we believe we will face increasing competition from providers and products such as SimpliSafe, Google Home, Nest, Apple Homekit, Amazon Alexa, Ring, as well as many others. Refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We sell our products and services in highly competitive markets, including the home automation market and the commercial fire and security markets, which may result in pressure on our profit margins and limit our ability to maintain or increase the market share of our products and services” for further discussion regarding increasing competition in the emerging DIY market.

Success in acquiring new customers is dependent on a variety of factors, including brand and reputation, market visibility, service and product capabilities, quality, price, and the ability to identify and sell to prospective customers. Competition is often based primarily on price in relation to the value of the solutions and service. Rather than compete purely on price, we emphasize the quality of our services, which we believe is distinguished by superior customer service, the reputation of our industry-leading brands, our owned and operated monitoring centers, our commitment to consumer privacy, and our knowledge of customer needs, which we believe collectively enable us to deliver an outstanding experience. In addition, we are increasingly offering added features and functionality, such as those in our interactive services offering, which provide new services and capabilities that serve to further differentiate our offering and support a pricing premium.

We believe our focus on safety, security, and pricing, coupled with our nationwide team of in-home sales consultants, our solid reputation for and expertise in providing reliable security and monitoring services through our in-house network of redundant monitoring centers, our reliable product solutions, and our highly skilled installation and service organization, position us well to compete with traditional and new competitors.

Seasonality

Our business experiences a certain level of seasonality. Since more household moves take place during the second and third calendar quarters of each year, our disconnect rate and new customer additions are typically higher in those quarters than in the first and fourth calendar quarters. There is also a slight seasonal effect on our new customer installation volume and related cash expenses incurred in investments in new customers; however, other factors such as the level of marketing expense and relevant promotional offers can mitigate the effects of seasonality. In addition, we may see increased servicing costs related to higher alarm signals and customer service requests as a result of customer power outages and other issues due to weather-related incidents.

Intellectual Property

Patents, trademarks, copyrights, and other proprietary rights are important to our business; thus, we continuously refine our intellectual property strategy to maintain and improve our competitive position. We register new intellectual property to protect our ongoing technological innovations and strengthen our brand, and we take appropriate action against infringements or misappropriations of our intellectual property rights by others. We review third-party intellectual property rights to help avoid infringement and to identify strategic opportunities. We typically enter into confidentiality agreements to further protect our intellectual property.

We own a portfolio of patents and patent applications that relate to a variety of monitored security and automation technologies utilized in our business, including security panels and sensors as well as video and information management solutions. We also own a portfolio of trademarks and trademark applications in the U.S. and Canada, including, but not limited to, ADT, ADT Pulse, ADT Always There, Protection 1, and Protectron. Our brands are critical to our business due to the importance customers place on reputation and trust when deciding on a security provider. In addition, we are a licensee of intellectual property, including from our third-party suppliers and technology partners. Patents for individual products extend for varying periods according to the date of patent filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained. Trademark rights may potentially extend for longer periods of time and are typically dependent upon the use of the trademarks.

Certain trademarks associated with the ADT brand, including “ADT” and the blue octagon, are owned outside of the U.S. and Canada by Johnson Controls International plc (as successor to Tyco International Ltd., “Tyco”). In certain instances, such trademarks are licensed in certain territories outside the U.S. and Canada by Johnson Controls International plc to certain third parties. Pursuant to the Tyco Trademark Agreement entered into between The ADT Corporation and Tyco in connection with the

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separation of The ADT Corporation from Tyco in 2012, our Company is generally prohibited from registering, attempting to register, or using such trademarks outside the U.S. and its territories and Canada. As a result, if our Company chooses to sell products or services or otherwise do business outside the U.S. and Canada, it does not have the right to use the ADT brand to promote its products and services. Refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Third parties hold rights to certain key brand names outside of the U.S. and Canada” for further discussion.

Government Regulation and Other Regulatory Matters

Our operations are subject to numerous federal, state, provincial, and local laws and regulations in the U.S. and Canada in areas including consumer protection, occupational licensing, building codes, environmental protection, labor and employment, tax, and permitting. Most states and provinces in which we operate have licensing laws directed specifically toward the monitored security industry. In certain jurisdictions, we must obtain licenses or permits to comply with standards governing employee selection, training, and business conduct.

We also currently rely extensively upon the use of both wireline and wireless telecommunications to communicate signals, and wireline and wireless telephone companies in the U.S. and Canada are regulated by federal, state, provincial, and local governments. The operation and use of wireless telephone and radio frequencies is regulated in the U.S. by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) and state public utilities commissions and in Canada by the Canada Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (“CRTC”). Although the use of wireline phone service has been decreasing, we believe we are well positioned to respond to these trends with alternate transmission methods that we already employ, including cellular and broadband Internet technologies. Our advertising and sales practices are regulated by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), the Canadian Competition Bureau, the CRTC, and state and provincial consumer protection laws. In addition, we are subject to certain administrative requirements and laws of the jurisdictions in which we operate. These laws and regulations may include restrictions on the manner in which we promote the sale of our security services and require us to provide most purchasers of our services with three-day or longer rescission rights. We must also comply with applicable laws governing telemarketing and email marketing in both the United Stated and Canada. Refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Increasing government regulation of telemarketing, email marketing, door-to-door sales, and other marketing methods may increase our costs and restrict the operation and growth of our business” for further discussion.

Some local government authorities have adopted or are considering various measures aimed at reducing false alarms. Such measures include requiring permits for individual alarm systems, revoking such permits following a specified number of false alarms, imposing fines on customers or alarm monitoring companies for false alarms, limiting the number of times police will respond to alarms at a particular location after a specified number of false alarms, requiring additional verification of an alarm signal before the police respond, or providing no response to residential system alarms. Refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We could be assessed penalties for false alarms” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Police departments could refuse to respond to calls from monitored security service companies” for further discussion.

The monitored security industry is also subject to requirements, codes, and standards imposed by various insurance, approval and listing, and standards organizations. Depending upon the type of customer, security service provided, and requirements of the applicable local governmental jurisdiction, adherence to the requirements, codes, and standards of such organizations is mandatory in some instances and voluntary in others. Changes in laws and regulations can affect our operations, both positively and negatively, and impact the manner in which we conduct our business. Refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Our business operates in a regulated industry” for further discussion.

Employees

As of December 31, 2018, we employed approximately 19,000 people. Approximately 10% of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements. We believe our relations with our employees and labor unions have generally been good.

Available Information

Our website is located at http://www.adt.com. Our investor relations website is located at http://investors.adt.com. We make available free of charge on our investor relations website under “Financials” our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, reports filed pursuant to Section 16, and any amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish such materials to the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding our filings at http://www.sec.gov.

From time to time, we may use our website as a channel of distribution of material Company information. Financial and other material information regarding our Company is routinely posted on and accessible at http://investors.adt.com.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

In addition to risks and uncertainties in the ordinary course of business that are common to all businesses, important factors that are specific to our industry and the Company could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. You should carefully consider the risks described below and in our subsequent periodic filings with the SEC. The following risk factors should be read in conjunction with “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our future growth is dependent upon our ability to keep pace with rapid technological and industry changes in order to develop or acquire new technologies for our products and service introductions that achieve market acceptance with acceptable margins.

Our business operates in markets that are characterized by rapidly changing technologies, evolving industry standards, potential new entrants, and changes in customer needs and expectations. For example, a number of cable and other telecommunications companies and large technology companies with home automation solutions offer interactive and security services that are competitive with our products and services. If these services gain greater market acceptance and traction, our ability to grow our business, in particular our interactive service offerings, could be materially and adversely affected. Accordingly, our future success depends in part on our ability to accomplish the following: identify emerging technological trends in our target end-markets; develop, acquire, and maintain competitive products and services that capitalize on existing and emerging trends; enhance our existing products and services by adding innovative features on a timely and cost-effective basis that differentiates us from our competitors; incorporate popular third-party interactive products and services into our product and service offerings; sufficiently capture intellectual property rights in new inventions and other innovations; and develop or acquire and bring products and services, including enhancements, to market quickly and cost-effectively. Our ability to develop or acquire new products and services that are technologically innovative requires the investment of significant resources and can affect our competitive position. These acquisition and development efforts divert resources from other potential investments in our businesses, and they may not lead to the development of new commercially successful technologies, products, or services on a timely basis. Moreover, as we introduce new products and services, we may be unable to detect and correct defects in the product or in its installation, which could result in loss of sales or delays in market acceptance. New or enhanced products and services may not satisfy customer preferences, and potential product failures may cause customers to reject our products and services. As a result, these products and services may not achieve market acceptance, and our brand image could suffer. In addition, our competitors may introduce superior products or business strategies, impairing our brand and the desirability of our products and services, which may cause customers to defer or forego purchases of our products and services, and impacting our ability to charge monthly service fees. If our competitors implement new technologies before we are able to implement them, those competitors may be able to provide more effective products than ours, possibly at lower prices and experience higher adoption rates and popularity. Any delay or failure in the introduction of new or enhanced solutions could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the markets for our products and services may not develop or grow as we anticipate. The failure of our technology, products, or services to gain market acceptance, the potential for product defects, or the obsolescence of our products and services could significantly reduce our revenue, increase our operating costs, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

In addition to developing and acquiring new technologies and introducing new offerings, we may need, from time to time, to phase out outdated and unsuitable technologies and services. If we are unable to do so on a cost-effective basis, we could experience reduced profits. See “—The retirement of older telecommunications technology such as 3G and CDMA by telecommunications providers and shifts in our customers’ choice of telecommunications services and equipment could materially adversely affect our business, increase customer attrition and require significant capital expenditures.”

We sell our products and services in highly competitive markets, including the home automation market and the commercial fire and security markets, which may result in pressure on our profit margins and limit our ability to maintain or increase the market share of our products and services.

The monitored security industry is highly fragmented and subject to significant competition and pricing pressures. We experience significant competitive pricing pressures on installation, monitoring, and service fees. Several competitors offer installation fees that match or are lower than ours. Other competitors charge significantly more for installation, but in many cases, less for monitoring. In addition, cable and telecommunications companies have expanded into the monitored security industry and are bundling their existing offerings with monitored security services.

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In many cases, we face competition for direct sales from our independent, third-party authorized dealers, who may offer installation for considerably less than we do in particular markets. We believe that the monitoring and service fees we offer are generally competitive with rates offered by other security service providers. We face competition from other providers such as technology and cable and telecommunications companies that may have existing access to and relationships with subscribers and highly recognized brands, which may drive increased awareness of their security/automation offerings relative to ours, have access to greater capital and resources than us, and may spend significantly more on advertising, marketing, and promotional resources, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to drive awareness and demand for our products and services. In particular, these companies may be able to offer subscribers a lower price by bundling their services. We also face potential competition from DIY products such as SimpliSafe, Google Home, Apple Homekit, Amazon Alexa, Nest, and Ring, as well as many others, which enable customers to self-monitor and control their environments without third-party involvement through the Internet, text messages, emails, or similar communications, but with the disadvantage that alarm events may go unnoticed. Some DIY providers may also offer professional monitoring with the purchase of their systems and equipment without a contractual commitment, which may be attractive to some customers and put us at a competitive disadvantage. Other DIY providers may offer new internet of things (“IoT”) devices and services with automated features and capabilities that may be appealing to customers. In addition, certain DIY providers have a significantly broader customer base and product offering than us, allowing them to cross-sell interactive and security solutions that are competitive with our offerings to customers who are loyal to the competitor’s brand. Shifts in customer preferences toward DIY systems could increase our attrition rates over time and the risk of accelerated amortization of customer contracts resulting from a declining customer base. It is possible that one or more of our competitors could develop a significant technological advantage over us that allows them to provide additional service or better-quality service or to lower their price, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage. Continued pricing pressure, improvements in technology, competitor brand loyalty, and shifts in customer preferences toward self-monitoring and DIY could adversely impact our customer base and/or pricing structure and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We also face competition in the commercial fire and security markets where many of our competitors are large, global industrial companies as well as smaller regional and local companies, which may be positioned to offer products and services at lower cost than us or which may benefit from pre-existing or highly localized relationships and knowledge. Our ability to compete in the commercial fire and security business is also dependent on our ability to acquire and resell third-party products and services demanded by commercial customers, some of which we may not be able to provide. If we fail to build relationships with commercial customers or obtain the rights to resell third-party products and services required by commercial customers, our profitability, business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

We rely on a significant number of our customers remaining with us as customers for long periods of time.

We operate our business with the goal of retaining customers for long periods of time to recoup our initial investment in new customers, generally achieving revenue break-even in less than three years. Accordingly, our long-term profitability is dependent on long customer tenure. This requires that we minimize our rate of customer disconnects, or attrition. One reason for disconnects is when customers relocate and do not reconnect. Customer relocations are impacted by changes in the housing market. See “—General economic conditions can affect our business, and we are susceptible to changes in the business economy, housing market, and business and consumer discretionary income, which may inhibit our ability to sustain customer base growth rates and impact our results of operations.” Other factors that can increase disconnects include problems experienced with our product or service quality, customer service, customer non-pay, unfavorable general economic conditions, and the preference for lower pricing of competitors’ products and services over ours. If we fail to keep our customers for a sufficiently long period of time, our profitability, business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

If we experience significantly higher rates of customer revenue attrition than we anticipate, we may be required to change the estimated useful lives and/or accelerate the method of depreciation and amortization related to accounts associated with our security monitoring customers, increasing our depreciation and amortization expense or causing asset impairment.

We amortize the costs of our acquired and dealer generated contracts and related customer relationships based on the estimated life of the customer relationships. We similarly depreciate the cost of our direct channel subscriber system assets and deferred subscriber acquisition costs. If attrition rates rise significantly, we may be required to accelerate the amortization of expenses related to such contracts and the depreciation/amortization of our subscriber system assets/deferred subscriber acquisition costs or to impair such assets, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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The retirement of older telecommunications technology such as 3G and CDMA by telecommunications providers and shifts in our customers’ choice of telecommunications services and equipment could materially adversely affect our business, increase customer attrition and require significant capital expenditures.

Certain elements of our operating model have historically relied on our customers’ continued selection and use of traditional land-line telecommunications to transmit alarm signals to our monitoring centers. There is a growing trend for customers to switch to the exclusive use of cellular, satellite, or Internet communication technology in their homes and businesses, and telecommunication providers may discontinue their land-line services in the future. Many of our customers also have security systems that rely on telecommunications technology that is not compatible with the newer cellular, satellite or Internet communications networks and will not be able to transmit alarm signals on these networks. The discontinuation of land-line, older cellular technologies, and any other services by telecommunications providers, and the switch by customers to the exclusive use of cellular, satellite, or Internet communication technology, may require system upgrades to alternative, and potentially more expensive, technologies to transmit alarm signals and for systems to function properly. This could increase our customer revenue attrition and slow new customer generation. In January 2017, most major wireless network providers had fully retired their 2G networks. To maintain our customer base that uses security and automation system components that communicate over 2G networks, we substantially completed a conversion program to replace 2G cellular technology used in many of our security systems at significant cost to the Company and little or no additional cost to our customers. Certain existing subscribers chose not to replace their 2G cellular technology, thereby increasing our attrition rates.

We have received notice from the providers of 3G and CDMA cellular networks that they will be retiring their 3G and CDMA networks by the first quarter of 2022. We currently provide services to approximately 4 million customer sites that use 3G or CDMA cellular equipment. Our plans to address this three-year transition are not yet finalized and the impact involves numerous estimates and variables. Among other factors, we will look to reduce any applicable costs to the Company, such as hardware costs currently estimated to be less than $90 per site, by exploring cost sharing opportunities, working with our suppliers, carriers and customers, and to increase revenue by using the transition as an opportunity to sell new products and services in conjunction with replacing the radio and to more rapidly transition customers to our new Command and Control technology. Further, if we are unable to upgrade the 3G and CDMA cellular equipment at our customer sites to meet new network standards prior to the retirement of the 3G and CDMA networks in a timely and cost-effective manner, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

In December 2017, as part of the Federal Communication Commission’s (“FCC”) efforts to facilitate the transition from traditional copper-based wireline networks to IP-based fiber broadband networks, the FCC repealed its rules requiring telecommunications carriers to provide direct advanced public notice to consumers of the retirement of copper-based wireline networks used for traditional land-line telecommunications. Many of our customers rely solely on copper-based telephone networks to transmit alarm signals from their premises to our monitoring stations. In response to changes to existing network technology such as the eventual retirement of 3G and copper-based wireline networks, we will be required to upgrade or implement other new technologies in the future, including offering to subsidize the replacement of customers’ outdated systems at our expense. The FCC’s changes to copper-based wireline network retirement rules could lead to customer confusion and impede our ability to timely transfer customers to new network technologies. Any technology upgrades or implementations could require significant capital expenditures, may increase our attrition rates, and may also divert management’s attention and other important resources away from our customer service and sales efforts for new customers. In the future, we may not be able to successfully implement new technologies or adapt existing technologies to changing market demands. If we are unable to adapt in a timely manner to changing technologies, market conditions or customer preferences, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, we use broadband Internet access service, including video streaming services, to support our product offerings, and as a communications option for our alarm monitoring and other services. Video streaming services use significantly more bandwidth than non-video Internet activity. As utilization rates and penetration of these services increase, our high-speed customers may use more bandwidth than in the past. If this occurs, we could be required to make significant capital expenditures to increase network capacity to avoid service disruptions or reduced capacity for customers and potentially increase our cost for the corresponding network usage. See “-Our future growth is dependent upon our ability to keep pace with rapid technological and industry changes to develop or acquire new technologies for our products and service introductions that achieve market acceptance with acceptable margins.”

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Our reputation as a service provider of high-quality security offerings may be materially adversely affected by product defects or shortfalls in customer service.

Our business depends on our reputation and ability to maintain good relationships with our subscribers, dealers, and local regulators, among others. Our reputation may be harmed either through product defects, such as the failure of one or more of our subscribers’ alarm systems, or shortfalls in customer service. Subscribers generally judge our performance through their interactions with the staff at the monitoring and customer care centers, dealers, and technicians who perform on-site installation and maintenance services. Any failure to meet subscribers’ expectations in such customer service areas could cause an increase in attrition rates or make it difficult to recruit new subscribers. Any harm to our reputation or subscriber relationships caused by the actions of our dealers, personnel, or third-party service providers or any other factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

General economic conditions can affect our business, and we are susceptible to changes in the business economy, housing market, and business and consumer discretionary income, which may inhibit our ability to sustain customer base growth rates and impact our results of operations.

Demand for alarm monitoring services, fire and security systems, and home automation systems is affected by the general economy, the business environment, and the turnover in the housing market, among other things. Downturns in the rate of the sale of new and existing homes, which we believe drives a substantial portion of our new customer volume in any given year, and downturns in the rate of commercial property development, which drives demand for our commercial offerings, would reduce opportunities to make sales of new security, fire, and home automation systems and services and reduce opportunities to take over existing security, fire, and home automation systems. Recoveries in the housing market increase the occurrence of relocations, which may lead to customers disconnecting service and not contracting with us in their new homes.

Further, the alarm monitoring business and the commercial fire and security business are dependent, in part, on national, regional, and local economic conditions. In particular, where disposable income available for discretionary spending is reduced (such as by higher housing, energy, interest, or other costs, or where the actual or perceived wealth of customers has decreased as a result of circumstances such as lower residential real estate values, increased foreclosure rates, inflation, increased tax rates, or other economic disruptions), the alarm monitoring business could experience increased attrition rates and reduced customer demand. Where levels of business activity decline, the commercial fire and security business could experience increased attrition rates and reduced demand. No assurance can be given that we will be able to continue acquiring quality alarm monitoring and fire and security system customers or that we will not experience higher attrition rates. Changes in individualized economic circumstances could cause current residential and commercial alarm and home automation customers to disconnect our services to reduce their monthly spending, or such customers could default on their remaining contractual obligations to us. Our long-term revenue growth rate depends on installations and new contracts exceeding disconnects. If customer disconnects and defaults increase, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. See “—We rely on a significant number of our customers remaining with us as customers for long periods of time.”

We are subject to credit risk and other risks associated with our subscribers.

A substantial part of our revenue is derived from the recurring monthly revenue due from subscribers under alarm monitoring contracts. Therefore, we are dependent on the ability and willingness of subscribers to pay amounts due under the alarm monitoring contracts on a monthly basis in a timely manner. Although subscribers are contractually obligated to pay amounts due under an alarm monitoring contract and are generally contractually obligated to pay early cancellation fees if they prematurely cancel the alarm monitoring contract during the initial term of the alarm monitoring contract (typically between three and five years), subscribers’ payment obligations are unsecured, which could impair our ability to collect any unpaid amounts from our subscribers. To the extent payment defaults by subscribers under the alarm monitoring contracts are greater than anticipated, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. We are also exploring different pricing plans for our products and services, including larger up-front payments and financing options for equipment purchases. We currently have arrangements with a third-party financing company to provide financing to small business and commercial customers who wish to finance their equipment purchases from us. We also recently launched a pilot program in a small number of markets for residential customers to pay us for equipment purchases through installments under a consumer financing arrangement. These lending services could increase the credit risks associated with our subscribers. While we intend to manage such credit risk by monitoring the credit quality of our financing portfolios, our efforts to mitigate risk may not be sufficient to prevent an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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If the insurance industry changes its practice of providing incentives to homeowners for the use of alarm monitoring services, we may experience a reduction in new customer growth or an increase in our subscriber attrition rate.

It has been common practice in the insurance industry to provide a reduction in rates for policies written on homes that have monitored alarm systems. There can be no assurance that insurance companies will continue to offer these rate reductions. If these incentives were reduced or eliminated, new homeowners who otherwise might not feel the need for alarm monitoring services would be removed from our potential customer pool, which could hinder the growth of our business, and existing subscribers may choose to disconnect or not renew their service contracts, which could increase our attrition rates. In either case, our results of operations and growth prospects could be materially adversely affected.

We have and will continue to invest in new businesses, services, and technologies outside the traditional security and interactive services market, which is inherently risky and could disrupt our current operations.

We have invested and will continue to invest in new businesses, products, services, and technologies beyond traditional security and interactive services. Our investments may involve significant risks and uncertainties, including capital loss on some or all of our investments, insufficient revenue from such investments to offset any new liabilities assumed and expenses associated with these new investments, distraction of management from current operations, and issues not identified during pre-investment planning and due diligence that could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such investments and incur unanticipated liabilities. Since these investments are inherently risky, these new businesses, products, services, and technologies may not be successful and as a result, may materially adversely affect our reputation, financial condition, and results of operations.

Failure to successfully upgrade, integrate, and maintain the security of our information and technology networks, including personally identifiable information and other data, could materially adversely affect us.

We are dependent on information technology networks and systems, including Internet and Internet-based or “cloud” computing services, to collect, process, transmit, and store electronic information. We have completed a significant number of acquisitions of companies that operate different technology platforms and systems. We are currently implementing modifications and upgrades to our information technology systems and also integrating systems from our various acquisitions, including making changes to legacy systems, replacing legacy systems with successor systems with new functionality, and implementing new systems. There are inherent costs and risks associated with integrating, replacing and changing these systems and implementing new systems, including potential disruption of our sales, operations and customer service functions, potential disruption of our internal control structure, substantial capital expenditures, additional administration and operating expenses, retention of sufficiently skilled personnel to integrate, implement and operate the new systems, demands on management time, and other risks and costs of delays or difficulties in transitioning to new systems or of integrating new systems into our current systems. In addition, our information technology system implementations may not result in productivity improvements at a level that outweighs the costs of implementation, or at all. The implementation of new information technology systems may also cause disruptions in our business operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, and results of operations.

If we fail to comply with constantly evolving laws, regulations, and industry standards addressing information and technology networks, privacy, and data security, we could face substantial penalties, liability, and reputational harm, and our business, operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Along with our own confidential data and information in the normal course of our business, we or our partners collect and retain significant volumes of certain types of data, some of which are subject to certain laws and regulations. Our ability to analyze this data to present the subscriber with an improved user experience is a valuable component of our services, but we cannot assure you that the data we require will be available from these sources in the future or that the cost of such data will not increase. If the data that we require is not available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all, we may not be able to provide certain parts of our current or planned products and services, and our business and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, we may also collect and retain other sensitive types of data, including audio recordings of telephone calls and video images of customer sites. We must comply with applicable federal and state laws and regulations governing the collection, retention, processing, storage, disclosure, access, use, security, and privacy of such information in addition to our own posted information security and privacy policies and applicable industry standards. The legal, regulatory, and contractual environment surrounding the foregoing continues to evolve, and there has been an increasing amount of focus on privacy and data security issues with the potential to affect our business. These privacy and data security laws and regulations, as well as contractual requirements, could increase our cost of doing business, and failure to comply with these laws, regulations, and contractual requirements could result in government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation, and/or adverse publicity. In the event of a breach of personal information that we hold or that is held by third parties on our behalf, we may be subject to governmental fines, individual and class action claims, remediation expenses, and/or harm to our reputation.

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Further, if we fail to comply with applicable privacy and security laws, regulations, policies, and standards; properly protect the integrity and security of our facilities and systems and the data located within them; or defend against cybersecurity attacks; or if our third-party service providers, partners, or vendors fail to do any of the foregoing with respect to data and information assessed, used, stored, or collected on our behalf, our business, reputation, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

For example, the data that we collect and retain includes personally identifiable information related to our customers and employees and may be protected health information subject to certain requirements under the Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) and its implementing regulations, which regulate the use, storage, and disclosure of personally identifiable health information. We may change our processes or modify our product and service offerings in a manner that requires us to adopt additional or different policies and procedures to meet our obligations under HIPAA. Becoming fully HIPAA-compliant involves adopting and implementing privacy and security policies and procedures as well as administrative, physical, and technical safeguards. Additionally, HIPAA compliance requires certain agreements with contracting partners to be in place. Endeavoring to become fully HIPAA-compliant may be costly both financially and in terms of administrative resources. It may take substantial time and require the assistance of external resources, such as attorneys, information technology, and/or other consultants. We would have to be HIPAA-compliant to provide services pursuant to which we are required to collect or manage patient information for or on behalf of a health care provider or health plan. Thus, if we do not become fully HIPAA-compliant, our expansion opportunities may be limited. Furthermore, it is possible that HIPAA may be expanded in the future to apply to certain of our current products or services.

The California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which will become enforceable in 2020, gives California residents certain rights in relation to their personal information, requires that companies take certain actions, and will apply to activities regarding personal information that is collected by us, directly or indirectly, from California residents. As interpretation and enforcement of the CCPA evolves, it will create a range of new compliance obligations, which could cause us to change our business practices, with the possibility for significant financial penalties for noncompliance that may materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, and cash flows.

The General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) applies to activities regarding personal data that are conducted by us, directly or indirectly through vendors and subcontractors, from an establishment in the European Union. As interpretation and enforcement of the GDPR evolves, it will create a range of new compliance obligations, which could cause us to change our business practices, with the possibility for significant financial penalties for noncompliance. The European Commission in July 2016 and the Swiss Government in January 2017 approved the EU-U.S. and the Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield frameworks, respectively, which are designed to allow U.S. companies that self-certify to the U.S. Department of Commerce and publicly commit to comply with the Privacy Shield requirements to freely import personal data from the EU and Switzerland. However, these frameworks face a number of legal challenges and their validity remains subject to legal, regulatory, and political developments in both Europe and the U.S. This has resulted in some uncertainty, and compliance obligations could cause us to incur costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business and failure to comply could result in significant penalties that may materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, and cash flows.

Due to the ever-changing threat landscape, our products may be subject to potential vulnerabilities of wireless and IoT devices, and our services may be subject to certain risks, including hacking or other unauthorized access to control or view systems and obtain private information.

Companies that collect and retain sensitive and confidential information are under increasing attack by cybercriminals around the world. While we implement security measures within our products, services, operations, and systems, those measures may not prevent cybersecurity breaches; the access, capture, or alteration of information by criminals; the exposure or exploitation of potential security vulnerabilities; distributed denial of service attacks; the installation of malware or ransomware; acts of vandalism; computer viruses; or misplaced data or data loss that could be detrimental to our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations. Third parties, including our partners and vendors, could also be a source of security risk to us in the event of a failure of their own products, components, networks, security systems, and infrastructure. In addition, we cannot be certain that advances in criminal capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography, or other developments will not compromise or breach the technology protecting the networks that access our products and services.

A significant actual or perceived (whether or not valid) theft, loss, fraudulent use or misuse of customer, employee, or other personally identifiable data, whether by us, our partners and vendors, or other third parties, or as a result of employee error or malfeasance or otherwise, non-compliance with applicable industry standards or our contractual or other legal obligations regarding such data, or a violation of our privacy and information security policies with respect to such data, could result in costs, fines, litigation, or regulatory actions against us. Such an event could additionally result in unfavorable publicity and therefore materially and adversely affect the market’s perception of the security and reliability of our services and our credibility and reputation with our customers, which may lead to customer dissatisfaction and could result in lost sales and increased customer revenue attrition.

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In addition, we depend on our information technology infrastructure for business-to-business and business-to-consumer electronic commerce. Security breaches of, or sustained attacks against, this infrastructure could create system disruptions and shutdowns that could negatively impact our operations. Increasingly, our products and services are accessed through the Internet, and security breaches in connection with the delivery of our services via the Internet may affect us and could be detrimental to our reputation, business, operating results, and financial condition. We continue to invest in new and emerging technology and other solutions to protect our network and information systems, but there can be no assurance that these investments and solutions will prevent any of the risks described above. While we maintain cyber liability insurance that provides both third-party liability and first-party insurance coverages, our insurance may not be sufficient to protect against all of our losses from any future disruptions or breaches of our systems or other event as described above.

We depend on third-party providers and suppliers for components of our security and automation systems, third-party software licenses for our products and services, and third-party providers to transmit signals to our monitoring facilities and provide other services to our subscribers. Any failure or interruption in products or services provided by these third parties could harm our ability to operate our business.

The components for the security and automation systems that we install are manufactured by third parties. We are therefore susceptible to interruptions in supply and to the receipt of components that do not meet our standards. Any financial or other difficulties our providers face may have negative effects on our business. We exercise little control over our suppliers, which increases our vulnerability to problems with the products and services they provide or to their choice of which companies they will allow to sell their products. While we strive to utilize dual-sourcing methods to allow similar hardware components for our security systems to be interchangeable to minimize the risk of a disruption from a single supplier, any interruption in supply could cause delays in installations and repairs and the loss of current and potential customers. Also, if a previously installed component were found to be defective, we might not be able to recover the costs associated with its repair or replacement across our installed customer base, and the diversion of technical personnel to address the defect could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We rely on third-party software for key automation features in certain of our offerings and on the interoperation of that software with our own, such as our mobile applications and related platform. We could experience service disruptions if customer usage patterns for such offerings exceed, or are otherwise outside of, design parameters for the system and the ability for us or our third-party provider to make corrections. Such interruptions in the provision of services could result in our inability to meet customer demand, damage our reputation and customer relationships, and materially and adversely affect our business. We also rely on certain software technology that we license from third parties and use in our products and services to perform key functions and provide critical functionality. For example, we license the software platform for our monitoring operations from third parties. Because a number of our products and services incorporate technology developed and maintained by third parties, we are, to a certain extent, dependent upon such third parties’ ability to update, maintain, or enhance their current products and services; to ensure that their products are free of defects or security vulnerabilities; to develop new products and services on a timely and cost-effective basis; and to respond to emerging industry standards, customer preferences, and other technological changes. Further, these third-party technology licenses may not always be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If our agreements with third-party vendors are not renewed or the third-party software becomes obsolete, is incompatible with future versions of our products or services, or otherwise fails to address our needs, we cannot provide assurance that we would be able to replace the functionality provided by the third-party software with technology from alternative providers. Furthermore, even if we obtain licenses to alternative software products or services that provide the functionality we need, we may be required to replace hardware installed at our monitoring centers and at our customers’ sites, including security system control panels and peripherals, in order to execute our integration of or migration to alternative software products. Any of these factors could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We also rely on various third-party telecommunications providers and signal processing centers to transmit and communicate signals to our monitoring facility in a timely and consistent manner. These telecommunications providers and signal processing centers could fail to transmit or communicate these signals to the monitoring facility for many reasons, including disruptions from fire, natural disasters, weather, transmission interruption, malicious acts, or terrorism. The failure of one or more of these telecommunications providers or signal processing centers to transmit and communicate signals to the monitoring facility in a timely manner could affect our ability to provide alarm monitoring, home automation, and interactive services to our subscribers. We also rely on third-party technology companies to provide automation and interactive services to our customers. These technology companies could fail to provide these services consistently, or at all, which could result in our inability to meet customer demand and damage our reputation. There can be no assurance that third-party telecommunications providers, signal processing centers, and other technology companies will continue to transmit and communicate signals to the monitoring facility or provide home automation and interactive services to subscribers without disruption. Any such disruption, particularly one of a prolonged duration, could have a material adverse effect on our business. See also “—The retirement of older telecommunications technology such as 3G and CDMA by telecommunications providers and shifts in our customers’ choice of telecommunications services and

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equipment could materially adversely affect our business, increase customer attrition and require significant capital expenditures” with respect to risks associated with changes in signal transmissions.

An event causing a disruption in the ability of our monitoring facilities or customer care resources to operate could materially adversely affect our business.

A disruption in our ability to provide security monitoring services and otherwise serve our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business. A disruption could occur for many reasons, including fire, natural disasters, weather, health epidemics or pandemics, transportation interruption, extended power outages, human or other error, war, terrorism, sabotage, or other conflicts, or as a result of disruptions to internal and external networks or third-party transmission lines. Monitoring and customer care could also be disrupted by information systems and network-related events or cybersecurity attacks, such as computer hacking, computer viruses, worms or other malicious software, distributed denial of service attacks, malicious social engineering, or other destructive or disruptive activities that could also cause damage to our properties, equipment, and data. While our monitoring centers are redundant, a failure of our back-up procedures or a disruption affecting multiple monitoring facilities could disrupt our ability to provide security monitoring services to our customers. These events could also make it difficult or impossible to receive equipment from suppliers or impair our ability to deliver products and services to customers on a timely basis. If we experience such disruptions, we may experience customer dissatisfaction and potential loss of confidence, and liabilities to customers or other third parties, each of which could harm our reputation and impact future revenues from these customers. We could also be subject to claims or litigation with respect to losses caused by such disruptions. Our property and business interruption insurance and our cyber liability insurance may not be sufficient to fully cover our losses or may not cover a particular event at all. Any of these outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our independent, third-party authorized dealers may not be able to mitigate certain risks such as information technology breaches, data security breaches, product liability, errors and omissions, and marketing compliance.

We generate a portion of our new customers through our authorized dealer network. We rely on independent, third-party authorized dealers to implement mitigation plans for certain risks they may experience, including, but not limited to, information technology breaches, data security breaches, product liability, errors and omissions, and marketing compliance. If our authorized dealers experience any of these risks, or fail to implement mitigation plans for their risks, or if such implemented mitigation plans are inadequate or fail, we may be susceptible to risks associated with our authorized dealers on which we rely to generate customers. Any interruption or permanent disruption in the generation of customer accounts or services provided by our authorized dealers could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We may pursue business opportunities that diverge from our current business model, which may materially adversely affect our business results.

We may pursue business opportunities that diverge from our current business model, including expanding our products or service offerings, investing in new and unproven technologies, adding customer acquisition channels, and forming new alliances with companies to market our services. We can provide no assurance that any such business opportunities will prove to be successful. Among other negative effects, our pursuit of such business opportunities could cause our cost of investment in new customers to grow at a faster rate than our recurring revenue and fees collected at the time of installation. We have acquired DataShield, LLC and Secure Designs, each of which provide cybersecurity services for business customers, which expands our suite of services. We have also acquired several companies that sell and service fire and integrated security systems to business customers, including Fire & Security Holdings, LLC (“Red Hawk Fire & Security”), which significantly expanded our commercial fire and security capabilities, reach, and customer base. We are also currently exploring the option of offering certain of our monitoring and cybersecurity services under non-ADT brands to international markets outside of the U.S. and Canada. Additionally, any new alliances or customer acquisition channels could require developmental investments or have higher cost structures than our current arrangements, which could reduce operating margins and require more working capital. In the event that working capital requirements exceed operating cash flow, we could be required to draw on our revolving credit facility, which is described in Note 5 “Debt” to the accompanying consolidated financial statements and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources,” or pursue other external financing, which may not be readily available. Any of these factors could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

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We continue to integrate our acquisitions, which may divert management’s attention from our ongoing operations. We may not achieve all of the anticipated benefits, synergies, or cost savings from our acquisition.

Our acquisitions require the integration of many separate companies that have previously operated independently. While the integration of our acquisitions with our business and systems is ongoing, the anticipated financial and operational benefits, including increased revenues, synergies, and cost savings depends in part on our ability to successfully combine and integrate our acquisitions with our other business. There can be no assurance regarding the extent to which we will be able to realize increased revenues, synergies, cost savings, or other benefits from our acquisitions. These benefits may not be achieved within the anticipated time frame and we may not realize all of these anticipated benefits.

The continued integration of operations, products, and personnel from our acquisitions will continue to require the attention of our management and place demands on other internal resources. The diversion of management’s attention, and any difficulties encountered in the transition and integration process, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, the overall continued integration of our acquired businesses may result in material unanticipated problems, expenses, liabilities, competitive responses, and loss of customer relationships. The difficulties of combining the operations of the companies may generally include, among others:

• difficulties in achieving anticipated cost savings, synergies, business opportunities, and growth prospects from the combination;

• difficulties in the integration of operations and systems;

• difficulties in replacing numerous systems, including those involving management information, purchasing, accounting and finance, sales, billing, employee benefits, payroll, data privacy, and security and regulatory compliance, many of which may be dissimilar;

• conforming standards, controls, procedures, accounting and other policies, business cultures, and compensation structures;

• difficulties in the assimilation of employees, including possible culture conflicts and different opinions on technical decisions and product roadmaps;

• difficulties in managing the expanded operations of a significantly larger and more complex company;

• challenges in keeping existing customers and obtaining new customers;

• challenges in attracting and retaining key personnel; and

• coordinating a geographically dispersed organization.

While we have not experienced any material difficulties to date in connection with the integration, many of these factors are outside our control and any one of them could result in increased costs, decreases in the amount of expected revenues, and further diversion of management’s time and energy, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our customer generation strategies through third parties, including our authorized dealer and affinity marketing programs, and the competitive market for customer accounts may affect our future profitability.

An element of our business strategy is the generation of new customer accounts through third parties, including our authorized dealers, which accounted for approximately half of our new customer accounts for 2018. Our future operating results will depend in large part on our ability to continue to manage this business generation strategy effectively. Although we currently generate accounts through hundreds of independent third parties, including authorized dealers, a significant portion of our accounts originate from a smaller number of such third parties, including an authorized premier provider that signed a nine-year renewal agreement with us in December 2017 and accounted for approximately 25% of all our new accounts in 2018. We experience loss of third-party sales partnerships, including authorized dealers from our authorized dealer program, due to various factors, such as dealers and third parties becoming inactive or discontinuing their electronic security business, non-renewal of our dealer and sales generation contracts, and competition from other alarm monitoring companies. If we experience a loss of authorized dealers or third-party sellers representing a significant portion of our customer account generation, or if we are unable to replace or recruit authorized dealers, other third-party sellers, or alternate distribution channel partners in accordance with our business strategy, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, successful promotion of our brands depends on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and on our ability to offer member discounts and special offers for our products and services to our partners. We have actively pursued affinity marketing programs, which provide members of participating organizations with special offers on our products and services. The organizations

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with which we have affinity marketing programs typically closely monitor their relationships with us, as well as their members’ satisfaction with our products and services. These organizations may require us to pay higher fees to them, decrease our pricing for their members, introduce additional competitive options, or otherwise alter the terms of our participation in their marketing programs in ways that are unfavorable to us. These organizations may also terminate their relationships with us if we fail to meet member satisfaction standards, among other things. If any of our affinity or marketing relationships is terminated or altered in an unfavorable manner, we may lose a source of sales leads, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

We may not be able to continue to develop and execute a competitive yet profitable pricing structure.

We face competition from cable and telecommunications companies that are actively targeting the home automation and monitored security market, as well as from large technology companies that are expanding into the connected home market either through the development of their own solutions or the acquisition of other companies with home automation solution offerings. We also face competition for business customers from large global industrial companies and smaller regional providers of commercial fire and security solutions with highly specialized skills, strong pre-existing relationships with customers and, in some cases, the ability to provide equipment and services to locations outside the U.S. and Canada. This increased competition could result in pricing pressure, a shift in customer preferences toward the services of these companies, reduce our market share, and make it more difficult for us to compete on brand-name recognition and reputation. Continued pricing pressure from competitors or failure to achieve pricing based on the competitive advantages previously identified above could prevent us from maintaining competitive price points for our products and services resulting in lost customers or in our inability to attract new customers and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We face risks in acquiring and integrating customer accounts.

An element of our business strategy may involve the bulk acquisition of customer accounts. Acquisitions of customer accounts involve a number of special risks, including the possibility of unexpectedly high rates of attrition and unanticipated deficiencies in the accounts and systems acquired despite our investigations prior to acquisition. We face competition from other alarm monitoring companies, including companies that may offer higher prices and more favorable terms for customer accounts purchased, and/or lower minimum financial or operational qualification or requirements for purchased accounts. This competition could reduce the acquisition opportunities available to us, slowing our rate of growth, and/or increase the price we pay for such account acquisitions, thus reducing our return on investment and negatively impacting our revenue and results of operations. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to purchase customer accounts on favorable terms in the future.

The purchase price we pay for customer accounts is affected by the recurring revenue historically generated by such accounts, as well as several other factors, including the level of competition, our prior experience with accounts purchased in bulk from specific sellers, the geographic location of accounts, the number of accounts purchased, the customers’ credit scores, and the type of security or automation equipment or platform used by the customers. In purchasing accounts, we have relied on management’s knowledge of the industry, due diligence procedures, and representations and warranties of bulk account sellers. We can provide no assurance that in all instances the representations and warranties made by bulk account sellers are true and complete or, if the representations and warranties are inaccurate, that we will be able to recover damages from bulk account sellers in an amount sufficient to fully compensate us for any resulting losses. If any of these risks materialize, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Unauthorized use of our brand names by third parties, and the expenses incurred in developing and preserving the value of our brand names, may materially adversely affect our business.

Our brand names are critical to our success. Unauthorized use of our brand names by third parties may materially adversely affect our business and reputation, including the perceived quality and reliability of our products and services. We rely on trademark law, company brand name protection policies, and agreements with our employees, customers, business partners, and others to protect the value of our brand names. Despite our precautions, we cannot provide assurance that those procedures are sufficiently effective to protect against unauthorized third-party use of our brand names. In particular, in recent years, various third parties have used our brand names to engage in fraudulent activities, including unauthorized telemarketing conducted in our names to induce our existing customers to switch to competing monitoring service providers, lead generation activities for competitors, and obtaining personally identifiable or personal financial information. Third parties sometimes use our names and trademarks, or other confusingly similar variances thereof, in other contexts that may impact our brands. We may not be successful in detecting, investigating, preventing, or prosecuting all unauthorized third-party use of our brand names. Future litigation with respect to such unauthorized use could also result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources. These factors could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

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Third parties hold rights to certain key brand names outside of the U.S. and Canada.

Our success depends in part on our continued ability to use trademarks to capitalize on our brands’ name-recognition and to further develop our brands in the U.S. and Canadian markets, as well as in other international markets should we choose to expand our business in the future. Not all of the trademarks that are used by our brands have been registered in all of the countries in which we may do business in the future, and some trademarks may never be registered in any or all of these countries. Rights in trademarks are generally territorial in nature and are obtained on a country-by-country basis by the first person to obtain protection through use or registration in that country in connection with specified products and services. Some countries’ laws do not protect unregistered trademarks at all, or make them more difficult to enforce, and third parties may have filed for “ADT,” “PROTECTION ONE,” or similar marks in countries where we have not registered these brands as trademarks. Accordingly, we may not be able to adequately protect our brands everywhere in the world and use of such brands may result in liability for trademark infringement, trademark dilution, or unfair competition.

In particular, certain trademarks associated with the ADT brand, including “ADT” and the blue octagon, are owned in all territories outside of the U.S and Canada by Johnson Controls International plc, which acquired and merged with and into Tyco International plc (“Johnson Controls” or “Tyco”). In certain instances, such trademarks are licensed in certain territories outside the U.S. and Canada by Johnson Controls to third parties. Pursuant to a trademark agreement entered into between The ADT Corporation and Tyco (“Tyco Trademark Agreement”) in connection with the separation of The ADT Corporation from Tyco in 2012, which endures in perpetuity, The ADT Corporation and its affiliates are prohibited from ever registering, attempting to register or using such trademarks outside the U.S. (including Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands) and Canada, and The ADT Corporation may not challenge Tyco’s rights in such trademarks outside the U.S. and Canada. Additionally, under the Tyco Trademark Agreement, each of The ADT Corporation and Tyco has the right to propose new secondary source indicators (e.g., “Pulse”) to become designated source indicators of such party. To qualify as a designated source indicator, certain specified criteria must be met, including that the indicator has not been used as a material indicator by the non-proposing party or its affiliates over the previous seven years. If The ADT Corporation were unable to object to Tyco’s proposal for a new designated source indicator by successfully asserting that the new indicator did not meet the requisite criteria, The ADT Corporation would subsequently be precluded from using, registering, or attempting to register such indicator in any jurisdiction, including the U.S. and Canada, whether alone or in connection with an ADT brand. While The ADT Corporation and Tyco are each required to (i) adhere to specified quality control standards with respect to the use of the subject trademarks in their respective jurisdictions, (ii) cooperate with respect to enforcement in their respective territories, and (iii) cooperate to avoid and correct any potential or actual customer confusion over the proper ownership of the ADT brand in any particular territory, it is nonetheless possible that dilution, infringement, or customer confusion may result from the arrangement, which could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Infringement of our intellectual property rights could negatively affect us.

We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, confidentiality provisions, and licensing arrangements to establish and protect our proprietary rights. We cannot guarantee, however, that the steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights will be adequate to prevent infringement of our rights or misappropriation of our intellectual property or technology. Adverse events affecting the use of our trademarks could affect our use of those trademarks and negatively impact our brands. In addition, if we expand our business outside of the U.S. and Canada in the future, effective patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may be unavailable or limited in some jurisdictions. Furthermore, while we enter into confidentiality agreements with certain of our employees and third parties to protect our intellectual property, such confidentiality agreements could be breached or otherwise may not provide meaningful protection for our confidential information, trade secrets, and know-how related to the design, manufacture, or operation of our products and services. If it becomes necessary for us to resort to litigation to protect our intellectual property rights, any proceedings could be burdensome and costly, and we may not prevail. Further, adequate remedies may not be available in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, trade secrets, or know-how. If we fail to successfully enforce our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could suffer, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Allegations that we have infringed upon the intellectual property rights of third parties could negatively affect us.

We may be subject to claims of intellectual property infringement by third parties. In particular, as our services have expanded, we have become subject to claims alleging infringement of intellectual property, including litigation brought by special purpose or so-called “non-practicing” entities that focus solely on extracting royalties and settlements by alleging infringement and threatening enforcement of patent rights. These companies typically have little or no business or operations, and there are few effective deterrents available to prevent such companies from filing patent infringement lawsuits against us. In addition, we rely on licenses and other arrangements with third parties covering intellectual property related to the products and services that we market. Notwithstanding these arrangements, we could be at risk for infringement claims from third parties. Additionally,

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while The ADT Corporation is party to a patent agreement with Tyco, which generally includes a covenant by Tyco not to bring an action against The ADT Corporation alleging that the manufacture, use, or sale of any products or services in existence as of the date of The ADT Corporation’s separation from Tyco infringes any patents owned or controlled by Tyco and used by The ADT Corporation on or prior to such date, such agreement does not protect the Company, including The ADT Corporation, from infringement claims for future product or service expansions. In general, if a court determines that one or more of our services infringes on intellectual property rights owned by others, we may be required to cease marketing those services, to obtain licenses from the holders of the intellectual property at a material cost or on unfavorable terms, or to take other potentially costly or burdensome actions to avoid infringing third-party intellectual property rights. The litigation process is costly and subject to inherent uncertainties, and we may not prevail in litigation matters regardless of the merits of our position. Intellectual property lawsuits or claims may become extremely disruptive if the plaintiffs succeed in blocking the trade of our products and services and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We are subject to credit risk and other risks associated with our dealers.

Under the standard alarm monitoring contract acquisition agreements that we enter into with our dealers, if a subscriber terminates their service with us during the first twelve months after the alarm monitoring contract has been acquired, the dealer is typically required to elect between substituting another alarm monitoring contract for the terminating alarm monitoring contract or compensating us in an amount based on the original acquisition cost of the terminating alarm monitoring contract. We are subject to the risk that dealers will breach their obligation to provide a comparable substitute alarm monitoring contract for a terminating alarm monitoring contract or compensate us in an amount based on the original acquisition cost of the terminating alarm monitoring contract. Although we generally withhold specified amounts from the acquisition cost paid to dealers for alarm monitoring contracts (“holdback”), which may be used to satisfy or offset these and other applicable dealer obligations under the alarm monitoring contract acquisition agreements, there can be no guarantee that these amounts will be sufficient to satisfy or offset the full extent of the default by a dealer of its obligations under its agreement. If the holdback does prove insufficient to cover dealer obligations, we are also subject to the credit risk that the dealers may not have sufficient funds to compensate us or that any such dealer will otherwise breach its obligation to compensate us for a terminating alarm monitoring contract. To the extent defaults by dealers of the obligations under their agreements are greater than anticipated, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our dealers may expose us to additional risks.

We are subject to reputational risks that may arise from the actions of our dealers and their employees, independent contractors, and other agents that are wholly or partially beyond our control, such as violations of our marketing policies and procedures as well as any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If our dealers engage in marketing practices that are not in compliance with local laws and regulations, we may be in breach of such laws and regulations, which may result in regulatory proceedings and potential penalties that could materially impact our financial results and results of operations. In addition, unauthorized activities in connection with sales efforts by employees, independent contractors, and other agents or our dealers, including calling consumers in violation of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act and predatory door-to-door sales tactics and fraudulent misrepresentations, could subject us to governmental investigations and class action lawsuits for, among others, false advertising and deceptive trade practice damage claims, against which we will be required to defend. Such defense efforts will be costly and time-consuming, and there can be no assurance that such defense efforts will be successful, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We may be subject to securities class actions and other lawsuits which may harm our business and results of operations.

We are currently subject to a number of securities litigation claims relating to our 2018 IPO and we may in the future become subject to additional securities litigation in connection with our 2018 IPO, issues since our 2018 IPO, or issues that may have arisen prior to our acquisition of The ADT Corporation. This type of litigation may be lengthy and may result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources. Results cannot be predicted with certainty and an adverse outcome in such litigation could result in monetary damages or injunctive relief that could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Five substantially similar shareholder class action lawsuits related to our 2018 IPO were filed in the Circuit Court of the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit in and for Palm Beach County, Florida in March, April, and May 2018. These cases have been consolidated for discovery and trial and are now entitled In re ADT Inc. Shareholder Litigation. Plaintiffs seek to represent a class of similarly situated shareholders and assert claims for alleged violations of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”). Plaintiffs allege that the Company defendants violated the Securities Act because the registration statement and prospectus used to effectuate the IPO were false and misleading in that they allegedly misled investors with respect to litigation involving the Company, the Company’s efforts to protect its intellectual property, and the competitive pressures faced by the Company. Defendants moved to

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dismiss the consolidated complaint and briefing on the motion is in progress. A similar shareholder class action lawsuit also related to the January 2018 IPO was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida in May 2018. In September and October 2018, four substantially similar shareholder derivative complaints were also filed against various Company officers, directors, and controlling shareholders in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida. Plaintiffs allege breaches of fiduciary duties as directors, officers, and/or controlling shareholders of the Company, unjust enrichment and violations of the federal securities laws for alleged misrepresentations regarding competitive pressures in the marketplace, litigation involving Company intellectual property, and certain financial and operational metrics. In November 2018, Plaintiffs in the four derivative actions voluntarily dismissed their respective complaints without prejudice. These lawsuits may be lengthy and may result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources. We can make no assurances that the outcome of such litigation will be favorable.

In addition, we are currently and may in the future become subject to legal proceedings and commercial or contractual disputes. These are typically claims that arise in the normal course of business, including, without limitation, commercial or contractual disputes with our suppliers; intellectual property matters; third-party liability, including product liability claims; and employment claims. There can be no assurance that such claims will not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition operating results of cash flows.

Increasing government regulation of telemarketing, email marketing, door-to-door sales, and other marketing methods may increase our costs and restrict the operation and growth of our business.

We rely on telemarketing, email marketing, door-to-door sales, and other marketing methods conducted internally and through third parties to generate a substantial number of leads for our business. The telemarketing and email marketing services industries are subject to an increasing amount of regulation in the U.S. and Canada. Regulations have been issued in the FTC and the FCC and in Canada by the CRTC that place restrictions on unsolicited telephone calls to residential and wireless telephone subscribers, whether direct dial or by means of automatic telephone dialing systems, prerecorded, or artificial voice messages and telephone fax machines, and require us to maintain a “do not call” list and to train our personnel to comply with these restrictions. In the U.S., the FTC regulates sales practices generally and email marketing and telemarketing specifically and has broad authority to prohibit a variety of advertising or marketing practices that may constitute “unfair or deceptive acts or practices.” Most of the statutes and regulations in the U.S. applicable to telemarketing and email marketing allow a private right of action for the recovery of damages or provide for enforcement by the FTC and FCC, state attorneys general, or state agencies permitting the recovery of significant civil or criminal penalties, costs and attorneys’ fees if regulations are violated. In Canada, the CRTC enforces the Unsolicited Telecommunications Rules restricting unsolicited communications from telemarketers using direct dial, automatic dialing and announcing devices and fax. The CRTC also enforces the Canadian Anti-Spam Law (“CASL”), which prohibits the sending of commercial emails without prior consent of the consumer or an existing business relationship and sets forth rules governing the sending of commercial emails. Rules have been approved under CASL to allow private rights of action for the recovery of damages, which rules may come into force at any time. CASL also allows the CRTC to recover significant civil penalties, costs, and legal fees if email or telemarketing regulations are violated. We strive to comply with all such applicable regulations, but can provide no assurance that we, our authorized dealers or third parties that we rely on for telemarketing, email marketing, and other lead generation activities will be in compliance with all applicable regulations at all times. Although our contractual arrangements with our authorized dealers, affinity marketing partners, and other third parties generally require them to comply with all such regulations and to indemnify us for damages arising from their failure to do so, we can provide no assurance that the FTC, FCC, CRTC, private litigants, or others will not attempt to hold us responsible for any unlawful acts conducted by our authorized dealers, affinity marketing partners and other third parties or that we could successfully enforce or collect upon any indemnities. Additionally, certain FCC rulings and FTC enforcement actions may support the legal position that we may be held vicariously liable for the actions of third parties, including any telemarketing violations by our independent, third-party authorized dealers that are performed without our authorization or that are otherwise prohibited by our policies. The FCC, the FTC, and the CRTC have relied on certain actions to support the notion of vicarious liability, including, but not limited to, the use of the company brand or trademark, the authorization or approval of telemarketing scripts, or the sharing of consumer prospect lists. Changes in such regulations or the interpretation thereof that further restrict such activities could result in a material reduction in the number of leads for our business and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our business operates in a regulated industry.

Our operations and employees are subject to various federal, state, provincial, and local laws and regulations in the U.S. and Canada in such areas as consumer protection, occupational licensing, environmental protection, labor and employment, tax, and other laws and regulations. Most states and provinces in which we operate have licensing laws directed specifically toward the security services industry. Our business relies heavily upon the use of both wireline and wireless telecommunications to communicate signals, and telecommunications companies are regulated by federal, state, provincial, and local governments.

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In certain jurisdictions, we are required to obtain licenses or permits to comply with standards governing employee selection and training and to meet certain standards in the conduct of our business. The loss of such licenses or permits or the imposition of conditions to the granting or retention of such licenses or permits could have a material adverse effect on us. Furthermore, in certain jurisdictions, certain security systems must meet fire and building codes to be installed, and it is possible that our current or future products and service offerings will fail to meet such codes, which could require us to make costly modifications to our products and services or to forego marketing in certain jurisdictions.

We must also comply with numerous federal, state, provincial, and local laws and regulations that govern matters relating to our interactions with residential customers, including those pertaining to privacy and data security, consumer financial and credit transactions, home improvement contracts, warranties, and door-to-door solicitation. These laws and regulations are dynamic and subject to potentially differing interpretations, and various federal, state, provincial, and local legislative and regulatory bodies may initiate investigations, expand current laws or regulations, or enact new laws and regulations, regarding these matters. As we expand our product and service offerings and enter into new jurisdictions, we may be subject to more expansive regulation and oversight. For example, as a result of our acquisition of DataShield, we are expanding our cybersecurity services and exploring markets outside of the U.S. and Canada, and we will need to identify and comply with laws and regulations that apply to such services in the relevant jurisdictions. In addition, any financing or lending activity will subject us to various rules and regulations, such as the U.S. federal Truth in Lending Act and analogous U.S. state and Canadian federal and provincial legislation.

Changes in these laws or regulations or their interpretation could dramatically affect how we do business, acquire customers, and manage and use information we collect from and about current and prospective customers and the costs associated therewith. We strive to comply with all applicable laws and regulations relating to our interactions with all customers. It is possible, however, that these requirements may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices.

Changes in laws or regulations could require us to change the way we operate or to utilize resources to maintain compliance, which could increase costs or otherwise disrupt operations. In addition, failure to comply with any applicable laws or regulations could result in substantial fines or revocation of our operating permits and licenses. If laws and regulations were to change or if we or our products failed to comply with them, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

We could be assessed penalties for false alarms.

Some local governments impose assessments, fines, penalties, and limitations on either customers or the alarm companies for false alarms. Certain municipalities have adopted ordinances under which both permit and alarm dispatch fees are charged directly to the alarm companies. Our alarm service contracts generally allow us to pass these charges on to customers, but we may not be able to collect these charges if customers are unwilling or unable to pay them and such outcome may materially and adversely affect our operating results. Furthermore, our customers may elect to terminate or not renew our services if assessments, fines, or penalties for false alarms become significant. If more local governments were to impose assessments, fines, or penalties, our customer base, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Police departments could refuse to respond to calls from monitored security service companies.

Police departments in certain U.S. and Canadian jurisdictions do not respond to calls from monitored security service companies unless certain conditions are met, such as video or other verification or eyewitness accounts of suspicious activities, either as a matter of policy or by local ordinance. We offer video verification in certain jurisdictions which increases costs of some security systems, which may increase costs to customers. As an alternative to video cameras in some jurisdictions, we have offered affected customers the option of receiving response from private guard companies, at least as an initial means to verify suspicious activities. In most cases this is accomplished through contracts with private guard companies, which increases the overall cost to customers. If more police departments were to refuse to respond or be prohibited from responding to calls from monitored security service companies unless certain conditions are met, such as video or other verification or eyewitness accounts of suspicious activities, our ability to attract and retain customers could be negatively impacted and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Adoption of statutes and governmental policies purporting to characterize certain of our charges as unlawful may adversely affect our business.

Generally, if a customer cancels their contract with us prior to the end of the initial contract term, other than in accordance with the contract, we may charge the customer an early cancellation fee. Consumer protection policies or legal precedents could be proposed or adopted to restrict the charges we can impose upon contract cancellation. Such initiatives could compel us to increase our prices during the initial term of our contracts and consequently lead to less demand for our services and increased

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customer attrition. Adverse judicial determinations regarding these matters could cause us to incur legal exposure to customers against whom such charges have been imposed and expose us to the risk that certain of our customers may seek to recover such charges through litigation, including class action lawsuits. In addition, the costs of defending such litigation and enforcement actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

In the absence of regulation, certain providers of Internet access may block our services or charge their customers more for using our services, or government regulations relating to the Internet could change, which could materially adversely affect our revenue and growth.

Our interactive and home automation services are primarily accessed through the Internet and our security monitoring services, including those utilizing video streaming, are increasingly delivered using Internet technologies. Users who access our services through mobile devices, such as smart phones, laptops, and tablet computers must have a high-speed Internet connection, such as Wi-Fi, 3G, CDMA or 4G/LTE, to use our services. Currently, this access is provided by telecommunications companies and Internet access service providers that have significant and increasing market power in the broadband and Internet access marketplace. In the absence of government regulation, these providers could take measures that affect their customers’ ability to use our products and services, such as degrading the quality of the data packets we transmit over their lines, giving our packets low priority, giving other packets higher priority than ours, blocking our packets entirely, or attempting to charge their customers more for using our products and services. To the extent that Internet service providers implement usage-based pricing, including meaningful bandwidth caps, or otherwise try to monetize access to their networks, we could incur greater operating expenses and customer acquisition and retention could be negatively impacted. Furthermore, to the extent network operators were to create tiers of Internet access service and either charge us for or prohibit our services from being available to our customers through these tiers, our business could be negatively impacted. Some of these providers also offer products and services that directly compete with our own offerings, which could potentially give them a competitive advantage. While actions like these by Canadian providers would violate the net neutrality rules adopted by the CRTC described below, the FCC recently rolled back net neutrality protections in the U.S. as described below and most other countries have not adopted formal net neutrality or open Internet rules.

In 2009, the CRTC adopted Internet traffic management practices aimed at providing stronger net neutrality protections and preventing Canadian Internet service providers from engaging in traffic shaping practices that are “unjustly discriminatory” or “unduly preferential.” On February 26, 2015, the FCC reclassified broadband Internet access services in the U.S. as a telecommunications service subject to some elements of common carrier regulation, including the obligation to provide service on just and reasonable terms, and adopted specific net neutrality rules prohibiting the blocking, throttling, or “paid prioritization” of content or services. However, in May 2017, the FCC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to roll back net neutrality rules and return to a “light touch” regulatory framework. Consistent with this notice, on December 14, 2017, the FCC once again classified broadband Internet access service as an unregulated information service and repealed the specific rules against blocking, throttling, or “paid prioritization” of content or services. It retained a rule requiring Internet service providers to disclose their practices to consumers, entrepreneurs and the FCC. A number of parties have already stated they would appeal this order and it is possible Congress may adopt legislation restoring some net neutrality requirements. The elimination of net neutrality rules and any changes to the rules could affect the market for broadband Internet access service in a way that impacts our business. For example, if Internet access providers provide better Internet access for their own alarm monitoring or interactive services that compete with our services or limit the bandwidth and speed for the transmission of data from ADT equipment, the demand for our services could be depressed or the costs of services we provide could increase.

Goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets represent a significant portion of our total assets, and we may never realize the full value of our intangible assets.

As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $13 billion of goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition. We review such assets for impairment at least annually. Impairment may result from, among other things, deterioration in performance; adverse market conditions; adverse changes in applicable laws or regulations, including changes that restrict the activities of or affect the products and services we offer; challenges to the validity of certain registered intellectual property; reduced sales of certain products or services incorporating registered intellectual property; increased attrition; and a variety of other factors. The amount of any quantified impairment must be expensed immediately as a charge to results of operations. Depending on future circumstances, it is possible that we may never realize the full value of our intangible assets. Any future determination of impairment of goodwill or other identifiable intangible assets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Changes in accounting principles may adversely affect our financial results.

We present our results of operations and financial condition consistent with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). Preparation of our financial statements is highly complex and involves many assumptions, estimates, and judgments. Changes in accounting standards or practices may adversely impact our financial results and could affect the financial statements for periods prior to the effective date of the change. Currently, we are assessing the impact of FASB’s Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases, and related amendments, which requires lessees to recognize operating and financing lease liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets on the balance sheet. We will be required to implement this accounting standard in the first quarter of 2019. Refer to Note 1, “Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 15 for additional information about this new accounting standard regarding leases and other new accounting pronouncements. Implementation of this new accounting standard could have a significant impact on our financial results, and any difficulties in implementing the new accounting standard or any other new accounting pronouncements could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could result in regulatory discipline, harm investors’ confidence in the Company and management, and materially adversely affect our stock price.

We have significant deferred tax assets, and any impairments of or valuation allowances against these deferred tax assets in the future could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and Canada and in various state, territorial, provincial, and local jurisdictions. The amount of income taxes we pay is subject to our interpretation and application of tax laws in jurisdictions in which we file. Changes in current or future laws or regulations, the imposition of new or changed tax laws or regulations, or new related interpretations by taxing authorities in the jurisdictions in which we file could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our future consolidated federal and state income tax liability may be significantly reduced by tax credits and tax net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards available to us under the applicable tax codes. Each of ASG, Protection One, and The ADT Corporation had material NOL carryforwards prior to our acquisition of such entity. Our ability to fully utilize these deferred tax assets, however, may be limited for various reasons, such as if projected future taxable income becomes insufficient to recognize the full benefit of our NOL carryforwards prior to their expirations. If a corporation experiences an “ownership change,” Sections 382 and 383 of the Code (as defined herein) provide annual limitations with respect to the ability of a corporation to utilize its NOL (as well as certain built-in losses) and tax credit carryforwards against future U.S. taxable income. In general, an ownership change may result from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders in the stock of the corporation by more than 50 percentage points over a three-year testing period.

Our acquisitions of The ADT Corporation, ASG, and Protection One resulted in an ownership change of each of those entities. Our ability to fully utilize the NOL carryforwards of those entities is subject to the limitations under Section 382 of the Code. We do not expect that this limitation will impact our ability to utilize these tax attributes. However, it is possible that future changes in the direct or indirect ownership in our equity might result in additional ownership changes that may trigger the imposition of additional limitations under Section 382 of the Code with respect to these tax attributes.

In addition, audits by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) as well as state, territorial, provincial, and local tax authorities could reduce our tax attributes and/or subject us to tax liabilities if tax authorities make adverse determinations with respect to our NOL or tax credits carryforwards. There can be no assurance that adjustments that would reduce our tax attributes or otherwise affect our tax liability will not be proposed by the tax authorities. Further, any future disallowance of some or all of our tax credits or NOL carryforwards as a result of legislative change could materially adversely affect our tax obligations. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that in the future we will not be subject to increased taxation or experience limitations with respect to recognizing the benefits of our NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes. Any such increase in taxation or limitation of benefits could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. As of December 31, 2018, all tax years through 2012 have been audited and resolved with the IRS. The 2010 through 2012 tax years remain subject to examination for state income tax purposes. Refer to Note 7 “Income Taxes” for the years currently open to audit by jurisdiction.

We are exposed to greater risks of liability for employee acts or omissions or system failures than may be inherent in other businesses.

If a customer or third party believes that it has suffered harm to person or property due to an actual or alleged act or omission of one of our authorized dealers, independent contractors, employees or other agents, or a security or interactive system failure, they (or their insurers) may pursue legal action against us, and the cost of defending the legal action and of any judgment against us could be substantial. In particular, because our products and services are intended to help protect lives and real and personal property, we may have greater exposure to litigation risks than businesses that provide other commercial, consumer, and small

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business products and services. Our standard customer contracts contain a series of risk-mitigation provisions that serve to limit our liability and/or limit a claimant’s ability to pursue legal action; however, in the event of litigation with respect to such matters, it is possible that these risk-mitigation provisions may be deemed not applicable or unenforceable and, regardless of the ultimate outcome, we may incur significant costs of defense that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, and there can be no assurance that any such defense efforts will be successful.

If we are unable to recruit and retain key personnel, our ability to manage our business could be materially and adversely affected.

Our success will depend in part upon the continued services of key personnel, including, our management team, sales representatives, installation and service technicians and call center personnel. Our ability to recruit and retain key personnel for management, sales, technician and call center positions could be impacted adversely by the competitive labor environment and require us to pay wages and incur other costs in excess of our planned expenditure. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the national unemployment rate in the U.S. was 3.9% at the end of 2018 and is even lower in certain parts of the U.S. where we operate. The loss, incapacity, or unavailability for any reason of key members of our management team, higher than expected payroll and other costs associated with the hiring and retention of personnel and the inability or delay in hiring new key employees, such as, sales, technician and call center personnel, could materially adversely affect our ability to manage our business and our future operational and financial results.

The loss of or changes to our senior management could disrupt our business.

Our senior management is important to the success of our business because there is significant competition for executive personnel with experience in the security and home automation industry. As a result of this need and the competition for a limited pool of industry-based executive experience, we may not be able to retain our existing senior management. In December 2018, our former Chief Executive Officer retired and Mr. James D. DeVries, our President was promoted to the position of President and Chief Executive Officer. Our future success will partly depend on Mr. DeVries’ ability, along with the ability of other senior management and key employees, to effectively implement our business strategies. Further, Mr. DeVries may pursue changes in our strategy or business focus. In addition, we may not be able to fill new positions or vacancies created by expansion or turnover. Moreover, we do not currently have and do not expect to have in the future “key person” insurance on the lives of any member of our senior management. The loss of any member of our senior management team or changes in strategy or execution as a result of their replacement (either from inside or outside our existing management team) could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Adverse developments in our relationship with our employees could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

As of December 31, 2018, approximately 1,860 of our employees at various sites, or approximately 10% of our total workforce, were represented by unions and covered by collective bargaining agreements. We are currently party to approximately 40 collective bargaining agreements in the U.S. and Canada. Almost one-third of these agreements are up for renewal in any given year. We cannot predict the outcome of negotiations of the collective bargaining agreements covering our employees. If we are unable to reach new agreements or renew existing agreements, employees subject to collective bargaining agreements may engage in strikes, work slowdowns, or other labor actions, which could materially disrupt our ability to provide services. New labor agreements or the renewal of existing agreements may impose significant new costs on us, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations in the future.

We may be required to make indemnification payments relating to The ADT Corporation’s separation from Tyco.

In connection with its separation from Tyco, The ADT Corporation entered into a tax sharing agreement (“2012 Tax Sharing Agreement”) with Tyco and Pentair Ltd., formerly Tyco Flow Control International, Ltd. (“Pentair”), which governs the rights and obligations of The ADT Corporation, Tyco, and Pentair for certain pre-separation tax liabilities. The 2012 Tax Sharing Agreement provides that The ADT Corporation, Tyco, and Pentair will share (i) certain pre-separation income tax liabilities that arise from adjustments made by tax authorities to The ADT Corporation’s, Tyco’s, and Pentair’s U.S. and certain non-U.S. income tax returns, and (ii) payments required to be made by Tyco in respect of a tax sharing agreement it entered into in connection with a 2007 spinoff transaction (collectively, “Shared Tax Liabilities”). Tyco is responsible for the first $500 million of Shared Tax Liabilities. The ADT Corporation and Pentair share 58% and 42%, respectively, of the next $225 million of Shared Tax Liabilities. The ADT Corporation, Tyco, and Pentair share 27.5%, 52.5%, and 20.0%, respectively, of Shared Tax Liabilities above $725 million. In addition, The ADT Corporation retained sole liability for certain specified U.S. and non-U.S. income and non-income tax items. In 2010, The ADT Corporation acquired Broadview Security, a business formerly owned by The Brink’s Company. In connection with Broadview Security’s separation from The Brink’s Company, in 2008 it entered into a tax sharing agreement, which allocates

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historical and separation related tax liabilities between Broadview Security and The Brink’s Company (“2008 Tax Sharing Agreement”). Under the 2012 Tax Sharing Agreement, The ADT Corporation bears 100% of all tax liabilities related to Broadview Security, including any tax liability that may be asserted under the 2008 Tax Sharing Agreement. To our knowledge, no such tax liability has been asserted to date.

Under the terms of the 2012 Tax Sharing Agreement, Tyco controls all U.S. income tax audits relating to the pre-separation taxable period (including the separation itself). Tyco has been subject to federal income tax audits for the 1997—2012 tax years, and as of December 31, 2018, all tax years through 2012 have been audited and resolved with the IRS. The 2010 through 2012 tax years remain subject to examination for state income tax purposes.

In addition, under the terms of the 2012 Tax Sharing Agreement, in the event the distribution of The ADT Corporation’s common shares to the Tyco stockholders, the distribution of Pentair common shares to the Tyco stockholders, or certain internal transactions undertaken in connection therewith were determined to be taxable as a result of actions taken by The ADT Corporation, Pentair, or Tyco after the distributions, the party responsible for such failure would be responsible for all taxes imposed on The ADT Corporation, Pentair, or Tyco as a result thereof. If such failure is not the result of actions taken after the distributions by The ADT Corporation, Pentair, or Tyco, then The ADT Corporation, Pentair, and Tyco would be responsible for any distribution taxes imposed on The ADT Corporation, Pentair, or Tyco as a result of such determination in the same manner and in the same proportions as the Shared Tax Liabilities.

Refer to Note 8 “Commitments and Contingencies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 15 for further discussion.

We may be subject to liability for obligations of The Brink’s Company under the Coal Act or other coal-related liabilities of The Brink’s Company.

On May 14, 2010, The ADT Corporation acquired Broadview Security, a business formerly owned by The Brink’s Company. Under the Coal Industry Retiree Health Benefit Act of 1992, as amended (“Coal Act”), The Brink’s Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries as of July 20, 1992 (including certain legal entities acquired in the Broadview Security acquisition) are jointly and severally liable with certain of The Brink’s Company’s other current and former subsidiaries for health care coverage obligations provided for by the Coal Act. A Voluntary Employees’ Beneficiary Association (“VEBA”) trust has been established by The Brink’s Company to pay for these liabilities, although the trust may have insufficient funds to satisfy all future obligations. We cannot rule out the possibility that certain legal entities acquired in the Broadview Security acquisition may also be liable for other liabilities in connection with The Brink’s Company’s former coal operations. At the time of the separation of Broadview Security from The Brink’s Company in 2008, Broadview Security entered into an agreement pursuant to which The Brink’s Company agreed to indemnify it for any and all liabilities and expenses related to The Brink’s Company’s former coal operations, including any health care coverage obligations. The Brink’s Company has agreed that this indemnification survives The ADT Corporation’s acquisition of Broadview Security. We in turn agreed to indemnify Tyco for such liabilities in our separation from it. If The Brink’s Company and the VEBA are unable to satisfy all such obligations, we could be held liable, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our use of independent contractors for certain functions may expose us to additional risks.

In order to meet our evolving customer needs, we rely on third-party independent contractors in addition to our existing workforce to perform certain tasks including installation and service of our customer alarm systems. From time to time, we are involved in lawsuits and claims that assert that certain independent contractors should be treated as our employees. The state of the law regarding independent contractor status varies from state to state and is subject to change based on court decisions and regulation. For example, on April 30, 2018, the California Supreme Court adopted a new standard for determining whether a company “employs” or is the “employer” for purposes of the California Wage Orders in its decision in the Dynamex Operations West, Inc. v. Superior Court case. The Dynamex decision alters the analysis of whether an individual, who is classified by a hiring entity as an independent contractor in California, has been properly classified as an independent contractor. Under the new test, an individual is considered an employee under the California Wage Orders unless the hiring entity establishes three criteria: (i) the worker is free from the control and direction of the hirer in connection with the performance of the work, both under the contract for the performance of such work and in fact; (ii) the worker performs work that is outside the usual course of the hiring entity’s business; and (iii) the worker is customarily engaged in an independently established trade, occupation, or business of the same nature as the work performed for the hiring entity.

In August 2017, Jabra Shuheiber filed civil litigation in Marin County Superior Court on behalf of himself and two other individuals asserting wage and hour violations against the Company. Mr. Shuheiber was the owner/operator of a sub-contractor, Maximum Protection, Inc., which employed the other two plaintiffs in the litigation. We have been served with an amended

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complaint in the Shuheiber matter to modify the plaintiffs’ wage and hour claims against ADT such that they were brought on a class basis, partly in response to the Dynamex decision.

Adverse determinations regarding the independent contractor status of any of our subcontractors could, among other things, entitle such individuals to the reimbursement of certain expenses and to the benefit of wage-and-hour laws, and could result in ADT being liable for employment and withholding tax and benefits for such individuals. Any such adverse determination could result in a material reduction of the number of subcontractors we can use for our business or significantly increase our costs to serve our customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

New tariffs and other trade restrictions imposed on imports from China or other countries where our end-user equipment is manufactured, or any counter-measures taken in response, may harm our business and results of operations.

New tariffs imposed on imports from China, where certain components included in our end-user equipment are manufactured, and any counter-measures taken in response to such new tariffs, may harm our business and results of operations. In September 2018, the U.S. federal government imposed new tariffs of 10% on certain alarm equipment components manufactured in China, and new tariffs of 25% on other categories of electronic equipment manufactured in China that we install in our customers’ premises, such as batteries and thermostats. The U.S. federal government had announced that the 10% tariff on certain alarm and other electronic equipment would increase to 25% in January 2019 but in December 2018 the President announced that the proposed increase to 25% would be postponed for 90 days to allow for trade talks to continue with China. In February 2019, the U.S. Trade Representative’s office announced that it was taking action to further delay the proposed increase to 25%. These new tariffs may result in our costs for such equipment increasing as a result of some or all of such new tariffs being passed on to us by the sellers of such equipment. If any or all of the costs of these tariffs are passed on to us by the sellers of our end-user equipment, we may be required to raise our prices, which could result in the loss of customers and harm our business and results of operations. Alternatively, we may seek to find new sources of end-user products, which may result in higher costs and disruption to our business. In addition, the U.S. federal government recently passed the National Defense Authorization Act, which imposes a ban on the use of certain surveillance, telecommunications, and other equipment manufactured by certain of our suppliers based in China, to help protect critical infrastructure and other sites deemed to be sensitive for national security purposes in the U.S. This federal government ban is scheduled to be implemented in August 2019 and may require us to find new sources of end-user products, which may result in higher costs and disruption to our business. The U.S. federal government has also indicated that it may seek further modifications to trade agreements with China and other countries beyond the proposed tariff on electronics from China. In addition to the current tariffs and proposed higher tariffs on our end-user equipment manufactured in China, it is possible further tariffs will be imposed on imports of equipment that we install in end-user premises, or that our business will be impacted by retaliatory trade measures taken by China or other countries, causing us to raise our prices or make changes to our business, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Exchange rate and other risks associated with operations outside the United States could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We maintain operations in the United States, including Puerto Rico, and Canada. Long-term economic uncertainty in some of the regions in which we operate could result in the disruption of markets and negatively affect cash flows from our operations. In addition, a portion of our revenues and expenses is denominated in Canadian dollars. We are therefore subject to Canadian currency risks and exchange exposure. Exchange rates can be volatile and a substantial weakening of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar could reduce our profit margin for operations in Canada and adversely impact the comparability of results from period to period. These and other factors may have a material adverse effect on our non-U.S. operations and therefore on our business and results of operations.

Risks Related to our Indebtedness

Our substantial indebtedness could materially adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, and prevent us from making debt service payments.

As of December 31, 2018, we had $10.2 billion face value of outstanding indebtedness, which excludes capital leases.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, our cash flow used for debt service, excluding capital leases, totaled $722 million, which includes scheduled quarterly principal payments on our debt of $36 million, interest payments on our debt of $590 million, and dividend payments of $96 million related to the Koch Preferred Securities.

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During the year ended December 31, 2018, our cash flows from operating activities totaled $1,788 million, which includes interest paid on our debt of $590 million as well as dividends of $96 million related to the Koch Preferred Securities. As such, our cash flows from operating activities (before giving effect to the payment of interest and dividends) amounted to $2,474 million. Cash payments used to service our debt represented approximately 29% of our net cash flows from operating activities (before giving effect to the payment of interest).

In addition, our cash flows include the partial redemption of the Prime Notes of $649 million, which includes principal and call premium, and the Koch Redemption of $853 million, which includes principal and redemption premium, as well as capital lease payments of $17 million, which includes $2 million of interest payments.

Our substantial indebtedness and the restrictive covenants under the agreements governing such indebtedness could:

• limit our ability to borrow money for our working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, strategic initiatives, or other purposes;

• make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness, and any failure to comply with the obligations of any of our debt instruments, including restrictive covenants and borrowing conditions, could result in an event of default under the agreements governing our indebtedness;

• require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to the repayment of our indebtedness, thereby reducing funds available to us for other purposes;

• limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our operations or business;

• make us more highly leveraged than some of our competitors, which may place us at a competitive disadvantage;

• make us more vulnerable to downturns in our business or the economy;

• restrict us from making strategic acquisitions, engaging in development activities, introducing new technologies, or exploiting business opportunities;

• cause us to make non-strategic divestitures;

• limit, along with the financial and other restrictive covenants in our indebtedness, among other things, our ability to borrow additional funds or dispose of assets;

• expose us to the risk of increased interest rates, as certain of our borrowings are at variable rates of interest; or

• expose us to risk of refinancing periodically at increased interest rates for both fixed rates and variable rate borrowings.

In addition, the agreements governing our indebtedness contain restrictive covenants that may limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interest. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of substantially all of our indebtedness.

Despite our substantial indebtedness, we may still be able to incur significantly more debt, which could intensify the risks associated with our substantial indebtedness.

We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur substantial indebtedness in the future. Although the terms of the agreements governing our indebtedness contain certain restrictions on our and our subsidiaries’ ability to incur additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of important qualifications and exceptions, and the indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. These restrictions also will not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness. Additionally, the covenants under any future debt instruments could allow us to incur a significant amount of additional indebtedness. The more leveraged we become, the more we, and in turn our security holders, will be exposed to certain risks described above under “—Our substantial indebtedness could materially adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, and prevent us from making debt service payments.”

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We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and to fund our working capital and capital expenditures, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness that may not be successful.

Our ability to satisfy our debt obligations (including any payments of principal upon the maturity of such obligations) depends upon, among other things:

• our future financial and operating performance (including the realization of any cost savings described herein), which will be affected by prevailing economic, industry, and competitive conditions and financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors, many of which are beyond our control;

• our future ability to refinance or restructure our existing debt obligations, which depends on, among other things, the condition of the capital markets, our financial condition, and the terms of existing or future debt agreements; and

• our future ability to borrow under our revolving credit facility, the availability of which depends on, among other things, our complying with the covenants in the credit agreement governing such facility.

We can provide no assurance that our business will generate cash flow from operations, or that we will be able to draw under our revolving credit facility or otherwise, in an amount sufficient to fund our liquidity needs.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to service our indebtedness, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets, seek additional capital, or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. Our ability to restructure or refinance our debt will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. In addition, the terms of existing or future debt agreements may restrict us from adopting some of these alternatives. In the absence of such operating results and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions for fair market value or at all. Furthermore, any proceeds that we could realize from any such dispositions may not be adequate to meet our debt service obligations then due. Our Sponsor and its affiliates have no continuing obligation to provide us with debt or equity financing. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and could negatively impact our ability to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness.

If we cannot make scheduled payments on our indebtedness, we will be in default and holders of the Prime Notes and the ADT Notes (as defined in Note 5 “Debt” to the accompanying consolidated financial statements) and lenders under the First Lien Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 5 “Debt” to the accompanying consolidated financial statements) could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable, the lenders under our revolving credit facility could terminate their commitments to loan money, our secured lenders (including the lenders under our First Lien Credit Agreement and the holders of the Prime Notes and ADT Notes) could foreclose against the assets securing the indebtedness owing to them, and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.

If our indebtedness is accelerated, we may need to repay or refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness before maturity. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain sufficient funds to enable us to repay or refinance our debt obligations on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

Our debt agreements contain restrictions that limit our flexibility.

Our debt agreements contain, and any future indebtedness of ours would likely contain, a number of covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us, including restrictions on our and our subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things:

• incur additional debt, guarantee indebtedness, or issue certain preferred equity interests;

• pay dividends on or make distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, our capital stock, or make other restricted payments;

•prepay, redeem, or repurchase certain debt;

•make loans or certain investments;

•sell certain assets;

•create liens on certain assets;

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•consolidate, merge, sell, or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets;

•enter into certain transactions with our affiliates;

•alter the businesses we conduct;

•enter into agreements restricting our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; and

•designate our subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries.

As a result of these covenants, we will continue to be limited in the manner in which we conduct our business, and we may be unable to engage in favorable business activities or finance future operations or capital needs.

We have pledged a significant portion of our assets as collateral under our debt agreements. If any of the holders of our indebtedness accelerate the repayment of such indebtedness, there can be no assurance that we will have sufficient assets to repay our indebtedness.

A failure to comply with the covenants under our debt agreements or any future indebtedness could result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In the event of any such default, the lenders thereunder:

• will not be required to lend any additional amounts to us;

• could elect to declare all borrowings outstanding, together with accrued and unpaid interest and fees, to be immediately due and payable; or

• could require us to apply all of our available cash to repay these borrowings.

Such actions by the lenders could cause cross-defaults under our other indebtedness. If we are unable to repay those amounts, our secured lenders (including the lenders under our revolving credit facility and the holders of the Prime Notes and the ADT Notes) could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness.

If any of our outstanding indebtedness were to be accelerated, there can be no assurance that our assets would be sufficient to repay such indebtedness in full.

Our variable-rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Borrowings under our First Lien Credit Agreement are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on certain of our variable-rate indebtedness will increase even though the amount borrowed remains the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, will correspondingly decrease. In addition, in July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority announced that it intends to stop collecting LIBOR rates from banks after 2021.  The announcement indicates that LIBOR will not continue to exist on the current basis.  We are unable to predict the effect of any changes to LIBOR, the establishment and success of any alternative reference rates, or any other reforms to LIBOR or any replacement of LIBOR that may be enacted in the United Kingdom or elsewhere.  Such changes, reforms or replacements relating to LIBOR could have an adverse impact on the market for or value of any LIBOR-linked securities, loans, derivatives or other financial instruments or extensions of credit held by us. As such, LIBOR-related changes could affect our overall results of operations and financial condition.

We currently have entered into, and in the future we may continue to enter into, interest rate swaps that involve the exchange of floating for fixed-rate interest payments to reduce interest rate volatility. However, we may not maintain interest rate swaps with respect to all of our variable-rate indebtedness, and any such swaps may not fully mitigate our interest rate risk, may prove disadvantageous, or may create additional risks. As of December 31, 2018, assuming our revolving credit facility is fully drawn, each 0.125% change in interest rates would result in a $2 million change in annual interest expense, including the impact of our interest rate swaps, on indebtedness under our First Lien Credit Agreement.

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Risks Related to the Ownership of our Common Stock

Our stock price may fluctuate significantly.

The market price of our common stock could vary significantly as a result of a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control. In the event of a drop in the market price of our common stock, you could lose a substantial part or all of your investment in our common stock. The following factors could affect our stock price:

• our operating and financial performance and prospects;

• quarterly variations in the rate of growth (if any) of our financial indicators, such as net income per share, net income and revenues;

• the public reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC;

• strategic actions by our competitors;

• changes in operating performance and the stock market valuations of other companies;

• announcements related to litigation;

• our failure to meet revenue or earnings estimates made by research analysts or other investors;

• changes in revenue or earnings estimates, or changes in recommendations or withdrawal of research coverage, by equity research analysts;

• speculation in the press or investment community;

• sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders, or the perception that such sales may occur;

• changes in accounting principles, policies, guidance, interpretations, or standards;

• additions or departures of key management personnel;

• actions by our stockholders;

• general market conditions;

• domestic and international economic, legal, and regulatory factors unrelated to our performance;

• material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting; and

• the realization of any risks described under this “Risk Factors” section, or other risks that may materialize in the future.

The stock markets in general have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. Securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the overall market and in the market price of a company’s securities. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in very substantial costs, divert our management’s attention and resources, and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We will incur significant costs and devote substantial management time as a result of operating as a public company.

As a public company, we will continue to incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses. For example, we will be required to comply with certain of the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, and the rules of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), including the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. We expect that compliance with these requirements will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. In addition, we expect that our management and other personnel will need to divert attention from operational and other business matters to devote substantial time to these public company requirements. In particular, we expect to continue incurring significant expenses and to devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In that regard, we may need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur as a result of becoming a public company or the timing of such costs.

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In addition, we continue to integrate the financial reporting systems of Protection One, ASG, The ADT Corporation, Red Hawk Fire & Security and our other acquisitions. Successfully implementing our business plan and complying with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other regulations described above requires us to be able to prepare timely and accurate financial statements. Any delay in this implementation of, or disruption in, the transition to new or enhanced systems, procedures, or controls, may cause us to present restatements or cause our operations to suffer, and we may be unable to conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective and to obtain an unqualified report on internal controls from our auditors.

We continue to be controlled by Apollo, and Apollo’s interests may conflict with our interests and the interests of other stockholders.

As of the date of this report, Apollo has the power to elect a majority of our directors. Therefore, individuals affiliated with Apollo will have effective control over the outcome of votes on all matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including entering into significant corporate transactions such as mergers, tender offers, and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets and issuance of additional debt or equity. The interests of Apollo and its affiliates, including funds affiliated with Apollo, could conflict with or differ from our interests or the interests of our other stockholders. For example, the concentration of ownership held by funds affiliated with Apollo could delay, defer, or prevent a change in control of our company or impede a merger, takeover, or other business combination which may otherwise be favorable for us. Additionally, Apollo and its affiliates are in the business of making investments in companies and may, from time to time, acquire and hold interests in or provide advice to businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us, or are suppliers or customers of ours. Apollo and its affiliates may also pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business, and as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us. Any such investment may increase the potential for the conflicts of interest discussed in this risk factor. So long as funds affiliated with Apollo continue to directly or indirectly own a significant amount of our equity, even if such amount is less than 50%, Apollo and its affiliates will continue to be able to substantially influence or effectively control our ability to enter into corporate transactions. In addition, we have an executive committee that serves at the discretion of our board of directors and is composed of two Apollo designees and our CEO, who are authorized to exercise all of the powers of our board of directors (subject to certain exceptions) when the board of directors is not in session that the executive committee reasonably determines are appropriate.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE rules and, as a result, qualify for and intend to rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.

Apollo controls a majority of the voting power of our outstanding voting stock, and as a result, we are a controlled company within the meaning of the NYSE corporate governance standards. Under the NYSE rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by another person or group of persons acting together is a controlled company and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirements that:

• a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors;

• the nominating and corporate governance committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities;

• the compensation committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and

• there be an annual performance evaluation of the nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees.

We intend to utilize these exemptions as long as we remain a controlled company. Accordingly, you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE.

Our organizational documents may impede or discourage a takeover, which could deprive our investors of the opportunity to receive a premium on their shares.

Provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may make it more difficult for, or prevent a third party from, acquiring control of us without the approval of our board of directors. These provisions include:

• providing that our board of directors will be divided into three classes, with each class of directors serving staggered three-year terms;

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• providing for the removal of directors only for cause and only upon the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 2/3% in voting power of all the then-outstanding shares of stock of the Company entitled to vote thereon, voting together as a single class, if less than 50.1% of our outstanding common stock is beneficially owned by funds affiliated with Apollo;

• empowering only the board to fill any vacancy on our board of directors (other than in respect of a Sponsor Director (as defined below)), whether such vacancy occurs as a result of an increase in the number of directors or otherwise;

• authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock without any need for action by stockholders;

• prohibiting stockholders from acting by written consent if less than 50.1% of our outstanding common stock is beneficially owned by funds affiliated with Apollo;

• to the extent permitted by law, prohibiting stockholders from calling a special meeting of stockholders if less than 50.1% of our outstanding common stock is beneficially owned by funds affiliated with Apollo; and

• establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings.

Additionally, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”) prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. An interested stockholder includes a person, individually or together with any other interested stockholder, who within the last three years has owned 15% of our voting stock. However, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, which became effective on the consummation of the IPO, includes a provision that restricts us from engaging in any business combination with an interested stockholder for three years following the date that person becomes an interested stockholder. Such restrictions shall not apply to any business combination between our Sponsor and any affiliate thereof or their direct and indirect transferees, on the one hand, and us, on the other.

Our issuance of shares of preferred stock could delay or prevent a change in control of the Company. Our board of directors has the authority to cause us to issue, without any further vote or action by the stockholders, shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, in one or more series, to designate the number of shares constituting any series, and to fix the rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions thereof, including dividend rights, voting rights, rights and terms of redemption, redemption price or prices, and liquidation preferences of such series. The issuance of shares of our preferred stock may have the effect of delaying, deferring, or preventing a change in control without further action by the stockholders, even where stockholders are offered a premium for their shares.

In addition, as long as funds affiliated with or managed by Apollo beneficially own a majority of our outstanding common stock, Apollo will be able to control all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, amendment of our certificate of incorporation, and certain corporate transactions. Together, these charter, bylaw and statutory provisions could make the removal of management more difficult and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our common stock. Furthermore, the existence of the foregoing provisions, as well as the significant common stock beneficially owned by funds affiliated with Apollo and its right to nominate a specified number of directors in certain circumstances, could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. They could also deter potential acquisitions of the Company, thereby reducing the likelihood that holders of our common stock could receive a premium for their common stock in an acquisition.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, employees, or agents to us or our stockholders; (c) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws; or (d) any action asserting a claim related to or involving the Company that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation contains a provision renouncing our interest and expectancy in certain corporate opportunities.

In connection with the ADT Acquisition in May 2016, funds affiliated with or managed by Apollo and certain other investors in our indirect parent entities (“Co-Investors”) received certain rights, including the right to designate one person to serve as a director (such director, the “Co-Investor Designee”) as long as such Co-Investor’s ownership exceeds a specified threshold. As of March 8, 2018, one Co-Investor has the right to designate a Co-Investor Designee. Under the Stockholders Agreement (see “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence—Stockholders Agreement”), Ultimate Parent has the right, but not the obligation, to nominate the Co-Investor Designee to serve as members of our board of directors. Ultimate Parent’s right to nominate the Co-Investor Designee is in addition to Ultimate Parent’s right to nominate a specified percentage of the directors (“Apollo Designees”) based on the percentage of our outstanding common stock beneficially owned by the Sponsor. For more information regarding Ultimate Parent and the Co-Investor’s rights to appoint directors, see “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” - Stockholders Agreement in our 2019 Proxy Statement.

Under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, none of Apollo, the one Co-Investor that maintains a right to appoint a director, or any of their respective portfolio companies, funds, or other affiliates, or any of their officers, directors, agents, stockholders, members, or partners have any duty to refrain from engaging, directly or indirectly, in the same business activities, similar business activities, or lines of business in which we operate. In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, no officer or director of ours who is also an officer, director, employee, managing director, or other affiliate of Apollo or the Co-Investor will be liable to us or our stockholders for breach of any fiduciary duty by reason of the fact that any such individual directs a corporate opportunity to Apollo or the Co-Investor, as applicable, instead of us, or does not communicate information regarding a corporate opportunity to us that the officer, director, employee, managing director, or other affiliate has directed to Apollo or the Co-Investor, as applicable. For instance, a director of our company who also serves as a director, officer, or employee of Apollo, the Co-Investor, or any of their respective portfolio companies, funds, or other affiliates may pursue certain acquisitions or other opportunities that may be complementary to our business and, as a result, such acquisition or other opportunities may not be available to us. As of the date of this report, this provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation relates only to the Apollo Designees and the Co-Investor Designee. There are currently eleven directors of our Company, six of whom are Apollo Designees and one of whom is a Co-Investor Designee. These potential conflicts of interest could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects if attractive corporate opportunities are allocated by Apollo or the Co-Investor to itself or their respective portfolio companies, funds, or other affiliates instead of to us.

We are a holding company and rely on dividends, distributions, and other payments, advances, and transfers of funds from our subsidiaries to meet our obligations.

We are a holding company that does not conduct any business operations of our own. As a result, we are largely dependent upon cash dividends and distributions and other transfers, including for payments in respect of our indebtedness, from our subsidiaries to meet our obligations. The agreements governing the indebtedness of our subsidiaries impose restrictions on our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends or other distributions to us. Refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.” Each of our subsidiaries is a distinct legal entity, and under certain circumstances legal and contractual restrictions may limit our ability to obtain cash from them and we may be limited in our ability to cause any future joint ventures to distribute their earnings to us. The deterioration of the earnings from, or other available assets of, our subsidiaries for any reason could also limit or impair their ability to pay dividends or other distributions to us.

You may be diluted by the future issuance of additional common stock or convertible securities in connection with our incentive plans, acquisitions or otherwise, which could adversely affect our stock price.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue shares of common stock and options, rights, warrants, and appreciation rights relating to common stock for the consideration and on the terms and conditions established by our board of directors in its sole discretion, whether in connection with acquisitions or otherwise. Refer to Note 12 “Share-Based Compensation” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 15 for details of the number of options outstanding, which are exercisable into shares of our common stock and details of shares reserved and issuable under our equity incentive plans. Any common stock that we issue, including under our new equity incentive plan or other equity incentive plans that we may adopt in the future, as well as under outstanding options would dilute the percentage ownership held by holders of our common stock. From time to time in the future, we may also issue additional shares of our common stock or securities convertible into common stock pursuant to a variety of transactions, including acquisitions. Our issuance of additional shares of our common stock or securities convertible into our common stock would dilute the percentage ownership of the Company held by holders of our common stock and the sale of a significant amount of such shares in the public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. For further discussion regarding our equity incentive plans, please see our 2019 Proxy Statement.

Future sales of our common stock in the public market, or the perception in the public market that such sales may occur, could reduce our stock price.

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The number of outstanding shares of common stock includes shares beneficially owned by Apollo and certain of our employees, that are “restricted securities,” as defined under Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”), and eligible for sale in the public market subject to the requirements of Rule 144. All of the issued and outstanding shares of our common stock beneficially owned by Apollo and certain of our employees prior to the IPO is now eligible for sale, subject to the applicable volume, manner of sale, holding periods, and other limitations of Rule 144. In addition, Apollo has certain rights to require us to register the sale of common stock held by Apollo, including in connection with underwritten offerings. Sales of significant amounts of stock in the public market or the perception that such sales may occur could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock or make it more difficult for you to sell your shares of common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. Refer to our 2019 Proxy Statement under the heading “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” for further details on the number of shares of our common stock beneficially owned by Apollo and certain of our employees.

There can be no assurances that a viable public market for our common stock will be maintained.

An active, liquid, and orderly trading market for our common stock may not be maintained. Active, liquid, and orderly trading markets usually result in less price volatility and more efficiency in carrying out investors’ purchase and sale orders. We cannot predict the extent to which investor interest in our common stock will result in an ongoing active trading market on the NYSE or otherwise or how liquid that market will be. If an active public market for our common stock is not sustained, it may be difficult for holders of our common stock to sell their shares at a price that is attractive or at all.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or publish negative reports, our stock price could decline.

The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. Moreover, if one or more of the analysts who cover our company downgrades our common stock or if our operating results do not meet their expectations, our stock price could decline.

We may issue preferred securities, the terms of which could adversely affect the voting power or value of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue, without the approval of our stockholders, one or more classes or series of preferred securities having such designations, preferences, limitations, and relative rights, including preferences over our common stock respecting dividends and distributions, as our board of directors may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred securities could adversely impact the voting power or value of our common stock. For example, we might grant holders of preferred securities the right to elect some number of our directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we might assign to holders of preferred securities could affect the residual value of the common stock.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

We currently operate through a network of approximately 240 sales and service offices, 12 U.L.-listed monitoring centers, seven customer and field support locations, two national sales call centers, and two regional distribution centers, located throughout the U.S. and Canada.

The majority of the properties described above are leased. We lease approximately 3 million square feet of space in the U.S., including approximately 141 thousand square feet of office space for our corporate headquarters located in Boca Raton, Florida. We lease this property under a long-term operating lease with a third party. We also own approximately 548 thousand square feet of space throughout the U.S.

We lease approximately 218 thousand square feet of space in Canada in support of our Canadian operations.

We believe our properties are adequate and suitable for our business as presently conducted and are adequately maintained.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

We are subject to various claims and lawsuits in the ordinary course of business, including from time to time, contractual disputes, employment matters, product and general liability claims, claims that the Company has infringed on the intellectual property rights of others, claims related to alleged security system failures, and consumer and employment class actions. In the ordinary course of business, we are also subject to regulatory and governmental examinations, information requests and subpoenas, inquiries, investigations, and threatened legal actions and proceedings. In connection with such formal and informal inquiries, we receive numerous requests, subpoenas, and orders for documents, testimony, and information in connection with various aspects of our activities. We have recorded accruals for losses that we believe are probable to occur and are reasonably estimable. Refer to Note 8 “Commitments and Contingencies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 15 for further discussion.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not Applicable.

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PART II 

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Market Information for our Common Stock

On January 23, 2018, we consummated an IPO of 105,000,000 shares of our common stock at an initial public offering price of $14.00 per share pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-222233), which was declared effective by the SEC on January 18, 2018. Shares of our common stock are listed on the NYSE under the symbol “ADT.” Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common stock.

Stockholders of Record

As of March 5, 2019, there were 63 stockholders of record of our common stock. This does not include the number of stockholders who hold our common stock through banks, brokers, and other financial institutions.

Stock Performance Graph

The following graph and table provide a comparison of the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock from January 19, 2018 (first day of trading following the effective date of our IPO) through December 31, 2018 to the returns of the Standard & Poor's (“S&P”) 500 Index and the S&P North America Commercial & Professional Services Index, a peer group. The graph and table assume that $100 was invested on January 19, 2018 in each of our common stock, the S&P 500 Index, and the S&P North America Commercial & Professional Services Index and that any dividends were reinvested. The graph is not, and is not intended to be, indicative of future performance of our common stock.

Comparison of Cumulative Total Return for ADT Inc.,

the S&P 500 Index, and the S&P North America Commercial & Professional Services Index

	1/19/2018	3/31/2018	6/30/2018	9/30/2018	12/31/2018
ADT Inc.	$100.00	$64.28	$70.40	$76.74	$49.35
S&P 500 Index	$100.00	$93.97	$96.73	$103.69	$89.20
S&P North America Commercial & Professional Services Index	$100.00	$97.84	$103.64	$108.05	$93.90

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Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table provides information as of December 31, 2018 with respect to our common shares issuable under our equity compensation plans. All numbers in the following table are presented after giving effect to the 1.681-for-1 stock split of our common stock that was effected on January 4, 2018.

	Equity Compensation Plans
Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights (a)	Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights (b)		Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders:
2016 Equity Incentive Plan (1)	4,269,325	$	6.79	533,812
2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2)	18,951,901	$	12.36	18,550,046
Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders	—			—
Total	23,221,226			19,083,858

_________________

(1) The 2016 Equity Incentive Plan provides for the award of stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), and other equity and equity-based awards to our board of directors, officers, and non-officer employees. Amount shown in column denoted by (a) includes 2,125,847 of service-based and 2,143,478 of performance-based shares that may be issued upon the exercise of stock options. We do not expect to issue additional share-based compensation awards under the 2016 Plan.

(2) The 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan provides for the award of stock options, RSUs, RSAs, and other equity and equity-based awards to our board of directors, officers, and non-officer employees. Amount shown in column denoted by (a) includes 11,012,718 of service-based shares that may be issued upon the exercise of stock options and 6,331,835 of performance-based shares that may be issued upon the exercise of stock options, 1,523,298 shares that may be issued upon the vesting of RSUs, and 84,050 shares that may be issued upon the vesting of RSAs.  The weighted-average exercise price in column (b) is inclusive of the outstanding RSUs and RSAs, both of which can result in the issuance of shares for no consideration. Excluding the RSUs and RSAs, the weighted-average exercise price is equal to $13.50.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

There were no sales of unregistered securities during the quarter ended December 31, 2018.

Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

In January 2018, in connection with the IPO, we received gross proceeds of approximately $1,470 million, or $1,406 million after reflecting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $55 million, as well as offering expenses. In February 2018, we used approximately $649 million from the IPO to redeem $594 million aggregate principal amount of the Prime Notes and pay the related call premium. On July 2, 2018, we used approximately $949 million of proceeds from the IPO and cash on hand to redeem in full the original stated value of $750 million of the Koch Preferred Securities and pay approximately $103 million related to the redemption premium and tax reimbursements, as well as $96 million related to the accumulated dividend obligation on the Koch Preferred Securities. The remaining proceeds from the IPO were used to pay IPO related fees and expenses and for general corporate purposes.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

As of December 31, 2018, we did not have a repurchase plan or program for our equity securities and we did not repurchase any of our equity securities during the quarter ended December 31, 2018.

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share
October 1, 2018 - October 31, 2018	—	$	—
November 1, 2018 - November 30, 2018	—	$	—
December 1, 2018 - December 31, 2018	—	$	—
Total	—	$	—

On February 27, 2019, we approved a dividend reinvestment plan (“DRIP”) which will allow stockholders to designate all or a portion of the cash dividends on their shares of common stock for reinvestment in additional shares of our common stock.  In

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addition, on February 27, 2019 we approved a share repurchase program which will permit us to repurchase up to $150 million of our shares of common stock through February 27, 2021.  We may effect these repurchases pursuant to one or more trading plans to be adopted in accordance with Securities Exchange Act Rule 10b5‐1, in privately negotiated transactions, in open market transactions or pursuant to an accelerated share repurchase program.  We intend to conduct the share repurchase program in accordance with Securities Exchange Act Rule 10b-18.  We are not obligated to repurchase any of our shares of common stock and the timing and amount of any repurchases will depend on legal requirements, market conditions, stock price, alternative uses of capital, and other factors.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

The selected financial data presented in the table below should be read in conjunction with “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the accompanying consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The selected Consolidated Balance Sheet data as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related selected Consolidated Statements of Operations data for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, have been derived from our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The selected Consolidated Balance Sheet data as of December 31, 2016, December 31, 2015 (Successor), and December 31, 2014 (Predecessor), and the related selected Consolidated Statements of Operations data for the Successor period from May 15, 2015 (“Inception”) through December 31, 2015, and for the Predecessor period from January 1, 2015 through June 30, 2015 and for the year ended December 31, 2014, have been derived from our audited financial statements not included in this Annual Report.

Prior to the Formation Transactions on July 1, 2015, ADT Inc. was a holding company with no assets or liabilities, and Protection One is the predecessor of ADT Inc. for accounting purposes. Our selected financial data through June 30, 2015 consists solely of Protection One’s historical financial data. From July 1, 2015, our selected financial data includes the selected financial data of Protection One and ASG. Beginning on May 2, 2016, our selected financial data includes the selected financial data of The ADT Corporation, which was acquired on May 2, 2016. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in the future.

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	Successor											Predecessor
(in thousands, except per share data)	Year Ended December 31, 2018 (a)(b)			Year Ended December 31, 2017 (c)(d)		Year Ended December 31, 2016 (e)			From Inception through December 31, 2015 (f)(g)			Period from January 1, 2015 through June 30, 2015 (f)(g)			Year Ended December 31, 2014(g)
Statement of operations data:
Total revenue	$	4,581,673		$	4,315,502	$	2,949,766		$	311,567		$	237,709		$	466,557
Operating income (loss)	277,840			282,439		(229,315		)	(39,774		)	11,232			42,302
Net (loss) income	(609,155		)	342,627		(536,587		)	(54,253		)	(18,591		)	(18,488		)
Net (loss) income per share:
Basic	$	(0.81	)	$	0.53	$	(0.84	)	$	(0.08	)	$	(185,910	)	$	(184,880	)
Diluted	$	(0.81	)	$	0.53	$	(0.84	)	$	(0.08	)	$	(185,910	)	$	(184,880	)
Weighted-average shares used to compute net (loss) income per share
Basic(h)	747,710			641,074		640,725			640,723			0.1			0.1
Diluted(h)	747,710			641,074		640,725			640,723			0.1			0.1
Cash dividends declared per common share	$	0.14		$	1.17	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—
Balance sheet data (at period end):
Cash and cash equivalents	$	363,177		$	122,899	$	75,891		$	15,759					$	89,834
Total assets	17,208,608			17,014,820		17,176,481			2,319,515						1,099,531
Total debt	10,002,296			10,169,186		9,509,970			1,346,958						872,904
Mandatorily redeemable preferred securities(i)	—			682,449		633,691			—						—
Total liabilities	12,983,803			13,581,708		13,371,505			1,616,618						1,057,639
Total stockholders' equity	4,224,805			3,433,112		3,804,976			702,897						41,892

_________________

(a) In January 2018, we completed an IPO in which we received net proceeds of $1,406 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and offering expenses. The proceeds received from the IPO were used to reduce our debt and redeem the Koch Preferred Securities in full, which resulted in an aggregate loss on extinguishment of debt of $275 million. Refer to "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources" for further discussion. In addition, we modified certain share-based compensation awards as well as granted one-time awards in connection with the IPO, which represents approximately $116 million of share-based compensation expense in 2018. Refer to Note 12 “Share-Based Compensation” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 15 for further discussion.

(b) During the fourth quarter of 2018, operating income and net loss were impacted by the recognition of a goodwill impairment loss of $88 million related to the Canada reporting unit. Refer to Note 4 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 15 for further discussion.

(c) During the fourth quarter of 2017, net income was impacted by the recognition of income tax amounts associated with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Reform”). Refer to Note 7 “Income Taxes” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 15 for further discussion.

(d) During 2017, we paid $750 million of dividends to our equity holders and Ultimate Parent (“Special Dividend”).

(e) On May 2, 2016, we completed the ADT Acquisition.

(f) On July 1, 2015, we completed the Formation Transactions.

(g) Total assets and liabilities were adjusted to reflect the impact of the accounting standards adopted in 2016 related to the presentation of debt issuance costs and income taxes. Total debt for these years was also adjusted to reflect the impact from the accounting standard adoption related to the presentation of debt issuance costs.

(h) The weighted-average share numbers are presented after giving effect to the 1.681-for-1 stock split of our common stock that was effected on January 4, 2018, and have been adjusted retroactively for the Successor periods presented.

(i) On May 2, 2016, ADT Inc. issued the Koch Preferred Securities in connection with the ADT Acquisition. On July 2, 2018, we redeemed the Koch Preferred Securities in full using the proceeds from our IPO and cash on hand.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

INTRODUCTION

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report to enhance the understanding of our financial condition, changes

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in financial condition, and results of operations. The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements about our business, operations, and financial performance based on current plans and estimates that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause such differences are discussed in the sections of this Annual Report titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statements Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

OVERVIEW

We are a leading provider of monitored security and interactive home and business automation solutions in the U.S. and Canada. Our monitored security and automation offerings involve the installation and monitoring of security and premises automation systems designed to detect intrusion; control access; sense movement, smoke, fire, carbon monoxide, flooding, temperature, and other environmental conditions and hazards; and address personal emergencies such as injuries, medical emergencies, or incapacitation. Our products and services include interactive technologies to allow our customers to remotely monitor and manage their residential and commercial environments by adding automation capabilities to our monitored security systems. Through our interactive offerings, customers are able to remotely access information regarding the security of their residential or commercial environment, arm and disarm their security system, adjust lighting or thermostat levels, or view real-time video from cameras covering different areas of their premises via web-enabled devices (such as smart phones, laptops, and tablet computers) and a customized web portal. Additionally, our interactive automation solutions enable customers to create customized schedules or automation for managing lights, thermostats, appliances, and garage doors. The system can also be programmed to perform additional functions such as recording and viewing live video and sending text messages based on triggering events.

Our goal is to extend the concept of security from the physical home or business to cybersecurity and personal on-the-go security and safety. Customers’ increasingly mobile and active lifestyles have created new opportunities for us in the fast-growing market for self-monitored and DIY products and services. Our technology also allows us to service our customers via various connected and wearable devices whether they are at home or on-the-go.

In addition, we offer professional monitoring of third-party devices by enabling other companies to integrate solutions into our monitoring and billing platform. This allows us to provide monitoring solutions to customers who do not currently have an installed ADT security system or interactive automation platform.

As of December 31, 2018, we serve approximately 7.2 million recurring customers, excluding contracts monitored but not owned. We are one of the largest full-service companies with a national footprint providing both residential and commercial monitored security. We deliver an integrated customer experience by maintaining the industry’s largest sales, installation, and service field force, as well as a 24/7 professional monitoring network.

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

All financial information presented in this section has been prepared in U.S. dollars in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of ADT Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated.

We report financial and operating information in one segment. Our operating segment is also our reportable segment. We have presented results of operations, including the related discussion and analysis, for the following periods: (i) year ended December 31, 2018 compared to year ended December 31, 2017, and (ii) year ended December 31, 2017 compared to year ended December 31, 2016.

FACTORS AFFECTING OPERATING RESULTS

Our subscriber-based business requires significant upfront investment to generate new customers, which in turn provides predictable recurring revenue generated from our monitoring and other services. In order to optimize returns on customer acquisitions and cash flow generation, we focus on the following key drivers of our business: best-in-class customer service; increased customer retention; disciplined, high-quality customer additions; efficient customer acquisition; and reduced costs incurred to provide ongoing services to customers.

Our ability to add new subscribers depends on the overall demand for our products and solutions, which is driven by a number of external factors. The overall economic condition in the geographies in which we operate can impact our ability to attract new customers and grow our business in all customer channels. Growth in our residential customer base can be influenced by the overall state of the housing market. Growth in our commercial customer base can be influenced by the rate at which new businesses begin operations or existing businesses grow. The demand for our products and solutions is also impacted by the perceived threat of crime, as well as the quality of the service of our competitors.

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The monthly fees that we generate from any individual customer vary based on the level of service we provide to the customer and customer tenure. We offer a wide range of services at various price points from basic burglar alarm monitoring to our full suite of interactive services. Our ability to increase monthly fees at the individual customer level depends on a number of factors, including our ability to effectively introduce and market additional features and services that increase the value of our offerings to customers, which we believe drives customers to purchase higher levels of service and supports our ability to make periodic adjustments to pricing.

Attrition has a direct impact on the number of customers we monitor and service, as well as our financial results, including revenue, operating income, and cash flows. A portion of our customer base can be expected to cancel its service every year. Customers may choose not to renew or may terminate their contracts for a variety of reasons, including, but not limited to, relocation, cost, loss to competition, or service issues.

Public Company Costs

As a result of our IPO, we incur additional legal, accounting, board compensation, and other expenses that we did not previously incur prior to becoming a public company, including costs associated with SEC reporting and corporate governance requirements. These requirements include compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, as well as other rules implemented by the SEC and the national securities exchanges. Our financial statements following our IPO reflect the impact of these expenses.

Radio Conversion Costs

We have received notice from the providers of 3G and CDMA cellular networks that they will be retiring their 3G and CDMA networks by the first quarter of 2022. We currently provide services to approximately 4 million customer sites that use 3G or CDMA cellular equipment, which number is diminishing on a monthly basis in the ordinary course of business due to attrition, upgrades and repairs. Our plans to address this three-year transition are not yet finalized and the impact involves numerous estimates and variables. Among other factors, we will look to reduce any applicable costs to the Company, such as hardware costs currently estimated to be less than $90 per site, by exploring cost sharing opportunities, working with our suppliers, carriers and customers, and to increase revenue by using the transition as an opportunity to sell new products and services in conjunction with replacing the radio and to more rapidly transition customers to our new Command and Control technology.

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

The following are events that have occurred that significantly impact the comparability of our results of operations in historical or future periods:

ADT Acquisition

On May 2, 2016, we completed our acquisition of The ADT Corporation, a leading provider of monitored security and interactive automation solutions in the U.S. and Canada. The ADT Acquisition provided us the ability to continue to expand our market presence in the security industry by leveraging the ADT brand name and other best practices.

Total consideration in connection with the ADT Acquisition was $12,114 million, which included the assumption of The ADT Corporation’s outstanding debt (inclusive of capital lease obligations) at a fair value of $3,551 million on the acquisition date, and cash of approximately $54 million.

We funded the ADT Acquisition, as well as related transaction costs, using the net proceeds from a combination of the following:

(i) equity proceeds of $3,571 million, net of issuance costs, which resulted from equity issuances by us and Ultimate Parent to our Sponsor and certain other investors;

(ii) incremental first lien term loan borrowings of $1,555 million and the issuance of $3,140 million of the Prime Notes; and

(iii) issuance by ADT Inc. of 750,000 shares of the Koch Preferred Securities and issuance by Ultimate Parent of the Warrants to the Koch Investor for an aggregate amount of $750 million.

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Initial Public Offering

In January 2018, we completed our IPO in which we issued and sold 105,000,000 shares of common stock at an initial public offering price of $14.00 per share. Net proceeds from the IPO were $1,406 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and offering expenses.

On February 21, 2018, we used approximately $649 million of the proceeds from the IPO to redeem $594 million aggregate principal amount of Prime Notes and pay the related call premium.

On July 2, 2018, we redeemed the original stated value of $750 million of the Koch Preferred Securities for total consideration of approximately $949 million using proceeds from the IPO and cash on hand. The total consideration paid includes approximately $103 million related to the redemption premium and tax reimbursements, as well as $96 million related to the accumulated dividend obligation on the Koch Preferred Securities. We recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $213 million as a result of the redemption. The remaining proceeds from the IPO were used to pay IPO related fees and expenses and for general corporate purposes.

During the first quarter of 2018 and in connection with the IPO, we redeemed Class B Units in Ultimate Parent in full for the number of shares of our common stock (“Distributed Shares”) that would have been distributed to such holder under the terms of Ultimate Parent’s operating agreement in a hypothetical liquidation on the date of the IPO at the initial public offering price (“Class B Unit Redemption”), which resulted in a modification of both the shares subject to time-based vesting (“Distributed Shares Service Tranche”) and shares subject to vesting based upon the achievement of certain investment return thresholds by Apollo (“Distributed Shares Performance Tranche”). The modification of the Distributed Shares Performance Tranche resulted in a significant increase in fair value, whereas the impact of the modification on the Distributed Shares Service Tranche was not material. Additionally, upon consummation of the IPO, we approved our 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (“2018 Plan”). Under the 2018 Plan, and in connection with the Class B Unit Redemption, we also granted options to holders of Class B Units (“Top-up Options”). The Class B Unit Redemption and Top-up Options resulted in the increase in share-based compensation expense during 2018.

Red Hawk Acquisition

On December 3, 2018, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Red Hawk Fire & Security, a leader in commercial fire, life safety, and security services, for total consideration of $318 million and cash paid of $301 million, net of cash acquired (“Red Hawk Acquisition”). We funded the Red Hawk Acquisition from a combination of additional debt financing and cash on hand. This acquisition is intended to accelerate our growth in the commercial security market and expand our product portfolio with the introduction of commercial fire safety related solutions.

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

In evaluating our results, we utilize key performance indicators which include non-GAAP measures as well as the operating metrics of gross revenue attrition, unit and customer count, RMR, RMR additions and revenue payback. Our computations of key performance indicators may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures reported by other companies. Additionally, our operating metric key performance indicators are approximated as there may be variations to reported results in each period due to certain adjustments we might make in connection with the integration over several periods of acquired companies that calculated these metrics differently, or otherwise, including periodic reassessments and refinements in the ordinary course of business.  These refinements, for example, may include changes due to systems conversion or historical methodology differences in legacy systems.

Recurring Monthly Revenue (“RMR”)

RMR is generated by contractual monthly recurring fees for monitoring and other recurring services provided to our customers, including contracts monitored but not owned. We believe the presentation of RMR is useful because it measures the volume of revenue under contract at a given point in time.

Gross Customer Revenue Attrition

Gross customer revenue attrition is defined as the RMR lost as a result of customer attrition, net of dealer charge-backs and reinstated customers, excluding contracts monitored but not owned. Customer sites are considered canceled when all services are terminated. Dealer charge-backs represent customer cancellations charged back to the dealers because the customer canceled service during the charge-back period, generally twelve to fifteen months.

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Gross customer revenue attrition is calculated on a trailing twelve-month basis, the numerator of which is the annualized RMR lost during the period due to attrition, net of dealer charge-backs and reinstated customers, excluding contracts monitored but not owned, and the denominator of which is total annualized RMR based on an average of RMR under contract at the beginning of each month during the period.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that we believe is useful to investors to measure the operational strength and performance of our business. Our definition of Adjusted EBITDA, a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) (the most comparable GAAP measure), and additional information, including a description of the limitations relating to the use of Adjusted EBITDA, are provided under “—Non-GAAP Measures.” In addition, Adjusted EBITDA may be presented on a supplemental pro forma basis. Refer to the “—Supplemental Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section for further discussion regarding the presentation of supplemental pro forma financial information.

Free Cash Flow

Free Cash Flow is a non-GAAP measure that our management employs to measure cash that is available to repay debt, make other investments, and pay dividends. Our definition of Free Cash Flow, a reconciliation of Free Cash Flow to net cash provided by operating activities (the most comparable GAAP measure), and additional information, including a description of the limitations relating to the use of Free Cash Flow, are provided under “—Non-GAAP Measures.”

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations, summary cash flow data, and key performance indicators for the periods presented.

(in thousands, except as otherwise indicated)	Years Ended December 31,
Results of Operations:	2018			2017			2016
Monitoring and related services	$	4,109,939		$	4,029,279		$	2,748,222
Installation and other	471,734			286,223			201,544
Total revenue	4,581,673			4,315,502			2,949,766
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)	1,041,336			895,736			693,430
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,246,950			1,209,200			858,896
Depreciation and intangible asset amortization	1,930,929			1,863,299			1,232,967
Merger, restructuring, integration, and other	(3,344		)	64,828			393,788
Goodwill impairment	87,962			—			—
Operating income (loss)	277,840			282,439			(229,315		)
Interest expense, net	(663,204		)	(732,841		)	(521,491		)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(274,836		)	(4,331		)	(28,293		)
Other income (expense)	27,582			33,047			(23,639		)
Loss before income taxes	(632,618		)	(421,686		)	(802,738		)
Income tax benefit	23,463			764,313			266,151
Net (loss) income	$	(609,155	)	$	342,627		$	(536,587	)
Summary Cash Flow Data:
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	1,787,607		$	1,591,930		$	617,523
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(1,738,210	)	$	(1,413,310	)	$	(9,411,714	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	193,001		$	(143,069	)	$	8,828,775
Key Performance Indicators:(1)
RMR	$	346,751		$	334,810		$	327,948
Gross customer revenue attrition (percentage)(2)	13.3		%	13.7		%	14.8		%
Adjusted EBITDA(3)	$	2,453,497		$	2,352,803		$	1,532,889
Free Cash Flow(3)	$	390,993		$	225,361		$	(336,672	)

_______________________

(1) Refer to the “—Key Performance Indicators” section for the definitions of these key performance indicators.

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(2) Gross customer revenue attrition for 2016 is presented on a pro forma basis for The ADT Corporation business.

(3) Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow are non-GAAP measures. Refer to the “—Non-GAAP Measures” section for the definitions of these terms and reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measures.

2018 Compared to 2017

Total Revenue

Monitoring and related services revenue increased by $81 million during 2018, which includes incremental revenue associated with acquisitions. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in contractual monthly recurring fees for monitoring and other recurring services, which resulted from the addition of new customers and improvements in average pricing, partially offset by customer attrition. The improvement in average pricing was driven by the addition of new customers at higher rates, largely due to new subscribers generally selecting higher priced services as compared to our existing customers, as well as price escalations on our existing customer base. These factors also were a primary driver for the increase in RMR to $347 million as of December 31, 2018 from $335 million as of December 31, 2017. In addition, approximately 2% of the 4% increase in RMR was due to the Red Hawk Acquisition. Gross customer revenue attrition improved to 13.3% as of December 31, 2018 from 13.7% as of December 31, 2017 as a result of lower voluntary disconnects and lower disconnects due to non-paying customers.

Installation and other revenue increased by $186 million during 2018. This increase was primarily due to $153 million related to revenue from security equipment sold outright to customers, of which approximately $99 million related to incremental revenue associated with acquisitions. The remaining increase of $33 million was due to additional amortization of deferred subscriber acquisition revenue during 2018.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue increased by $146 million during 2018. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to $118 million from installation costs associated with a higher volume of sales where security-related equipment is sold outright to customers, the majority of which is due to the incremental volume associated with acquisitions. The remaining increase is due to an increase in our field and maintenance service expenses, of which approximately $15 million is related to incremental expenses associated with acquisitions.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $38 million during 2018. The increase was related to $124 million associated with our equity compensation awards, which were impacted by the completion of our IPO, $11 million related to compensation arrangements associated with acquisitions, as well as other incremental general and administrative expenses associated with acquisitions. These increases were partially offset by:

(i) decreases in financing and consent fees of $55 million due to fees of $9 million incurred during 2018 in connection with amendments and restatements to the First Lien Credit Agreement as compared to $64 million of fees incurred during 2017 in connection with the payment of the Special Dividend and amendments and restatements to the First Lien Credit Agreement;

(ii) decreases in management consulting agreement fees of $19 million, which was terminated upon consummation of the IPO; and

(iii) favorable legal settlements of $17.5 million due to two settlements during 2018.

Depreciation and Intangible Asset Amortization

Depreciation and intangible asset amortization increased by $68 million during 2018. This increase was primarily attributable to $100 million associated with the amortization of customer contracts acquired under the ADT Authorized Dealer Program, partially offset by a decrease in the amortization of trade names of $41 million primarily associated with the Protection One trade name, which became fully amortized in June 2018.

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Merger, Restructuring, Integration, and Other

Merger, restructuring, integration, and other decreased by $68 million during 2018. This decrease was primarily due to the following: (i) a gain on fair value remeasurement of approximately $11 million on a strategic investment during 2018 compared to impairment charges of approximately $18 million on strategic investments during 2017; (ii) an $18 million decrease in restructuring efforts; and (iii) a $14 million decrease related to integration costs associated with acquisitions.

Goodwill Impairment

As part of our annual goodwill impairment tests during the fourth quarter of 2018, we determined that our goodwill related to the Canada reporting unit was impaired, which was primarily driven by the underperformance of the Canada reporting unit relative to expectations. Accordingly, we recorded a goodwill impairment loss of $88 million. We did not record a goodwill impairment loss in 2017.

Interest Expense, net

Net interest expense was primarily comprised of interest expense on our long-term debt and the dividend obligation associated with the Koch Preferred Securities and decreased by $70 million during 2018. The decrease in net interest expense was primarily driven by a reduction in interest expense of $47 million due to the redemption of $594 million aggregate principal amount of the Prime Notes in February 2018 and a reduction in interest expense of approximately $37 million due to the Koch Redemption in July of 2018. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of approximately $24 million due to an increase in interest rates on our variable-rate debt, including the impact of our interest rate swaps. Refer to the “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” section for further discussion regarding our debt and interest.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

Loss on extinguishment of debt in 2018 includes approximately $213 million associated with the Koch Redemption in July 2018, which related to the payment of the redemption premium and tax reimbursements, as well as the write-off of the unamortized discount and deferred financing costs. In addition, loss on extinguishment of debt includes approximately $62 million primarily associated with the partial redemption of the Prime Notes in February 2018, which related to the payment of the call premium, as well as the write-off of a portion of the unamortized deferred financing costs. Loss on extinguishment of debt in 2017 was not material.

Other Income (Expense)

During 2018, other income primarily includes $22 million of licensing fees, as well as a gain of $7.5 million from the sale of equity in a third party that we received as part of a settlement.

During 2017, other income primarily includes $24 million of foreign currency gains related to the conversion of intercompany loans that are denominated in Canadian dollars. During the first quarter of 2018, we designated certain of these intercompany loans to be of a long-term-investment nature and began recognizing the related foreign currency gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Income Tax Benefit

Income tax benefit was $23 million during 2018, resulting in an effective tax rate for the period of 3.7%. The effective tax rate reflects the reduced federal income tax rate of 21% as a result of Tax Reform, a 10.3% unfavorable impact from permanent non-deductible expenses, primarily associated with the Koch Preferred Securities, a 5.8% unfavorable impact from future non-deductible share-based compensation, a 3.7% unfavorable impact from non-deductible goodwill impairment loss, and a 3.2% unfavorable impact from state legislative changes, offset by a 3.8% favorable impact of tax adjustments related to prior year state returns filed in the first quarter of 2018.

Income tax benefit was $764 million in 2017, resulting in an effective tax rate for the period of 181.3%. The effective tax rate primarily reflects the favorable impact of Tax Reform offset by the unfavorable impact of permanent tax adjustments.

Tax Reform was signed into law on December 22, 2017. In response to Tax Reform, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), which allowed companies to record provisional estimates of the effects of the legislative change, and a one-year measurement period to finalize the accounting of those effects. As of December 31, 2018, we completed the accounting for the tax effects of Tax Reform and recorded no material changes to the provisional estimates recorded in 2017.

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The effective tax rates in 2018 and 2017 reflect the tax impact of permanent tax adjustments, state tax expense, changes in tax laws, and non-U.S. net earnings. The effective tax rate can vary from period to period due to permanent tax adjustments, discrete items such as the settlement of income tax audits and changes in tax laws, recurring factors such as changes in the overall effective state tax rate, as well as fluctuations in pre-tax income or loss. Discrete items and permanent tax adjustments will have a greater impact on the effective tax rate when pre-tax income or loss is lower. Refer to Note 7 “Income Taxes” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 15 for further discussion.

2017 Compared to 2016

Total Revenue

Monitoring and related services revenue increased by $1,281 million during 2017. This increase was largely attributable to incremental revenue of approximately $1,168 million in 2017 associated with the ADT Acquisition and the amortization of deferred revenue as a result of the application of purchase accounting in connection with the ADT Acquisition that reduced revenue by $63 million during 2016.

The remainder of the increase was primarily attributable to an increase in contractual monthly recurring fees for monitoring and other recurring services, which resulted from the addition of new customers and improvements in average pricing, partially offset by customer attrition. The improvement in average pricing was driven by the addition of new customers at higher rates, largely due to new subscribers generally selecting higher priced services as compared to our existing customers, as well as price escalations on our existing customer base. These factors also were the primary driver for an increase in RMR to $335 million as of December 31, 2017 from $328 million as of December 31, 2016. Gross customer revenue attrition improved to 13.7% as of December 31, 2017 from 14.8% as of December 31, 2016 as a result of our enhanced focus on high quality customer additions through our disciplined customer selection process.

Installation and other revenue increased by $85 million during 2017. This increase primarily resulted from $49 million related to revenue from security equipment sold outright to customers in 2017, which includes approximately $10 million of incremental revenue associated with the operations of The ADT Corporation. Additionally, the increase in installation and other revenue includes $36 million of revenue related to the amortization of deferred installation revenue, which includes approximately $11 million of incremental deferred installation revenue associated with the operations of The ADT Corporation during 2017.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue increased by $202 million during 2017. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to (i) an increase in field and maintenance service expenses of $89 million primarily associated with the operations of The ADT Corporation, including expenses incurred for service calls for customers who have maintenance contracts, and (ii) an increase in customer care expenses of $75 million primarily attributable to costs associated with the operations of The ADT Corporation, as well as investments associated with enhanced customer revenue attrition improvement initiatives, which was partially offset by reduced software license expenses related to a cloud computing accounting standard adopted in 2016. The remainder of the increase in cost of revenue was due to increased installation costs of approximately $38 million associated with a higher volume of sales where security-related equipment is sold outright to customers.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $350 million during 2017. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to incremental expenses associated with The ADT Corporation business of approximately $324 million. The remainder of the increase, excluding the impact from the incremental expenses associated with The ADT Corporation business, was primarily due to (i) $64 million of financing and consent fees incurred in 2017 and (ii) an increase related to the amortization of deferred subscriber acquisition costs of approximately $25 million. These costs were partially offset by (i) decreases in general and administrative and advertising expenses of $31 million that were primarily the result of synergies associated with the ADT Acquisition and (ii) a decrease in radio conversion costs of $27 million.

Depreciation and Intangible Asset Amortization

Depreciation and intangible asset amortization increased by $630 million during 2017. This increase primarily related to depreciation and intangible asset amortization associated with the fair value of assets acquired in the ADT Acquisition, which primarily includes amortization of definite-lived intangible assets and depreciation of subscriber system assets. Additionally, the increase in depreciation and intangible asset amortization was also attributable to (i) an increase in amortization of customer contracts acquired under the ADT Authorized Dealer Program of $104 million, (ii) an increase in amortization of $42 million

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primarily associated with the Protection One trade name, which we began amortizing in July 2016, and (iii) amortization of software license expenses of $37 million related to the cloud computing accounting standard.

Merger, Restructuring, Integration, and Other

Merger, restructuring, integration, and other decreased by $329 million during 2017. This decrease was primarily due to merger costs of $311 million associated with the ADT Acquisition incurred during 2016 and a decrease in restructuring charges of $33 million due to charges incurred in 2016 primarily related to the severance of certain former executives and employees of The ADT Corporation in connection with the ADT Acquisition. These charges were partially offset by an increase in integration expenses primarily associated with the integration of The ADT Corporation business, as well as an increase in impairment charges related to our strategic investments.

Interest Expense, net

Net interest expense was primarily comprised of interest expense on our long-term debt and the dividend obligation associated with the Koch Preferred Securities and increased by $211 million during 2017. The increase in interest expense was primarily the result of an increase in borrowings to fund the ADT Acquisition, including the dividend obligation associated with the Koch Preferred Securities. Refer to the “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” section for further discussion regarding our debt and interest.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

Loss on extinguishment of debt was $4 million and $28 million during 2017 and 2016, respectively, and primarily related to the write-off of debt discount and issuance costs associated with amendments and restatements to our First Lien Credit Agreement, as well as the voluntary paydown of $260 million of the second lien term loan, as defined herein, in July and October 2016.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income (expense) was primarily attributable to net foreign currency gains of $24 million and losses of $16 million during 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to the conversion of intercompany loans that are denominated in Canadian dollars. Other expense during 2016 also includes a net loss on the settlement of derivative contracts that were executed to hedge future cash flows associated with the ADT Acquisition.

Income Tax Benefit

Income tax benefit was $764 million during 2017, resulting in an effective tax rate for the period of 181.3%. The effective tax rate for 2017 reflects the favorable impact of Tax Reform offset by the unfavorable impact of permanent tax adjustments.

Tax Reform was signed into law on December 22, 2017. The legislation, among other things, reduced the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35.0% to 21.0%, imposed a mandatory one-time tax on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries, imposed significant limitations on the deductibility of interest, allowed for the full expensing of capital expenditures, and put into effect the migration from a “worldwide” system of taxation to a modified territorial system. In response to Tax Reform, SAB 118 allowed companies to record provisional estimates of the effects of the legislative change, and a one-year measurement period to finalize the accounting of those effects. As of December 31, 2017, we had not finalized our analysis of the implications of this legislative change; however, our net deferred tax assets and liabilities were revalued at the newly enacted U.S. corporate rate, and provisional amounts associated with the legislative changes were recognized in our tax benefit in 2017. The total provisional amount recorded as of December 31, 2017 was $690 million and included a remeasurement of our net deferred tax assets and liabilities as well as the impact of the mandatory one-time tax on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2018, we completed the accounting for the tax effects of Tax Reform and recorded no material changes to the provisional estimates recorded in the 2017 financial statements.

Income tax benefit was $266 million during 2016, resulting in an effective tax rate for the period of 33.2%. The effective tax rate for 2016 primarily reflects the impact of permanent tax adjustments mainly related to non-deductible acquisition costs associated with the ADT Acquisition.

The effective tax rates for 2017 and 2016 reflect the tax impact of permanent tax adjustments, state tax expense, changes in tax laws, and non-U.S. net earnings. The effective tax rate can vary from period to period due to permanent tax adjustments, discrete items such as the settlement of income tax audits and changes in tax laws, recurring factors such as changes in the overall effective state tax rate, as well as fluctuations in pre-tax income or loss. Discrete items and permanent tax adjustments will have

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a greater impact on the effective tax rate when pre-tax income is lower. Refer to Note 7 “Income Taxes” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 15 for further discussion.

NON-GAAP MEASURES

To provide investors with additional information in connection with our results as determined by GAAP, we disclose Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow as non-GAAP measures. These measures are not financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as a substitute for net income, operating income, cash flows, or any other measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

Adjusted EBITDA

We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA is appropriate to provide additional information to investors about certain non-cash items and about unusual items that we do not expect to continue at the same level in the future, as well as other items. Further, we believe Adjusted EBITDA provides a meaningful measure of operating profitability because we use it for evaluating our business performance, making budgeting decisions, and comparing our performance against that of other peer companies using similar measures.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income or loss adjusted for (i) interest, (ii) taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization, including depreciation of subscriber system assets and other fixed assets and amortization of dealer and other intangible assets, (iv) amortization of deferred costs and deferred revenue associated with subscriber acquisitions, (v) share-based compensation expense, (vi) purchase accounting adjustments under GAAP, (vii) merger, restructuring, integration, and other, (viii) goodwill impairment losses, (ix) financing and consent fees, (x) foreign currency gains/losses, (xi) losses on extinguishment of debt, (xii) radio conversion costs, (xiii) management fees and other charges, and (xiv) other non-cash items.

There are material limitations to using Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA does not take into account certain significant items, including depreciation and amortization, interest, taxes, and other adjustments which directly affect our net income or loss. These limitations are best addressed by considering the economic effects of the excluded items independently and by considering Adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA may be presented on a supplemental pro forma basis. Refer to the “—Supplemental Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section for further discussion regarding the presentation of supplemental pro forma financial information.

Free Cash Flow

We believe that the presentation of Free Cash Flow is appropriate to provide additional information to investors about our ability to repay debt, make other investments, and pay dividends.

We define Free Cash Flow as cash flows from operating activities less cash outlays related to capital expenditures. We define capital expenditures to include purchases of property, plant, and equipment; subscriber system asset additions and deferred subscriber installation costs; and accounts purchased through our network of authorized dealers or third parties outside of our authorized dealer network. These items are subtracted from cash flows from operating activities because they represent long-term investments that are required for normal business activities.

Free Cash Flow adjusts for cash items that are ultimately within management’s discretion to direct, and therefore, may imply that there is less or more cash that is available than the most comparable GAAP measure. Free Cash Flow is not intended to represent residual cash flow for discretionary expenditures since debt repayment requirements and other non-discretionary expenditures are not deducted. These limitations are best addressed by using Free Cash Flow in combination with the cash flows as calculated in accordance with GAAP.

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Adjusted EBITDA

The table below reconciles Adjusted EBITDA to net (loss) income for the periods presented.

	Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2018			2017			2016
Net (loss) income	$	(609,155	)	$	342,627		$	(536,587	)
Interest expense, net	663,204			732,841			521,491
Income tax benefit	(23,463		)	(764,313		)	(266,151		)
Depreciation and intangible asset amortization	1,930,929			1,863,299			1,232,967
Merger, restructuring, integration and other	(3,344		)	64,828			393,788
Goodwill impairment	87,962			—			—
Financing and consent fees(1)	8,857			63,593			5,302
Foreign currency losses / (gains)(2)	3,228			(23,804		)	16,042
Loss on extinguishment of debt	274,836			4,331			28,293
Amortization of deferred revenue fair value adjustment(3)	166			—			62,845
Other non-cash items	1,650			12,899			16,276
Radio conversion costs(4)	5,099			12,244			34,405
Amortization of deferred subscriber acquisition costs	59,928			51,491			16,769
Amortization of deferred subscriber acquisition revenue	(79,136		)	(46,454		)	(10,717		)
Share-based compensation expense	135,012			11,276			4,625
Management fees and other charges(5)	(2,276		)	27,945			13,541
Adjusted EBITDA	$	2,453,497		$	2,352,803		$	1,532,889

___________________

(1) In 2017, relates to fees incurred in connection with the Special Dividend and amendments and restatements related to the First Lien Credit Agreement.

(2) Relates to the conversion of intercompany loans that are denominated in Canadian dollars to U.S. dollars.

(3) Represents adjustments related to the fair value of deferred revenue under GAAP, primarily related to the ADT Acquisition in 2016 and the Red Hawk Acquisition in 2018.

(4) Represents costs associated with upgrading cellular technology used in many of our security systems.

(5) In 2018, primarily includes income of approximately $22 million of one-time licensing fees, as well as a gain of $7.5 million from the sale of equity in a third party that we received as part of a settlement during the second quarter of 2018 partially offset by $14 million in compensation arrangements related to acquisitions. In 2017 and 2016, primarily represents fees under a Management Consulting Agreement, which was terminated in connection with the consummation of the IPO.

2018 Compared to 2017

During 2018, Adjusted EBITDA increased by $101 million. This increase was primarily due to an increase in revenue from contractual monthly recurring fees for monitoring and other recurring services, as well as higher revenue on transactions in which security equipment is sold outright to customers partially offset by the associated costs. The remainder of this increase was attributable to a decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses, excluding items outside of our definition of Adjusted EBITDA.

2017 Compared to 2016

During 2017, Adjusted EBITDA increased by $820 million. This increase was primarily due to incremental revenue net of incremental costs associated with The ADT Corporation business. The remainder of this increase was attributable to revenue growth, excluding the impact of purchase accounting, and a decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses, excluding items outside of our definition of Adjusted EBITDA, partially offset by increase in cost of revenue.

Refer to the discussions above under “—Results of Operations” for further details.

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Free Cash Flow

The table below reconciles Free Cash Flow to cash flows from operating activities for the periods presented.

	Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2018			2017			2016
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	1,787,607		$	1,591,930		$	617,523
Dealer generated customer accounts and bulk account purchases	(693,525		)	(653,222		)	(407,102		)
Subscriber system assets and deferred subscriber installation costs	(576,290		)	(582,723		)	(468,594		)
Capital expenditures	(126,799		)	(130,624		)	(78,499		)
Free Cash Flow	$	390,993		$	225,361		$	(336,672	)

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Refer to the discussion below under “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further details regarding cash flows from operating activities.

Cash Outlays Related to Capital Expenditures

Dealer generated customer accounts and bulk account purchases, subscriber system assets and deferred subscriber installation costs, and capital expenditures are included in cash flows from investing activities. Refer to the discussion below under “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further details regarding cash flows from investing activities.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Liquidity

Our principal liquidity requirements are to finance current operations, investments in internally generated subscriber system assets and dealer generated customer accounts, expenditures for property and equipment, debt service requirements, and potential mergers and acquisitions. Our liquidity requirements are primarily funded by our cash flows from operations, which include cash received from monthly recurring revenue and upfront fees received from customers, less cash costs to provide services to our customers, including general and administrative costs, certain costs associated with acquiring new customers, and interest payments.

We expect our ongoing sources of liquidity to include cash generated from operations, as well as borrowings under our revolving credit facility and the issuance of equity and/or debt securities as appropriate given market conditions. Our future cash needs are expected to include cash for operating activities, working capital, capital expenditures, strategic investments, periodic principal and interest payments on our debt, and potential dividend payments to our stockholders. We may, from time to time, seek to repay, redeem, repurchase, or refinance our indebtedness, or seek to retire or purchase our outstanding securities through cash purchases in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions or through a 10b5-1 repurchase plan or otherwise, and any such transactions may involve material amounts. We believe our cash position, borrowing capacity available under our revolving credit facilities, and cash provided by operating activities are, and will continue to be, adequate to meet our operational and business needs in the next twelve months as well as our long-term liquidity needs.

Our ability to meet our debt service obligations and other capital requirements, including capital expenditures, as well as make acquisitions, will depend on our future operating performance, which is subject to future general economic, financial, business, competitive, legislative, regulatory, and other conditions, many of which are beyond our control. See “—Risk Factors–Risks Related to Our Business.” Changes in our operating plans, material changes in anticipated sales, increased expenses, acquisitions, or other events may cause us to seek equity and/or debt financing in future periods. There can be no guarantee that financing will be available on acceptable terms or at all. Debt financing, if available, could impose additional cash payment obligations and subject us to additional covenants and operating restrictions.

We are a highly leveraged company with significant debt service requirements. As of December 31, 2018, we had $363 million in cash and cash equivalents and $350 million available under our revolving credit facility. The carrying value of total debt outstanding was $10,002 million as of December 31, 2018. On February 15, 2019, we entered into an additional first lien revolving credit agreement with an aggregate available commitment of up to $50 million maturing on March 16, 2023.

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Initial Public Offering

In January 2018, in connection with the consummation of our IPO, we received net proceeds of $1,406 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and offering expenses.

On February 21, 2018, we used approximately $649 million of the proceeds from the IPO to redeem $594 million aggregate principal amount of the Prime Notes and pay the related call premium.

On July 2, 2018, we redeemed the original stated value of $750 million of the Koch Preferred Securities for total consideration of approximately $949 million using proceeds from the IPO and cash on hand. The total consideration paid includes approximately $103 million related to the redemption premium and tax reimbursements, as well as $96 million related to the accumulated dividend obligation on the Koch Preferred Securities. We recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $213 million as a result of the redemption. The dividend obligation incurred on the Koch Preferred Securities was $51 million, $86 million, and $53 million in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The remaining proceeds from the IPO were used to pay IPO related fees and expenses and for general corporate purposes.

Long-Term Debt

As of December 31, 2018, we have the following outstanding debt balances (excluding capital leases, deferred financing costs, discount, and fair value adjustments):

Debt Description	Issued	Maturity	Interest Rate	Interest Payable	Principal
First Lien Term B-1 Loan	5/2/2016	5/2/2022	LIBOR +2.75%	Quarterly	$	3,924,438
Prime Notes	5/2/2016	5/15/2023	9.250%	5/15 and 11/15	$	2,546,000
ADT Notes due 2020	12/18/2014	3/15/2020	5.250%	3/15 and 9/15	$	300,000
ADT Notes due 2021	10/1/2013	10/15/2021	6.250%	4/15 and 10/15	$	1,000,000
ADT Notes due 2022	7/5/2012	7/15/2022	3.500%	1/15 and 7/15	$	1,000,000
ADT Notes due 2023	1/14/2013	6/15/2023	4.125%	6/15 and 12/15	$	700,000
ADT Notes due 2032	5/2/2016	7/15/2032	4.875%	1/15 and 7/15	$	728,016
ADT Notes due 2042	7/5/2012	7/15/2042	4.875%	1/15 and 7/15	$	21,896
Total					$	10,220,350

First Lien Credit Agreement

Concurrently with the consummation of the Formation Transactions, we entered into a first lien credit agreement, which has since been amended and restated on May 2, 2016, June 23, 2016, December 28, 2016, February 13, 2017, June 29, 2017, March 16, 2018, and December 3, 2018 (together with these subsequent amendments and restatements, the “First Lien Credit Agreement”). The First Lien Credit Agreement consists of the following:

• As of December 31, 2018, the First Lien Term B-1 Loan has an outstanding aggregate principal balance of $3,924 million, which represents the following events:

◦ July 1, 2015 - $1,095 million of borrowings in connection with the Formation Transactions;

◦ May 2, 2016 - $1,555 million of borrowings in connection with the ADT Acquisition;

◦ June 23, 2016 - $125 million of borrowings in order to payoff and terminate a second lien term loan;

◦ February 13, 2017 - $800 million of borrowings in order to fund the Special Dividend;

◦ December 3, 2018 - $425 million of borrowings in order to partially fund the Red Hawk Acquisition and to fund the partial redemption of the Prime Notes in February 2019; and

◦ Reduced by regularly scheduled quarterly principal payments.

The First Lien Term B-1 Loan requires scheduled quarterly payments equal to 0.25% of the aggregate outstanding principal amount, or approximately $10 million per quarter, with the remaining balance payable at maturity. In addition, we are required to make annual prepayments on the outstanding First Lien Term B-1 Loan with a percentage of our excess cash flow, as defined in the First Lien Credit Agreement, if our excess cash flow exceeds a certain specified threshold. We are not currently required to make any annual prepayments based on our excess cash flow. We may make voluntarily prepayments on the First Lien Term B-1 Loan at any time prior to maturity at par. The First Lien Term B-1 Loan has a variable interest

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rate calculated as, at our option, either (a) LIBOR determined by reference to the costs of funds for Eurodollar deposits for the interest period relevant to such borrowing, adjusted for certain additional costs (“Adjusted LIBOR”) with a floor of 1.00%, or (b) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (i) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% per annum, (ii) the prime rate published by The Wall Street Journal, and (iii) one-month adjusted LIBOR plus 1.00% per annum (“Base Rate”), in each case, plus the applicable margin of 2.75% for Adjusted LIBOR loans and 1.75% for Base Rate loans. We have interest rate swap contracts with the objective of managing exposure to variability in interest rates on our debt.

• The First Lien Credit Agreement includes a first lien revolving credit facility with an aggregate available commitment of up to $350 million through March 16, 2023 (“First Lien Revolving Credit Facility”). As of December 31, 2018, there were no outstanding amounts under the First Lien Revolving Credit Facility.

Borrowings under the First Lien Revolving Credit Facility will bear interest at a rate equal to, at our option, either (a) Adjusted LIBOR, or (b) the Base Rate, plus the applicable margin of 2.75% for Adjusted LIBOR loans and 1.75% for Base Rate loans. Additionally, we are required to pay a commitment fee between 0.375% and 0.50% (determined based on a net first lien leverage ratio) with respect to the unused commitments under the First Lien Revolving Credit Facility.

Prime Notes

As of December 31, 2018, the Prime Notes have an outstanding balance of $2,546 million. which represents the following events:

• May 2, 2016 - $3,140 million of borrowings in connection with the ADT Acquisition; and

• February 21, 2018 - $594 million of the aggregate principal amount was voluntarily redeemed at a price of $649 million using proceeds from the IPO

The Prime Notes are due at maturity, however, may be redeemed at our option as follows:

• Prior to May 15, 2019, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, (a) at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Prime Notes redeemed, plus a make-whole premium and accrued and unpaid interest as of, but excluding, the redemption date or (b) for up to 40% of the original aggregate principal amount of the Prime Notes and in an aggregate amount equal to the net cash proceeds of any equity offerings, at a redemption price equal to 109.250%, plus accrued and unpaid interest, so long as at least 50% of the original aggregate principal amount of the Prime Notes shall remain outstanding after each such redemption.

• On or after May 15, 2019, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at a redemption price equal to 104.625% of the principal amount of the Prime Notes redeemed and accrued and unpaid interest as of, but excluding, the redemption date. The redemption price decreases to 102.313% on or after May 15, 2020, and decreases to 100.000% on or after May 15, 2021.

On February 1, 2019, we redeemed $300 million aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Prime Notes for a total redemption price of $319 million. Following the partial redemption, the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the Prime Notes was $2,246 million.

ADT Notes

In connection with the ADT Acquisition, we entered into supplemental indentures to notes originally issued by The ADT Corporation (collectively, the “ADT Notes”) providing for each series of ADT Notes to benefit from (i) guarantees by substantially all of our domestic subsidiaries and (ii) first-priority senior security interests, subject to permitted liens, in substantially all of the existing and future assets of our domestic subsidiaries. As a result, these notes remained outstanding and became obligations of ours.

In connection with the ADT Acquisition, $718 million aggregate principal amount of the existing ADT Notes due 2042 were exchanged for new ADT Notes due 2032. In August 2016, an additional $10 million of the ADT Notes due 2042 were exchanged for ADT Notes due 2032 pursuant to a second supplemental indenture and constitute part of the same series of notes as the $718 million of the ADT Notes due 2032.

We may redeem the ADT Notes, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at a redemption price equal to the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus a make-whole premium, plus accrued and unpaid interest as of, but excluding, the redemption date.

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Debt Covenants

The First Lien Credit Agreement and indentures associated with the borrowings above contain certain covenants and restrictions that limit our ability to, among other things, incur additional debt or issue certain preferred equity interests; create liens on certain assets; make certain loans or investments (including acquisitions); pay dividends on or make distributions in respect of the capital stock or make other restricted payments; consolidate, merge, sell, or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets; sell assets; enter into certain transactions with affiliates; enter into sale-leaseback transactions; restrict dividends from our subsidiaries or restrict liens; change our fiscal year; and modify the terms of certain debt or organizational agreements.

We are also subject to a springing financial maintenance covenant under the First Lien Credit Agreement, which requires us to not exceed a specified first lien leverage ratio at the end of each fiscal quarter if the testing conditions are satisfied. The covenant is tested if the outstanding loans under the First Lien Revolving Credit Facility, subject to certain exceptions, exceed 30% of the total commitments under the First Lien Revolving Credit Facility at the testing date (i.e., the last day of any fiscal quarter).

Additionally, upon the occurrence of specified change of control events, we must offer to purchase the Prime Notes and ADT Notes at 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the purchase date.

As of December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with all financial covenant and other maintenance tests for all our debt obligations.

Dividends

Our board of directors declared the following cash dividends on our common stock in 2018:

Declared Date	Dividend per Share	Record Date	Payment Date
March 15, 2018	$0.035	March 26, 2018	April 5, 2018
May 9, 2018	$0.035	June 25, 2018	July 10, 2018
August 8, 2018	$0.035	September 18, 2018	October 2, 2018
November 7, 2018	$0.035	December 14, 2018	January 4, 2019

During 2018, we declared dividends of $107 million (or $0.14 per share), of which $79 million was paid. During 2017, we declared and paid $750 million (or $1.17 per share) related to the Special Dividend. There were no dividends declared or paid in 2016.

Effective March 11, 2019, we declared a cash dividend on our common stock of $0.035 per share payable to common stockholders of record on April 2, 2019. This dividend will be paid on April 12, 2019.

Dividend Reinvestment Plan and Share Repurchase Program

On February 27, 2019, we approved a dividend reinvestment plan (“DRIP”) which will allow stockholders to designate all or a portion of the cash dividends on their shares of common stock for reinvestment in additional shares of our common stock. In addition, on February 27, 2019 we approved a share repurchase program which will permit us to repurchase up to $150 million of our shares of common stock through February 27, 2021. We may effect these repurchases pursuant to one or more trading plans to be adopted in accordance with Securities Exchange Act Rule 10b5‐1, in privately negotiated transactions, in open market transactions or pursuant to an accelerated share repurchase program. We intend to conduct the share repurchase program in accordance with Securities Exchange Act Rule 10b-18. We are not obligated to repurchase any of our shares of common stock and the timing and amount of any repurchases will depend on legal requirements, market conditions, stock price, alternative uses of capital, and other factors.

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Cash Flow Analysis

The following table is a summary of our cash flow activity for the periods presented:

	Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2018			2017			2016
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	1,787,607		$	1,591,930		$	617,523
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(1,738,210	)	$	(1,413,310	)	$	(9,411,714	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	193,001		$	(143,069	)	$	8,828,775

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

During 2018, cash flows provided by operating activities increased by approximately $196 million compared to 2017 due to the following: (i) an increase in revenue from contractual monthly recurring fees for monitoring and other recurring services; (ii) an increase in revenue from transactions in which security equipment is sold outright to customers partially offset by the associated costs; (iii) a decrease in cash paid related to acquisition, integration, and restructuring costs associated with the ADT Acquisition; and (iv) a decrease in cash paid of $55 million for fees associated with the Special Dividend and fees in connection with amendments and restatements to the First Lien Credit Agreement. These increases in cash flows provided by operating activities were partially offset by a net increase in cash interest paid of $27 million due to the Koch Redemption and higher interest rates on variable-rate debt, including the impact of interest rate swaps, partially offset by a decrease in cash interest paid due to the partial redemption of the Prime Notes in 2018. The remainder of the increase in cash flows provided by operating activities relates to changes in assets and liabilities due to the volume and timing of other operating cash receipts and payments with respect to when the transactions are reflected in earnings.

During 2017, cash flows provided by operating activities increased by approximately $974 million compared to 2016 based on the activity described below.

Net cash provided by operating activities for 2017 resulted from $1,550 million of net income, exclusive of depreciation and intangible assets amortization and other non-cash items, and reflects: (i) cash interest paid of $661 million, (ii) cash paid of $64 million for fees associated with the Special Dividend and fees in connection with amendments and restatements to the First Lien Credit Agreement, (iii) restructuring payments of $25 million and integration payments of $21 million primarily associated with the ADT Acquisition, (iv) cash paid for fees under the Management Consulting Agreement of $20 million, (v) cash paid for radio conversion costs of $13 million, and (vi) other cash payments of $10 million. The remainder relates to changes in assets and liabilities due to the volume and timing of other operating cash receipts and payments.

Net cash provided by operating activities for 2016 resulted from $620 million of net income, exclusive of depreciation and intangible assets amortization and other non-cash items, and reflects: (i) cash interest paid of $431 million, (ii) transaction costs of $347 million associated with the ADT Acquisition, (iii) cash paid of $29 million for fees in connection with amendments and restatements to the First Lien Credit Agreement, (iv) cash paid for radio conversion costs of $43 million, (v) restructuring payments of $52 million primarily associated with the ADT Acquisition, (iv) other cash payments of $28 million that are primarily related to integration costs of $13 million, management consulting fees of $13 million, and $2 million of other items. The remainder relates to changes in assets and liabilities due to the volume and timing of other operating cash receipts and payments.

Refer to the discussions above under “—Results of Operations” for further details.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

We make certain investments in our business that are intended to grow our customer base, enhance the overall customer experience, improve the productivity of our field workforce, and support greater efficiency of our back-office systems and our customer care centers.

During 2018, cash flows used in investing activities increased by approximately $325 million compared to 2017 due to the following: (i) an increase in cash used for business acquisitions, net of cash acquired, of $289 million primarily due to the Red Hawk Acquisition in 2018; and (ii) an increase in dealer generated customer accounts and bulk account purchases of $40 million due to an increase in volume purchased and average cost.

During 2017, cash flows used in investing activities decreased by approximately $7,998 million compared to 2016 due to the following: (i)