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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
or
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from           to
Commission File Number: 001-38390
Cactus, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware35-2586106
(State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
920 Memorial City Way, Suite 300
Houston, Texas
77024
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip code)
(713) 626-8800
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, par value $0.01 WHD New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well‑known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes    No 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes    No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes    No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerAccelerated filer
Non-accelerated filer
Smaller reporting company
 Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act). Yes    No
As of June 30, 2023, the aggregate market value of the common stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $2.7 billion.
As of February 27, 2024, the registrant had 65,322,730 shares of Class A common stock, $0.01 par value per share, and 14,033,979 shares of Class B common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such Definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this Report relates.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS
  
   
 
   
Item 1. 
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Item 1B. 
Item 1C.
Item 2. 
Item 3. 
Item 4. 
   
 
   
Item 5. 
 
Item 6. 
Item 7. 
Item 7A. 
Item 8. 
Item 9. 
Item 9A. 
Item 9B. 
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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10‑K (this “Annual Report”) contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). When used in this Annual Report, the words “attempt,” “could,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward‑looking statements, although not all forward‑looking statements contain such identifying words. These forward‑looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions about future events and are based on currently available information as to the outcome and timing of future events. When considering forward‑looking statements, you should keep in mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements described under the heading “Item 1A. Risk Factors” included in this Annual Report and other cautionary statements contained herein. These forward‑looking statements are based on management’s current belief, based on currently available information, as to the outcome and timing of future events.
Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward‑looking statements include, but are not limited to:
demand for our products and services, which is affected by, among other things, the price of crude oil and natural gas;
the number of active drilling and workover rigs, pad sizes, drilling and completion efficiencies, lateral lengths, well productivity, well counts and availability of takeaway and storage capacity;
changes in the number of drilled but uncompleted wells (“DUCs”);
competition and capacity within the oilfield services industry;
disparities in activity levels between private operators and large publicly-traded exploration and production (“E&P”) companies;
the financial health of our customers and our credit risk of customer non-payment;
availability and cost of raw materials, components and imported items;
changes in inland and ocean shipping costs as well as transit times, particularly due to Red Sea-related disruptions;
the impact of inflation, high interest rates and a possible recession;
availability and cost of skilled and qualified workers and our ability to recruit and retain employees and managers;
potential liabilities such as warranty and product liability claims arising out of the installation, use or misuse of our products;
our financial strategy, operating cash flows, liquidity and capital required for our business, including our ability to obtain and repay debt-financing and to pay dividends;
our ability to retain, expand and create new relationships with major customers or suppliers;
consolidation among our customers;
laws and regulations, including environmental regulations, that may increase our costs or our customers’ costs, limit the demand for our products and services or restrict our operations;
disruptions in political, regulatory, economic and social conditions domestically or internationally including increasing tensions and military activity throughout the Middle East;
the severity and duration of global pandemics or other health crises, such as the outbreak of COVID-19, and the extent of their impact on our business, including employee absenteeism;
the impact of actions taken by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and other oil and gas producing countries (“OPEC+”) affecting the supply of oil and gas;
the impact of planned and possible future releases from and replenishments to the Strategic Petroleum Reserve;
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the impact of LNG regasification and storage capacity on associated natural gas demand and potential delays in approvals of new natural gas export terminals;
the significance of future liabilities under the Tax Receivable Agreement (the “TRA”) we entered into in connection with our initial public offering;
a failure of our information technology infrastructure or any significant breach of security;
potential uninsured claims and litigation against us;
currency exchange rate fluctuations associated with our international operations;
our ability to successfully integrate FlexSteel and realize the expected benefits of the transaction in an efficient and effective manner; and
our ability to expand internationally.
We caution you that these forward‑looking statements are subject to all of the risks and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control, incident to the operation of our business. These risks include but are not limited to the risks described in this Annual Report under “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Should one or more of the risks or uncertainties described in this Annual Report occur, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results could differ materially from those expressed in any forward‑looking statements.
All forward‑looking statements, expressed or implied, included in this Annual Report are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. This cautionary statement should also be considered in connection with any subsequent written or oral forward‑looking statements that we or persons acting on our behalf may issue. Except as otherwise required by applicable law, we disclaim any duty to update any forward‑looking statements, all of which are expressly qualified by the statements in this section, to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report.
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PART I
Item 1.     Business
General
Cactus, Inc. (“Cactus Inc.”) was incorporated on February 17, 2017 as a Delaware corporation for the purpose of completing an initial public offering of equity, which was completed on February 12, 2018 (our “IPO”). We began operating in August 2011 following the formation of Cactus Wellhead, LLC (“Cactus LLC”) in part by Scott Bender and Joel Bender, who have owned or operated wellhead manufacturing businesses since the late 1970s.
Cactus Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and “Cactus”) are primarily engaged in the design, manufacture, sale and rental of highly engineered pressure control and spoolable pipe technologies. Our products are sold and rented principally for onshore unconventional oil and gas wells and are utilized during the drilling, completion and production phases of our customers’ wells. We also provide field services for all of our products and rental items to assist with the installation, maintenance and handling of the equipment. Additionally, we offer repair and refurbishment services as appropriate. We operate through service centers and pipe yards located in the United States, Canada and Australia. We also provide rental and service operations in the Middle East and other select international markets. We also have manufacturing and production facilities in Bossier City, Louisiana, Baytown, Texas and Suzhou, China. Our corporate headquarters are located in Houston, Texas.
FlexSteel Acquisition
On February 28, 2023, we completed the acquisition of the FlexSteel business (the “Merger”) through a merger with HighRidge Resources, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“HighRidge”). The purpose of the Merger was to effect the acquisition of the operations of FlexSteel Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. We completed the acquisition on a cash-free, debt-free basis and paid total cash consideration of $621.5 million which included final adjustments for closing working capital, cash on hand and indebtedness adjustments as set forth in the related merger agreement (the “Merger Agreement”). In addition to the upfront consideration, there is a potential future earn-out payment of up to $75 million to be paid no later than the third quarter of 2024, if certain revenue growth targets are met by the FlexSteel business. We funded the upfront purchase price using a combination of $165.6 million of net proceeds received from a public offering of shares of our Class A common stock completed in January 2023, borrowings under the Amended ABL Credit Facility (as defined in Note 6 in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements) totaling $155.0 million and available cash on hand. See Note 3 in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to the acquisition.
CC Reorganization and Current Ownership Structure
On February 27, 2023, in order to facilitate the Merger with HighRidge, an internal reorganization (the “CC Reorganization”) was completed in which Cactus Companies, LLC (“Cactus Companies”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cactus Inc., acquired all of the outstanding units representing limited liability ownership interests in Cactus LLC (“CW Units”), the operating subsidiary of Cactus Inc., in exchange for an equal number of units representing limited liability company interests in Cactus Companies (“CC Units”). Subsequent to the Merger, FlexSteel Holdings, Inc. was converted into a limited liability company and is now named FlexSteel Holdings, LLC (“FlexSteel”). Cactus Inc. contributed HighRidge to Cactus Acquisitions LLC (“Cactus Acquisitions”), a newly created entity, whereby HighRidge was converted into a limited liability company. Lastly, Cactus Acquisitions contributed FlexSteel to Cactus Companies.
Cactus Inc. is a holding company whose only material asset is a direct and indirect equity interest consisting of CC Units following the completion of the CC Reorganization (which were CW Units from the IPO until the CC Reorganization). Cactus Inc. was the sole managing member of Cactus LLC upon completion of our IPO until the CC Reorganization and became the sole managing member of Cactus Companies upon completion of the CC Reorganization. In connection with the CC Reorganization, Cactus Inc., Cactus Acquisitions and the remaining owners of CC Units entered into the Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement of Cactus Companies (the “Cactus Companies LLC Agreement”), which contains substantially the same terms and conditions as the Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement of Cactus LLC (the “Cactus Wellhead LLC Agreement”), which was the limited liability company operating agreement of Cactus LLC prior to the CC Reorganization. Cactus Inc. was responsible for all operational, management and administrative decisions relating to Cactus LLC’s business for the period from completion of our IPO until the CC Reorganization and for the Cactus Companies’ business for periods after the CC Reorganization.
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From the completion of our IPO until the CC Reorganization, pursuant to the Cactus Wellhead LLC Agreement, owners of CW Units were entitled to redeem their CW Units for shares of Cactus Inc.’s Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Class A common stock”) on a one-for-one basis, which would have resulted in a corresponding increase in Cactus Inc.’s membership interest in Cactus LLC and an increase in the number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding. After the CC Reorganization, we refer to the owners of CC Units, other than Cactus Inc. (along with their permitted transferees), as “CC Unit Holders.” From the completion of our IPO until the CC Reorganization, CW Unit Holders owned one share of our Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Class B common stock”) for each CW Unit such CW Unit Holder owned and, upon the completion of the CC Reorganization, such CW Unit Holders ceased to be holders of CW Units and, instead, became holders of a number of CC Units equal to the number of CW Units such CW Unit Holders held immediately prior to the completion of the CC Reorganization. Following the completion of the CC Reorganization, CC Unit Holders own one share of our Class B common stock for each CC Unit such CC Unit Holder owns and Cactus Companies is the sole member of Cactus LLC. Pursuant to the Cactus Companies LLC Agreement, owners of CC Units are entitled to redeem their CC Units for shares of Cactus Inc.’s Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis, which would result in a corresponding increase in Cactus Inc.’s membership interest in Cactus Companies and an increase in the number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding.
Since our IPO, 46.5 million CC Units (including CW Units prior to the CC Reorganization) and a corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock have been redeemed in exchange for shares of Class A common stock. Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock vote together as a single class on all matters presented to our stockholders for their vote or approval, except as otherwise required by applicable law or our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. Cactus WH Enterprises, LLC (“Cactus WH Enterprises”) is the largest CC Unit Holder. Cactus WH Enterprises is a Delaware limited liability company owned by Scott Bender, Joel Bender, Steven Bender and certain other employees. As of December 31, 2023, Cactus Inc. owned 82.3% and CC Unit Holders owned 17.7% of Cactus Companies, which was based on 65.4 million shares of Class A common stock issued and outstanding and 14.0 million shares of Class B common stock issued and outstanding. Cactus WH Enterprises held approximately 15.8% of our voting power as of December 31, 2023.
The following diagram indicates our simplified ownership structure as of December 31, 2023:
Ownership Structure 12-31-23.jpg
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Our Products and Services
Following the acquisition of FlexSteel, we have two operating segments consisting of Pressure Control and Spoolable Technologies. See discussion below of each operating segment.
Pressure Control
The Pressure Control segment designs, manufactures, sells and rents a range of wellhead and pressure control equipment under the Cactus Wellhead brand. Products are sold and rented principally for onshore unconventional oil and gas wells and are utilized during the drilling, completion and production phases of our customers’ wells. In addition, we provide field services for all of our products and rental items to assist with the installation, maintenance and handling of the equipment.
We operate through service centers in the United States, which are strategically located in the key oil and gas producing regions, and in Eastern Australia. These service centers support our field services and provide equipment assembly and repair services. We also provide rental and service operations in the Middle East. Pressure Control manufacturing and production facilities are located in Bossier City, Louisiana and Suzhou, China.
Demand for our product sales in the Pressure Control segment is driven primarily by the number of new wells drilled, as each new well requires a wellhead and, after the completion phase, a production tree. Demand for our rental items is driven primarily by the number of well completions as we rent frac trees to oil and gas operators to assist in hydraulic fracturing. To a lesser extent, rental demand is also driven by drilling activity as we rent tools used in the installation of wellheads. Field service and other revenues are closely correlated with revenues from product sales and rentals, as items sold or rented almost always have an associated service component.
Spoolable Technologies
The Spoolable Technologies segment designs, manufactures, and sells spoolable pipe and associated end fittings under the FlexSteel brand. Our customers use these products primarily as production, gathering and takeaway pipelines to transport oil, gas or other liquids. In addition, we also provide field services and rental items to assist our customers with the installation of these products. We support our field service operations through service centers and pipe yards located in oil and gas regions throughout the United States and Western Canada. We also provide equipment and services in select international markets. The Spoolable Technologies manufacturing facility is located in Baytown, Texas.
Demand for our product sales in the Spoolable Technologies segment is driven primarily by the number of wells being placed into production after the completions phase as customers use our spoolable pipe and associated fittings to bring wells more rapidly onto production. Rental and field service and other revenues are closely correlated with revenues from product sales, as items sold usually have an associated rental and service component.
Our Revenues
Our revenues are derived from three sources: products, rentals, and field service and other. Product revenues are derived from the sale of wellhead systems, production trees and spoolable pipe and fittings. Rental revenues are primarily derived from the rental of equipment used during the completion process, the repair of such equipment and the rental of equipment or tools used to install wellhead equipment or spoolable pipe. Field service and other revenues are primarily earned when we provide installation and other field services for both product sales and equipment rental.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we derived 74% of our total revenues from the sale of our products, 10% from rentals and 16% from field service and other. In 2022, we derived 66% of our total revenues from the sale of our products, 14% from rentals and 20% from field service and other. In 2021, we derived 64% of our total revenues from the sale of our products, 14% from rentals and 22% from field service and other. We have predominantly domestic operations and sales but also generate revenues in Australia, Canada and other select international markets.
Most of our sales are made on a call out basis pursuant to agreements, wherein our clients provide delivery instructions for goods and/or services as their operations require. Such goods and services are most often priced in accordance with a preapproved price list. The actual pricing of our products and services is impacted by a number of factors including competitive pricing pressure, the value perceived by our customers, the level of utilized capacity in the oil service sector, cost of manufacturing the product, cost of providing the service and general market conditions. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Recent Developments and Trends” for a discussion of trends in market demand.
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Costs of Conducting Our Business
The principal elements of cost of sales for our products are the direct and indirect costs to manufacture and supply our products, including labor, materials, machine time, tariffs and duties, freight and lease expenses related to our facilities. The principal elements of cost of sales for rentals are the direct and indirect costs of manufacturing and supplying rental equipment, including depreciation, repairs specifically performed on such rental equipment and freight. The principal elements of cost of sales for field service and other are labor, equipment depreciation and repair, equipment and vehicle lease expenses, fuel and supplies. Selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) are comprised of costs such as sales and marketing, engineering and product development, general corporate overhead, business development, compensation, employment benefits, insurance, information technology, safety and environmental, legal and professional.
Suppliers and Raw Materials
Forgings, castings, tube and bar stock represent the principal raw materials used in the manufacture of our Pressure Control products and rental equipment. In addition, we require accessory items (such as elastomers, ring gaskets, studs and nuts) and machined components. The principal raw materials used by our Spoolable Technologies segment include tube, bar stock, steel strip and high density polyethylene. We purchase a majority of our raw materials from vendors primarily located in the United States, China, India, Australia and the United Kingdom. We do not believe that we are overly dependent on any individual vendor to supply our required materials or services. The materials and services essential to our business are normally readily available and, where we use one or a few vendors as a source of any particular materials or services, we believe that we can, within a reasonable period of time, make satisfactory alternative arrangements in the event of an interruption of supply from any vendor. We believe our materials and services vendors have the capacity to meet additional demand should we require it, although at potentially higher costs and with extended deliveries.
Manufacturing
Our manufacturing and production facilities within our Pressure Control operating segment are located in Bossier City, Louisiana and Suzhou, China. Although both facilities can produce our full range of products, our Bossier City facility has advanced production capabilities and is designed to support time-sensitive and rapid turnaround of made-to-order equipment, while our facility in China is optimized for longer lead time orders and outsources its machining requirements. The facilities are licensed to the latest American Petroleum Institute (“API”) 6A specification for wellheads and valves and API Q1 and ISO 9001:2015 quality management systems. The Bossier City facility also has the ability to perform frac rental equipment remanufacturing. Our production facility in China is configured to efficiently produce our range of pressure control products and components for less time-sensitive, higher-volume orders. The Suzhou facility assembles and tests finished and semi-finished machined components before shipment to the United States, Australia and other international locations. Our Suzhou subsidiary is wholly-owned, and its facility is staffed by Cactus employees, which we believe is a key factor in sustaining high quality and dependable deliveries.
Our manufacturing facility within our Spoolable Technologies operating segment is located in Baytown, Texas. Using proprietary-designed manufacturing equipment, we produce pipe products in accordance with industry standards. Additionally, our Baytown facility utilizes advanced Computer Numeric Control machines dedicated to the precision manufacturing of the FlexSteel connectors. Our Baytown facility is licensed to the latest API 15S specification for spoolable reinforced plastic line pipe, API 17J specification for unbonded flexible pipe and adheres to certified API Q1 and ISO 9001:2015 quality management systems.
Trademarks and Patents
Trademarks are important to the marketing of our products. The Company has numerous trademarks registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office as well as foreign trademark offices and has also applied for registration of several other trademarks, which are still pending. Once registered, our trademarks can be renewed every 10 years as long as we are using them in commerce. We also seek to protect our technology through the use of patents, which affords us 20 years of protection of our proprietary inventions and technology, although we do not deem patents to be critical to our success. We have been awarded U.S. patents and patents in foreign jurisdictions while still having additional patent applications pending. We also rely on trade secret protection for our confidential and proprietary information. To protect our information, we customarily enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and suppliers. There can be no assurance, however, that others will not independently obtain similar information or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets.
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Cyclicality
We are substantially dependent on conditions in the oil and gas industry, including the level of exploration, development and production activity of, and the corresponding capital spending by, oil and natural gas companies. The level of exploration, development and production activity is directly affected by trends in oil and natural gas prices, which have historically been volatile, and by the availability of capital and the associated capital spending discipline exercised by customers. Declines, as well as anticipated declines, in oil and gas prices could negatively affect the level of these activities and capital spending, which could adversely affect demand for our products and services and, in certain instances, result in the cancellation, modification or rescheduling of existing and expected orders and the ability of our customers to pay us for our products and services. These factors could have an adverse effect on our revenue and profitability.
Seasonality
Our business is not significantly impacted by seasonality, although our fourth quarter has historically been impacted by holidays and our customers’ budget cycles. This can lead to lower activity in our three revenue categories as well as lower margins, particularly in field services due to reduced labor utilization.
Customers
We serve over 300 customers representing private operators, publicly-traded independents, majors and other companies with operations in the key U.S. oil and gas producing basins as well as in Australia, Canada, the Middle East and other international locations. One customer represented approximately 10% of total revenues during the year ended December 31, 2023. No customer represented 10% or more of our total revenues during the year ended December 31, 2022, whereas one customer represented 12% of total revenues during the year ended December 31, 2021. 
Competition
The markets in which we operate are highly competitive. In the Pressure Control segment, we believe we are one of the largest suppliers of wellheads used in the United States. We compete with Vault, divisions of SLB and TechnipFMC and a large number of other companies. We believe the rental market for frac stacks and related flow control equipment is more fragmented than the wellhead product market and do not believe any individual company represents more than 20% of the U.S. market. In the Spoolable Technologies segment, we compete with companies who offer spoolable products, including Baker Hughes, Mattr, NOV and select other companies, and also companies who offer traditional steel line pipe, including Tenaris, Vallourec, and a large number of other line pipe manufacturers and distributors.
We believe the competitive factors in the markets we serve include technical features, equipment availability, work force competency, efficiency, safety record, reputation, continuity of management and price. Additionally, projects are often awarded on a bid basis, which tends to create a highly competitive environment. While we seek to be competitive in our pricing, we believe many of our customers elect to work with us based on product performance, features, safety and availability, as well as the quality of our people, equipment and services. We seek to differentiate ourselves from our competitors by delivering the highest‑quality services and equipment possible, coupled with superior execution and operating efficiency in a safe working environment.
Environmental, Health and Safety Regulation
We are subject to stringent governmental laws and regulations, both in the United States and other countries, pertaining to protection of the environment and occupational safety and health. Compliance with environmental legal requirements in the United States at the federal, state or local levels may require acquiring permits to conduct regulated activities, incurring capital expenditures to limit or prevent emissions, discharges and any unauthorized releases, and complying with stringent practices to handle, recycle and dispose of certain wastes. These laws and regulations include, among others:
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (the “Clean Water Act”);
the Clean Air Act;
the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act;
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act;
the Occupational Safety and Health Act; and
national and local environmental protection laws in Australia, China, Canada and the Middle East.
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New, modified or stricter enforcement of environmental laws and regulations could be adopted or implemented that significantly increase our compliance costs, pollution mitigation costs, or the cost of any remediation of environmental contamination that may become necessary, and these costs could be material. Our customers are also subject to most, if not all, of the same laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and occupational safety and health in the United States and in foreign countries where we operate. Consequently, to the extent these environmental compliance costs, pollution mitigation costs or remediation costs are incurred by our customers, those customers could elect to delay, reduce or cancel drilling, exploration or production programs, which could reduce demand for our products and services and, as a result, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. Consistent with our quality assurance and Health, Safety & Environment (“HSE”) principles, we have established proactive environmental and worker safety policies in the United States and foreign countries for the management, handling, recycling or disposal of chemicals and gases and other materials and wastes resulting from our operations. Substantial fines and penalties can be imposed and orders or injunctions limiting or prohibiting certain operations may be issued in connection with any failure to comply with laws and regulations relating to worker health and safety.
Licenses and Certifications. Our manufacturing facility in Bossier City, Louisiana, our production facility in Suzhou, China and our service center in Brendale, Australia are currently licensed by the API to monogram manufactured products in accordance with API 6A, 21st Edition product specification for both wellheads and valves while the quality management system is certified to API Q1, 9th Edition and ISO 9001:2015. Cactus has also developed an API Q2 program specific to our Pressure Control service business. We have and are implementing the API Q2 Quality Management System at select service locations to reduce well site non-productive time, improve service tool reliability and enhance customer satisfaction and retention.
Our manufacturing facility in Baytown, Texas also holds API licenses, allowing us to monogram our FlexSteel products in strict accordance with industry-leading standards. Specifically, we adhere to the API 15S 3rd Edition product specification for spoolable reinforced plastic line pipe and the API 17J 4th Edition product specification for unbonded flexible pipe. The FlexSteel quality management system is certified to API Q1, 9th Edition, and ISO 9001:2015. We also hold product conformity certifications for our Spoolable Technologies segment from ICONTEC, covering Latin and South American standards for API 15S and 17J, and ABNT, endorsing Brazilian production conformity to API 15S and 17J.
The API licenses and certifications expire every three years and are renewed upon successful completion of annual audits. Our current API licenses and certifications for our Pressure Control segment are published on our website under the “Quality Assurance & Control” section at www.CactusWHD.com. The current licenses and certifications for our Spoolable Technologies segment can be found under the “HSEQ” section of our FlexSteel website at www.flexsteelpipe.com. API’s standards are subject to revision, however, and there is no guarantee that future amendments or substantive changes to the standards would not require us to modify our operations or manufacturing processes to meet the new standards. Doing so may materially affect our operational costs. We also cannot guarantee that changes to the standards would not lead to the rescission of our licenses should we be unable to make the changes necessary to meet the new standards. Loss of our API licenses could materially affect demand for these products.
Hydraulic Fracturing. Most of our customers utilize hydraulic fracturing in their operations. Environmental concerns have been raised regarding the potential impact of hydraulic fracturing and the resulting wastewater disposal on underground water supplies and seismic activity. These concerns have led to several regulatory and governmental initiatives in the United States to restrict the hydraulic fracturing process, which could have an adverse impact on our customers’ completions or production activities. Although we do not conduct hydraulic fracturing, certain of our products are used in hydraulic fracturing. Increased regulation and attention given to the hydraulic fracturing process could lead to greater opposition to oil and gas production activities using hydraulic fracturing techniques. Since 2021, the Texas Railroad Commission, which regulates the state’s oil and gas industry, has suspended the use of deep wastewater disposal wells in certain areas of oil-producing counties in West Texas. The suspensions are intended to mitigate earthquakes thought to be caused by the injection of waste fluids, including saltwater, that are a byproduct of hydraulic fracturing into disposal wells. The bans require oil and gas production companies to find other options to handle the wastewater, which may include piping or trucking it longer distances to other locations not under the bans. In addition, the Texas Railroad Commission has overseen the development of well-operator-led response plans to reduce injection volumes in other portions of West Texas in order to reduce seismicity in these areas. The adoption of new laws or regulations at the federal, state, local or foreign level imposing reporting obligations on, or otherwise limiting, delaying or banning, the hydraulic fracturing process or other processes on which hydraulic fracturing and subsequent hydrocarbon production relies, such as water disposal, could make it more difficult to complete oil and natural gas wells. Further, it could increase our customers’ costs of compliance and doing business, and otherwise adversely affect the hydraulic fracturing services for which they contract, which could negatively impact demand for our products.
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Climate Change. State, national and foreign governments and agencies continue to evaluate, and in some instances adopt, climate-related legislation and other regulatory initiatives that would restrict emissions of greenhouse gases. Changes in environmental requirements related to greenhouse gases, climate change and alternative energy sources may negatively impact demand for our services. For example, oil and natural gas exploration and production may decline as a result of environmental requirements, including land use policies responsive to environmental concerns. While the United States Department of the Interior (“DOI”) announced in April 2022 that it would resume oil and gas leasing on public lands, there was an 80% reduction in the number of acres offered and an increase in the royalties companies must pay. In August 2023, the DOI proposed a scaled back offshore lease sale for certain areas in the Gulf of Mexico due to concerns related to an endangered whale population in the area. The exclusion of certain lease blocks from the sale was successfully challenged in court, and the DOI was ordered to hold the lease sale at its original scale. This decision was upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit on November 14, 2023, and the sale went forward as scheduled on December 20, 2023. The topic of oil and gas leasing on public land remains politically fraught. In addition, the Biden administration has indicated that it is delaying consideration of new natural gas export terminals in the United States and to the extent that these developments or other initiatives to reform federal leasing practices result in the development of additional restrictions on drilling, limitations on the availability of leases, or restrictions on the ability to obtain required permits, it could impact our customers’ opportunities and reduce demand for our products and services in the aforementioned areas.
Because our business depends on the level of activity in the oil and natural gas industry, existing or future laws, regulations, treaties or international agreements related to greenhouse gases and climate change, may reduce demand for oil and natural gas and could have a negative impact on our business. Likewise, such restrictions may result in additional compliance obligations that could have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated results of operations and consolidated financial position. In addition, our business could be impacted by initiatives to address greenhouse gases and climate change and incentives to conserve energy or use alternative energy sources. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “Inflation Reduction Act”) appropriates significant federal funding for the development of renewable energy, clean hydrogen, clean fuels, electric vehicles and supporting infrastructure and carbon capture and sequestration, amongst other provisions. In addition, the Inflation Reduction Act imposes the first ever federal fee on the emission of greenhouse gases (“GHG”) through a methane emissions charge. The Inflation Reduction Act amends the federal Clean Air Act to impose a fee on the emission of methane from sources required to report their GHG emissions to the EPA, including those sources in the onshore petroleum and natural gas production categories. These developments could further accelerate the transition of the U.S. economy away from the use of fossil fuels towards lower- or zero-carbon emissions alternatives, which could reduce demand for our products and services and negatively impact our business.
Insurance and Risk Management
We rely on customer indemnifications and third‑party insurance as part of our risk mitigation strategy. However, our customers may be unable to satisfy indemnification claims against them. In addition, we indemnify our customers against certain claims and liabilities resulting or arising from our provision of goods or services to them. Our insurance may not be sufficient to cover any particular loss or may not cover all losses. We carry a variety of insurance coverages for our operations, and we are partially self‑insured for certain claims, in amounts that we believe to be customary and reasonable. Historically, insurance rates have been subject to various market fluctuations that may result in less coverage, increased premium costs, or higher deductibles or self‑insured retentions.
Our insurance includes coverage for commercial general liability, damage to our real and personal property, damage to our mobile equipment, pollution liability, workers’ compensation and employer’s liability, auto liability, foreign package policy, commercial crime, fiduciary liability employment practices, cargo, excess liability, and directors and officers’ insurance. We also maintain a partially self-insured medical plan that utilizes specific and aggregate stop loss limits. Our insurance includes various coverage limitations, policy limits and deductibles or self‑insured retentions, which must be met prior to, or in conjunction with, any recovery.
Human Capital Management
As of December 31, 2023, we employed almost 1,600 people worldwide, of which over 100 were employed outside of the United States, mainly in Australia and China. We are not a party to any collective bargaining agreements and have not experienced any strikes or work stoppages. We consider our relations with our workforce to be good. Our success is highly dependent on our ability to attract, retain and motivate a diverse population of talented employees at all levels of our organization, including the individuals who comprise our global workforce, executive officers and other key personnel. To thrive in a highly competitive industry, we have formulated essential strategies, objectives, and metrics for recruitment and retention. These factors play a significant role in our comprehensive business management approach and our high levels of retention of key managers and associates.
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Recruiting. Our talent strategy prioritizes the attraction, recognition, development, and retention of high-performing individuals. To find qualified candidates, we encourage and reward employee referrals, utilize several social media platforms, participate in regional job fairs and establish partnerships with educational organizations throughout the United States. Furthermore, we collaborate with local workforce commissions to ensure that we attract a diverse and highly capable pool of candidates in all regions where we operate.
Training and Development. We are dedicated to our employees’ training and development, especially those in field, plant and branch operations. We offer extensive internal training programs that prioritize and monitor their technical and safety skills. Our internal training focuses on safety, corporate and personal responsibility, product knowledge, behavioral development and ethical conduct. Our career development plans are designed to enable individuals to acquire the necessary technical knowledge to perform their jobs with utmost safety and precision. External training courses are attended by employees with specialized skills, knowledge or certifications as needed for their ongoing success and professional development. We believe our continued focus on training and development translates into a safer work environment, opportunities to promote within the organization, improved employee morale and increased employee retention.
Diversity and Inclusion. We believe that diversity and inclusion are integral to our success and essential to fostering innovation and sustainable growth. We are dedicated to cultivating a workplace that embraces differences and ensures everyone feels valued, respected and empowered to contribute their unique perspectives. We are committed to creating and maintaining a workplace culture that is diverse, inclusive, and free from discrimination. This commitment extends across all aspects of our business, from hiring and promotion practices to employee development and supplier relationships. Our workforce comprises a diverse associate group, with approximately 14% women and approximately 46% of our workforce representing a minority population.
Compensation and Benefits. We offer comprehensive compensation and benefits programs designed to address the needs of our employees and their families. Along with competitive salaries and wages, our benefits programs (which may vary by country) include annual bonuses, retirement plans such as a 401(k) plan, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings accounts partially funded by the Company, standard flexible spending accounts, personal legal services insurance, company-sponsored long and short term disability, accident and critical illness, paid time off, family leave, partially paid maternity and paternity leave, family care resources and employee assistance programs, among others. We also offer tuition reimbursement in certain circumstances to support our employees’ continued growth and development. Additionally, we use targeted equity-based grants with vesting conditions to facilitate the retention of key personnel.
Health and Safety. Our health and safety programs are designed around global standards with appropriate variations addressing the multiple jurisdictions and regulations, specific hazards and unique working environments of our manufacturing and production facilities, service centers and headquarters. We require each location to conduct regular safety evaluations to verify that expectations for safety program procedures and training are being met. We also engage in third-party conformity assessments of our HSE processes to determine adherence to our HSE management system and to global health and safety standards. We monitor our Occupational Safety and Health Administration Total Recordable Incident Rate (“TRIR”) to assess our operation’s health and safety performance. TRIR is defined as the number of incidents per 100 full-time employees that have resulted in a recordable injury or illness in the pertinent period. During fiscal year 2023, our Pressure Control segment reported a TRIR of 1.19, which compares to 1.35 in 2022, with no work-related fatalities in either year. Our Spoolable Technologies segment reported a TRIR of 0.98 for fiscal year 2023 with no work-related fatalities. Based on the most recent statistics available from the International Association of Drilling Contractors, our TRIR statistics are in line with the industry average.
We are committed to the health, safety and wellness of our employees. We provide our employees and their families access to various flexible and convenient health and wellness programs. These programs include benefits that offer protection and security to have peace of mind concerning events that may require time away from work or impact their financial well-being. These tools also support their physical and mental health by providing resources to improve or maintain their health status.
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Executive Officers and Directors
The following tables set forth certain information regarding our Executive Officers and Directors as of February 27, 2024:
Information About Our Executive Officers
NamePosition
Scott BenderChief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board and Director
Joel BenderPresident and Director
Steven BenderChief Operating Officer
Stephen TadlockExecutive Vice President, Chief Executive Officer of the Spoolable Technologies segment and Treasurer
Alan KeiferInterim Chief Financial Officer
William MarshExecutive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
Donna AndersonVice President and Chief Accounting Officer
Information About Our Board of Directors
NamePosition
Scott BenderChief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board and Director of Cactus, Inc.
Joel BenderPresident and Director of Cactus, Inc.
Melissa LawPresident of Global Operations for Tate & Lyle
Michael McGovernExecutive Chairman of the board of directors of Superior Energy Services, Inc.
John (Andy) O’DonnellFormer Vice President and executive officer of Baker Hughes Incorporated
Gary RosenthalPartner, The Sterling Group, L.P.
Bruce RothsteinFormer Member and co-founder of Cadent Energy Partners LLC
Alan SempleDirector of Teekay Corporation
Tym TombarManaging Director and Co-Founder of Arcadius Capital Partners
Available Information
Our principal executive offices are located at 920 Memorial City Way, Suite 300, Houston, TX 77024, and our telephone number at that address is (713) 626‑8800. Our website address is www.CactusWHD.com. Our periodic reports and other information filed with or furnished to the SEC, including our Form 10-Ks, Form 10-Qs and Form 8-Ks, as well as amendments to such filings, are available free of charge through our website, as soon as reasonably practicable after those reports and other information are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Information on our website or any other website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report and does not constitute a part of this Annual Report.
Item 1A.   Risk Factors
Investing in our Class A common stock involves risks. You should carefully consider the information in this Annual Report, including the matters addressed under “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward‑Looking Statements,” and the following risks before making an investment decision. Our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks. Additional risks or uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we deem immaterial, may also have an effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. The trading price of our Class A common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
Risks Related to the Oilfield Services Industry and Our Business
Demand for our products and services depends on oil and gas industry activity and customer expenditure levels, which are directly affected by trends in the demand for and price of crude oil and natural gas and availability of capital.
Demand for our products and services depends primarily upon the general level of activity in the oil and gas industry, including the number of drilling rigs in operation, the number of oil and gas wells being drilled, the depth, lateral length and
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drilling conditions of these wells, the volume of production, the number of well completions and the level of well remediation activity, the number of wells put into production and the corresponding capital spending by oil and gas companies. Oil and gas activity is in turn heavily influenced by, among other factors, current and anticipated oil and natural gas prices locally and worldwide, which have historically been volatile. Declines, as well as anticipated declines, in oil and gas prices could negatively affect the level of these activities and capital spending, which could adversely affect demand for our products and services and, in certain instances, result in the cancellation, modification or rescheduling of existing and expected orders and the ability of our customers to pay us for our products and services. These factors could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
The oil and gas industry is cyclical and has historically experienced periodic downturns, which have been characterized by diminished demand for our products and services and downward pressure on the prices we charge. These downturns cause many E&P companies to reduce their capital budgets and drilling activity. Any future downturn or expected downturn could result in a significant decline in demand for oilfield services and adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.
U.S. drilling and completion activity could be adversely affected by any significant constraints in equipment, labor or takeaway capacity in the regions in which we operate.
U.S. drilling and completion activity may be impacted by, among other things, the availability and cost of ancillary equipment and services, pipeline capacity, and material and labor shortages. Should significant changes in activity occur, there could be concerns over availability of the equipment, materials and labor required to drill and complete a well, together with the ability to move the produced oil and natural gas to market. Should significant constraints develop that materially impact the efficiency and economics of oil and gas producers, U.S. drilling and completion activity could be adversely affected. This would have an adverse impact on the demand for the products we sell and rent, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.
We may be unable to employ a sufficient number of skilled and qualified workers to sustain or expand our current operations.
The delivery of our products and services requires personnel with specialized skills and experience. Our ability to be productive and profitable will depend upon our ability to attract and retain skilled workers. In addition, our ability to expand our operations depends in part on our ability to increase the size of our skilled labor force. The demand for skilled workers is high and the cost to attract and retain qualified personnel has remained elevated. During industry downturns, skilled workers may leave the industry, reducing the availability of qualified workers when conditions improve. In addition, a significant increase in the wages paid by competing employers both within and outside of our industry could result in increases in the wage rates that we must pay. If we are not able to employ and retain skilled workers, our ability to respond quickly to customer demands or strong market conditions may inhibit our growth, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.
Our business is dependent on the continuing services of certain of our key managers and employees.
We depend on key personnel. The loss of key personnel could adversely impact our business. The loss of qualified employees or an inability to retain and motivate additional highly‑skilled employees required for the operation and expansion of our business could hinder our ability to successfully maintain and expand our market share. During the fourth quarter of 2023, our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) assumed responsibility for the Chief Executive Officer position in our Spoolable Technologies operating segment (the FlexSteel business) and was replaced with an interim CFO. While the Company intends to appoint a new CFO during 2024, the changes in executive leadership could cause disruption to our business operations.
Political, regulatory, economic and social disruptions in the countries in which we conduct business and globally could adversely affect our business or results of operations.
In addition to our facilities in the United States, we operate a production facility in China and have facilities in Australia and Canada that sell and rent equipment as well as provide parts, repair services and field services associated with installation. Additionally, we provide rental and field service operations in the Middle East. Instability and unforeseen changes in any of the markets in which we conduct business could have an adverse effect on the demand for, or supply of, our business, results of operations and cash flows.

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We are dependent on a relatively small number of customers in a single industry. The loss of an important customer could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our customers are engaged in the oil and natural gas E&P business primarily in the United States, but also in Australia, Canada, the Middle East and other select international markets. Historically, we have been dependent on a relatively small number of customers for our revenues. Our business, results of operations and financial position could be materially adversely affected if an important customer ceases to engage us for our services on favorable terms, or at all, or fails to pay or delays paying us significant amounts of our outstanding receivables. Additionally, the E&P industry has seen consolidation activity, which may continue. Changes in ownership of our customers may result in the loss of, or reduction in, business from those customers which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.
Delays in obtaining, or inability to obtain or renew, permits or authorizations by our customers for their operations could impair our business.
Our customers are required to obtain permits or authorizations from one or more governmental agencies or other third parties to perform drilling and completion activities, including hydraulic fracturing. Such permits or approvals are typically required by state agencies but can also be required by federal and local governmental agencies or other third parties. As with most permitting and authorization processes, there is a degree of uncertainty as to whether a permit will be granted, the time it will take for a permit or approval to be issued and the conditions which may be imposed in connection with the granting of the permit. In some jurisdictions, certain regulatory authorities have delayed or suspended the issuance of permits or authorizations while the potential environmental impacts associated with issuing such permits can be studied and appropriate mitigation measures evaluated. In Texas, rural water districts have begun to impose restrictions on water use and may require permits for water used in drilling and completion activities. Oil and gas leasing on public land remains politically fraught and federal land available for oil and gas leasing could be significantly reduced due to environmental and climate concerns. The effects of these developments or other initiatives to reform the federal leasing process could result in additional restrictions or limitations on the issuance of federal leases and permits for drilling on public lands. In addition, the Biden administration has indicated it is delaying consideration of new natural gas export terminals in the United States. Permitting, authorization or renewal delays, the inability to obtain new permits or the revocation of current permits could impact our customers’ operations and cause a loss of revenue and potentially have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.
Competition within the oilfield services industry may adversely affect our ability to market our services.
The oilfield services industry is highly competitive and fragmented and includes numerous companies capable of competing effectively in our markets, including several large companies that possess substantially greater financial and other resources than we do. The amount of equipment available may exceed demand, which could result in active price competition. Many contracts are awarded on a bid basis, which may further increase competition based primarily on price. In addition, adverse market conditions lower demand for well servicing equipment, which results in excess equipment and lower utilization rates. If market conditions deteriorate or if adverse market conditions persist, the prices we are able to charge and utilization rates may decline. Any significant future increase in overall market capacity for the products, rental equipment or services that we offer could adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.
New technology may cause us to become less competitive.
The oilfield services industry is subject to the introduction of new drilling and completions techniques and services using new technologies, some of which may be subject to patent or other intellectual property protections. Although we believe our equipment and processes currently give us a competitive advantage, as competitors and others use or develop new or comparable technologies in the future, we may lose market share or be placed at a competitive disadvantage. Further, we may face competitive pressure to develop, implement, license or acquire certain new technologies at a substantial cost. Some of our competitors have greater financial, technical and personnel resources that may allow them to enjoy various competitive advantages in the development and implementation of new technologies. We cannot be certain that we will be able to continue to develop and implement new technologies or products. Limits on our ability to develop, bring to market, effectively use and implement new and emerging technologies may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows, including a reduction in the value of assets replaced by new technologies.
Increased costs, or lack of availability, of raw materials and other components may result in increased operating expenses and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.
Our ability to source and transport low cost raw materials and components, such as steel, tube and bar stock, forgings and machined components is critical to our ability to successfully compete. Among other things, the conflicts in Ukraine and
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the Middle East may result in longer transit times, higher costs and reduced availability of raw materials and components used in our wide variety of products and systems. There is no assurance that we will be able to continue to purchase and move these materials on a timely basis or at commercially viable prices, nor can we be certain of the impact of changes to tariffs and future legislation that may impact trade with China or other countries. Further, unexpected changes in the size of regional and/or product markets, particularly for short lead‑time products, could affect our results of operations and cash flows. Should our current suppliers be unable to provide the necessary raw materials or components or otherwise fail to deliver such materials and components timely and in the quantities required, resulting delays in the provision of products or services to our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, our results of operations may be adversely affected by further rising costs to the extent we are unable to recoup them from our customers.
We design, manufacture, sell, rent and install equipment that is used in oil and gas E&P activities, which may subject us to liability, including claims for personal injury, property damage and environmental contamination should such equipment fail to perform to specifications.
We provide products and systems to customers involved in oil and gas exploration, development and production. Some of our equipment is designed to operate in high‑temperature and/or high‑pressure environments, and some equipment is designed for use in hydraulic fracturing operations. We also provide parts, repair services and field services associated with installation at all of our facilities and service centers in the United States and Australia, as well as at customer sites, including sites in the Middle East. Because of applications to which our products and services are exposed, particularly those involving high pressure environments, a failure of such equipment, or a failure of our customers to maintain or operate the equipment properly, could cause damage to the equipment, damage to the property of customers and others, personal injury and environmental contamination and could lead to a variety of claims against us that could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.
We indemnify our customers against certain claims and liabilities resulting or arising from our provision of goods or services to them. In addition, we rely on customer indemnifications, generally, and third‑party insurance as part of our risk mitigation strategy. However, courts may limit indemnity claims and our insurance may not be adequate to cover our liabilities. In addition, our customers may be unable to satisfy indemnification claims against them. Further, insurance companies may refuse to honor their policies, or insurance may not generally be available in the future, or if available, premiums may not be commercially justifiable. We could incur substantial liabilities and damages that are either not covered by customer indemnities or insurance or that are in excess of policy limits, or incur liability at a time when we are not able to obtain liability insurance. Such potential liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.
Our operations are subject to hazards inherent in the oil and natural gas industry, which could expose us to substantial liability and cause us to lose customers and substantial revenue.
Risks inherent in our industry include the risks of equipment defects, installation errors, the presence of multiple contractors at the wellsite over which we have no control, vehicle accidents, fires, explosions, blowouts, surface cratering, uncontrollable flows of gas or well fluids, pipe or pipeline failures, abnormally pressured formations and various environmental hazards such as oil spills and releases of, and exposure to, hazardous substances. For example, our operations are subject to risks associated with hydraulic fracturing, including any mishandling, surface spillage or potential underground migration of fracturing fluids, including chemical additives. The occurrence of any of these events could result in substantial losses to us due to injury or loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property, natural resources and equipment, pollution or other environmental damage, clean‑up responsibilities, regulatory investigations and penalties, suspension of operations and repairs required to resume operations. The cost of managing such risks may be significant. The frequency and severity of such incidents will affect operating costs, insurability and relationships with customers, employees and regulators. In particular, our customers may elect not to purchase our products or services if they view our environmental or safety record as unacceptable, which could cause us to lose customers and substantial revenues.
Oilfield anti-indemnity provisions enacted by many states may restrict or prohibit a party’s indemnification of us.
We typically enter into agreements with our customers governing the provision of our services, which usually include certain indemnification provisions for losses resulting from operations. Such agreements may require each party to indemnify the other against certain claims regardless of the negligence or other fault of the indemnified party; however, many states place limitations on contractual indemnity agreements, particularly agreements that indemnify a party against the consequences of its own negligence. Furthermore, certain states, including Louisiana, New Mexico, Texas, and Wyoming, have enacted statutes generally referred to as “oilfield anti-indemnity acts” expressly prohibiting certain indemnity agreements contained in or related to oilfield services agreements. Such oilfield anti-indemnity acts may restrict or void a party’s indemnification of us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.
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Our operations require us to comply with various domestic and international regulations, violations of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
We are exposed to a variety of federal, state, local and international laws and regulations relating to matters such as environmental, workplace, health and safety, labor and employment, customs and tariffs, export and re-export controls, economic sanctions, currency exchange, bribery and corruption and taxation. These laws and regulations are complex, frequently change and have tended to become more stringent over time. They may be adopted, enacted, amended, enforced or interpreted in such a manner that the incremental cost of compliance could adversely impact our business, results of operations and cash flows.
In addition to our U.S. operations, we have operations in, among other countries, China, Australia, Canada and the Middle East. Our operations outside of the United States require us to comply with numerous anti‑bribery and anti‑corruption regulations. The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, among others, applies to us and our operations. Our policies, procedures and programs may not always protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees or agents, and severe criminal or civil sanctions may be imposed as a result of violations of these laws. We are also subject to the risks that our employees and agents outside of the United States may fail to comply with applicable laws.
In addition, we import raw materials, semi‑finished goods, and finished products into, among other countries, the United States, China, Australia, Canada and the Middle East for use in such countries or for manufacturing and/or finishing for re‑export and import into another country for use or further integration into equipment or systems. Most movement of raw materials, semi‑finished or finished products involves imports and exports. As a result, compliance with multiple trade sanctions, embargoes and import/export laws and regulations pose a constant challenge and risk to us since a portion of our business is conducted outside of the United States through our subsidiaries. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations could materially affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.
Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Environmental laws and regulations in the United States and foreign countries affect the equipment, systems and services we design, market and sell, as well as the facilities where we manufacture and produce our equipment and systems. For example, we or our products may be affected by such laws as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act and the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Further, our customers may be subject to a range of laws and regulations governing hydraulic fracturing, drilling and greenhouse gas emissions.
We are required to invest financial and managerial resources to comply with environmental laws and regulations. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in the assessment of administrative, civil and criminal penalties, the imposition of remedial obligations, or the issuance of orders enjoining operations. These laws and regulations, as well as the adoption of other new laws and regulations affecting our operations or the exploration and production and transportation of crude oil and natural gas by our customers, could adversely affect our business and operating results by increasing our costs of compliance, increasing the costs of compliance and costs of doing business for our customers, limiting the demand for our products and services or restricting our operations. Increased regulation or a move away from the use of fossil fuels caused by additional regulation could also reduce demand for our products and services.
Existing or future laws and regulations related to greenhouse gases and climate change and related public and governmental initiatives and additional compliance obligations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, prospects, and financial condition.
Changes in environmental requirements related to greenhouse gas emissions may negatively impact demand for our products and services. Oil and natural gas E&P may decline as a result of environmental requirements, including land use policies and other actions to restrict oil and gas leasing and permitting in response to environmental and climate change concerns. Federal, state, and local agencies continue to evaluate climate-related legislation and other regulatory initiatives that would restrict emissions of greenhouse gases in areas in which we conduct business. Because our business depends on the level of activity in the oil and natural gas industry, existing or future laws and regulations related to greenhouse gases could have a negative impact on our business if such laws or regulations reduce demand for oil and natural gas. Likewise, such laws or regulations may result in additional compliance obligations with respect to the release, capture, sequestration, and use of greenhouse gases. These additional obligations could increase our costs and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, prospects, and financial condition. Additional compliance obligations could also increase costs of compliance and costs of doing business for our customers, thereby reducing demand for our products and services. Finally, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes that could have
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significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts, floods and other climatic events; if such effects were to occur, they could have an adverse impact on our operations.
Many of our customers utilize hydraulic fracturing in their operations. Environmental concerns have been raised regarding the potential impact of hydraulic fracturing on underground water supplies and seismic activity. These concerns have led to several regulatory and governmental initiatives in the United States to restrict the hydraulic fracturing process, which could have an adverse impact on our customers’ completions or production activities. Although we do not conduct hydraulic fracturing, our products are used in hydraulic fracturing. Increased regulation and attention given to the hydraulic fracturing process could lead to greater opposition to oil and gas production activities using hydraulic fracturing techniques. Since 2021, the Texas Railroad Commission, which regulates the state’s oil and gas industry, has suspended the use of deep wastewater disposal wells in certain areas of four oil-producing counties in West Texas. The suspensions are intended to mitigate earthquakes thought to be caused by the injection of waste fluids, including saltwater, that are a byproduct of hydraulic fracturing into disposal wells. The bans require oil and gas production companies to find other options to handle the wastewater, which may include piping or trucking it longer distances to other locations not under the ban. In addition, the Texas Railroad Commission has overseen the development of well-operator-led response plans to reduce injection volumes in other portions of West Texas in order to reduce seismicity in these areas. The adoption of new laws or regulations at the federal, state, local or foreign level imposing reporting obligations on, or otherwise limiting, delaying or banning, the hydraulic fracturing process or other processes on which hydraulic fracturing and subsequent hydrocarbon production relies, such as water disposal, could make it more difficult to complete oil and natural gas wells. Further, it could increase our customers’ costs of compliance and doing business, and otherwise adversely affect the hydraulic fracturing services they perform, which could negatively impact demand for our products.
Increasing attention by the public and government agencies to climate change and environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters could also negatively impact demand for our products and services. Increasing attention is being given to corporate activities related to ESG in public discourse and the investment community. A number of advocacy groups, both domestically and internationally, have campaigned for governmental and private action to promote change at public companies related to ESG matters, including through the investment and voting practices of investment advisers, public pension funds, universities and other members of the investing community. These activities include increasing attention and demands for action related to climate change and energy rebalancing matters, such as promoting the use of substitutes to fossil fuel products and encouraging the divestment of fossil fuel equities, as well as pressuring lenders and other financial services companies to limit or curtail activities with fossil fuel companies. If this were to continue, it could have a material adverse effect on the valuation of our Class A common stock and our ability to access equity capital markets.
In addition, our business could be impacted by initiatives to address greenhouse gases and climate change and public pressure to conserve energy or use alternative energy sources. State or federal initiatives to incentivize a shift away from fossil fuels could also reduce demand for hydrocarbons. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act appropriates significant federal funding for the development of renewable energy, clean hydrogen, clean fuels, electric vehicles and supporting infrastructure and carbon capture and sequestration, amongst other provisions. In addition, the Inflation Reduction Act imposes the first ever federal fee on the emission of GHG through a methane emissions charge. The Inflation Reduction Act amends the federal Clean Air Act to impose a fee on the emission of methane from sources required to report their GHG emissions to the EPA, including those sources in the onshore petroleum and natural gas production categories. These developments could further accelerate the transition of the U.S. economy away from the use of fossil fuels towards lower- or zero-carbon emissions alternatives, which would reduce demand for our products and services and negatively impact our business.
The global outbreak of COVID-19 had, and similar pandemics in the future may have, an adverse impact on our business and operations.
The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected our revenues and operations. We experienced, and if another pandemic was to occur, we may experience in the future, slowdowns or temporary idling of certain of our manufacturing and service facilities due to a number of factors, including implementing additional safety measures, testing of our team members, team member absenteeism and governmental orders. A prolonged closure could have a material adverse impact on our ability to operate our business and on our results of operations. We have also experienced, and if another pandemic was to occur, we could experience, disruption and volatility in our supply chain, which has resulted, and may continue to result, in increased costs for certain goods. Outbreaks of other pandemics or contagious diseases may in the future disrupt our operations, suppliers or facilities, result in increased costs for certain goods or otherwise impact us in a manner similar to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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The ongoing conflicts in various parts of the world may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
The ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East could have adverse effects on global macroeconomic conditions which could negatively impact our business and results of operations. The conflicts are highly unpredictable and have already resulted in volatility with oil and natural gas prices worldwide. Elevated energy prices could result in higher inflation worldwide, causing economic uncertainty in the oil and natural gas markets as well as the stock market, resulting in stock price volatility, foreign currency fluctuations and supply chain disruptions. These conditions could ultimately dampen demand for our goods and services by increasing the possibility of a recession. In addition, the conflicts could lead to increased cyberattacks or could aggravate other risk factors that we identify in our public filings. Additional conflicts in other parts of the world could have similar negative impacts on our business.
Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock
We are a holding company whose only material asset is our equity interest in Cactus Companies, and accordingly, we are dependent upon distributions from Cactus Companies to pay taxes, make payments under the TRA and cover our corporate and other overhead expenses and pay dividends to holders of our Class A Common Stock.
We are a holding company and have no material assets other than our equity interest in Cactus Companies. We have no independent means of generating revenue. To the extent Cactus Companies has available cash and subject to the terms of any current or future credit agreements or debt instruments, we intend to cause Cactus Companies to make (i) pro rata distributions to its unit holders, including us, in an amount at least sufficient to allow us to pay our taxes and to make payments under the TRA and (ii) non‑pro rata payments to us to reimburse us for our corporate and other overhead expenses. To the extent that we need funds and Cactus Companies or its subsidiaries are restricted from making such distributions or payments under applicable law or regulation or under the terms of any future financing arrangements, or are otherwise unable to provide such funds, our financial condition and liquidity could be materially adversely affected. In addition, our ability to pay dividends to holders of our Class A common stock depends on receipt of distributions from Cactus Companies.
Moreover, because we have no independent means of generating revenue, our ability to make payments under the TRA is dependent on the ability of Cactus Companies to make distributions to us in an amount sufficient to cover our obligations under the TRA. This ability, in turn, may depend on the ability of Cactus Companies’ subsidiaries to make distributions to it. The ability of Cactus Companies and its subsidiaries to make such distributions will be subject to, among other things, (i) the applicable provisions of Delaware law (or other applicable U.S. and foreign jurisdictions) that may limit the amount of funds available for distribution and (ii) restrictions in relevant debt instruments issued by Cactus Companies or its subsidiaries. To the extent that we are unable to make payments under the TRA for any reason, such payments will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid.
Cactus WH Enterprises LLC has the ability to direct the voting of a significant percentage of the voting power of our common stock, and its interests may conflict with those of our other shareholders.
Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock vote together as a single class on all matters presented to our stockholders for their vote or approval, except as otherwise required by applicable law or our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. Cactus WH Enterprises owned approximately 16% of our voting power as of December 31, 2023. This concentration of ownership may limit stockholders’ ability to affect the way we are managed or the direction of our business. The interests of Cactus WH Enterprises with respect to matters potentially or actually involving or affecting us, such as future acquisitions, financings and other corporate opportunities and attempts to acquire us, may conflict with the interests of our other stockholders. The existence of significant stockholders may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers, delaying or preventing changes in control or changes in management or limiting the ability of our other stockholders to approve transactions that they may deem to be in our best interests. Cactus WH Enterprises’ concentration of stock ownership may also adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common stock to the extent investors perceive a disadvantage in owning stock of a company with significant stockholders.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as Delaware law, contain provisions that could discourage acquisition bids or merger proposals, which may adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes our board of directors to issue preferred stock without shareholder approval. If our board of directors elects to issue preferred stock, it could be more difficult for a third party to acquire us. In addition, some provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated
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bylaws could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us, even if the change of control would be beneficial to our shareholders, including:
limitations on the removal of directors, including a classified board whereby only one-third of the directors are elected each year;
limitations on the ability of our shareholders to call special meetings;
establishing advance notice provisions for shareholder proposals and nominations for elections to the board of directors to be acted upon at meetings of shareholders;
providing that the board of directors is expressly authorized to adopt, or to alter or repeal our bylaws; and
establishing advance notice and certain information requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by shareholders at shareholder meetings.
In addition, certain change of control events have the effect of accelerating the payment due under the TRA, which could be substantial and accordingly serve as a disincentive to a potential acquirer of our company.
Future sales of our Class A common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could reduce our stock price, and any additional capital raised by us through the sale of equity or convertible securities may dilute your ownership in us.
Subject to certain limitations and exceptions, the CC Unit Holders may cause Cactus Companies to redeem their CC Units for shares of Class A common stock (on a one‑for‑one basis, subject to conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassification and other similar transactions) and then sell those shares of Class A common stock. Additionally, we may issue additional shares of Class A common stock or convertible securities in subsequent public offerings. We had 65,322,730 outstanding shares of Class A common stock and 14,033,979 outstanding shares of Class B common stock as of February 27, 2024. The CC Unit Holders own all outstanding shares of our Class B common stock, representing approximately 18% of our total outstanding common stock.
As required pursuant to the terms of the registration rights agreement that we entered into at the time of our IPO, we have filed a registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, to permit the public resale of shares of Class A common stock owned by Cactus WH Enterprises, Lee Boquet and certain members of our board of directors.
We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our Class A common stock or securities convertible into Class A common stock or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of shares of our Class A common stock will have on the market price of our Class A common stock.
Sales of substantial amounts of our Class A common stock (including shares issued in connection with an acquisition) or secondary offerings, or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices of our Class A common stock.
Cactus Inc. will be required to make payments under the TRA for certain tax benefits that we may claim, and the amounts of such payments could be significant.
In connection with our IPO, we entered into the TRA with certain direct and indirect owners of Cactus LLC (the “TRA Holders”). Following completion of the CC Reorganization, the TRA Holders are certain direct and indirect owners of Cactus Companies and prior direct and indirect owners of Cactus LLC. This agreement generally provides for the payment by Cactus Inc. to each TRA Holder of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax and franchise tax that Cactus Inc. actually realizes or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances as a result of certain increases in tax basis and certain benefits attributable to imputed interest. Cactus Inc. will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of these net cash savings.
The term of the TRA will continue until all tax benefits that are subject to the TRA have been utilized or expired, unless we exercise our right to terminate the TRA (or the TRA is terminated due to other circumstances, including our breach of a material obligation thereunder or certain mergers or other changes of control relating to Cactus Companies), and we make the termination payment specified in the TRA. In addition, payments we make under the TRA will be increased by any interest accrued from the due date (without extensions) of the corresponding tax return. Payments under the TRA commenced in 2019, and in the event that the TRA is not terminated, the payments under the TRA are anticipated to continue for approximately 20 years after the date of the last redemption of CC Units.
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The payment obligations under the TRA are our obligations and not obligations of Cactus Companies, and we expect that the payments we will be required to make under the TRA will be substantial. Estimating the amount and timing of payments that may become due under the TRA Agreement is by its nature imprecise. For purposes of the TRA, cash savings in tax generally are calculated by comparing our actual tax liability (determined by using the actual applicable U.S. federal income tax rate and an assumed combined state and local income tax rate) to the amount we would have been required to pay had we not been able to utilize any of the tax benefits subject to the TRA. The amounts payable, as well as the timing of any payments under the TRA, are dependent upon significant future events and assumptions, including the timing of the redemption of CC Units, the price of our Class A common stock at the time of each redemption, the extent to which such redemptions are taxable transactions, the amount of the redeeming unit holder’s tax basis in its CC Units at the time of the relevant redemption, the depreciation and amortization periods that apply to the increase in tax basis, the amount and timing of taxable income we generate in the future and the U.S. federal income tax rates then applicable, and the portion of our payments under the TRA that constitute imputed interest or give rise to depreciable or amortizable tax basis. The payments under the TRA are not conditioned upon a holder of rights under the TRA having a continued ownership interest in us.
In certain cases, payments under the TRA may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits, if any, we realize in respect of the tax attributes subject to the TRA.
If we elect to terminate the TRA early or it is terminated early due to Cactus Inc.’s failure to honor a material obligation thereunder or due to certain mergers or other changes of control, our obligations under the TRA would accelerate and we would be required to make an immediate payment equal to the present value of the anticipated future payments to be made by us under the TRA (determined by applying a discount rate equivalent to the former one-year LIBOR) and such payment is expected to be substantial. The calculation of anticipated future payments will be based upon certain assumptions and deemed events set forth in the TRA, including (i) the assumption that we have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the tax benefits covered by the TRA and (ii) the assumption that any CC Units (other than those held by Cactus Inc.) outstanding on the termination date are deemed to be redeemed on the termination date. Any early termination payment may be made significantly in advance of the actual realization, if any, of the future tax benefits to which the termination payment relates.
As a result of either an early termination or a change of control, we could be required to make payments under the TRA that exceed our actual cash tax savings under the TRA. In these situations, our obligations under the TRA could have a substantial negative impact on our liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, or other forms of business combinations or changes of control. If the TRA were terminated as of December 31, 2023, the estimated termination payments, based on the assumptions discussed above, would have been approximately $256.8 million (calculated using a discount rate equivalent to the former one-year LIBOR, applied against an undiscounted liability of approximately $397.0 million). The foregoing number is merely an estimate and the actual payment could differ materially. There can be no assurance that we will be able to finance our obligations under the TRA.
Payments under the TRA are based on the tax reporting positions that we will determine. The TRA Holders will not reimburse us for any payments previously made under the TRA if any tax benefits that have given rise to payments under the TRA are subsequently disallowed, except that excess payments made to any TRA Holder will be netted against payments that would otherwise be made to such TRA Holder, if any, after our determination of such excess. As a result, in some circumstances, we could make payments that are greater than our actual cash tax savings, if any, and may not be able to recoup those payments, which could adversely affect our liquidity.
If Cactus Companies were to become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we and Cactus Companies might be subject to potentially significant tax inefficiencies, and we would not be able to recover payments previously made by us under the TRA even if the corresponding tax benefits were subsequently determined to have been unavailable due to such status.
We intend to operate such that Cactus Companies does not become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership the interests of which are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof. Under certain circumstances, redemptions of CC Units pursuant to the Redemption Right or our Call Right (each as defined in Note 12 in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements) or other transfers of CC Units could cause Cactus Companies to be treated as a publicly traded partnership. Applicable U.S. Treasury regulations provide for certain safe harbors from treatment as a publicly traded partnership, and we intend to operate such that one or more such safe harbors shall apply. For example, we intend to limit the number of unit holders of Cactus Companies, and the Cactus Companies LLC Agreement, which was entered into with Cactus LLC in connection with the closing of our IPO and amended as part of the CC Reorganization, provides for limitations on the ability of CC Unit Holders to transfer their CC Units and provides us, as managing member of Cactus Companies, with the right to impose restrictions (in addition to those already in place) on the ability of unit holders of
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Cactus Companies to redeem their CC Units pursuant to the Redemption Right to the extent we believe it is necessary to ensure that Cactus Companies will continue to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
If Cactus Companies were to become a publicly traded partnership, significant tax inefficiencies might result for us and for Cactus Companies, including inefficiencies as a result of our inability to file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return with Cactus Companies. In addition, we would no longer have the benefit of certain increases in tax basis covered under the TRA, and we would not be able to recover any payments previously made by us under the TRA, even if the corresponding tax benefits (including any claimed increase in the tax basis of Cactus Companies’ assets) were subsequently determined to have been unavailable.
Risks Related to the FlexSteel acquisition
We may not realize the anticipated benefits from the FlexSteel acquisition, and it could adversely impact our business and our operating results.
We may not be able to achieve the full potential strategic and financial benefits that we expect to achieve from the acquisition of the FlexSteel business, or such benefits may be delayed or not occur at all. If we fail to achieve some or all of the benefits expected to result from the acquisition, or if such benefits are delayed, our business could be harmed. FlexSteel’s operations are subject to many of the same risks as our historical operations. The failure of FlexSteel to achieve financial results after the closing date of the acquisition similar to those obtained in the past could adversely impact our business and our consolidated operating results.
We may experience difficulties in integrating the operations of FlexSteel into our business and in realizing the expected benefits of the Merger.
The success of the Merger will depend in part on our ability to realize the anticipated business opportunities from combining the operations of FlexSteel with our business in an efficient and effective manner. The integration process could take longer than anticipated and could result in the distraction of management, the loss of key employees from either company, the disruption of each company’s ongoing businesses, tax costs or inefficiencies, or inconsistencies in standards, controls, information technology systems, procedures and policies, any of which could adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with customers, employees or other third parties, or our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of the FlexSteel acquisition, and could harm our financial performance. In addition, the recent transition to new leadership in the FlexSteel business could delay or hinder our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition. If we are unable to successfully or timely integrate the operations of FlexSteel with our business, we may incur unanticipated liabilities and be unable to realize the revenue growth and other anticipated benefits resulting from the acquisition, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
FlexSteel may have liabilities that are not known to us and the indemnities negotiated in the Merger Agreement may not offer adequate protection.
As part of the Merger, we have assumed certain liabilities of FlexSteel. There may be liabilities that we failed or were unable to discover in the course of performing due diligence investigations into FlexSteel. We may also have not correctly assessed the significance of certain FlexSteel liabilities identified in the course of our due diligence. Any such liabilities, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As we integrate FlexSteel into our operations, we may learn additional information about FlexSteel, such as unknown or contingent liabilities and issues relating to compliance with applicable laws, that could potentially have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We will not be able to enforce claims with respect to the representations and warranties that the sellers of FlexSteel provided under the Merger Agreement.
In connection with the Merger, the sellers of FlexSteel gave customary representations and warranties related to FlexSteel under the Merger Agreement. We will not be able to enforce any claims against the sellers including any claims relating to breaches of such representations and warranties. The sellers’ liability with respect to breaches of their representations and warranties under the Merger Agreement is limited. To provide for coverage against certain breaches by the sellers of their representations and warranties and certain pre-closing taxes of FlexSteel, we have obtained a representation and warranty insurance policy. The policy is subject to a retention amount, exclusions, policy limits and certain other customary terms and conditions.
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General Risks
A failure of our information technology infrastructure and cyberattacks could adversely impact us.
We depend on our information technology (“IT”) systems for the efficient operation of our business. Accordingly, we rely upon the capacity, reliability and security of our IT hardware and software infrastructure and our ability to expand and update this infrastructure in response to our changing needs. Despite our implementation of security measures, our systems are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, natural disasters, incursions by intruders or hackers, failures in hardware or software, power fluctuations, cyber terrorists and other similar disruptions. Additionally, we rely on third parties to support the operation of our IT hardware and software infrastructure, and in certain instances, utilize web‑based applications. The failure of our IT systems or those of our vendors to perform as anticipated for any reason or any significant breach of security could disrupt our business and result in numerous adverse consequences, including reduced effectiveness and efficiency of operations, inappropriate disclosure of confidential and proprietary information, reputational harm, increased overhead costs and loss of important information, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, we may be required to incur significant costs to protect against damage caused by these disruptions or security breaches in the future.
We rely on our information systems to conduct our business, and failure to protect these systems against security breaches could disrupt our business and adversely affect our results of operations.
We rely on information technology systems and networks in our operations, and those of our third-party vendors, suppliers and other business partners. Despite our implementation of security measures, our systems are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, natural disasters, incursions by intruders or hackers, failures in hardware or software, power fluctuations, cyber terrorists and other similar disruptions. A successful cyber-attack could materially disrupt our operations or lead to unauthorized access, release or alteration of information on our systems or the systems of our service providers, vendors or customers.
Any such attack or other breach of our information technology systems—or those of our third-party service providers, suppliers or other business partners—could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, our reputation or cash flows. In addition, the unavailability of the information systems or the failure of these systems to perform as anticipated, including any failure in disaster recovery plans or data backups, for us or our third-party technical managers for any reason could disrupt our business. We may be required to incur significant additional costs to remediate, modify or enhance our information technology systems or to try to prevent any such attacks.
Finally, certain cyber incidents, such as surveillance or reconnaissance, may remain undetected for an extended period. Our systems for protecting against cybersecurity risks may not be sufficient. As cyberattacks continue to evolve, including those leveraging artificial intelligence, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any vulnerabilities to cyberattacks. In addition, new laws and regulations governing data privacy, cybersecurity, and the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information pose increasingly complex compliance challenges and potentially elevate costs, and any failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in significant penalties and legal liability.
Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection (“data protection laws”).
The regulatory environment relating to data privacy and protection is constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. Laws and regulations governing data privacy and the unauthorized collection, processing or disclosure of personal information, including a growing number of U.S. state laws and regulations, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act, pose increasingly complex compliance challenges and potentially elevate our costs. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with applicable data protection laws could result in proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others, subject us to significant fines, penalties, judgments and negative publicity, require us to change our business practices, increase the costs and complexity of compliance, and adversely affect our business. As noted above, we are also subject to the possibility of cyber-attacks, which themselves may result in a violation of these laws. Finally, if we acquire a company that has violated or is not in compliance with applicable data protection laws, we may incur significant liabilities and penalties as a result.
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Holders of our Class A common stock may not receive dividends on their Class A common stock.
Holders of our Class A common stock are entitled to receive only such dividends as our board of directors may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. We are incorporated in Delaware and are governed by the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”). The DGCL allows a corporation to pay dividends only out of a surplus, as determined under Delaware law or, if there is no surplus, out of net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend was declared and for the preceding fiscal year. Under the DGCL, however, we cannot pay dividends out of net profits if, after we pay the dividend, our capital would be less than the capital represented by the outstanding stock of all classes having a preference upon the distribution of assets. We are not required to pay a dividend, and any determination to pay dividends and other distributions in cash, stock or property by us in the future (including determinations as to the amount of any such dividend or distribution) will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent on then-existing conditions, including business conditions, our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, including restrictive covenants contained in debt agreements, and other factors.
If we are unable to fully protect our intellectual property rights or trade secrets or a third party attempts to enforce their intellectual property rights against us, we may suffer a loss in revenue or any competitive advantage or market share we hold, or we may incur costs in litigation defending intellectual property rights.
While we have several patents and others are pending, we do not have patents relating to all of our key processes and technology. If we are not able to maintain the confidentiality of our trade secrets, or if our competitors are able to replicate our technology or services, our competitive advantage could be diminished. We also cannot provide any assurance that any patents we may obtain in the future would provide us with any significant commercial benefit or would allow us to prevent our competitors from employing comparable technologies or processes. We may initiate litigation from time to time to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights. In any such litigation, a defendant may assert that our intellectual property rights are invalid or unenforceable. Third parties from time to time may also initiate litigation against us by asserting that our businesses infringe, impair, misappropriate, dilute or otherwise violate another party’s intellectual property rights. We may not prevail in any such litigation, and our intellectual property rights may be found invalid or unenforceable or our products and services may be found to infringe, impair, misappropriate, dilute or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others. The results or costs of any such litigation may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Any litigation concerning intellectual property could be protracted and costly, is inherently unpredictable and could have an adverse effect on our business, regardless of its outcome.
Item 1B.   Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 1C.   Cybersecurity
Risk Management and Strategy.
We depend on information systems and related technologies for internal purposes, including secure data storage, processing, and transmission, as well as in our interactions with our business associates, such as customers and suppliers. We also rely on third-party business associates, with whom we may share data and services, to defend their digital technologies and services against attack.
Managing Material Risks & Integrated Overall Risk Management
We attempt to integrate cybersecurity risk management into our broader risk management framework to promote a company-wide culture of cyber risk awareness. We depend on various controls, policies, procedures and programs (“Risk Controls”) to manage our risks, including risks associated with our information systems. Risks and Risk Controls are included as part of our annual enterprise risk management (“ERM”) program. Our risk controls include our administrative, physical, and technical controls (“Cyber Risk Controls”). We are dependent on our Cyber Risk Controls to protect our information systems and the data that resides on or is transmitted through them. The Cyber Risk Controls are in many cases integrated with our other Risk Controls in an attempt to maximize their effectiveness.
Engaging Third Parties on Risk Management
We collaborate with our clients, vendors and other third parties to develop information systems and protect against cybersecurity threats. We engage third-party security experts for risk assessments and program enhancements.
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Managing Third Party Risk
There are risks associated with the use of vendors, service providers and other third parties that provide information system services to us, process information on our behalf, or have access to our information. We evaluate third-party service providers’ cybersecurity posture and seek to mitigate risk through contractual safeguards, monitoring, and incident response plans.
Risks from Cybersecurity Incidents
While we have experienced and will likely continue to experience varying degrees of cyber incidents in the normal conduct of our business, including attacks resulting from phishing emails and ransomware infections, those incidents have not materially affected the Company’s business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. There can be no assurance that the systems we have designed to prevent or limit the effects of cyber incidents or attacks will be sufficient to prevent or detect future material consequences arising from incidents or attacks, or to avoid a material adverse impact on our systems after such incidents or attacks do occur. However, the Company does not currently anticipate that risks from cybersecurity threats are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.
Governance.
Risk Management Personnel
Our Director of IT Infrastructure and Cybersecurity has direct responsibility for assessing, monitoring and managing risks related to cybersecurity threats in conjunction with the Vice President of Information Technology. Third party experts and/or consultants are retained to help identify, assess and monitor cybersecurity incidents and related risks. Our Director of IT Infrastructure and Cybersecurity has been in that position with the Company since 2019 and, including prior experience, has over 12 years’ experience in managing IT infrastructure, architecture and security. Our Vice President of Information Technology has been with the Company in his current position and similar roles since its inception in 2011. Prior to joining the Company, he had over 20 years’ experience in oversight of Information Technology systems including ERP systems, infrastructure, and networking.
Monitoring Cybersecurity Risks and Incidents
Our Director of IT Infrastructure and Cybersecurity meets regularly with members of our executive team to discuss and review risks related to cybersecurity. The reviews may include evaluations of risks and incidents identified by third-party providers retained to review our cyber risk as well as cybersecurity threat scenario planning. Identified risks related to cybersecurity threats may also be analyzed as part of our ERM process.
Board of Director Oversight
Our Audit Committee is responsible for oversight of our programs and procedures related to cybersecurity risk. Management provides periodic reports to the Audit Committee on cybersecurity risk. The Audit Committee reports significant findings from these reports to the full Board of Directors.
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Item 2.    Properties
The following table sets forth information with respect to our current principal facilities. We believe that our facilities are suitable and adequate for our current operations.
Location TypeOperating Segment Own/
Lease
United States    
Baytown, TXManufacturing Facility, Service Center and LandSpoolable TechnologiesOwn
Bossier City, LA(1)
 Manufacturing Facility and Service CenterPressure Control Lease
Bossier City, LA(1)
 Manufacturing and Assembly Facilities, Warehouse and LandPressure Control Own
Donora, PA Service CenterPressure Control Lease
DuBois, PA(2)
 Service CenterPressure Control Lease
Hobbs, NM Service Center / LandPressure Control Own
Hobbs, NMService CenterSpoolable TechnologiesLease
Houston, TX Administrative Headquarters
N/A(3)
 Lease
New Waverly, TX Service Center / LandPressure Control Own
Odessa, TX Service Center / LandPressure Control Own
Oklahoma City, OK Service CenterPressure Control Lease
Pleasanton, TXService CenterSpoolable TechnologiesOwn
Pleasanton, TX(2)
 Service CenterPressure Control Lease
Williston, ND(2)
 Service CenterPressure Control Lease
China and Australia    
Queensland, Australia Service Centers and Offices / LandPressure Control Lease
Suzhou, China Production Facility and OfficesPressure Control Lease
(1)    Consists of various facilities adjacent to each other constituting our manufacturing facility, test and assembly facility, warehouse and service center.
(2)    We also own land adjacent to these facilities.
(3)    Corporate headquarters.
Item 3.    Legal Proceedings
Due to the nature of our business, we are, from time to time, involved in routine litigation or subject to disputes or claims related to our business activities, including workers’ compensation claims and employment related disputes. In the opinion of our management, there is no pending litigation, dispute or claim against us that, if decided adversely, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II
Item 5.    Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Common Stock
We have issued and outstanding two classes of common stock, Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Holders of Class B common stock own a corresponding number of CC Units which may be redeemed for shares of Class A common stock. The principal market for our Class A common stock is the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), where it is traded under the symbol “WHD.” No public trading market currently exists for our Class B common stock. As of December 31, 2023, there were two holders of record of our Class A common stock. This number excludes owners for whom Class A
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common stock may be held in “street name.” As of December 31, 2023, there were five holders of record of our Class B common stock.
Dividends
We have paid a regular quarterly cash dividend on our Class A common stock as approved by our board of directors since December 2019. Dividends are not paid to our Class B common stockholders; however, a corresponding distribution up to the same amount per share as our Class A common stockholders is paid to our CC Unit Holders for any dividends declared on our Class A common stock. We have paid quarterly dividends uninterrupted since initiation of the cash dividend program and the approved dividend per share amount has increased from the initial amount of $0.09 per share to the current amount of $0.12 per share of Class A common stock. In fiscal year 2023, the annual dividend rate for our Class A common stock was $0.46 per share compared to $0.44 per share in fiscal year 2022 and $0.38 per share in fiscal year 2021.
We currently intend to continue paying the quarterly dividend at the current levels while retaining the balance of future earnings, if any, to finance the growth of our business or repurchase shares of our Class A common stock. We would seek to increase the dividend in the future if our financial condition and results of operations permit. Our future dividend policy is within the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon then-existing conditions, including our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements, investment opportunities, statutory and contractual restrictions on our ability to pay dividends and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant.
Share Repurchase Program
In June 2023, our board of directors authorized the Company to repurchase shares of its Class A common stock for an aggregate purchase price of up to $150 million. Under our share repurchase program, shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions or block trades, in privately negotiated transactions or any other method permitted under U.S. securities laws, rules and regulations. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to purchase any particular amount of shares, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion.
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 provides for, among other things, the imposition of a 1% U.S. Federal excise tax on certain repurchases of stock by publicly traded U.S. corporations after December 31, 2022. Accordingly, this new excise tax applies to our share repurchase program. In 2023, issuances of shares exceeded share repurchases and, as such, there was no excise tax. In future years, the Company could be subject to the excise tax depending on the total shares repurchased in comparison to shares issued.
Performance Graph
The graph below compares the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock to the S&P 500 Index, the S&P Oil & Gas Equipment & Services Index and the PHLX Oil Service Index. The total shareholder return assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2018 in Cactus Inc., the S&P 500 Index, the S&P Oil and Gas Equipment Select Industry Index and the PHLX Oil Service Index. It also assumes reinvestment of all dividends. The following graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent that Cactus Inc. specifically incorporates it by reference into such filing.  
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Stock Performance Chart v2.jpg
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following sets forth information with respect to our repurchase of Class A common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2023 (in whole shares). Included below are 4,225 shares purchased in the open market pursuant to a share repurchase program and 11,638 shares repurchased from employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations related to restricted stock units that vested during the period.
PeriodTotal number of shares purchased
Weighted-average price paid per share (1)
Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs (2)
Maximum dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (2)
October 1-31, 2023— $— — $— 
November 1-30, 202311,638 $41.30 — $— 
December 1-31, 20234,225 $39.87 4,225 $149,672,535 
Total15,863 $40.92 4,225 $149,672,535 
(1)The average price paid per share of $40.92 was calculated excluding commissions.
(2)In June 2023, our board of directors authorized the Company to repurchase shares of its Class A common stock for an aggregate purchase price of up to $150 million. Purchases were made under terms intended to qualify for exemption under Rules 10b-18 and 10b5-1.
Item 6.    (Reserved)
Item 7.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes. The following discussion contains “forward-looking statements” that reflect our plans, estimates, beliefs and expected performance. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated as discussed in these forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of risks and
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uncertainties, including those described in “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Annual Report, all of which are difficult to predict. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed may not occur. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements except as otherwise required by law.
Market Factors
See “Item 1. Business” for information on our products and business. Demand for our products and services depends primarily upon oil and gas industry activity levels, including the number of active drilling rigs, the number of wells being drilled, the number of wells being completed and the volume of newly producing wells, among other factors. Oil and gas activity is in turn heavily influenced by, among other factors, investor sentiment, availability of capital and oil and gas prices locally and worldwide, which have historically been volatile.
Revenues generated by our Pressure Control and Spoolable Technologies operating segments are derived from three sources: products, rentals, and field service and other. Product revenues are derived from the sale of wellhead systems, production trees and spoolable pipe and fittings. Rental revenues are primarily derived from the rental of equipment used during the completion process, the repair of such equipment and the rental of equipment or tools used to install wellhead equipment or spoolable pipe. Field service and other revenues are primarily earned when we provide installation and other field services for both product sales and equipment rental.
Pressure Control
The Pressure Control segment designs, manufactures, sells and rents a range of wellhead and pressure control equipment under the Cactus Wellhead brand. Products are sold and rented principally for onshore unconventional oil and gas wells and are utilized during the drilling, completion and production phases of our customers’ wells. In addition, we provide field services for all of our products and rental items to assist with the installation, maintenance and handling of the equipment.
We operate through service centers in the United States, which are strategically located in the key oil and gas producing regions, and in Eastern Australia. These service centers support our field services and provide equipment assembly and repair services. We also provide rental and service operations in the Middle East. Pressure Control manufacturing and production facilities are located in Bossier City, Louisiana and Suzhou, China.
Demand for our product sales in the Pressure Control segment are driven primarily by the number of new wells drilled, as each new well requires a wellhead and, after the completion phase, a production tree. Demand for our rental items is driven primarily by the number of well completions as we rent frac trees to oil and gas operators to assist in hydraulic fracturing. Rental demand is also driven to a lesser extent by drilling activity as we rent tools used in the installation of wellheads. Field service and other revenues are closely correlated with revenues from product sales and rentals, as items sold or rented almost always have an associated service component.
Spoolable Technologies
The Spoolable Technologies segment designs, manufactures and sells spoolable pipe and associated end fittings under the FlexSteel brand. Our customers use these products primarily as production, gathering and takeaway pipelines to transport oil, gas or other liquids. In addition, we also provide field services and rental items to assist our customers with the installation of these products. We support our field service operations through service centers and pipe yards located in oil and gas regions throughout the United States and Western Canada. Our manufacturing facility is located in Baytown, Texas.
Demand for our product sales in the Spoolable Technologies segment are driven primarily by the number of wells being placed into production after the completions phase as customers use our spoolable pipe and associated fittings to bring wells more rapidly onto production. Rental and field service and other revenues are closely correlated with revenues from product sales, as items sold usually have an associated rental and service component.
Seasonality
Our business experiences some seasonality during the fourth quarter due to holidays and customers managing their budgets as the year closes out. This can lead to lower activity in our three revenue categories as well as lower margins, particularly in field services due to lower labor utilization.
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Recent Developments and Trends
Acquisition of FlexSteel
As previously discussed, we completed the acquisition of FlexSteel on February 28, 2023. The results of operations of the FlexSteel business have been reflected in our accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements from the closing date of the acquisition. See Note 3 in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to the acquisition.
Oil and Natural Gas Prices
The following table summarizes average oil and natural gas prices in North America over the indicated periods as well as industry activity levels as reflected by the average number of active onshore drilling rigs during the same periods.
Year Ended
December 31,
202320222021
WTI Oil Price ($/bbl) (1)
$77.58 $94.90 $68.14 
Natural Gas Price ($/MMBtu) (2)
$2.53 $6.45 $3.89 
U.S. Land Drilling Rigs (3)
667705460
(1) U.S. Energy Information Administration (“EIA”) Cushing, OK WTI (“West Texas Intermediate”) spot price per barrel of crude oil.
(2) EIA Henry Hub Natural Gas spot price per million British Thermal Unit (“MMBtu”).
(3) Baker Hughes.
After seeing a recovery in industry activity in 2022, onshore drilling and completion activity levels steadily declined throughout 2023. The average number of U.S. land drilling rigs for 2023 decreased by 5% from 2022, with the number of rigs as of the end of 2023 at 602 rigs compared to 762 as of the end of 2022 and 570 as of the end of 2021. Oil prices declined throughout 2023 and continued to be relatively volatile, with WTI remaining above $66 per barrel all year. Natural gas prices declined approximately 60% in 2023 from 2022 primarily due to persistently high inventory levels with prices averaging $2.53 per MMBtu in 2023 compared to $6.45 per MMBtu in 2022. Although lower natural gas prices could negatively impact the oil and gas industry, most of our customers are primarily oil-focused, thus moderating the impact to demand for our products and services.
The ongoing conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine have had repercussions globally and in the United States by continuing to cause uncertainty, not only in the oil and natural gas markets, but also in the financial markets and global supply chain. Such uncertainty could continue to result in stock price volatility and supply chain disruptions as well as higher oil and natural gas prices which could cause higher inflation worldwide, impact consumer spending and negatively impact demand for our goods and services. Additionally, militant attacks on ships in the Red Sea or elsewhere could negatively impact our ocean freight costs.
Consolidated Results of Operations
The following discussions relating to significant line items from our condensed consolidated statements of income are based on available information and represent our analysis of significant changes or events that impact the comparability of reported amounts. Where appropriate, we have identified specific events and changes that affect comparability or trends and, where reasonably practicable, have quantified the impact of such items.
Following the acquisition of FlexSteel, we have two operating segments consisting of the Pressure Control segment (legacy Cactus) and the Spoolable Technologies segment (FlexSteel). Our results of operations are evaluated by the Chief Executive Officer on a consolidated basis as well as at the segment level. The performance of our operating segments is primarily evaluated based on segment operating income (in addition to other measures), which is defined as income before taxes and before interest income (expense), net, other income (expense), net and corporate and other expenses not allocated to the operating segments. Corporate and other expenses were previously included in our Pressure Control segment. The Company has recast the information for fiscal year 2022 and 2021 to align with the presentation for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022
The following table presents summary consolidated operating results for the periods indicated: 
 Year Ended  
 December 31,  
 20232022$ Change% Change
 (in thousands) 
Revenues        
Pressure Control$756,727 $688,369 $68,358 9.9 %
Spoolable Technologies340,233 — 340,233 nm
Total revenues1,096,960 688,369 408,591 59.4 
Operating income
Pressure Control236,934 202,650 34,284 16.9 
Spoolable Technologies62,172 — 62,172 nm
Total segment operating income299,106 202,650 96,456 47.6 
Corporate and other expenses(34,740)(27,902)(6,838)24.5 
Total operating income264,366 174,748 89,618 51.3 
Interest income (expense), net(6,480)3,714 (10,194)nm
Other income (expense), net4,490 (1,910)6,400 nm
Income before income taxes262,376 176,552 85,824 48.6 
Income tax expense47,536 31,430 16,106 51.2 
Net income$214,840 $145,122 $69,718 48.0 %
Less: net income attributable to non-controlling interest45,669 34,948 10,721 30.7 
Net income attributable to Cactus Inc.$169,171 $110,174 $58,997 53.5 %
nm = not meaningful 
Pressure Control. Pressure Control revenue was $756.7 million for 2023, an increase of $68.4 million, or 10%, from $688.4 million for 2022. The increase in revenues was primarily due to higher sales of wellhead and production related equipment resulting from higher drilling and completion activity by our customers. In addition, increased rental of drilling and completion equipment and field service associated with product and rental revenues also increased as a result of higher customer activity. Operating income of $236.9 million in 2023 increased $34.3 million, or 17%, from $202.7 million in 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to higher gross margins during the period and increased volume partially offset by higher segment selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses. The increase in SG&A expenses primarily related to higher bad debt expense, travel and entertainment expenses, professional fees and hardware and software expenses.
Spoolable Technologies. Spoolable Technologies revenue of $340.2 million and operating income of $62.2 million represents FlexSteel results generated from February 28, 2023, the date of acquisition, through December 31, 2023. The results for Spoolable Technologies include the following items resulting from purchase accounting: approximately $14.9 million of expense related to the change in fair value of the estimated earn-out payment for the FlexSteel acquisition, $23.5 million of inventory step-up expense, $20.3 million of intangible amortization expense and depreciation expense of $13.8 million primarily associated with the step-up of fixed assets.
Corporate and other expenses. Corporate and other expenses for 2023 were $34.7 million, an increase of $6.8 million from $27.9 million for 2022. The increase was largely attributable to higher professional fees of $3.8 million related to transaction costs associated with the closing of and accounting for the FlexSteel acquisition. Additional increases were attributable to higher personnel costs of which the largest increase was related to stock-based compensation.
Interest income (expense), net. Interest expense, net was $6.5 million in 2023 compared to interest income, net of $3.7 million in 2022. The increase in interest expense, net of $10.2 million was primarily related to borrowings under the Amended ABL Credit Facility related to the FlexSteel acquisition.
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Other income (expense), net. Other income (expense), net represents non-cash adjustments for the revaluation of the liability related to the tax receivable agreement as a result of changes to the forecasted state tax rate.
Income tax expense. Income tax expense for 2023 was $47.5 million (18.1% effective tax rate) compared to $31.4 million (17.8% effective tax rate) for 2022. Income tax expense for 2023 includes approximately $56.6 million of expense associated with current income offset by a $12.1 million benefit associated with the release of our valuation allowance previously provided for our investment in Cactus Companies based on the determination that the deferred tax asset was realizable due to our ability to generate sufficient taxable income of the appropriate type. Additionally, we recognized $4.9 million of expense associated with the revaluation of our deferred tax asset as a result of a change in our forecasted state tax rate, $0.5 million of expense related to the finalization of our 2022 tax returns, a $1.2 million benefit associated with permanent differences related to equity compensation and a $1.2 million benefit associated with other adjustments. Income tax expense for 2022 primarily included approximately $36.4 million of expense associated with current income offset by a $1.7 million benefit associated with permanent differences related to equity compensation, a $1.7 million benefit resulting from a change in our forecasted state rate and a $1.4 million tax benefit associated with the partial valuation allowance release in conjunction with CW Unit redemptions during 2022. Partial valuation releases occur in conjunction with redemptions of CW Units (or CC Units, in the case of redemptions after the CC Reorganization) as a portion of Cactus Inc.’s deferred tax assets from its investment in Cactus LLC (or, after the CC Reorganization, its investment in Cactus Companies) becomes realizable. Cactus Inc. is only subject to federal and state income tax on its share of income from Cactus Companies. Income allocated to the non-controlling interest is only taxable to the non-controlling interest.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021
The following table presents summary consolidated operating results for the periods indicated: 
 Year Ended  
 December 31,  
 20222021$ Change% Change
 (in thousands) 
Revenues        
Pressure Control$688,369 $438,589 $249,780 57.0 %
Spoolable Technologies— — — — 
Total revenues688,369 438,589 249,780 57.0 
Operating income
Pressure Control202,650 91,579 111,071 nm
Spoolable Technologies— — — — 
Total segment operating income202,650 91,579 111,071 nm
Corporate and other expenses(27,902)(16,152)(11,750)72.7 
Total operating income174,748 75,427 99,321 nm
Interest income (expense), net3,714 (774)4,488 nm
Other income (expense), net(1,910)492 (2,402)nm
Income before income taxes176,552 75,145 101,407 nm
Income tax expense31,430 7,675 23,755 nm
Net income$145,122 $67,470 $77,652 nm
Less: net income attributable to non-controlling interest34,948 17,877 17,071 95.5 %
Net income attributable to Cactus Inc.$110,174 $49,593 $60,581 nm
nm = not meaningful 
Pressure Control. Pressure Control revenue for 2022 was $688.4 million compared to $438.6 million for 2021. The increase of $249.8 million, representing a 57% increase from 2021 was primarily due to a $171.7 million increase in product revenues, a $38.8 million increase in rental revenues and a $39.2 million increase in field service and other revenue. These increases were the result of increased drilling and completion activity by our customers which translated into higher sales of pressure control equipment, tool and equipment rentals and related field and other ancillary services as well as certain cost recovery measures. Operating income of $202.7 million in 2022 increased $111.1 million from $91.6 million in 2021. The
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increase was primarily attributable to higher gross margins during the period due to increased activity partially offset by higher SG&A expenses. The increase in SG&A expenses was largely attributable to increased personnel costs primarily related to higher salaries and wages and associated taxes and benefits, higher annual incentive bonus expense and increased stock-based compensation. Additional increases in SG&A expenses from 2021 were attributable to higher information technology expenses.
Corporate and other expenses. Corporate and other expenses for 2022 were $27.9 million, an increase of $11.8 million from $16.2 million for 2021. The increase was primarily due to approximately $8.4 million of transaction costs associated with the FlexSteel acquisition. Additional increases were largely attributable to increased personnel costs as well as increased travel and entertainment expenses.
Interest income (expense), net. Interest income, net was $3.7 million in 2022 compared to interest expense, net of $0.8 million in 2021. The increase in interest income, net of $4.5 million was primarily due to higher interest income earned on cash invested resulting from increased interest rates in 2022.
Other income (expense), net. Other expense, net of $1.9 million in 2022 represented a non-cash adjustment for the revaluation of the liability related to the tax receivable agreement. Other income, net of $0.5 million in 2021 related to a $0.9 million non-cash gain associated with the revaluation of the liability related to the TRA and $0.4 million for professional fees and other expenses associated with the 2021 Secondary Offering.
Income tax expense. Income tax expense for 2022 was $31.4 million (17.8% effective tax rate) compared to $7.7 million (10.2% effective tax rate) for 2021. Income tax expense for 2022 primarily included approximately $36.4 million of expense associated with current income offset by a $1.7 million benefit associated with permanent differences related to equity compensation, a $1.7 million benefit resulting from a change in our forecasted state rate and a $1.4 million tax benefit associated with the partial valuation allowance release in conjunction with CW Unit redemptions during 2022. Income tax expense for 2021 was primarily related to approximately $16.3 million expense associated with our 2021 operations and $1.3 million expense resulting from a change in our forecasted state tax rate. This tax expense was partially offset by a $1.1 million benefit associated with permanent differences related to equity compensation and a $9.0 million tax benefit associated with the partial valuation allowance release in conjunction with 2021 redemptions of CW Units.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
At December 31, 2023, we had $133.8 million of cash and cash equivalents. Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are cash on hand, cash flows generated by operating activities and, if necessary, borrowings under our Amended ABL Credit Facility (as defined in Note 6 in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Depending upon market conditions and other factors, we may also have the ability to issue additional equity and debt if needed. As of December 31, 2023, we had no borrowings outstanding under our Amended ABL Credit Facility and $216.0 million of available borrowing capacity. We had $1.1 million in letters of credit outstanding at December 31, 2023 which reduced our available borrowing capacity. We were in compliance with the covenants of the Amended ABL Credit Facility as of December 31, 2023.
In June 2023, our board of directors authorized the Company to repurchase shares of its Class A common stock for an aggregate purchase price of up to $150 million. Under our share repurchase program, shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions or block trades, in privately negotiated transactions or any other method permitted under U.S. securities laws, rules and regulations. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to purchase any particular amount of shares, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion. At December 31, 2023, $149.7 million of Class A common stock could be repurchased under our share repurchase program.
We expect that our existing cash on hand, cash generated from operations and available borrowings under our Amended ABL Credit Facility will be sufficient for the next 12 months to meet our material cash requirements, including working capital requirements, debt service obligations, anticipated capital expenditures, lease obligations, repurchases of shares of our Class A common stock, expected TRA liability payments, possible earn-out payment associated with the FlexSteel acquisition, anticipated tax liabilities and dividends to holders of our Class A common stock as well as pro rata cash distributions to holders of CC Units other than Cactus Inc.
We currently estimate our net capital expenditures for the year ending December 31, 2024 will range from $45 million to $55 million, mostly related to rental fleet investments including drilling tools, international expansion, diversification of our low cost supply chain, enhancements for our Baytown, TX manufacturing plant and additional deployment equipment to facilitate installation of recent product introductions. We continuously evaluate our capital expenditures, and the amount we ultimately spend will depend on a number of factors, including, among other things, demand for rental assets, available capacity
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in existing locations, prevailing economic conditions, market conditions in the E&P industry, customers’ forecasts, volatility and company initiatives.
For information concerning our future lease payments as of December 31, 2023, see Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements.
Our ability to satisfy our long-term liquidity requirements, including cash distributions to CC Unit Holders to fund their respective income tax liabilities relating to their share of the income of Cactus Companies and to fund liabilities related to the TRA, depends on our future operating performance, which is affected by, and subject to, prevailing economic conditions, market conditions in the E&P industry, availability and cost of raw materials, and financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. We will not be able to predict or control many of these factors, such as economic conditions in the markets where we operate and competitive pressures. If necessary, we could choose to further reduce our spending on capital projects and operating expenses to ensure we operate within the cash flow generated from our operations.
Tax Receivable Agreement (TRA)
The TRA generally provides for the payment by Cactus Inc. to the TRA Holders of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax and franchise tax that Cactus Inc. actually realizes or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances. Cactus Inc. retains the benefit of the remaining 15% of these net cash savings. To the extent Cactus Companies has available cash, we intend to cause Cactus Companies to make pro rata distributions to its unit holders, including Cactus Inc., in an amount at least sufficient to allow us to pay our taxes and to make payments under the TRA.
Except in cases where we elect to terminate the TRA early, the TRA is terminated early due to certain mergers, asset sales, or other forms of business combinations or changes of control relating to Cactus Companies or if we have available cash but fail to make payments when due under circumstances where we do not have the right to elect to defer the payment. We may generally elect to defer payments due under the TRA if we do not have available cash to satisfy our payment obligations under the TRA. Any such deferred payments under the TRA generally will accrue interest. In certain cases, payments under the TRA may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits, if any, we realize in respect of the tax attributes subject to the TRA. In these situations, our obligations under the TRA could have a substantial negative impact on our liquidity.
Assuming no material changes in the relevant tax law, we expect that if the TRA were terminated as of December 31, 2023, the estimated termination payments, based on the assumptions discussed in Note 11 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, would be approximately $256.8 million, calculated using a discount rate equivalent to the former one-year LIBOR, applied against an undiscounted liability of $397.0 million. A 10% increase in the price of our Class A common stock at December 31, 2023 would have increased the discounted liability by $9.0 million to $265.8 million (an undiscounted increase of $15.2 million to $412.2 million), and likewise, a 10% decrease in the price of our Class A common stock at December 31, 2023 would have decreased the discounted liability by $9.0 million to $247.8 million (an undiscounted decrease of $15.2 million to $381.8 million).
Cash Flows
Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated: 
 Year Ended December 31,
 20232022
 (in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities$340,280 $117,884 
Net cash used in investing activities(654,793)(25,536)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities103,275 (47,382)
 
Net cash provided by operating activities was $340.3 million in 2023 compared to $117.9 million in 2022. Operating cash flows increased primarily due to higher income and a decrease in cash outflows associated with working capital, largely related to decreased purchases of inventory as well as higher collections on receivable balances. These increases in operating cash flows were slightly offset by $20.5 million of additional income tax payments, higher TRA payments of $15.2 million and $4.6 million of additional interest paid in 2023 compared to 2022.
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Net cash used in investing activities was $654.8 million and $25.5 million for 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was primarily due to cash paid to acquire FlexSteel for $621.5 million less $5.3 million in cash acquired. Additionally, our capital expenditures increased approximately $15.7 million primarily due to the $7.0 million purchase of a previously leased facility, Pressure Control rental fleet additions and enhancements and $3.0 million of capital expenditures for the Spoolable Technologies segment. Other movements in our investing activities were related to the increase in proceeds from sales of assets of approximately $2.6 million from 2022.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $103.3 million for 2023 compared to net cash used in financing activities of $47.4 million for 2022. The increase in net cash provided by financing activities was primarily related to certain financing activities in 2023 associated with the FlexSteel acquisition. We received approximately $169.9 million of proceeds, net of issuance costs, from issuing shares of our Class A common stock during 2023. Additionally, we received $155.0 million from total borrowings under our Amended ABL Credit Facility of which all $155.0 million has been repaid. Increased payments of $6.6 million in deferred financing costs, increased distributions to members of $7.0 million, higher dividend payments of $3.4 million, $1.6 million of additional payments on finance leases and a $0.7 million increase in share repurchases partially offset the aforementioned cash inflows associated with the equity financing activities during 2023.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated: 
 Year Ended December 31,
 20222021
 (in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities$117,884 $63,759 
Net cash used in investing activities(25,536)(11,633)
Net cash used in financing activities(47,382)(39,388)
 
Net cash provided by operating activities was $117.9 million in 2022 compared to $63.8 million in 2021. Operating cash flows increased primarily due to an increase in income offset by an increase in working capital, largely related to the increase in inventory and increased accounts receivable associated with higher revenues, a $2.0 million increase in TRA payments and a $1.0 million increase in taxes paid, net of refunds.
Net cash used in investing activities was $25.5 million and $11.6 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase was primarily due to increased investments associated with our rental fleet and additional investment in and expansion of our Bossier City location.
Net cash used in financing activities was $47.4 million and $39.4 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase was primarily comprised of a $5.6 million increase in dividend payments, a $1.3 million increase in share repurchases from employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations related to restricted stock units that vested during the period, a $0.9 million increase in payments on finance leases and $0.4 million in deferred financing costs.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
In preparing our financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), we make numerous estimates and assumptions that affect the accounting for and recognition and disclosure of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses. We must make these estimates and assumptions because certain information that we use is dependent on future events, cannot be calculated with a high degree of precision from available data or is not otherwise capable of being readily calculated based on generally accepted methodologies. In some cases, these estimates are particularly difficult to determine, and we must exercise significant judgment. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions that we use in the preparation of our financial statements. We identify certain accounting policies as critical based on, among other things, their impact on the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and the degree of difficulty, subjectivity and complexity in their deployment. Note 2 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements includes a summary of the significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The following is a brief discussion of our most critical accounting policies and related estimates and assumptions.
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Determination of Fair Value in Business Combinations
Accounting for the acquisition of a business requires the allocation of the purchase price to the various assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their respective fair values. The determination of fair value requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions, and in making these determinations, management uses all available information. For tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination, the determination of fair value utilizes several valuation methodologies including discounted cash flows which has assumptions with respect to the timing and amount of future revenue and expenses associated with an asset. The assumptions made in performing these valuations include, but are not limited to, discount rates, future revenues and operating costs, projections of capital costs, and other assumptions believed to be consistent with those used by principal market participants. Due to the specialized nature of these calculations, we engage third-party specialists to assist management in evaluating our assumptions as well as appropriately measuring the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using standard cost (which approximates average cost). Costs include an application of related direct labor and overhead cost. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. We evaluate the components of inventory on a regular basis for excess and obsolescence. Reserves are made based on a range of factors, including age, usage and technological or market changes that may impact demand for those products. The amount of reserve recorded is subjective and is susceptible to change from period to period.
Long‑Lived Assets
Key estimates related to long‑lived assets include useful lives and recoverability of carrying values. Such estimates could be modified, as impairment could arise as a result of changes in supply and demand fundamentals, technological developments, new competitors with cost advantages and the cyclical nature of the oil and gas industry. We evaluate long‑lived assets for potential impairment indicators whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Long‑lived assets assessed for impairment are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are available, and a provision made where the cash flow is less than the carrying value of the asset. The estimation of future cash flows and fair value is highly subjective and inherently imprecise. Estimates can change materially from period to period based on many factors. Accordingly, if conditions change in the future, we may record impairment losses, which could be material to any particular reporting period.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets of acquired businesses. Goodwill is not amortized, but we evaluate at least annually whether it is impaired. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. We conduct our annual assessment of the recoverability of goodwill as of December 31 of each year. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the goodwill impairment test. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount or we elect not to perform a qualitative assessment, the quantitative assessment of goodwill test is performed. The goodwill impairment test is also performed whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If it is necessary to perform the quantitative assessment to determine if our goodwill is impaired, we will utilize a discounted cash flow analysis using management’s projections that are subject to various risks and uncertainties of revenues, expenses and cash flows as well as assumptions regarding discount rates, terminal value and control premiums. Estimates of future cash flows and fair value are highly subjective and inherently imprecise.
Income Taxes
Deferred taxes are recorded using the asset and liability method, whereby tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax laws and rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered through adjustments to future taxable income. To the extent we believe recovery is not likely, we establish a valuation allowance to reduce the asset to a value we believe will be recoverable based on our expectation of future taxable income. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning
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strategies and results of recent operations. The assumptions about future taxable income require significant judgment and are consistent with the plans and estimates management is using to manage the underlying business. If the projected future taxable income changes materially, we may be required to reassess the amount of valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets.
Tax Receivable Agreement
The TRA generally provides for the payment by Cactus Inc. to the TRA Holders of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax and franchise tax that Cactus Inc. actually realizes or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances as a result of (i) certain increases in tax basis that occur as a result of Cactus Inc.’s acquisition (or deemed acquisition for U.S. federal income tax purposes) of all or a portion of such TRA Holder’s CW Units in connection with our IPO or any subsequent offering (or, following the completion of the CC Reorganization, such TRA Holder’s CC Units), or pursuant to any other exercise of the Redemption Right or the Call Right, (ii) certain increases in tax basis resulting from the repayment of borrowings outstanding under Cactus LLC’s term loan facility in connection with our IPO and (iii) imputed interest deemed to be paid by Cactus Inc. as a result of, and additional tax basis arising from, any payments Cactus Inc. makes under the TRA. We retain the remaining 15% of the cash savings. The TRA liability is calculated by determining the tax basis subject to the TRA (“tax basis”) and applying a blended tax rate to the basis differences and calculating the iterative impact. The blended tax rate consists of the U.S. federal income tax rate and an assumed combined state and local income tax rate driven by the apportionment factors applicable to each state.
Redemptions of CC Units (CW Units prior to the CC Reorganization) result in adjustments to the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of Cactus Companies (Cactus LLC prior to the CC Reorganization). These adjustments are allocated to Cactus Inc. Such adjustments to the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of Cactus Companies would not be available to Cactus Inc. absent its acquisition or deemed acquisition of CC Units or CW Units prior to the CC Reorganization. In addition, the repayment of borrowings outstanding under the Cactus LLC term loan facility resulted in adjustments to the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of Cactus LLC, a portion of which was allocated to Cactus Inc. These basis adjustments are expected to increase (for tax purposes) Cactus Inc.’s depreciation and amortization deductions and may also decrease Cactus Inc.’s gains (or increase its losses) on future dispositions of certain assets to the extent tax basis is allocated to those assets. Such increased deductions and losses and reduced gains may reduce the amount of tax that Cactus Inc. would otherwise be required to pay in the future. 
Estimating the amount and timing of the tax benefit is by its nature imprecise and the assumptions used in the estimates can change. The tax benefit is dependent upon future events and assumptions, the amount of the redeeming unit holders’ tax basis in its CC Units (formerly CW Units) at the time of the relevant redemption, the depreciation and amortization periods that apply to the increase in tax basis, the amount and timing of taxable income we generate in the future and the U.S. federal, state and local income tax rate then applicable, and the portion of Cactus Inc.’s payments under the TRA that constitute imputed interest or give rise to depreciable or amortizable tax basis. The most critical estimate included in calculating the TRA liability to record is the combined U.S. federal income tax rate and an assumed combined state and local income tax rate, to determine the future benefit we will realize. A 100 basis point decrease/increase in the blended tax rate used would decrease/increase the TRA liability recorded at December 31, 2023 by approximately $14.7 million. 
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.
Inflation
While inflationary cost increases can affect our income from operations’ margin, we believe that inflation generally has not had, and is not expected to have, a material adverse effect on our results of operations. In 2022, the United States experienced the highest inflation in decades primarily due to supply-chain issues, a shortage of labor and a build-up of demand for goods and services. The most noticeable adverse impact to our business was increased costs associated with freight, materials, vehicle-related costs and personnel expenses. Most of our costs moderated in 2023 except for wages. It is highly unlikely that salaries and wages will decrease to the levels experienced in prior years.
Item 7A.   Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risk from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and changes in interest rates. 
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Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk 
We have subsidiaries with operations in China, Australia and Canada who conduct business in their local currencies (functional currencies) and are therefore subject to foreign currency exchange rate risk on cash flows related to sales, expenses, financing and investing transactions in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Currently, we do not have any open foreign currency forward contracts to hedge this risk.
Additionally, certain intercompany balances between our U.S. and foreign subsidiaries as well as other financial assets and liabilities are denominated in U.S. dollars. Since this is not the functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries, the changes in these balances are translated in our Consolidated Statements of Income, resulting in the recognition of a remeasurement gain or loss. In order to provide a hedge against currency fluctuations on the U.S. dollar denominated assets and liabilities held by certain of our foreign subsidiaries, we enter into monthly foreign currency forward contracts (balance sheet hedges) to offset a portion of the remeasurement gain or loss recorded. As of December 31, 2023, if the U.S. dollar strengthened or weakened 5%, the impact to the unrealized value of our forward contracts would be approximately $0.9 million. The gain or loss on the forward contracts would be largely offset by the gain or loss on the underlying transactions, and therefore, would have minimal impact on future earnings.
Interest Rate Risk
Our Amended ABL Credit Facility is variable rate debt. At December 31, 2023, there were no borrowings outstanding. Borrowings under our Amended ABL Credit Facility bear interest at Cactus Company’s option at either the Alternate Base Rate (as defined therein) or the Adjusted Term SOFR Rate (as defined therein), plus, in each case, an applicable margin.
Item 8.    Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The following Consolidated Financial Statements are filed as part of this Annual Report:
Cactus, Inc. and Subsidiaries
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
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Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Our internal control over financial reporting was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In making its assessment, management has utilized the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (or “COSO”) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 framework). Based on this assessment, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.
As disclosed in Note 3 in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we acquired FlexSteel on February 28, 2023 and accounted for this acquisition as a business combination. FlexSteel’s total revenues constituted approximately 31% of our total consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023. FlexSteel’s total assets, excluding goodwill and acquired intangible assets, constituted approximately 24% of our total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2023. We excluded FlexSteel from management's assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. This exclusion is in accordance with the SEC staff’s general guidance that an assessment of a recently acquired business may be omitted from the scope of management’s assessment of internal controls over financial reporting for one year following the acquisition.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, which appears herein.
/s/ Scott Bender /s/ Alan Keifer
Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board and Director Interim Chief Financial Officer
Houston, Texas
February 29, 2024
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Cactus, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cactus, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. 
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management has excluded FlexSteel from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2023. We have also excluded FlexSteel from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. FlexSteel is a wholly-owned subsidiary whose total assets and total revenues excluded from management’s assessment and our audit of internal control over financial reporting represent approximately 24% and 31%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit
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preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Liability related to the Tax Receivable Agreement 
As described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has a liability under the Tax Receivable Agreement (“TRA”) of $270.9 million as of December 31, 2023. In connection with its initial public offering, the Company entered into the TRA with certain direct and indirect owners of Cactus LLC (after the CC Reorganization, Cactus Companies). These owners are referred to as the “TRA Holders”. The TRA generally provides for the payment by the Company to the TRA Holders of 85% of the net cash tax savings, if any, in United States federal, state and local income tax and franchise tax that the Company actually realizes or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances as a result of (i) certain increases in tax basis that occur as a result of the Company’s acquisition (or deemed acquisition for U.S. federal income tax purposes) of all or a portion of such TRA Holder’s ownership interest in Cactus Companies (formerly Cactus LLC), (ii) certain increases in tax basis resulting from the repayment of borrowings outstanding under Cactus LLC’s term loan facility, and (iii) imputed interest deemed to be paid by the Company as a result of, and additional tax basis arising from, any payments the Company makes under the TRA. Management calculates the TRA liability by determining the tax basis subject to the TRA (“tax basis”) and applying a blended tax rate to the basis differences and calculating the iterative impact. The blended tax rate consists of the U.S. federal income tax rate and an assumed combined state and local income tax rate driven by the apportionment factors applicable to each state.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the liability related to the TRA is a critical audit matter are (i) a high degree of auditor subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence related to management’s calculation of the tax basis and development of applicable state apportionment factors utilized in determining the blended tax rate and (ii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to relating to the calculation and recognition of the TRA liability, including controls over the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the tax basis and blended tax rate calculations. These procedures also included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying information used in the calculation of the TRA liability, and the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in (i) developing an independent calculation of the tax basis, (ii) comparing the independent calculation to management’s calculations to evaluate the reasonableness of the tax basis, (iii) evaluating the apportionment factors and the resulting blended tax rate, and (iv) assessing management’s application of the tax laws. Evaluating management’s determination of the apportionment factors involved considering the current and expected activity levels of the Company and whether the apportionment factors were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit.
Acquisition of FlexSteel – Valuation of Customer Relationships and Developed Technology
As described in Notes 3 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements, on February 28, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of FlexSteel for consideration of approximately $627.5 million. Of the acquired intangible assets, $100.3 million of customer relationships and $77.0 million of developed technology was recorded. The valuation methods used to determine the estimated fair value of intangible assets included the multi-period excess earnings approach for customer relationships and the
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relief from royalty method for developed technology. Several significant assumptions and estimates were involved in the application of these valuation methods, including forecasted revenues, long-term growth rate, royalty rates, margins, tax rates, capital spending, discount rates, attrition rates and working capital changes.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of customer relationships and developed technology acquired in the acquisition of FlexSteel is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of the customer relationships and developed technology acquired; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to the forecasted revenues, long-term growth rate, royalty rate, margins, discount rate, and attrition rate for customer relationships and forecasted revenues, long-term growth rate, royalty rate, and discount rate for developed technology; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the acquisition accounting, including controls over management’s valuation of the customer relationships and developed technology acquired. These procedures also included, among others (i) reading the purchase agreement; (ii) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate of the customer relationships and developed technology acquired; (iii) evaluating the appropriateness of the multi-period excess earnings and relief from royalty methods used by management; (iv) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the multi-period excess earnings and relief from royalty methods; and (v) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to forecasted revenues, long-term growth rate, royalty rate, margins, discount rate, and attrition rate for customer relationships and forecasted revenues, margins, long-term growth rate, royalty rate, and discount rate for developed technology. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to the forecasted revenues, margins and long-term growth rates for customer relationships and developed technology involved considering (i) the current and past performance of the FlexSteel business; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether the assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the multi-period excess earnings and relief from royalty methods and (ii) the reasonableness of the discount rate, royalty rate, and attrition rate assumptions for customer relationships and the royalty rate and discount rate assumptions for developed technology.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Houston, Texas
February 29, 2024

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015, which includes periods before the Company became subject to SEC reporting requirements.
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CACTUS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 December 31,
 20232022
(in thousands, except per share data)
Assets  
Current assets    
Cash and cash equivalents$133,792 $344,527 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $3,642 and $1,060, respectively
205,381 138,268 
Inventories205,625 161,283 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets11,380 10,564 
Total current assets556,178 654,642 
Property and equipment, net345,502 129,998 
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net23,496 23,183 
Intangible assets, net179,978  
Goodwill203,028 7,824 
Deferred tax asset, net204,852 301,644 
Other noncurrent assets9,527 1,605 
Total assets$1,522,561 $1,118,896 
Liabilities and Equity  
Current liabilities  
Accounts payable$71,841 $47,776 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities50,654 30,619 
Earn-out liability20,810  
Current portion of liability related to tax receivable agreement20,855 27,544 
Finance lease obligations, current portion7,280 5,933 
Operating lease liabilities, current portion4,220 4,777 
Total current liabilities175,660 116,649 
Deferred tax liability, net3,589 1,966 
Liability related to tax receivable agreement, net of current portion250,069 265,025 
Finance lease obligations, net of current portion9,352 6,436 
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion19,121 18,375 
Total liabilities457,791 408,451 
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity  
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 10,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding
  
Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, 300,000 shares authorized, 65,409 and 60,903 shares issued and outstanding
654 609 
Class B common stock, $0.01 par value, 215,000 shares authorized, 14,034 and 14,978 shares issued and outstanding
  
Additional paid-in capital465,012 310,528 
Retained earnings400,682 261,764 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(826)(984)
Total stockholders’ equity attributable to Cactus Inc.865,522 571,917 
Non-controlling interest199,248 138,528 
Total stockholders’ equity1,064,770 710,445 
Total liabilities and equity$1,522,561 $1,118,896 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CACTUS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
(in thousands, except per share data)
Revenues   
Product revenue$810,379 $452,615 $280,907 
Rental revenue113,631 100,453 61,629 
Field service and other revenue172,950 135,301 96,053 
Total revenues1,096,960 688,369 438,589 
Costs and expenses   
Cost of product revenue490,149 277,871 189,083 
Cost of rental revenue61,983 62,037 54,377 
Cost of field service and other revenue138,536 106,013 73,681 
Selling, general and administrative expenses127,076 67,700 46,021 
Change in fair value of earn-out liability14,850   
Total costs and expenses832,594 513,621 363,162 
Operating income264,366 174,748 75,427 
Interest income (expense), net(6,480)3,714 (774)
Other income (expense), net4,490 (1,910)492 
Income before income taxes262,376 176,552 75,145 
Income tax expense47,536 31,430 7,675 
Net income$214,840 $145,122 $67,470 
Less: net income attributable to non-controlling interest45,669 34,948 17,877 
Net income attributable to Cactus Inc.$169,171 $110,174 $49,593 
Earnings per Class A share - basic$2.62 $1.83 $0.90 
Earnings per Class A share - diluted$2.57 $1.80 $0.83 
Weighted average Class A shares outstanding - basic64,641 60,323 55,398 
Weighted average Class A shares outstanding - diluted79,460 76,337 76,107 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CACTUS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
 Year Ended December 31, 
 202320222021
(in thousands)
Net income$214,840 $145,122 $67,470 
Foreign currency translation adjustments239 (1,308)(567)
Comprehensive income215,079 143,814 66,903 
Less: comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest45,750 34,632 17,632 
Comprehensive income attributable to Cactus Inc.$169,329 $109,182 $49,271 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CACTUS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Class A
Common Stock
Class B
Common Stock
Additional Paid-In CapitalRetained EarningsAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Non-controlling InterestTotal Equity
(in thousands)SharesAmountSharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 202047,713 $477 27,655 $ $202,077 $150,086 $330 $197,800 $550,770 
Member distributions— — — — — — — (9,742)(9,742)
Effect of CW Unit redemptions10,981 110 (10,981)— 79,276 — — (79,386) 
Tax impact of equity transactions— — — — 2,998 — — — 2,998 
Equity award vestings341 3 — — (1,141)— — (2,145)(3,283)
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — — (322)(245)(567)
Stock-based compensation— — — — 6,390 — — 2,230 8,620 
Cash dividends declared ($0.38 per share)
— — — (21,233)— — (21,233)
Net income— — — — — 49,593 — 17,877 67,470 
Balance at December 31, 202159,035 $590 16,674 $ $289,600 $178,446 $8 $126,389 $595,033 
Member distributions— — — — — — — (9,692)(9,692)
Effect of CW Unit redemptions1,696 17 (1,696)— 13,690 — — (13,707) 
Tax impact of equity transactions— — — — 2,076 — — — 2,076 
Equity award vestings172 2 — — (3,306)— — (1,257)(4,561)
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — — (992)(316)(1,308)
Stock-based compensation— — — — 8,468 — — 2,163 10,631 
Cash dividends declared ($0.44 per share)
— — — (26,856)— — (26,856)
Net income— — — — — 110,174 — 34,948 145,122 
Balance at December 31, 202260,903 $609 14,978 $ $310,528 $261,764 $(984)$138,528 $710,445 
Issuances of common stock3,352 34 — — 143,722 — — 26,122 169,878 
Member distributions— — — — — — — (16,644)(16,644)
Effect of CC Unit redemptions944 9 (944)— 12,787 — — (12,796) 
Tax impact of equity transactions— — — — (13,099)— — 16,508 3,409 
Equity award vestings218 2 — — (3,422)— — (1,501)(4,921)
Other comprehensive income— — — — — — 158 81 239 
Share repurchases(8)— — — (286)— — (41)(327)
Stock-based compensation— — — — 14,782 — — 3,322 18,104 
Cash dividends declared ($0.46 per share)
— — — (30,253)— — (30,253)
Net income— — — — — 169,171 — 45,669 214,840 
Balance at December 31, 202365,409 $654 14,034 $ $465,012 $400,682 $(826)$199,248 $1,064,770 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CACTUS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities   
Net income$214,840 $145,122 $67,470 
Reconciliation of net income to net cash provided by operating activities:   
Depreciation and amortization65,045 34,124 36,308 
Deferred financing cost amortization4,514 165 168 
Stock-based compensation18,105 10,631 8,620 
Provision for expected credit losses2,622 406 310 
Inventory obsolescence5,337 2,739 3,490 
Gain on disposal of assets(3,156)(1,391)(1,386)
Deferred income taxes17,343 25,299 4,829 
Change in fair value of earn-out liability14,850   
(Gain) loss from revaluation of liability related to tax receivable agreement(4,490)1,910 (898)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable(11,858)(49,349)(45,492)
Inventories41,922 (44,891)(36,083)
Prepaid expenses and other assets753 (3,108)(2,789)
Accounts payable8,710 5,803 22,281 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities(7,367)2,090 16,628 
Payments pursuant to tax receivable agreement(26,890)(11,666)(9,697)
Net cash provided by operating activities340,280 117,884 63,759 
Cash flows from investing activities   
Acquisition of a business, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired(616,189)  
Capital expenditures and other(43,977)(28,291)(13,939)
Proceeds from sale of assets5,373 2,755 2,306 
Net cash used in investing activities(654,793)(25,536)(11,633)
Cash flows from financing activities   
Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt155,000   
Repayments of borrowings of long-term debt(155,000)  
Net proceeds from the issuance of Class A common stock169,878   
Payments of deferred financing costs(6,934)(353) 
Payments on finance leases(7,652)(6,055)(5,205)
Dividends paid to Class A common stock shareholders(30,124)(26,719)(21,158)
Distributions to members(16,644)(9,692)(9,742)
Repurchases of shares(5,249)(4,563)(3,283)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities103,275 (47,382)(39,388)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents503 (2,108)272 
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents(210,735)42,858 13,010 
Cash and cash equivalents   
Beginning of period344,527 301,669 288,659 
End of period$133,792 $344,527 $301,669 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CACTUS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except share and per share data, or as otherwise indicated)
1.Organization and Nature of Operations
Cactus, Inc. (“Cactus Inc.”) and its consolidated subsidiaries (the “Company”), including Cactus Companies, LLC (“Cactus Companies”) are primarily engaged in the design, manufacture, sale and rental of highly engineered pressure control and spoolable pipe technologies. Our products are sold and rented principally for onshore unconventional oil and gas wells and are utilized during the drilling, completion and production phases of our customers’ wells. We also provide field services for all of our products and rental items to assist with the installation, maintenance and handling of the equipment. Additionally, we offer repair and refurbishment services for pressure control equipment. We operate through service centers and pipe yards located in the United States, Canada and Australia. We also provide rental and service operations in the Middle East and other select international markets. We have manufacturing and production facilities in Bossier City, Louisiana, Baytown, Texas and Suzhou, China. Our corporate headquarters are located in Houston, Texas.
Cactus Inc. was incorporated on February 17, 2017 as a Delaware corporation for the purpose of completing an initial public offering of equity and related transactions, which was completed on February 12, 2018 (our “IPO”). Cactus Inc. is a holding company whose only material asset is an equity interest consisting of units representing limited liability company interests in Cactus Companies (“CC Units”). Cactus Inc. is the sole managing member of Cactus Companies and is responsible for all operational, management and administrative decisions relating to Cactus Companies’ business. Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement of Cactus Companies (the “Cactus Companies LLC Agreement”), owners of CC Units are entitled to redeem their CC Units for shares of Cactus Inc.’s Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Class A common stock”) on a one-for-one basis, which results in a corresponding increase in Cactus Inc.’s membership interest in Cactus Companies and an increase in the number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding. We refer to the owners of CC Units, other than Cactus Inc. (along with their permitted transferees), as “CC Unit Holders.” CC Unit Holders own one share of our Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Class B common stock”) for each CC Unit such CC Unit Holder owns. Except as otherwise indicated or required by the context, all references to “Cactus,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Cactus Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (including Cactus Companies).
On February 28, 2023, Cactus Inc. through one of its subsidiaries, completed the acquisition of the FlexSteel business (the “Merger”) through a merger with HighRidge Resources, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“HighRidge”). On February 27, 2023, in order to facilitate the Merger with HighRidge, an internal reorganization was completed in which Cactus Companies acquired all of the outstanding units representing ownership interests in Cactus Wellhead, LLC (“Cactus LLC”), the operating subsidiary of Cactus Inc. (the “CC Reorganization”). The purpose of the Merger was to effect the acquisition of the operations of FlexSteel Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. FlexSteel Holdings, Inc. was a wholly-owned subsidiary of HighRidge prior to the Merger and was converted into a limited liability company, contributed from HighRidge to Cactus Companies as part of the CC Reorganization and is now named FlexSteel Holdings, LLC (“FlexSteel”). The results of operations of FlexSteel have been reflected in our accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements from the closing date of the acquisition. See further discussion of the acquisition in Note 3.
2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Items
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cactus Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.
As the sole managing member of Cactus Companies, Cactus Inc. operates and controls all of the business and affairs of Cactus Companies and conducts its business through Cactus Companies and its subsidiaries. As a result, Cactus Inc. consolidates the financial results of Cactus Companies and its subsidiaries and reports a non-controlling interest related to the portion of CC Units not owned by Cactus Inc., which reduces net income attributable to holders of Cactus Inc.’s Class A common stock.
Use of Estimates
In preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, we make numerous estimates and assumptions that affect the accounting for and recognition and disclosure of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses.
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We must make these estimates and assumptions because certain information that we use is dependent on future events, cannot be calculated with a high degree of precision from available data or is not otherwise capable of being readily calculated based on accepted methodologies. In some cases, these estimates are particularly difficult to determine, and we must exercise significant judgment. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions that we use in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. 
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Our assets that are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk are cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. We manage the credit risk associated with these financial instruments by transacting only with what management believes are financially secure counterparties, requiring credit approvals and credit limits and monitoring counterparties’ financial condition. Our receivables are spread over a number of customers, a majority of which are oil and natural gas exploration and production (“E&P”) companies representing private operators, publicly-traded independents, majors and other companies with operations in the key U.S. oil and gas producing basins as well as Australia, Canada and the Middle East. Our maximum exposure to credit loss in the event of non‑performance by the customer is limited to the receivable balance. We perform ongoing credit evaluations and monitoring as to the financial condition of our customers with respect to trade receivables. Generally, no collateral is required as a condition of sale. We also control our exposure associated with trade receivables by discontinuing sales and service to non-paying customers. For the year ended December 31, 2023, one customer represented approximately 10