UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

________________________________

FORM 10-K

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ý ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition period from __________ to __________

Commission file number: 000-56165

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Cottonwood Communities, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

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Maryland	61-1805524
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1245 Brickyard Road, Suite 250, Salt Lake City, UT 84106

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(801) 278-0700

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbols	Name of each exchange on which registered
None	None	None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Class T common stock, $0.01 par value per share

Class D common stock, $0.01 par value per share

Class I common stock, $0.01 par value per share

Class A common stock, $0.01 par value per share

Class TX common stock, $0.01 par value per share

________________________________

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ý

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	ý	Smaller reporting company	ý
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ý

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant cannot be calculated because no established market exists for the registrant’s common stock.

As of March 25, 2024, there were 3,916,171 shares of the registrant’s Class T common stock, 205,489 shares of the registrant’s Class D common stock, 4,606,302 shares of the registrant’s Class I common stock, and 22,742,743 shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock outstanding.

Cottonwood Communities, Inc.

Form 10-K

For the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Table of Contents
		Page
Part I
	Cautionary Language and Summary Risk Factors	1
Item 1.	Business	3
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	7
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	39
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	39
Item 2.	Properties	40
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	41
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	41
Part II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	42
Item 6.	[Reserved]	48
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	49
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	62
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	62
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	63
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	63
Item 9B.	Other Information	64
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	64
Part III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	65
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	69
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	76
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	78
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	89
Part IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	90
Item 16.	Form 10–K Summary	93
Signatures		94

Part I

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward looking statements include statements about our business, including, in particular, statements about our plans, strategies and objectives. You can generally identify forward-looking statements by our use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “believe,” “continue,” or other similar words. You should not rely on these forward-looking statements because the matters they describe are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other unpredictable factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our actual results, performance and achievements may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

For a discussion of some of the risks and uncertainties, although not all risks and uncertainties, that could cause actual results to differ materially from those presented in our forward-looking statements, see the risks identified in “Summary Risk Factors” below and in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”).

SUMMARY RISK FACTORS

The following is a summary of the principal risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and an investment in us. This summary highlights certain of the risks that are discussed further in this Annual Report but does not address all the risks that we face. For additional discussion of the risks summarized below and a discussion of other risks that we face, see “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report.     

•We depend on our advisor to identify suitable investments and to manage our investments. There is no assurance that we will be able to successfully achieve our investment objectives.

•There is no public trading market for shares of our common stock and the repurchase of shares by us will likely be the only way to dispose of your shares. Our share repurchase program provides stockholders with the opportunity to request that we repurchase their shares on a monthly basis, but we are not obligated to repurchase any shares and may choose to repurchase only some, or even none, of the shares that have been requested to be repurchased in any particular month in our discretion. In addition, repurchases are subject to available liquidity and other significant restrictions. Further, our board of directors may modify or suspend our share repurchase program if in its reasonable judgment it deems a suspension to be in our best interest and the best interest of our stockholders, such as when a repurchase request would place an undue burden on our liquidity, adversely affect our operations or risk having an adverse impact on the company that would outweigh the benefit of the repurchase offer.

•The offering price and repurchase price for shares of our common stock are generally based on our prior month’s NAV plus, in the case of our offering price, applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees, and are not based on any public trading market. In addition to being up to a month old when share purchases and repurchases take place, our NAV does not currently represent our enterprise value and may not accurately reflect the actual prices at which our assets could be liquidated on any given day, the value a third party would pay for all or substantially all of our shares, or the price that our shares would trade at on a national stock exchange. Furthermore, our board of directors may amend our NAV procedures from time to time. Although there will be independent appraisals of our properties, the appraisal of properties is inherently subjective and our NAV may not accurately reflect the actual price at which our properties could be liquidated on any given day.

•Investing in commercial real estate assets involves certain risks, including, but not limited to: changes in values caused by global, national, regional or local economic performance, the performance of the real estate sector, unemployment and stock market volatility, demographic or capital market conditions; increases in interest rates and lack of availability of financing; vacancies, fluctuations in the average occupancy and rental rates for our residential properties; and residents experiencing financial hardships (resulting in an inability to pay rent). In particular, the current combination of the continued economic slowdown, increases in interest rates and significant inflation as well as a lack of lending activity in the debt markets have contributed to considerable weakness in the commercial real estate markets. Continued disruptions in the financial markets and economic uncertainty could adversely affect our operations.

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•We have paid distributions from offering proceeds and may continue to fund distributions with offering proceeds. We have not established a limit on the amount of proceeds from our offering that we may use to fund distributions. To the extent we fund distributions from sources other than our cash flow from operations, we will have less funds available for investment in multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets and the overall return to our stockholders may be reduced. Distributions may also be paid from other sources such as borrowings, advances or the deferral of fees and expense reimbursements. These distributions may constitute a return of capital.

•All of our officers and certain of our directors are also officers of our sponsor, advisor and their affiliates and, as a result, are subject to conflicts of interest, including conflicts arising from time constraints and the fact that the fees our advisor receives for services rendered to us are based on our NAV, which our advisor is responsible for determining.

•We pay certain fees and expenses to our advisor and its affiliates. These fees were not negotiated at arm’s length and therefore may be higher than fees payable to unaffiliated third parties.

•Development projects in which we invest will be subject to potential development and construction delays as well as the impact of rising costs associated with increased inflation, all of which could result in unanticipated increased costs and risks and may hinder our operating results and ability to make distributions.

•We may incur significant debt in certain circumstances, including through the issuance of preferred equity that is accounted for as debt. Our use of leverage increases the risk of an investment in us. Loans we obtain may be collateralized by some or all of our investments, which will put those investments at risk of forfeiture if we are unable to pay our debts. Principal and interest payments on these loans and dividend payments on our preferred shares reduce the amount of money that would otherwise be available for other purposes.

•Volatility in the debt markets could affect our ability to obtain financing for investments or other activities related to real estate assets and the diversification or value of our portfolio, potentially reducing cash available for distribution to our stockholders or our ability to make investments. In addition, volatility in the debt markets could negatively impact our loans with variable interest rates.

•There are limits on the ownership and transferability of our shares.

•If we fail to continue to qualify as a REIT, it would adversely affect our operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders because we will be subject to United States federal income tax at regular corporate rates with no ability to deduct distributions made to our stockholders.

•We restated our previously issued financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 and for each of the quarterly periods therein (the “Restatement”). As a result of the Restatement, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and solely as a result of the material weakness on the statement of cash flows, our management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting were not effective as of December 31, 2022, which conclusion could harm our business. The Restatement and related identification of a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting could subject us to increased risk of litigation.

In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in these forward looking statements, the inclusion of this information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that our objectives and plans, which we consider to be reasonable, will be achieved. Except as otherwise required by federal securities laws, we do not undertake to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS

References herein to the “Company,” “CCI,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refer to Cottonwood Communities, Inc., a Maryland corporation, and its subsidiaries, unless the context specifically requires otherwise.

General Description of Business and Operations

Cottonwood Communities, Inc. is a non-listed perpetual-life, net asset value (“NAV”), real estate investment trust (“REIT”). We qualified as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with the taxable year ended December 31, 2019. We generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income to the extent we annually distribute all of our net taxable income to stockholders and maintain our qualification as a REIT.

We invest in a diverse portfolio of multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets throughout the United States. As of December 31, 2023, our portfolio consisted of 27 operating multifamily apartment communities with a total of 7,761 units, four development projects with a total of 987 units to be built, six structured investments with a total of 1,868 units and four land sites held for future development projects with an expected total of 852 units to be built. As of December 31, 2023, our portfolio had a value of $2.3 billion in total assets, with 74.5% of our equity value in operating properties, 14.0% in development related projects and land, and 11.5% in real estate-related investments. We also manage approximately 8,600 units in stabilized assets, including the 7,761 units in stabilized properties we own or have ownership interests in, and approximately 500 units in two developments we have ownership interest in that are in lease-up. Riverfront is a development project which we had a preferred equity interest in as of December 31, 2023 and obtained a controlling equity interest in on January 24, 2024. The Riverfront units are included in the 987 of development units above while the value of the Riverfront preferred equity investment is in the 11.5% real estate-related investment number.

We own substantially all of our assets and conduct our operations through Cottonwood Residential O.P., LP (the “Operating Partnership” or “CROP”). Our wholly owned subsidiary is the General Partner of the Operating Partnership. As a result, we control the operations of the Operating Partnership. We have contributed the proceeds from our offerings (as described below) to the Operating Partnership in exchange for a corresponding number of mirrored OP Units in the Operating Partnership (the “CROP Units”). The General Partner owns general partner interests in the Operating Partnership alongside third-party limited partners.

The Advisor, CC Advisors III, LLC, is our external advisor which selects our investments and manages our business through its team of real estate professionals, which include our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and President, subject to the direction and oversight of the board of directors. In addition, as of March 25, 2024, we employed 263 individuals, including our Chief Legal Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Accounting Officer and Chief Development Officer with 188 employees serving as “site” employees at our properties responsible for maintenance and leasing. The remaining employees are corporate-level employees supporting our operations.

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The following presents our real estate portfolio by market and investment type by fair value as of December 31, 2023:

Refer to Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis - Our Investments” for further description of our portfolio.

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Investment Objectives

Our investment objectives are to:

•preserve, protect and return invested capital;

•pay stable cash distributions to stockholders;

•realize capital appreciation in the value of our investments over the long term; and

•provide a real estate investment alternative with lower expected price volatility relative to public real estate companies whose securities trade daily on a stock exchange.

We seek to invest at least 65% of our assets in stabilized multifamily apartment communities and up to 35% in mortgage loans, preferred equity investments, mezzanine loans or equity investments in a property or land which will be developed into a multifamily apartment community.

Our Offerings

We have conducted best-efforts offerings of preferred and common stock. Our preferred share offerings have been conducted as private placements pursuant to an exemption from registration available under Rule 506(b) of the Securities Act. Our common stock offerings have been conducted as public offerings and registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). As an NAV-based perpetual-life REIT, we intend to conduct ongoing public primary offerings of our common stock on a perpetual basis. We also intend to conduct an ongoing distribution reinvestment plan offering for our stockholders to reinvest distributions in our shares. The following table summarizes these offerings ($ in thousands):

Offering	Shares Issued	Commencement	Price Per Share		Distribution Rate (1)	Maximum Offering Amount		Amount Raised through December 31, 2023		Status
Public
Initial (2)	Common Stock - Class TX (3) and A	August 2018	$	10.00	Various	$	750,000	$	121,997	Closed
Follow-on
Primary	Common Stock - Class T, D and I	November 2021	NAV		Various	$	900,000	$	198,284	Open
Distribution Reinvestment	Common Stock - Class T, D, I and A	November 2021	NAV		Various	$	100,000	$	4,718	Open
Total Public						$	1,750,000	$	324,999
Private
2019 Preferred	Series 2019 Preferred Stock	November 2019	$	10.00	6.0%	$	128,000	$	126,985	Closed
2023 Preferred	Series 2023 Preferred Stock	December 2022	$	10.00	6.0%	$	150,000	$	83,511	Open
2023-A Preferred	Series 2023-A Preferred Stock	July 2023	$	10.00	7.0%	$	10,000	$	2,850	Open
Series A Convertible Preferred	Series A Convertible Preferred Stock	December 2023	$	10.00	8.0%	$	150,000	$	2,140	Open
Total Private						$	438,000	$	215,486
Total All Offerings						$	2,188,000	$	540,485
(1) Distribution rates for the preferred stock are established pursuant to the Articles Supplementary designating the class and reflect the current rate. Distribution rates will increase if extension options on redemption dates are exercised. Distributions are not guaranteed for either preferred stock or common stock. We have not established a minimum distribution level for common stock, and our charter does not require that we make distributions to our common stockholders.
(2) Includes shares sold pursuant to the primary offering and distribution reinvestment plan.
(3) The Class TX was named Class T during the offering period and renamed as Class TX on March 31, 2021.

    

Economic Dependency

We are dependent on our advisor and its affiliates for certain services that are essential to us, including the identification, evaluation, negotiation, origination, acquisition and disposition of investments; and management of our business. In the event that our advisor is unable to provide these services, we will be required to obtain such services from other sources.

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Competitive Market Factors

The success of our investment portfolio depends, in part, on our ability to invest in multifamily apartment communities that provide attractive and stable returns. We face competition from various entities for investment opportunities in multifamily apartment community properties, including other REITs, pension funds, insurance companies, investment funds and companies, partnerships, and developers. Many of these entities have substantially greater financial resources than we do and may be able to accept more risk than we can prudently manage. Our competitors may also be willing to accept lower returns on their investments and may succeed in buying the assets that we have targeted for acquisition. Competition from these entities may reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us or increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell. Although we believe that we are well-positioned to compete effectively in each facet of our business, there is competition in our market sector and there can be no assurance that we will compete effectively or that we will not encounter increased competition in the future that could limit our ability to conduct our business effectively.

Furthermore, we face competition from other multifamily apartment communities for tenants. This competition could reduce occupancy levels and revenues at our multifamily apartment communities, which would adversely affect our operations. We expect to face competition from many sources. We will face competition from other multifamily apartment communities both in the immediate vicinity and in the larger geographic market where our apartment communities will be located. Overbuilding of multifamily apartment communities may occur. If so, this will increase the number of apartment units available and may add negative pressure on occupancy and apartment rental rates.

Compliance with Federal, State and Local Environmental Law

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous real property owner or operator may be liable for the cost of removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances on, under or in such property. These costs could be substantial. Such laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. Environmental laws also may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures. Environmental laws provide for sanctions for noncompliance and may be enforced by governmental agencies or, in certain circumstances, by private parties. Certain environmental laws and common law principles could be used to impose liability for the release of and exposure to hazardous substances, including asbestos-containing materials. Third parties may seek recovery from real property owners or operators for personal injury or property damage associated with exposure to released hazardous substances. The cost of defending against claims of liability, of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property, or of paying personal injury claims could reduce the amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.

We intend to subject our multifamily apartment communities, other than those acquired by virtue of a non-performing debt investment, to an environmental assessment prior to acquisition; however, we may not be made aware of all the environmental liabilities associated with a property prior to its purchase. There may be hidden environmental hazards that may not be discovered prior to acquisition. The costs of investigation, remediation or removal of hazardous substances may be substantial. In addition, the presence of hazardous substances on one of our properties, or the failure to properly remediate a contaminated property, could adversely affect our ability to sell or rent the property or to borrow using the property as collateral.

Human Capital Resources

Our external advisor, CC Advisors III, through its team of real estate professionals, selects our investments and manages our business, subject to the direction and oversight of our board of directors. Those employed by us serve as “site” employees at our properties, responsible for maintenance and leasing, and corporate-level employees supporting our operations. We also rely on employees of our advisor for the management of our business and the employment of certain of our executive officers.

Our employees are responsible for performing various operational services for us, including property management, legal, accounting, property development oversight and certain services relating to construction management, stockholders, human resources, and information technology. Our employees have been employed by us or involved in our operations through their employment with our advisor, affiliated property manager and their affiliates for an average of over five years. Approximately 48% of our employees are women and approximately 48% are members of racial or ethnic minority groups. We consider our relations with our employees to be good; none of our employees are represented by a labor union.

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We believe the caliber and well-being of our people to be critical to our ability to attract talent and sustain an appealing company culture that promotes diversity, inclusion, transparency, innovation, teamwork, and excellence. To support these goals and objectives we provide best-in-class training resources, both in person and virtually, to develop the skills and talents of our people and to prevent discrimination and harassment. We dedicate significant time and attention to building a bench of talent that has a wide array of abilities and interests, and that is capable of promoting continuity and succession, when necessary.

We offer competitive and equitable compensation and benefits packages that include medical, dental, vision, disability and life insurance, 401k and HSA plans with company-matching contributions, equity grants, paid time off, as well as other resources and programs that support the health and well-being of our associates and their families. We frequently benchmark these compensation and benefits packages against industry peers and those of similar disciplines.

Principal Executive Office

Our principal executive offices are located at 1245 Brickyard Road, Suite 250, Salt Lake City, Utah 84106 and the telephone number is (801) 278-0700. Our website address is www.cottonwoodcommunities.com.

Available Information

Access to copies of our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, including exhibits to these reports, proxy statements and other filings with the SEC, including amendments to such filings, may be obtained free of charge at our website, www.cottonwoodcommunities.com, or through the SEC’s website, https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=1692951. These filings are available promptly after we file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The following are some of the risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those presented in our forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face but do represent those risks and uncertainties that we believe are material to us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also harm our business. Our stockholders may be referred to as “you” or “your” in this Item 1A. “Risk Factors” section.

Risks Related to an Investment in our Common Stock

There is no public trading market for the shares of our common stock and we do not anticipate that there will be a public trading market for our shares; therefore, your ability to dispose of your shares will likely be limited to repurchase by us. If you do sell your shares to us, you may receive less than the price you paid.

There is no current public trading market for shares of our common stock, and we do not expect that such a market will ever develop. Therefore, the repurchase of your shares by us will likely be the only way for you to dispose of your shares. We will repurchase shares at a price equal to the transaction price of the class of shares being repurchased on the date of repurchase (which will generally be equal to our prior month’s NAV per share, which will be our most recently disclosed NAV at such time) and not based on the price at which you initially purchased your shares. We may repurchase your shares if you fail to maintain a minimum account balance of $500 of shares, even if your failure to meet the minimum account balance is caused solely by a decline in our NAV. Repurchases will be made at the transaction price in effect on the repurchase date, with the following exceptions (collectively, the “Early Repurchase Deduction”): (i) Class T, Class D and Class I shares that have not been outstanding for at least one year will be repurchased at 95.0% of the transaction price, (ii) Class A shares that have been outstanding for at least five years and less than six years will be repurchased at 95.0% of the transaction price, (iii) Class A shares that have been outstanding for at least three years and less than five years will be repurchased at 90.0% of the transaction price and (iv) Class A shares that have been outstanding for at least one year and less than three years will be repurchased at 85.0% of the transaction price.

For purposes of the Early Repurchase Deduction, the holding period is measured from the date the stockholder acquired the share (the “Acquisition Date”) through the first calendar day immediately following the prospective repurchase date. With respect to holders of Class A shares who acquired their shares pursuant to a merger transaction the Acquisition Date is the date the holder acquired the corresponding share that was exchanged in the merger transaction. In addition, with respect to Class A shares acquired through our distribution reinvestment plan or issued pursuant to a stock dividend, the shares will be deemed to have been acquired on the same date as the initial share to which the distribution reinvestment plan share or stock dividend relate. The Acquisition Date for stockholders who received shares of our common stock in exchange for their CROP Units is measured as of the date the exchange occurred and they received shares of our common stock. The Early Repurchase

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Deduction will also generally apply to minimum account repurchases. With respect to Class T, Class D and Class I shares, the Early Repurchase Deduction will not apply to shares acquired through our distribution reinvestment plan or issued pursuant to a stock dividend. Such Early Repurchase Deductions will inure indirectly to the benefit of our remaining stockholders. As a result of this and the fact that our NAV will fluctuate, you may receive less than the price you paid for your shares upon repurchase by us pursuant to our share repurchase program.

Your ability to have your shares repurchased through our share repurchase program is limited. We may choose to repurchase fewer shares than have been requested to be repurchased, in our discretion at any time, and the amount of shares we may repurchase is subject to caps. Further, our board of directors may modify or suspend our share repurchase program if it deems such action to be in our best interest and the best interest of our stockholders.

We may choose to repurchase fewer shares than have been requested in any particular month to be repurchased under our share repurchase program, or none at all, in our discretion at any time. We may repurchase fewer shares than have been requested to be repurchased due to lack of readily available funds because of adverse market conditions beyond our control, the need to maintain liquidity for our operations or because we have determined that investing in real property or other illiquid investments is a better use of our capital than repurchasing our shares. In addition, the total amount of shares that we will repurchase is limited, in any calendar month, to shares whose aggregate value (based on the repurchase price per share on the date of the repurchase) is no more than 2% of the aggregate NAV of our common stock outstanding as of the last day of the previous calendar month and, in any calendar quarter, to shares whose aggregate value is no more than 5% of the aggregate NAV of our common stock outstanding as of the last day of the previous calendar quarter. Further, our board of directors may modify or suspend our share repurchase program if in its reasonable judgment it deems a suspension to be in our best interest and the best interest of our stockholders, such as when a repurchase request would place an undue burden on our liquidity, adversely affect our operations or risk having an adverse impact on the company that would outweigh the benefit of the repurchase offer. If the full amount of all shares of our common stock requested to be repurchased in any given month are not repurchased, funds will be allocated pro rata based on the total number of shares of common stock being repurchased without regard to class and subject to the volume limitation. All unsatisfied repurchase requests must be resubmitted after the start of the next month or quarter, or upon the recommencement of the share repurchase program, as applicable.

The vast majority of our assets consist of properties that cannot generally be readily liquidated without impacting our ability to realize full value upon their disposition. Therefore, we may not always have a sufficient amount of cash to immediately satisfy repurchase requests. Should repurchase requests, in our judgment, place an undue burden on our liquidity, adversely affect our operations or risk having an adverse impact on the company as a whole, or should we otherwise determine that investing our liquid assets in real properties or other illiquid investments rather than repurchasing our shares is in the best interests of the company as a whole, then we may choose to repurchase fewer shares than have been requested to be repurchased, or none at all. Because we are not required to authorize the recommencement of the share repurchase program within any specified period of time, we may effectively terminate the plan by suspending it indefinitely. As a result, your ability to have your shares repurchased by us may be limited and at times you may not be able to liquidate your investment.

We have incurred net losses under GAAP in the past and may incur net losses in the future, and we have an accumulated deficit and may continue to have an accumulated deficit in the future.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had consolidated net losses of $44.9 million and $34.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had accumulated deficits of $94.8 million and $71.5 million, respectively. These amounts largely reflect the expense of real estate depreciation and amortization in accordance with GAAP, which was $59.0 million and $54.6 million during these periods. In addition, the year ended December 31, 2022 also included $20.3 million of charges related to the performance participation allocation.

Net loss and accumulated deficit are calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, which, among other things, requires depreciation of real estate investments. We calculate depreciation on a straight-line basis. As a result, our operating results imply that the value of our real estate investments will decrease evenly over a set time period. However, we believe that the value of real estate investments will fluctuate over time based on market conditions. Thus, in addition to GAAP financial metrics, management reviews certain non-GAAP financial metrics, including funds from operations, or FFO and Core FFO. FFO measures operating performance that excludes gains or losses from sales of depreciable properties, real estate-related depreciation and amortization and after adjustments for our share of consolidated and unconsolidated entities. Core FFO excludes other items recorded under GAAP that we believe are not indicative of operating performance, including the accretion of discounts on preferred stock, share-based compensation, the promote from an incentive allocation agreement (tax effected), gains on derivatives, legal costs and settlements, acquisition fees and expenses, and amortization of above or below intangible lease assets and liabilities. See Part II, Item 5. “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities - Funds from Operations” for considerations on how to review this metric.

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Economic events that may cause our stockholders to request that we repurchase their shares may materially adversely affect our cash flow and our results of operations and financial condition.

Events affecting the U.S. economy, such as the general negative performance of the real estate sector (including as a result of inflation or higher interest rates), the actual or perceived instability in the U.S. banking system or market volatility), could cause our stockholders to seek to sell their shares to us pursuant to our share repurchase program at a time when such events are adversely affecting the performance of our assets. Even if we decide to satisfy all or a large amount of repurchase requests, our cash flow could be materially adversely affected. In addition, if we determine to sell assets to satisfy repurchase requests, we may not be able to realize the return on such assets that we may have been able to achieve had we sold at a more favorable time, and our results of operations and financial condition, including, without limitation, breadth of our portfolio by property type and location, could be materially adversely affected.

Repurchases of common stock or CROP Units received by our advisor or the Special Limited Partner in lieu of fees or distributions will reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

Our advisor or the Special Limited Partner, an affiliate of our advisor, may choose to receive our common stock or CROP Units in lieu of certain fees or distributions. Under certain circumstances CROP Units or shares of our common stock received as payment for management fees are required to be repurchased, in cash at the holder’s election, and there may not be sufficient cash to make such a repurchase payment; therefore, we may need to use cash from operations, borrowings, offering proceeds or other sources to make the payment, which will reduce cash available for distribution to you or for investment in our operations. Repurchases of our shares or CROP Units from our advisor paid to our advisor as a management fee are not subject to the monthly and quarterly volume limitations or the Early Repurchase Deduction, and such repurchases may receive priority over other shares submitted for repurchase during such period. Repurchases of our shares or CROP Units from the Special Limited Partner distributed to the Special Limited Partner with respect to its performance participation interest are not subject to any requirement that the units be held for at least one year but are subject to the other provisions regarding the exchange right as contemplated by the Partnership Agreement.

We are required to pay substantial compensation to our advisor and its affiliates, which may be increased or decreased at any time by a majority of our board of directors, including a majority of the independent directors. Payment of fees and expenses to our advisor and its affiliates reduces the cash available for distribution and increases the risk that you will not be able to recover the amount of your investment in our shares.

Pursuant to our agreements with our advisor and its affiliates, we are obligated to pay substantial compensation to the advisor and its affiliates. Subject to limitations in our charter, the fees, compensation, income, expense reimbursements, interests and other payments that we are required to pay to the advisor and its affiliates may increase or decrease at any time if such change is approved by a majority of our board of directors, including a majority of the independent directors. The compensation payable by us to our advisor and its affiliates may not be on terms that would result from arm’s-length negotiations, is payable whether or not our stockholders receive distributions, and is based on our NAV, which our advisor is responsible for determining. These payments to the advisor and its affiliates will decrease the amount of cash we have available for operations and new investments and could negatively impact our NAV, our ability to pay distributions and your overall return.

Purchases and repurchases of shares of our common stock are made based on the most recently disclosed NAV per share at such time, which is generally the prior month’s NAV per share of our common stock.

Generally, our offering price per share and the price at which we make repurchases of our shares will equal the prior month’s NAV per share plus, in the case of our offering price, applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. The NAV per share as of the date on which you make your subscription request or repurchase request may be significantly different than the offering price you pay or the repurchase price you receive. In addition, in cases where we believe there has been a material change (positive or negative) to our NAV per share since the end of the prior month, we may offer shares at a price that we believe reflects the NAV per share of such stock more appropriately than the prior month’s NAV per share (including by updating a previously disclosed offering price) or suspend our offering and/or our share repurchase program. In such cases, the offering price and repurchase price will be our most recently disclosed NAV per share at such time.

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Valuations and appraisals of our properties, real estate-related assets and real estate-related liabilities are estimates of value and may not necessarily correspond to realizable value.

The valuation methodologies used to value our properties and certain real estate-related assets involve subjective judgments regarding such factors as comparable sales, rental revenue and operating expense data, known contingencies, the capitalization or discount rate, and projections of future rent and expenses based on appropriate analysis. As a result, valuations and appraisals of our properties, real estate-related assets and real estate-related liabilities are only estimates of current market value. Ultimate realization of the value of an asset or liability depends to a great extent on economic and other conditions beyond our control and the control of Altus Group U.S. Inc. (the “Independent Valuation Advisor”) and other parties involved in the valuation of our assets and liabilities. Further, these valuations may not necessarily represent the price at which an asset or liability would sell, because market prices of assets and liabilities can only be determined by negotiation between a willing buyer and seller. In addition, multifamily investment volume year-to-date (as of December 31, 2023) is down materially and accurate valuations are more difficult to obtain in times of low transaction volume because there are fewer market transactions that can be considered in the context of the appraisal. Valuations used for determining our NAV also are generally made without consideration of the expenses that would be incurred by us in connection with disposing of assets and liabilities. Therefore, the valuations of our properties, our investments in real estate-related assets and our liabilities may not correspond to the timely realizable value upon a sale of those assets and liabilities. In addition to being a month old when share purchases and repurchases take place, our NAV does not currently represent enterprise value and may not accurately reflect the actual prices at which our assets could be liquidated on any given day, the value a third party would pay for all or substantially all of our shares, or the price that our shares would trade at on a national stock exchange. There will be no retroactive adjustment in the valuation of such assets or liabilities, the price of our shares of common stock, the price we paid to repurchase shares of our common stock or NAV-based fees we paid to our advisor and the dealer manager to the extent such valuations prove to not accurately reflect the true estimate of value and are not a precise measure of realizable value. Because the price you will pay for shares of our common stock in our offering, and the price at which your shares may be repurchased by us pursuant to our share repurchase program, are generally based on our estimated NAV per share, you may pay more than realizable value or receive less than realizable value for your investment.

Our NAV per share amounts may change materially if the appraised values of our properties materially change from prior appraisals or the actual operating results for a particular month differ from what we originally budgeted for that month.

Our properties are appraised monthly by either the Independent Valuation Advisor or a third-party appraiser (the “Third-Party Appraisal Firm”). When these appraisals are included for purposes of determining our NAV, there may be a material change in our NAV per share amounts for each class of our common stock from those previously reported. In addition, actual operating results for a given month may differ from what we originally budgeted for that month, which may cause a material increase or decrease in the NAV per share amounts. We will not retroactively adjust the NAV per share of each class reported for the previous month. Therefore, because a new annual appraisal may differ materially from the prior appraisal or the actual results from operations may be better or worse than what we previously budgeted for a particular month, the adjustment to take into consideration the new appraisal or actual operating results may cause the NAV per share for each class of our common stock to increase or decrease, and such increase or decrease will occur in the month the adjustment is made.

New acquisitions may be valued for purposes of our NAV at less than what we pay for them, which would dilute our NAV, or at more than what we pay for them, which would be accretive to our NAV.

Pursuant to our valuation guidelines, the acquisition price of a newly acquired property will serve as the basis for the initial monthly appraisal performed by the Independent Valuation Advisor. The price we pay to acquire a property will provide a meaningful data point to the Independent Valuation Advisor in its determination of the initial fair market value of the property; however, the Independent Valuation Advisor may conclude that the price we paid to acquire a property is higher or lower than the current fair market value of the property, which shall be used for purposes of determining our NAV. This is true regardless of how the acquisition is funded, whether cash, equity, debt or a combination thereof. When we obtain the first appraisal performed by the Independent Valuation Advisor on a property, it may not appraise at a value equal to the purchase price, which could negatively affect our NAV. Large portfolio acquisitions, in particular, may require a “portfolio premium” to be paid by us in order to be a competitive bidder, and this “portfolio premium” may not be taken into consideration in calculating our NAV. We may make acquisitions of any size without stockholder approval, and such acquisitions may be dilutive or accretive to our NAV. In addition, acquisition expenses we incur in connection with new acquisitions will negatively impact our NAV.

The NAV per share that we publish may not necessarily reflect changes in our NAV that are not immediately quantifiable.

From time to time, we may experience events with respect to our investments that may have a material impact on our NAV. For example, and not by way of limitation, changes in governmental rules, regulations and fiscal policies, environmental

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legislation, acts of God, terrorism, social unrest, civil disturbances and major disturbances in financial markets may cause the value of a property to change materially. Similarly, negotiations, disputes and litigation that involve us and other parties may ultimately have a positive or negative impact on our NAV. The NAV per share of each class of our common stock as published for any given month may not reflect such extraordinary events to the extent that their financial impact is not immediately quantifiable. As a result, the NAV per share that we publish may not necessarily reflect changes in our NAV that are not immediately quantifiable, and the NAV per share of each class published after the announcement of a material event may differ significantly from our actual NAV per share for such class until such time as the financial impact is quantified and our NAV is appropriately adjusted in accordance with our valuation guidelines. The resulting potential disparity in our NAV may inure to the benefit of stockholders submitting for repurchase or stockholders not submitting for repurchase and new purchasers of our common stock, depending on whether our published NAV per share for such class is overstated or understated.

The realizable value of specific properties may change before the value is adjusted by the Independent Valuation Advisor and reflected in the calculation of our NAV.

Our valuation guidelines generally provide that the Independent Valuation Advisor will adjust a real property’s valuation, as necessary, based on known events that have a material impact on the most recent value (adjustments for non-material events may also be made). We are dependent on our advisor to be reasonably aware of material events specific to our properties (such as tenant disputes, damage, litigation and environmental issues, as well as positive events) that may cause the value of a property to change materially and to promptly notify the Independent Valuation Advisor so that the information may be reflected in our real property portfolio valuation. Events may transpire that, for a period of time, are unknown to us or the Independent Valuation Advisor that may affect the value of a property, and until such information becomes known and is processed, the value of such asset may differ from the value used to determine our NAV. In addition, although we may have information that suggests a change in value of a property may have occurred, there may be a delay in the resulting change in value being reflected in our NAV until such information is appropriately reviewed, verified and processed. For example, we may receive an unsolicited offer, from an unrelated third party, to sell one of our assets at a price that is materially different than the price included in our NAV. Or, we may be aware of a change in collection, or a potential contract for capital expenditure. Where possible, adjustments generally are made based on events evidenced by proper final documentation. It is possible that an adjustment to the valuation of a property may occur prior to final documentation if the Independent Valuation Advisor determines that events warrant adjustments to certain assumptions that materially affect value. However, to the extent that an event has not yet become final based on proper documentation, its impact on the value of the applicable property may not be reflected (or may be only partially reflected) in the calculation of our NAV.

NAV calculations are not governed by governmental or independent securities, financial or accounting rules or standards. Our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, may adopt changes to the valuation guidelines.

The methods used by our advisor to calculate our NAV, including the components used in calculating our NAV, is not prescribed by rules of the SEC or any other regulatory agency. Further, there are no accounting rules or standards that prescribe which components should be used in calculating NAV, and our NAV is not audited by our independent registered public accounting firm. We calculate and publish our NAV solely for purposes of establishing the price at which we sell and repurchase shares of our common stock, and you should not view our NAV as a measure of our future financial condition or performance. The components and methodology used in calculating our NAV may differ from those used by other companies now or in the future.

In addition, calculations of our NAV, to the extent that they incorporate valuations of our assets and liabilities, are not prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. These valuations may differ from liquidation values that could be realized in the event that we were forced to sell assets.

Additionally, errors may occur in calculating our NAV, which could impact the price at which we sell and repurchase shares of our common stock and the amount of the advisor’s management fee and the Special Limited Partner’s performance participation interest. If such errors were to occur, our advisor, depending on the circumstances surrounding each error and the extent of any impact the error has on the price at which shares of our common stock were sold or repurchased or on the amount of our advisor’s management fee or the Special Limited Partner’s performance participation interest, may determine in its sole discretion to take certain corrective actions in response to such errors, including, subject to our advisor’s policies and procedures, making adjustments to prior NAV calculations.

Each year our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, will review the appropriateness of our valuation guidelines and may, at any time, adopt changes to the valuation guidelines.

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You should carefully review the disclosure of our valuation policies and how our NAV is calculated under Part II, Item 5. “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities - Net Asset Value”.

We have held certain of our current investments for only a limited period of time and you will not have the opportunity to evaluate our future investments before we make them, which makes your investment more speculative.

We have held certain of our current investments for a limited period of time. Further, we are considered to be a “blind pool,” and are not able to provide you with information to assist you in evaluating the merits of any specific properties or structured investments that we may acquire. As a result, it may be difficult for you to evaluate our success in achieving our investment objectives. We will continue to seek to invest substantially all of our future net offering proceeds, after the payment of fees and expenses, in the acquisition of or investment in interests in properties and structured investments. However, because you will be unable to evaluate the economic merit of our future investments before we make them, you will have to rely entirely on the ability of our advisor to select suitable and successful investment opportunities. These factors increase the risk that your investment may not generate returns comparable to other real estate investment alternatives.

We will face significant competition for multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets, which may limit our ability to acquire suitable investments and achieve our investment objectives or make distributions.

We compete to acquire multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets with other REITs, real estate limited partnerships, pension funds and their advisors, bank and insurance company investment accounts, and other entities. Many of our competitors have greater financial resources, and a greater ability to borrow funds to acquire properties, than we do. We cannot be sure that the board of directors and our advisor will be successful in obtaining suitable investments on financially attractive terms or that, if investments are made, our objectives will be achieved.

If we are unable to find suitable investments or if we raise substantial offering proceeds in a short period of time and are unable to invest all of the offering proceeds promptly, we may not be able to achieve our investment objectives or make distributions.

The more money we raise, the greater our challenge will be to invest all of our offering proceeds on attractive terms. If we are unable to promptly find suitable multifamily apartment communities or multifamily real estate-related assets, we will hold the proceeds from our offerings in an interest-bearing account, invest the proceeds in short-term investments, or pay down lines of credit. We could also suffer from delays in locating suitable investments. Our reliance on our advisor and sponsor and the real estate professionals that such persons retain to identify suitable investments for us at times when such persons are simultaneously seeking to identify suitable investments for other affiliated programs could also delay the investment of the proceeds of our offerings. Delays we encounter in the selection and acquisition of income-producing multifamily apartment communities or the acquisition or origination of multifamily real estate-related assets would likely limit our ability to make distributions to you and reduce your overall returns.

Furthermore, where we acquire development projects prior to the start of construction or during the early stages of construction, it will typically take several years to complete construction and rent available space. Therefore, you could suffer delays in the receipt of distributions attributable to those particular properties.

Our success is dependent on general market and economic conditions.

The real estate industry generally and the success of our investment activities in particular will both be affected by global and national economic and market conditions generally and by the local economic conditions where our properties are located. These factors may affect the level and volatility of real estate prices, which could impair our profitability or result in losses. In addition, general fluctuations in the market prices of securities and interest rates may affect our investment opportunities and the value of our investments. Our sponsor’s financial condition may be adversely affected by a significant economic downturn and it may be subject to legal, regulatory, reputational and other unforeseen risks that could have a material adverse effect on its businesses and operations (including our advisor).

A recession, slowdown and/or sustained downturn in the U.S. real estate market, and to a lesser extent, the global economy (or any particular segment thereof) would have a pronounced impact on us, the value of our assets and our profitability, impede the ability of our assets to perform under or refinance their existing obligations, and impair our ability to effectively deploy our capital or realize upon investments on favorable terms. We could also be affected by any overall weakening of, or disruptions in, the financial markets. Any of the foregoing events could result in substantial losses to our business, which losses will likely be exacerbated by the presence of leverage in our investments capital structures.

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For example, during the financial crisis, the availability of debt financing secured by commercial real estate was significantly restricted as a result of a prolonged tightening of lending standards. Due to the uncertainties created in the credit market, real estate investors were unable to obtain debt financing on attractive terms, which adversely affected investment returns on acquisitions and their ability to even make acquisitions or tenant improvements to existing holdings. More recently, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”) was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the FDIC as receiver. Similarly, on March 12, 2023, Signature Bank and Silvergate Capital Corp. were each swept into receivership. If another depository institution is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets, it could impact access to our cash or cash equivalents and could adversely impact our operating liquidity and financial performance. In addition, if any parties with whom we conduct business are unable to access funds pursuant to such instruments or lending arrangements with such a financial institution, such parties’ ability to pay their obligations to us or to enter into new commercial arrangements requiring additional payments to us could be adversely affected. Any future financial market disruptions may force us to use a greater proportion of our offering proceeds to finance our acquisitions and fund tenant improvements, reducing the number of acquisitions we would otherwise make.

Recent macroeconomic trends, including recent increases in inflation and interest rates, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Beginning in 2021 and continuing into the year ended December 31, 2023, inflation in the United States accelerated and, while moderating compared to year-over-year increases in 2021 and 2022, may continue at a relatively elevated level in the near-term. Beginning in 2022, in an effort to combat inflation and restore price stability, the Federal Reserve significantly raised its benchmark federal funds rate, which led to increases in interest rates in the credit markets. The Federal Reserve may continue to raise the federal funds rate, which will likely lead to higher interest rates in the credit markets and the possibility of slowing economic growth and/or a recession. Additionally, U.S. government policies implemented to address inflation, including actions by the Federal Reserve to increase interest rates, could negatively impact consumer spending and adversely impact the broader economy, resulting in job losses for many of our residents.

Rising inflation could also have an adverse impact on our financing costs (either through near-term borrowings on our variable rate debt, including our credit facilities, or refinancing of existing debt at higher interest rates), and general and administrative expenses and property operating expenses, as these costs could increase at a rate higher than our rental and other revenue. To the extent our exposure to increases in interest rates is not eliminated through interest rate caps or other protection agreements, such increases may also result in higher debt service costs, which will adversely affect our cash flows. Historically, during periods of increasing interest rates, real estate valuations have generally decreased due to rising capitalization rates, which tend to move directionally with interest rates. Consequently, prolonged periods of higher interest rates may negatively impact the valuation of our real estate assets. Although the extent of any prolonged periods of higher interest rates remains unknown at this time, negative impacts to our cost of capital may adversely affect our future business plans and growth, at least in the near term.

We may not be able to operate our business successfully or generate sufficient revenue to make or sustain distributions to our stockholders.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to operate our business successfully or implement our operating policies and strategies. We can provide no assurance that our performance will replicate the past performance of CROP, Cottonwood Residential, Cottonwood Residential II, Inc. (“CRII”) or any program sponsored by CROP, Cottonwood Residential, or CRII. Our investment returns could be substantially lower than the returns achieved by CROP, Cottonwood Residential, and CRII. The results of our operations depend on several factors, including the availability of opportunities for the acquisition of target assets, the level and volatility of interest rates, the availability of short and long-term financing, and conditions in the financial markets and economic conditions.

We are dependent upon our advisor and its affiliates and any adverse changes in the financial health of our advisor or its affiliates or our relationship with them could hinder our operating performance and the return on our stockholders’ investment.

We are dependent on our advisor to manage our operations and our portfolio of multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets. Any adverse change in the financial condition of our advisor or our relationship with our advisor could hinder its ability to successfully manage our operations and our portfolio of investments.

Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to conduct our operations is dependent upon the performance of our advisor. Our advisor’s business is sensitive to trends in the general economy, as well as the commercial real estate and

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credit markets. To the extent any decline in our sponsor’s revenues and operating results impacts the performance of our advisor, our results of operations and financial condition could also suffer. If our relationship with our advisor, its affiliates and their real estate professionals is terminated for any reason, it will be difficult for us to implement our business strategy or manage our portfolio unless we engage another party to provide the services to be provided by our advisor, its affiliates and employees.

We have paid distributions from offering proceeds. In the future we may continue to fund distributions with offering proceeds. To the extent we fund distributions from sources other than our cash flow from operations, we will have less funds available for investment in multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets and the overall return to our stockholders may be reduced.

Our charter permits us to make distributions from any source, including offering proceeds or borrowings (which may constitute a return of capital), and our charter does not limit the amount of funds we may use from any source to pay such distributions. We intend to make distributions on our common stock on a per share basis with each share receiving the same distribution, subject to any class-specific expenses such as distribution fees on our Class T and Class D shares. If we fund distributions from financings, our offerings or other sources, we will have less funds available for investment in multifamily apartment communities and other multifamily real estate-related assets and the number of real estate properties that we invest in and the overall return to our stockholders may be reduced. If we fund distributions from borrowings, our interest expense and other financing costs, as well as the repayment of such borrowings, will reduce our earnings and cash flow from operations available for distribution in future periods. If we fund distributions from the sale of assets or the maturity, payoff or settlement of multifamily real estate-related assets, this will affect our ability to generate cash flows from operations in future periods.

It is likely that we will use sources of funds, which may constitute a return of capital to fund distributions. During our offering stage, when we may raise capital more quickly than we acquire income-producing assets, and for some period after, we may not be able to make distributions solely from our cash flow from operations. Further, because we may receive income from our investments at various times during our fiscal year and because we may need cash flow from operations during a particular period to fund capital expenditures and other expenses, we expect that we will declare distributions in anticipation of cash flow that we expect to receive during a later period and we will make these distributions in advance of our actual receipt of these funds. In addition, to the extent our investments are in development or redevelopment projects or in properties that have significant capital requirements, our ability to make distributions may be negatively impacted. In these instances, we expect to look to third party borrowings to fund our distributions. We may also fund such distributions from the sale of assets. To the extent distributions exceed cash flow from operations, a stockholder’s basis in our stock will be reduced and, to the extent distributions exceed a stockholder’s basis, the stockholder may recognize capital gain.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we paid aggregate distributions to convertible preferred stockholders, common stockholders and limited partnership unitholders of $47.5 million and $42.2 million, including $45.1 million and $40.0 million of distributions paid in cash and $2.4 million and $2.2 million of distributions reinvested through our distribution reinvestment plan, respectively. Our net loss for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $44.9 million and $34.0 million. Cash flows used in operating activities were $22.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and cash flows provided by operating activities were $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. We funded our total distributions paid during 2023, which includes net cash distributions and distributions reinvested by stockholders, with $4.7 million prior period cash provided by operating activities and $40.4 million from additional borrowings. We funded our total distributions paid during 2022, which includes net cash distributions and distributions reinvested by stockholders, with $23.0 million prior period cash provided by operating activities, $7.9 million from additional borrowings, and $9.1 million of offering proceeds.

Generally, for purposes of determining the source of our distributions paid, we assume first that we use cash flow from operating activities from the relevant or prior periods to fund distribution payments. To the extent that we pay distributions from sources other than our cash flow from operating activities, we will have less funds available for the acquisition of real estate investments, the overall return to our stockholders may be reduced and subsequent investors will experience dilution. In addition, to the extent distributions exceed cash flow from operating activities, a stockholder’s basis in our stock will be reduced and, to the extent distributions exceed a stockholder’s basis, the stockholder may recognize capital gain.

We disclose funds from operations (“FFO”), a non-GAAP financial measure, in communications with investors, including documents filed with the Commission. However, FFO is not equivalent to our net income or loss as determined under GAAP, and is not a complete measure of our financial position and results of operations.

We use, and we disclose to investors, FFO, which is considered a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Selected Information Regarding Our Operations.” FFO is not equivalent to our net income or loss as determined in accordance with

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GAAP. FFO and GAAP net income differ because FFO excludes gains or losses from sales of property and impairment of depreciable real estate, and adds back real estate-related depreciation and amortization.

No single measure can provide investors with sufficient information and investors should consider all of our disclosures as a whole in order to adequately understand our financial position, liquidity and results of operations. Because of the differences between FFO and GAAP net income or loss, FFO may not be an accurate indicator of our operating performance, especially during periods in which we are acquiring properties. In addition, FFO is not necessarily indicative of cash flow available to fund cash needs and investors should not consider FFO as an alternative to cash flows from operations or an indication of our liquidity, or indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Neither the Commission nor any other regulatory body has passed judgment on the acceptability of the adjustments that we use to calculate FFO. Also, because not all companies calculate this type of measure the same way, comparisons with other companies may not be meaningful.

Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to recover claims against our officers and directors are limited, which could reduce your and our recovery against them if they negligently cause us to incur losses.

Maryland law provides that an officer or director has no liability in that capacity if he or she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. Our charter provides that our officers and directors will not be liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages and that we will generally indemnify them for losses unless our directors are negligent or engage in misconduct or our independent directors are grossly negligent or engage in willful misconduct. As a result, you and we may have more limited rights against our officers and directors than might otherwise exist under common law, which could reduce our and your recovery from these persons if they act in a negligent manner. Our charter also requires us, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, to indemnify and, without requiring a preliminary determination of the ultimate entitlement to indemnification, pay or reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of the final disposition of a proceeding to any individual who is a present or former director or officer and who is made or threatened to be made a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity or any individual who, while a director or officer and at our request, serves or has served as a director, officer, partner, member, manager or trustee of another corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust, employment benefit plan or other enterprise and who is made or threatened to be made a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity.

CROP may be subject to tax indemnification obligations upon the taxable sale of certain of its properties. CROP will not have control of the assets that will be subject to an in-kind redemption transaction under the CROP Tax Protection Agreement.

Pursuant to the tax protection agreement between CROP and High Traverse Holdings, LLC (“HT Holdings”), a Delaware limited liability company, which is beneficially owned by Daniel Shaeffer, Chad Christensen, Gregg Christensen and Eric Marlin, each of who are our executive officers and some of whom are our directors, (the “CROP Tax Protection Agreement”), CROP has agreed, until May 7, 2031, to indemnify HT Holdings (including Daniel Shaeffer, Chad Christensen, Gregg Christensen and Eric Marlin, as beneficial owners of HT Holdings, and their affiliated trusts and certain other entities) (collectively, the “protected partners”) against certain tax consequences of a taxable transfer of all or any portion of the properties that are owned by CROP or any of its subsidiaries as of May 7, 2021, the closing date of the merger of our operating partnership with and into CROP, subject to certain conditions and limitations. We estimate the maximum potential liability associated with the CROP Tax Protection Agreement to be approximately $39.9 million. Although this estimate has been made based on the best judgment of our management assuming current tax rates as well as the current state of residence of indemnified parties, both of which may change in the future, no assurances can be provided that the actual amount of any indemnification obligation would not exceed this estimate. These indemnification obligations could prevent CROP from selling its properties at times and on terms that are in the best interest of CROP, us and the respective equity owners of CROP and us and any indemnification payments that may become payable could be a significant expense for CROP and us. In addition, at any time after the closing (including after expiration of the tax protection term), each protected partner and CROP will have the right to exercise an in-kind redemption transaction (i.e., a redemption of all of the protected partner’s interest in CROP in exchange for one or more assets of CROP at the then-current market price). This would eliminate CROP’s indemnification obligations to the protected partner(s). The protected partners will have the right to select the assets of CROP necessary to effectuate the in-kind redemption transaction, subject to certain limitations. If an in-kind redemption transaction is effectuated, CROP’s portfolio may become less geographically diverse and thus subject to greater market risk, and CROP may be required to transfer some of its prime assets to the protected partner(s).

In addition, CROP has entered and may in the future enter into tax indemnification agreements with certain persons who contributed their interests in properties to CROP in exchange for CROP Units. Generally, these current agreements as of

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December 31, 2023 provide that CROP will indemnify such contributors against certain tax consequences of a taxable sale of the property contributed by such contributors through 2025, subject to certain conditions and limitations. As of December 31, 2023, we estimate the maximum potential liability associated with these tax indemnification agreements to be approximately $41.5 million. Although this estimate has been made based on the best judgment of our management assuming current tax rates as well as the current state of residence of indemnified parties, both of which may change in the future, no assurances can be provided that the actual amount of any indemnification obligation would not exceed this estimate. Future tax indemnification agreements entered by CROP may extend such obligations beyond 2025. The obligations of CROP under these and future indemnification agreements may constrain CROP with respect to deciding to dispose of a particular property and may also result in financial obligations for us.

We may change our targeted investments and our policies without stockholder consent.

We invest in multifamily apartment communities (including certain multifamily apartment communities that include certain retail or other commercial uses) and multifamily real estate-related assets. Except under certain circumstances, we are not restricted as to the following:

•where we may acquire multifamily apartment communities in the United States;

•the percentage of our proceeds that may be invested in properties as compared with the percentage of our proceeds that we may invest in multifamily real estate-related assets; investment in direct interests in real estate and multifamily real estate-related assets will have differing risks and profit potential; or

•the percentage of our proceeds that we may invest in any one real estate investment (the greater the percentage of our offering proceeds invested in one asset, the greater the potential adverse effect on us if that asset is unprofitable).

We may make adjustments to our target portfolio based on real estate market conditions and investment opportunities and we may change our targeted investments and investment guidelines at any time without the consent of our stockholders, which could result in our making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier than, the investments described in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis”. A change in our targeted investments or investment guidelines could adversely affect the value of our common stock and our ability to make distributions to you.

Our board of directors determines our major policies, including our policies regarding financing, growth, REIT qualification, NAV methodologies and distributions. Our board of directors may amend or revise these and other policies without a vote of the stockholders. Under Maryland General Corporation Law and our charter, our stockholders have a right to vote only on limited matters. Our board of director’s broad discretion in setting policies and our stockholders’ inability to exert control over those policies increases the uncertainty and risks you face as a stockholder.

Our board of directors may change our investment objectives, targeted investments, borrowing policies or other corporate policies without stockholder approval. In addition, we may change the way our fees and expenses are incurred and allocated to different classes of stockholders. Our board of directors may decide that certain significant transactions that require stockholder approval such as dissolution, merger into another entity, consolidation or the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, are in the best interests of our stockholders. Holders of all classes of our common stock have equal voting rights with respect to such matters and will vote as a single group rather than on a class-by-class basis. Accordingly, investors in our common stock are subject to the risk that our offering, business and operating plans may change.

If our investments and future investments fail to perform as expected, cash distributions to our stockholders may decline.

As of December 31, 2023, we had a portfolio of $2.3 billion in total assets, with 74.5% of our equity value in operating properties, 14.0% in development and 11.5% in real estate-related investments. Each of our investments was based on an underwriting analysis with respect to each investment. If our investments do not perform as expected, whether as a result of recent economic trends, including increased interest rates and inflation, or future acquisitions do not perform as expected, we may have less cash flow from operations available to fund distributions and investor returns may be reduced.

We restated our financial statements and as part of that process, identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. The restatement of our financial statements, as well as the identification of a material weakness in our internal controls, will subject us to a number of additional risks and uncertainties, including the increased possibility of legal proceedings and could adversely impact our operations.

We determined to restate our previously issued audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, as well as the unaudited consolidated quarterly financial information for the quarterly periods in the year

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ended December 31, 2022 (the “Restatement”). The Restatement resulted in substantial costs in the form of accounting, legal fees, and similar professional fees, in addition to the substantial diversion of time and attention of our senior management and members of our accounting team in preparing the Restatement.

As a result of the Restatement we identified a material weakness related to an assessment of the incremental risk of noncash activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows. Solely as a result of the material weakness identified, management determined that internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of the year ended December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2023. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. While we have undertaken substantial work to maintain effective internal controls and have taken action to remediate the material weakness identified in connection with the Restatement, we cannot be certain that we will be successful in our remediation efforts or in maintaining adequate internal controls over our financial reporting and financial processes going forward. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately determine our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, our stockholders could lose confidence in our financial results, which could harm our business and the value of our shares.

Further, as a result of the Restatement and the identification of a material weakness in our internal controls, we face the potential for litigation or other disputes which may include, among others, claims invoking the federal and state securities laws, contractual claims or other claims arising from the Restatement, material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and the preparation of our financial statements. As of the date of this filing, we have no knowledge of any such litigation or dispute resulting from the Restatement or the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. However, we can provide no assurance that litigation or disputes will not arise in the future. Any such litigation or dispute, whether successful or not, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest

Our advisor faces a conflict of interest because the fees it receives and the distributions to be received by the Special Limited Partner, an affiliate of our advisor, with respect to the Special Limited Partner’s performance participation interest in the Operating Partnership are based in part on our NAV, which our advisor is responsible for determining.

Our advisor is paid a management fee for its services based on our NAV, which is calculated by our advisor, based on valuations provided by independent appraisal firms. In addition, the allocation to be received by the Special Limited Partner with respect to its performance participation interest in the Operating Partnership will be based in part upon the Operating Partnership’s net assets. The calculation of our NAV includes certain subjective judgments with respect to estimating, for example, the value of our portfolio and our accrued expenses, net portfolio income and liabilities, and therefore, our NAV may not correspond to realizable value upon a sale of those assets. In order to avoid a reduction in our NAV, the advisor may benefit by us retaining ownership of our assets at times when our stockholders may be better served by the sale or disposition of our assets. If our NAV is calculated in a way that is not reflective of our actual NAV, then the transaction price of shares of our common stock or the price paid for the repurchase of your shares of common stock on a given date may not accurately reflect the value of our portfolio, and your shares may be worth less than the transaction price or more than the repurchase price.

Our advisor’s management fee and the Special Limited Partner’s performance participation interest may not create proper incentives or may induce our advisor and its affiliates to make certain investments or retain certain investments, including speculative investments, that increase the risk of our real estate portfolio.

We pay our advisor a management fee regardless of the performance of our portfolio. Our advisor’s entitlement to a management fee, which is not based upon performance metrics or goals, might reduce its incentive to devote its time and effort to seeking investments that provide attractive risk-adjusted returns for our portfolio. We may be required to pay our advisor a management fee in a particular period despite experiencing a net loss or a decline in the value of our portfolio during that period.

The existence of the Special Limited Partner’s performance participation interest in the Operating Partnership, which is based on our total distributions plus the change in NAV per share, may create an incentive for our advisor to make riskier or more speculative investments on our behalf than it would otherwise make in the absence of such performance-based compensation. In addition, the change in NAV per share will be based on the value of our investments on the applicable measurement dates and not on realized gains or losses. As a result, the performance participation interest may receive distributions based on unrealized gains in certain assets at the time of such distributions and such gains may not be realized when those assets are eventually disposed of.

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Because the management fee and performance participation are based on our NAV, our advisor may also be motivated to delay or curtail repurchases to maintain a higher NAV, which could increase amounts payable to our advisor and the Special Limited Partner. In order to avoid a reduction in our NAV, the advisor may also benefit by us retaining ownership of our assets at times when our stockholders may be better served by the sale or disposition of our assets.

Our advisor, our officers and the real estate, debt finance, legal, management and accounting professionals we retain will face competing demands on their time and this may cause our operations and our stockholders’ investment to suffer.

Subject to the supervision of our board of directors, we rely on our advisor, our officers, and the real estate, debt finance, and management professionals that we retain to provide services to us for the management of our business. Our advisor and its affiliates may advise other real estate programs and rely on many of the same real estate, debt finance, and management professionals. As a result of their interests in other programs sponsored by our sponsor and their obligations to other investors, these professionals will likely face conflicts of interest in allocating their time among us and other programs sponsored by our advisor and its affiliates, as well as other business activities in which they are involved. During times of intense activity in other programs and ventures, these individuals may devote less time and fewer resources to our business than are necessary or appropriate to manage our business. If these events occur, the returns on our investments, and the value of your investment, may decline.

All of our executive officers, some of our directors and the key real estate and finance professionals we retain face conflicts of interest related to their positions and/or significant ownership interests in our sponsor and advisor, which could hinder our ability to implement our business strategy and to generate returns to our stockholders.

All of our executive officers, some of our directors, and the key real estate and finance professionals we retain are also executive officers and/or key professionals of our advisor and sponsor. As a result, they may owe fiduciary or other duties to each of these entities, their members and limited partners, which fiduciary or other duties may from time to time conflict with the fiduciary or other duties that they owe to us and our stockholders. Their loyalties to these other entities and investors could result in action or inaction that is detrimental to our business, which could harm the implementation of our business strategy and our investment and leasing opportunities. If we do not successfully implement our business strategy, we may be unable to generate the cash needed to make distributions to our stockholders and to maintain or increase the value of our assets. Because some of our officers and directors have a significant ownership interest in our sponsor and advisor, they may make decisions regarding the management of the properties which are not in the best interests of our stockholders.

Conflicts of interest could result in our management acting other than in our stockholders’ best interest.

We are party to an advisory agreement with CC Advisors III. CC Advisors III is owned by Cottonwood Communities Advisors, LLC (“CCA”) which is currently beneficially owned and controlled by Daniel Shaeffer, Chad Christensen and Gregg Christensen who currently own 73.5% of CCA. Because our affiliated directors and certain of our officers have a significant ownership interest in and control our sponsor and advisor and have an indirect interest in the performance participation interest in the Operating Partnership they may make decisions regarding the advisory agreement or the Operating Partnership agreement which are not in the best interests of our stockholders.

In 2019 CROP sponsored the formation of a qualified opportunity fund under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“Cottonwood on Highland”) to raise money from third party investors and be a member of a joint venture with CROP that acquired and will develop multifamily apartment communities in Millcreek, Utah. In addition, High Traverse Holdings, LLC, which is beneficially owned by Daniel Shaeffer, Chad Christensen, Gregg Christensen and Eric Marlin sponsored Cottonwood at Millcreek QOF, LLC (“Cottonwood at Millcreek”), also a qualified opportunity fund. Cottonwood at Millcreek was formed to be a member of a joint venture that will acquire and develop a multifamily apartment community in Millcreek, Utah, referred to as “The Richmond” and raised money from third party investors. Our officers and directors serve as officers and directors of these funds. In addition, CCA or affiliates of our sponsor may sponsor or advise future real estate programs. We may compete with future programs and other affiliates of our advisor for opportunities to acquire or sell multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets, which may have an adverse impact on our operations. We may also buy or sell multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets at the same time as affiliates of our advisor. There may be a conflict of interest with respect to the selection of multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets to be purchased by us and/or our advisor and its affiliates. Affiliates of our advisor may own competing properties in the markets in which our multifamily apartment communities are located which may lead to conflicts of interests with respect to the operations and management of our multifamily apartment communities. .

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The compensation we pay to our advisor and the Special Limited Partner in connection with the management of our business were determined without the benefit of arm’s-length negotiations of the type normally conducted between unrelated parties.

The fees, including the performance allocation, paid to our advisor and its affiliates for services provided by our advisor to us were determined without the benefit of arm’s-length negotiations of the type normally conducted between unrelated parties, may be in excess of amounts that we would otherwise pay to third parties for such services and may reduce the amount of cash that would otherwise be available for investments in multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets and distributions to our stockholders.

Affiliates of our advisor have sponsored other entities and offerings and may sponsor additional entities and offerings in the future.

It is possible that our advisor or its affiliates may form future REITs and sponsor other entities and offerings that may invest in assets that are similar to the multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets we intend to acquire. As a result, conflicts of interest with respect to time, selection of investments and management of our investments may occur if our advisor or its affiliates sponsor additional programs.

If the advisory agreement with our advisor is terminated other than for cause (or non-renewal or termination by our advisor) on or before May 7, 2031, we will be required to pay a certain portion of the contingent acquisition fees and contingent financing fees provided for in our advisory agreement previously in effect.

Prior to the amendment and restatement of our advisory agreement in May 2021, our advisor was entitled to receive contingent acquisition fees related to our purchase of multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets and contingent financing fees related to our financing of multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets. Our advisor agreed to defer the payment of any acquisition fee or financing fee until our common stockholders’ receipt of certain specified returns. In connection with the entry into an amended and restated advisory agreement on May 7, 2021, we eliminated our obligation to pay our advisor contingent acquisition fees and contingent financing fees except in the circumstance in which our advisory agreement is terminated other than for cause (or non-renewal or termination by our advisor) before May 7, 2031. If the advisory agreement is terminated other than for cause (or non-renewal or termination by our advisor), the contingent acquisition fees and contingent financing fees provided for in the previous advisory agreement will be due and payable in an amount equal to approximately $17.6 million ($22 million if the termination had occurred in year one reduced by 10% each year thereafter). Thus, there may be conflicts of interest with respect to the termination of the advisory agreement and the payment of the contingent acquisition fees and contingent financing fees.

Our advisor may assign its obligations under the advisory agreement to its affiliates, who may not have the same expertise or provide the same level of service as our advisor.

Under the advisory agreement, our advisor may assign its responsibilities under the agreement to any of its affiliates with the approval of the conflicts committee. If there is such an assignment or transfer, the assignee may not have comparable operational expertise, have sufficient personnel or manage our company as well as our advisor.

Risks Related to Our Offering and Our Corporate Structure

Our charter limits the number of shares a person may own, which may discourage a takeover that could otherwise result in a premium price to our stockholders.

Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT. To help us comply with the REIT ownership requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, our charter prohibits a person from directly or constructively owning more than 9.8% of our outstanding shares, unless exempted by our board of directors. This restriction may have the effect of delaying, deferring, or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might provide a premium price for holders of our common stock.

Our charter permits our board of directors to issue stock with terms that may discourage a third party from acquiring us in a manner that could result in a premium price to our stockholders.

Our board of directors may classify or reclassify any unissued common stock or preferred stock and establish the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions,

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qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption of any such stock. Thus, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of preferred stock that has the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might provide a premium price to holders of our common stock.

Holders of our preferred stock have dividend, liquidation and other rights that are senior to the rights of the holders of our common stock.

Our board of directors has the authority to designate and issue preferred stock with liquidation, dividend and other rights that are senior to those of our common stock. We have classified and designated 15,000,000, 1,000,000, 15,000,000, and 12,800,000 shares of our authorized but unissued preferred stock as shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, Series 2023-A Preferred Stock, Series 2023 Preferred Stock and Series 2019 Preferred Stock, respectively. The shares of our preferred stock are entitled to receive a preferential dividend equal to an annual rate of 8.0%, subject to increase by our board of directors in its sole discretion, for our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, 7.0% for our Series 2023-A Preferred Stock, 6.0% (subject to an increase up to 6.5% in certain circumstances) for our Series 2023 Preferred Stock and 5.5% (subject to an increase to 6.0% in certain circumstances) for our Series 2019 Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2023, we had 215,277, 285,000, 8,356,724 and 12,426,596 shares of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, Series 2023-A Preferred Stock, Series 2023 Preferred Stock and Series 2019 Preferred Stock outstanding, respectively. We are currently conducting separate, best-efforts private offerings of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, Series 2023-A Preferred Stock and Series 2023 Preferred Stock to accredited investors only for up to the maximum amount of preferred stock designated and can provide no assurances regarding how many shares of such preferred stock we may issue.

Holders of our designated preferred stock are entitled to cumulative dividends before any dividends may be declared or set aside on our common stock, or the redemption of our common stock and a liquidation preference of $10.00 per share plus any accrued and unpaid distributions before any payment is made to holders of our common stock upon our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up. This will reduce the remaining amount of our assets, if any, available to distribute to holders of our common stock.

Our charter designates the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland shall be the sole and exclusive forum for (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (b) any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of any duty owed by any of our directors or officers or other employees to us or to our stockholders, (c) any action or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Maryland General Corporation Law or our charter or our bylaws, or (d) any action or proceeding asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, and any of our record or beneficial stockholders who is a party to such an action or proceeding shall cooperate in any request that we may make that the action or proceeding be assigned to the Court’s Business and Technology Case Management Program. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that the stockholder believes is favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage meritorious claims from being asserted against us and our directors, officers and employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of our charter inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We adopted this provision because we believe it makes it less likely that we will be forced to incur the expense of defending duplicative actions in multiple forums and less likely that plaintiffs’ attorneys will be able to employ such litigation to coerce us into otherwise unjustified settlements, and we believe the risk of a court declining to enforce this provision is remote, as the General Assembly of Maryland has specifically amended the Maryland General Corporation Law to authorize the adoption of such provisions. The exclusive forum provision of our charter does not establish exclusive jurisdiction in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland for claims that arise under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or other federal securities laws if there is exclusive or concurrent jurisdiction in the federal courts or for claims under state securities laws.

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Your investment return may be reduced if we are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act; if our subsidiaries or we become an unregistered investment company, then we could not continue our business.

We intend to conduct our operations so that neither we, nor our Operating Partnership nor the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership are investment companies under the Investment Company Act. However, there can be no assurance that we and our subsidiaries will be able to successfully avoid operating as an investment company.

A change in the value of any of our assets could negatively affect our ability to avoid registration under the Investment Company Act. To avoid registration, we may be unable to sell assets we would otherwise want to sell and may need to sell assets we would otherwise wish to retain. In addition, we may have to acquire additional assets that we might not otherwise have acquired or may have to forego opportunities to acquire assets that we would otherwise want to acquire and would be important to our investment strategy.

If we were required to register as an investment company but failed to do so, we would become subject to substantial regulation with respect to our capital structure (including our ability to use borrowings), management, operations, transactions with affiliated persons (as defined in the Investment Company Act), and portfolio composition, including disclosure requirements and restrictions with respect to diversification and industry concentration, and other matters. Compliance with the Investment Company Act would, accordingly, limit our ability to make certain investments and require us to restructure our business plan, which could materially adversely affect our NAV and our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.

Actions of our joint venture or future joint venture partners could reduce the returns on joint venture investments and decrease our stockholders’ overall return.

We have entered into joint ventures with third parties and affiliates to acquire assets and may in the future enter into new joint ventures with third parties or affiliates to acquire assets. We have purchased and developed and may in the future purchase and develop properties in joint ventures or in partnerships, co-tenancies or other co-ownership arrangements. Such investments may involve risks not otherwise present with other methods of investment, including, for example, the following risks:

•that our co-venturer, co-tenant or partner in an investment could become insolvent or bankrupt;

•that such co-venturer, co-tenant or partner may at any time have economic or business interests or goals that are or that become inconsistent with our business interests or goals;

•that such co-venturer, co-tenant or partner may be in a position to take action contrary to our instructions or requests or contrary to our policies or objectives; or

•that disputes between us and our co-venturer, co-tenant or partner may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our operations.

Any of the above might subject a property to liabilities in excess of those contemplated and thus reduce our returns on that investment and the value of our stockholders’ investment in us.

If funds are not available from our distribution reinvestment plan offering for general corporate purposes, then we may have to use a greater proportion of our cash flow from operations to meet our general cash requirements, which would reduce cash available for distributions and could limit our ability to repurchase shares under our share repurchase program.

We depend on the proceeds from our distribution reinvestment plan offering for general corporate purposes including, but not limited to: the repurchase of shares under our share repurchase program; capital expenditures, tenant improvement costs and leasing costs related to our real estate properties; reserves required by any financings of our real estate investments; the acquisition or origination of real estate investments; and the repayment of debt. We cannot predict with any certainty how much, if any, distribution reinvestment plan proceeds will be available for general corporate purposes. If such funds are not available from our distribution reinvestment plan offering, then we may have to use a greater proportion of our cash flow from operations to meet our general cash requirements, which would reduce cash available for distributions and could limit our ability to repurchase shares under our share repurchase program.

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Your interest in us will be diluted if we issue additional shares. Your interest in our assets will also be diluted if the Operating Partnership issues additional units.

Holders of our common stock will not have preemptive rights to any shares we issue in the future. Under our charter, we have the authority to issue a total of 1,100,000,000 shares of capital stock. Of the total shares of stock authorized, 1,000,000,000 shares are classified as common stock with a par value of $0.01 per share, 125,000,000 of which are classified as Class A shares, 50,000,000 of which are classified as Class TX shares, 275,000,000 of which are classified as Class T shares, 275,000,000 of which are classified as Class D shares, 275,000,000 of which are classified as Class I shares, and 100,000,000 shares are classified as preferred stock with a par value of $0.01 per share, 12,800,000 of which are classified as Series 2019 and 15,000,000 of which are classified as Series 2023, 1,000,000 of which are classified as Series 2023-A and 15,000,000 are classified as Series A Convertible (which are convertible into our Class I shares upon certain terms and conditions).

Our board of directors may amend our charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of authorized shares of capital stock or the number of authorized shares of capital stock of any class or series without stockholder approval. After you purchase shares of common stock, our board of directors may elect, without stockholder approval, to: (1) sell additional shares in public offerings; (2) issue shares of our common stock or CROP Units in private offerings; (3) issue shares of our common stock or units in the Operating Partnership to the advisor or the Special Limited Partner, or their successors or assigns, in payment of an outstanding obligation to pay fees for services rendered to us or the performance participation allocation; or (4) issue shares of our common stock or CROP Units to sellers of properties we acquire.

To the extent we issue additional shares of common stock, or shares of our convertible preferred stock convert into common stock after you purchase shares of common stock, your percentage ownership interest in us will be diluted. Because we hold all of our assets through the Operating Partnership, to the extent we issue additional units of the Operating Partnership after you purchase shares of our common stock, your percentage ownership interest in our assets will be diluted. Because certain classes of the units of the Operating Partnership may, in the discretion of our board of directors, be exchanged for shares of our common stock, any merger, exchange or conversion between the Operating Partnership and another entity ultimately could result in the issuance of a substantial number of shares of our common stock, thereby diluting the percentage ownership interest of other stockholders. Because of these and other reasons, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution in their percentage ownership of our shares or their interests in the underlying assets held by the Operating Partnership. CROP Units may have different and preferential rights to the claims of common units of the Operating Partnership which correspond to the common stock held by our stockholders.

If we are unable to obtain funding for future cash needs, cash distributions to our stockholders could be reduced and the value of our investments could decline.

If we need additional capital in the future to improve or maintain our multifamily apartment communities or for any other reason, we may have to obtain financing from sources beyond our cash flow from operations, such as borrowings, sales of assets or future equity offerings. These sources of funding may not be available on attractive terms or at all. If we cannot procure additional funding for capital improvements, our investments may generate lower cash flows or decline in value, or both, which would limit our ability to make distributions to you and could reduce the value of your investment.

Our UPREIT structure may result in potential conflicts of interest with limited partners in the Operating Partnership whose interests may not be aligned with those of our stockholders.

Our directors and officers have duties to our corporation and our stockholders under Maryland law and our charter in connection with their management of the corporation. At the same time, we, as the sole member of the sole general partner, have fiduciary duties under Delaware law to the Operating Partnership and to the limited partners in connection with the management of the Operating Partnership. Our duties as general partner of the Operating Partnership and its partners may come into conflict with the duties of our directors and officers to the corporation and our stockholders. Under Delaware law, a general partner of a Delaware limited partnership owes its limited partners the duties of good faith and fair dealing. Other duties, including fiduciary duties, may be modified or eliminated in the partnership’s Partnership Agreement. The Partnership Agreement of the Operating Partnership provides that, for so long as we own a controlling interest in the Operating Partnership, any conflict that cannot be resolved in a manner not adverse to either our stockholders or the limited partners may be resolved in favor of our stockholders.

Additionally, the Partnership Agreement expressly limits our liability by providing that we and our officers, directors, agents and employees will not be liable or accountable to the Operating Partnership for losses sustained, liabilities incurred or benefits not derived if we or our officers, directors, agents or employees acted in good faith. In addition, the Operating Partnership is required to indemnify us and our officers, directors, employees, agents and designees to the extent permitted by

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applicable law and to the extent indemnification is not prohibited under Article XVI of our charter, from and against any and all claims arising from operations of the Operating Partnership, unless it is established that: (1) the act or omission was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and either was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty; (2) the indemnified party received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or (3) in the case of a criminal proceeding, the indemnified person had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful.

The provisions of Delaware law that allow the fiduciary duties of a general partner to be modified by a partnership agreement have not been tested in a court of law, and we have not obtained an opinion of counsel covering the provisions set forth in the Partnership Agreement that purport to waive or restrict our fiduciary duties.

Although we will not currently be afforded the protection of the Maryland General Corporation Law relating to deterring or defending hostile takeovers, our board of directors could opt into these provisions of Maryland law in the future, which may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and may prevent our stockholders from receiving a premium price for their shares in connection with a business combination.

Under Maryland law, “business combinations” between a Maryland corporation and certain interested stockholders or affiliates of interested stockholders are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. Also under Maryland law, control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Shares owned by the acquirer, an officer of the corporation, or an employee of the corporation who is also a director of the corporation are excluded from the vote on whether to accord voting rights to the control shares. Should our board of directors opt into these provisions of Maryland law, it may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer. Similarly, provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the Maryland General Corporation Law could provide similar anti-takeover protection.

Because Maryland law permits our board of directors to adopt certain anti-takeover measures without stockholder approval, investors may be less likely to receive a “control premium” for their shares.

In 1999, the State of Maryland enacted legislation that enhances the power of Maryland corporations to protect themselves from unsolicited takeovers. Among other things, the legislation permits our board, without stockholder approval, to amend our charter to:

•stagger our board of directors into three classes;

•require a two-thirds stockholder vote for removal of directors;

•provide that only the board can fix the size of the board;

•provide that all vacancies on the board, however created, may be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors in office; and

•require that special stockholder meetings may only be called by holders of a majority of the voting shares entitled to be cast at the meeting.

Under Maryland law, a corporation can opt to be governed by some or all of these provisions if it has a class of equity securities registered under the Exchange Act, and has at least three independent directors. Our charter does not prohibit our board from opting into any of the above provisions permitted under Maryland law. Becoming governed by any of these provisions could discourage an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might provide a premium price for holders of our securities.

We could be negatively impacted by changes in our relationship with Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, changes in the condition of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac and by changes in government support for multi-family housing.

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have been a major source of financing for multi-family real estate in the United States and we have used loan programs sponsored by these agencies to finance most of our acquisitions of multi-family properties. There have been ongoing discussion by the government and other interested parties with regard to the long term structure and viability of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which could result in adjustments to guidelines for their loan products. Should these agencies have their mandates changed or reduced, lose key personnel, be disbanded or reorganized by the government or otherwise discontinue providing liquidity for the multi-family sector, our ability to obtain financing through loan programs sponsored by the agencies could be negatively impacted. In addition, changes in our relationships with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the lenders that participate in these loan programs, with respect to our existing mortgage financing could impact our ability to obtain comparable financing for new acquisitions or refinancing for our existing multi-family real estate investments.

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Should our access to financing provided through Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac loan programs be reduced or impaired, it would significantly reduce our access to debt capital and/or increase borrowing costs and could significantly limit our ability to acquire properties on acceptable terms and reduce the values to be realized upon property sales.

Breaches of our data security could materially harm us, including our business, financial performance and reputation.

We collect and retain certain personal information provided by our residents and employees. Security measures we have implemented to protect the confidentiality of this information may not prevent unauthorized access to this information. Any breach of our data security measures and loss of this information may result in legal liability and costs (including damages and penalties), as well as damage to our reputation, that could materially and adversely affect us, including our business and financial performance.

General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate

We will not be diversified with respect to the class of assets that we own.

We will invest, through the Operating Partnership, solely in multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets. As of December 31, 2023, our portfolio had a value of $2.3 billion in total assets, with 74.5% of our equity value in operating properties, 14.0% in development and 11.5% in real estate-related investments. While we intend to invest in a significant number of properties across several geographical locations and markets, we will not invest in a diverse set of asset classes. Further, we have no plans to acquire any assets other than assets consisting of multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets. Therefore, each of our investments could be subject to the same or similar rental property related risks and a decline in real estate values in general or a change in economic conditions which affects real property investment and rental markets could have a substantial adverse effect on our financial performance.

If capitalization rates increase the value of our assets may decrease and we may not be able to sell our assets at anticipated prices.

The value of real estate is generally based on capitalization rates. Capitalization rates generally trend with interest rates. Consequently, if interest rates go up, so do capitalization rates. Currently interest rates and capitalization rates are increasing. If interest rates continue to rise in the future, it is likely that capitalization rates will also continue to rise and, as a result, the value of real estate will decrease. If capitalization rates continue to increase, our investments will likely realize lower sales prices than anticipated, resulting in reduced returns.

If we fail to diversify our investment portfolio, downturns relating to certain geographic regions, types of assets, industries or business sectors may have a more significant adverse impact on our assets and our ability to make distributions than if we had a diversified investment portfolio.

While we intend to diversify our portfolio of investments, we are not required to observe specific diversification criteria. Therefore, our investments in multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets may be concentrated in assets that are subject to higher risk of foreclosure or concentrated in a limited number of geographic locations. Specifically, as of December 31, 2023, 17.6% of our portfolio was concentrated in the Salt Lake City, Utah region. To the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in limited geographic regions, downturns relating generally to such region may result in a reduction in our net income and the value of our common stock and accordingly limit our ability to make distributions to you.

There are risks inherent in the acquisition and management of multifamily apartment communities.

There are risks associated with the operation of multifamily apartment communities, including, but not limited to, vacillations in the demand for residential space; risk of loss or damage to the improvements or property of tenants; environmental risks and other risks associated with ownership of real estate. Any of the above factors, or a combination thereof, could result in a decrease in the value of our investments which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations, reduce the cash flow available for distributions and the return on your investment.

Rental levels at the multifamily apartment communities that we acquire can vary over time and we may not be able to maintain the occupancy rates we anticipate or attract new tenants.

We will make our determination regarding the acquisition of multifamily apartment communities that we acquire based, among other things, on the property’s projected rent levels. However, there can be no assurance that a multifamily apartment community will continue to be occupied at the projected rents or that we will be able to attract new tenants when leases are terminated. It is anticipated that leases with the tenants at our multifamily apartment communities will generally be

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for terms of one year or less. If the tenants of the properties do not renew or extend their leases, if tenants default under their leases at the properties, if issues arise with respect to the permissibility of certain uses at the properties, if tenants of the properties terminate their leases, or if the terms of any renewal (including concessions to the tenants) are less favorable than existing lease terms, the operating results of the properties could be substantially affected. As a result, we may not be able to make distributions to the stockholders at the anticipated levels.

We rely on our employees as well as third parties to provide property management services to our properties, should the staff of a particular property perform poorly, our operating results for that property will similarly be hindered and our net income may be reduced.

We depend upon our employees as well as the performance of our third-party property managers to effectively manage our properties and real estate-related assets. Rising vacancies across real estate properties have resulted in increased pressure on real estate investors and their property managers to maintain adequate occupancy levels. In order to do so, we may have to offer inducements, such as free rent and resident amenities, to compete for residents. In addition, our property managers may be unsuccessful in their ability to collect rent resulting in increased collection loss and evict tenants for non-payment of rent permitting us to lease their space. Poor performance by those sales, leasing and other management staff members operating a particular property will necessarily translate into poor results of operations for that particular property. Should we or third parties fail to identify problems in the day-to-day management of a particular property or fail to take the appropriate corrective action in a timely manner, our operating results may be hindered and our net income reduced.

Rent control and other changes in applicable laws, or noncompliance with applicable laws, could adversely affect our portfolio of residential properties.

Lower revenue growth or significant unanticipated expenditures may result from changes in rent control or rent stabilization laws or other residential landlord/tenant laws. Municipalities may implement, consider or be urged by advocacy groups to consider rent control or rent stabilization laws and regulations or take other actions that could limit our ability to raise rents based on market conditions. These initiatives and any other future enactments of rent control or rent stabilization laws or other laws regulating residential housing, as well as any lawsuits against us arising from such rent control or other laws, may reduce rental revenues or increase operating costs. Such laws and regulations may limit our ability to charge market rents, increase rents, evict tenants or recover increases in our operating costs and could make it more difficult for us to dispose of properties in certain circumstances. Expenses associated with investments in residential properties, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in rental income from such properties.

Our inability to sell a multifamily apartment community at the time and on the terms we want could limit our ability to pay cash distributions to our stockholders.

Many factors that are beyond our control affect the real estate market and could affect our ability to sell multifamily apartment communities for the price, on the terms or within the time frame that we desire. These factors include general economic conditions, the availability of financing, interest rates and other factors, including supply and demand. Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, we have a limited ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic or other conditions. Further, before we can sell a multifamily apartment community on the terms we want, it may be necessary to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements. However, we can give no assurance that we will have the funds available to correct such defects or to make such improvements. We may be unable to sell our multifamily apartment communities at a profit. Our inability to sell multifamily apartment communities at the time and on the terms we want could reduce our cash flow and limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and could reduce the value of your investment.

We may have no or only limited recourse for any problems later identified for multifamily apartment communities we acquire, which could materially and adversely affect us, including our results of operations.

We anticipate sellers of multifamily apartment communities will sell such properties “as is,” “where is” and “with all faults,” without any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. In addition, purchase and sale agreements may contain limited warranties, representations and indemnifications that will only survive for a limited period after the closing. The purchase of multifamily apartment communities with no or limited warranties increases the risk that we may lose some or all of our invested capital in the property, as well as the loss of rental income from that multifamily apartment community, which could materially and adversely affect us.

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Costs imposed pursuant to governmental laws and regulations may reduce our net income and the cash available for distributions to our stockholders.

Real property and the operations conducted on real property are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to protection of the environment and human health. We could be subject to liability in the form of fines, penalties or damages for noncompliance with these laws and regulations. These laws and regulations generally govern wastewater discharges, air emissions, the operation and removal of underground and above-ground storage tanks, the use, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the remediation of contamination associated with the release or disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the presence of toxic building materials and other health and safety-related concerns.

Some of these laws and regulations may impose joint and several liability on the tenants, owners or operators of real property for the costs to investigate or remediate contaminated properties, regardless of fault, whether the contamination occurred prior to purchase, or whether the acts causing the contamination were legal. Activities of our tenants, the condition of properties at the time we buy them, operations in the vicinity of our properties, such as the presence of underground storage tanks, or activities of unrelated third parties may affect our properties.

The presence of hazardous substances, or the failure to properly manage or remediate these substances, may hinder our ability to sell, rent, or pledge such property as collateral for future borrowings. Any material expenditures, fines, penalties or damages we must pay will reduce our ability to make distributions and may reduce the value of your investment.

Potential liability for environmental matters could adversely affect our financial condition.

Although we intend to subject our multifamily apartment communities, other than those acquired by virtue of a non-performing debt investment, to an environmental assessment prior to acquisition, we may not be made aware of all the environmental liabilities associated with a property prior to its purchase. There may be hidden environmental hazards that may not be discovered prior to acquisition. The costs of investigation, remediation or removal of hazardous substances may be substantial. In addition, the presence of hazardous substances on one of our properties, or the failure to properly remediate a contaminated property, could adversely affect our ability to sell or rent the property or to borrow using the property as collateral.

Various federal, state and local environmental laws impose responsibilities on an owner or operator of real estate and subject those persons to potential joint and several liabilities. Typical provisions of those laws include:

•responsibility and liability for the costs of investigation, removal, or remediation of hazardous substances released on or in real property, generally without regard to knowledge of or responsibility for the presence of the contaminants;

•liability for claims by third parties based on damages to natural resources or property, personal injuries, or costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances in, on, or migrating from our property;

•responsibility for managing asbestos-containing building materials, and third-party claims for exposure to those materials; and

•environmental laws also may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require expenditures.

Costs associated with complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Fair Housing Amendment Act may decrease cash available for distributions.

Our properties may be subject to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended, or the Disabilities Act and the Fair Housing Amendment Act, as amended, or the Fair Housing Act. Under the Disabilities Act, all places of public accommodation are required to comply with federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons and may require owners of multifamily dwellings to make reasonable exceptions in their policies and operations to afford people with disabilities equal housing opportunities. The Disabilities Act has separate compliance requirements for “public accommodations” and “commercial facilities” that generally require that buildings and services be made accessible and available to people with disabilities. The Disabilities Act’s requirements could require removal of access barriers and could result in the imposition of injunctive relief, monetary penalties, or, in some cases, an award of damages. The Fair Housing Act requires multifamily dwellings first occupied after March 13, 1991 to comply with design and construction requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. Any funds used for Disabilities Act and Fair Housing Act compliance will reduce our net income and the amount of cash available for distributions.

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Uninsured losses relating to real property or excessively expensive premiums for insurance coverage could reduce our cash flows and the return on our stockholders’ investment.

There are types of losses, generally catastrophic in nature, such as losses due to wars, acts of terrorism, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, pollution, or environmental matters that are uninsurable or not economically insurable, or may be insured subject to limitations, such as large deductibles or co-payments. Insurance risks associated with potential acts of terrorism could sharply increase the premiums we pay for coverage against property and casualty claims. Additionally, mortgage lenders in some cases have begun to insist that commercial property owners purchase coverage against terrorism as a condition for providing mortgage loans. Such insurance policies may not be available at reasonable costs, which may increase our cost of obtaining financing. We may not have adequate coverage for such losses. If any of our properties incurs a casualty loss that is not fully insured, the value of our assets will be reduced by any such uninsured loss, which may reduce the value of your investment. In addition, other than any working capital reserve or other reserves we may establish, we have no source of funding to repair or reconstruct any uninsured property. Also, to the extent we must pay unexpectedly large amounts for insurance, we could suffer reduced earnings that would result in lower distributions.

The properties will include certain amenities for the residents at the properties that could increase the potential liabilities at the properties.

In addition to the apartment buildings, the properties will be improved with various amenities, such as swimming pools, exercise rooms, playgrounds, laundry facilities, business centers and/or rentable club houses. Certain claims could arise in the event that a personal injury, death, or injury to property should occur in, on, or around any of these improvements. In addition, certain of the multifamily apartment communities may be located in areas where dangerous wildlife lives which could pose dangers to the residents at the applicable property. There can be no assurance that particular risks pertaining to these improvements that currently may be insured will continue to be insurable on an economical basis or that current levels of coverage will continue to be available. If a loss occurs that is partially or completely uninsured, we may lose all or part of the investment. We may be liable for any uninsured or underinsured personal injury, death or property damage claims. Liability in such cases may be unlimited but stockholders will not be personally liable.

Competition and any increased affordability of single-family residential homes could limit our ability to lease our apartments or maintain or increase rents, which may materially and adversely affect us, including our financial condition, cash flows, results of operations and growth prospects.

The multifamily industry is highly competitive, and we face competition from many sources, including from other multifamily apartment communities both in the immediate vicinity and the geographic markets where our properties are and will be located. If so, this would increase the number of apartment units available and may decrease occupancy and unit rental rates. Furthermore, multifamily apartment communities we acquire compete, or will compete, with numerous housing alternatives in attracting residents, including owner occupied single and multifamily homes available to rent or purchase. The number of competitive properties and/or condominiums in a particular area, or any increased affordability of owner occupied single and multifamily homes caused by declining housing prices, mortgage interest rates and government programs to promote home ownership, could adversely affect our ability to retain our residents, lease apartment units and maintain or increase rental rates. These factors could materially and adversely affect us.

Increased construction of similar multifamily apartment communities that compete with our properties in any particular location may materially and adversely affect us, including our results of operations and our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

We may acquire multifamily apartment communities in locations that experience increases in construction of properties that compete with our properties. This increased competition and construction could make it more difficult for us to find residents to lease units in our multifamily apartment communities and/or force us to lower our rental rates in order to lease units in our properties, which could substantially reduce our revenues and could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, overbuilding of multifamily apartment communities may occur.

We may be unable to secure funds for future capital improvements, which could adversely impact our ability to make cash distributions to our stockholders.

When residents do not renew their leases or otherwise vacate their apartment unit, in order to attract replacement residents, we may be required to expend funds for capital improvements to the vacated apartment homes. In addition, we may require substantial funds to renovate a multifamily apartment community in order to sell it, upgrade it or reposition it in the market. If we have insufficient capital reserves, we will have to obtain financing from other sources. We intend to establish

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capital reserves in an amount we, in our discretion, believe is necessary. A lender also may require escrow of capital reserves in excess of any established reserves. If these reserves or any reserves otherwise established are designated for other uses or are insufficient to meet our cash needs, we may have to obtain financing from either affiliated or unaffiliated sources to fund our cash requirements. We cannot assure our stockholders that sufficient financing will be available or, if available, will be available on economically feasible terms or on terms acceptable to us. Moreover, certain reserves required by lenders may be designated for specific uses and may not be available for capital purposes such as future capital improvements. Additional borrowing for capital needs and capital improvements will increase our interest expense, and therefore our financial condition and our ability to make cash distributions to our stockholders may be adversely affected.

Our multifamily apartment communities are subject to property taxes that may increase in the future, which could adversely affect our cash flow.

Our multifamily apartment communities are subject to real and personal property taxes that may increase as tax rates change and as the multifamily apartment communities are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. As the owner of the multifamily apartment communities, we are ultimately responsible for payment of the taxes to the applicable government authorities. If we fail to pay any such taxes, the applicable taxing authority may place a lien on the real property and the real property may be subject to a tax sale.

Increases in costs to own and maintain our properties may materially and adversely affect us, including our results of operations and cash flows.

We may experience increased costs associated with operating expenses, including capital improvements, routine property maintenance, real estate taxes and utility expenses. Any increases in our expenses to own and maintain our properties would consequently reduce our results of operations and cash flows.

Potential development and construction delays and resultant increased costs and risks may hinder our operating results and decrease our net income.

We acquire unimproved real property or properties that are under development or construction and as of December 31, 2023, our portfolio had 14.0% of our equity value in development investments. Investments in such properties will be subject to the uncertainties associated with the development and construction of real property, including those related to re-zoning land for development, environmental concerns of governmental entities and/or community groups and our builders’ ability to build in conformity with plans, specifications, budgeted costs and timetables. If a builder fails to perform, we may resort to legal action to rescind the purchase or the construction contract or to compel performance. A builder’s performance may also be affected or delayed by conditions beyond the builder’s control. Delays in completing construction could also give tenants the right to terminate preconstruction leases. We may incur additional risks when we make periodic progress payments or other advances to builders before they complete construction. These and other factors can result in increased costs of a project or loss of our investment. In addition, we will be subject to normal lease-up risks relating to newly constructed projects. We also must rely on rental income and expense projections and estimates of the fair market value of property upon completion of construction when agreeing upon a purchase price at the time we acquire the property. If our projections are inaccurate, we may pay too much for a property, and the return on our investment could suffer.

Supply chain disruptions could create unexpected renovation or maintenance costs or delays and/or could impact our development projects, any of which could have a negative effect on our results of operations.

The construction and building industry, similar to many other industries, has recently experienced worldwide supply chain disruptions due to a multitude of factors that are beyond our control, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and such disruptions may continue to occur. Materials, parts and labor have also increased in cost over the recent past, sometimes significantly and over a short period of time. Our development projects as well as small-scale construction projects, such as building renovations and maintenance or and tenant improvements required under leases are a routine and necessary part of our business. We may incur costs for our development projects or routine maintenance at our properties that exceeds our original estimates due to increased costs for materials or labor or other costs that are unexpected. We also may be unable to complete our development projects on schedule due to supply chain disruptions or labor shortages.

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Risks Related to Multifamily Real Estate-Related Assets

Our investments in multifamily real estate-related assets will be subject to the risks typically associated with real estate.

Our investments in mortgage, mezzanine or other real estate loans will generally be directly or indirectly secured by a lien on real property (or the equity interests in an entity that owns real property) that, upon the occurrence of a default on the loan, could result in our taking ownership of the entity that owns the real estate. We will not know whether the values of the multifamily apartment communities ultimately indirectly securing our loans will remain at the levels existing on the dates of origination or acquisition of those loans. If the values of the underlying multifamily apartment communities drop, our risk will increase because of the lower value of the security associated with such loans. In this manner, real estate values could impact the values of our loan investments. Therefore, our multifamily real estate-related assets will be subject to the risks typically associated with real estate, which are described above under the heading “General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate.”

Any mortgage loans we acquire or originate and the mortgage loans underlying any mortgage securities we may invest in are subject to delinquency, foreclosure and loss, which could result in losses to us.

Commercial real estate loans generally are secured by commercial real estate properties and are subject to risks of delinquency and foreclosure. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by an income-producing property typically is dependent primarily upon the successful operation of such property rather than upon the existence of independent income or assets of the borrower. If the net operating income of the property is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Net operating income of an income-producing property can be affected by, among other things: occupancy rates, property management decisions, property location and condition, competition from comparable types of properties, changes in laws that increase operating expenses or limit rents that may be charged, any need to address environmental contamination at the property, the occurrence of any uninsured casualty at the property, changes in national, regional or local economic conditions and/or specific industry segments, declines in regional or local real estate values, declines in regional or local rental or occupancy rates, increases in interest rates, real estate tax rates and other operating expenses, changes in governmental rules, fiscal policies and regulations (including environmental legislation), natural disasters, terrorism, social unrest and civil disturbances.

In the event of any default under any mortgage loan held by us, we will bear a risk of loss of principal and accrued interest to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the principal and accrued interest of the mortgage loan, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow from operations. Foreclosure on a property securing a mortgage loan can be an expensive and lengthy process that could have a substantial negative effect on our anticipated return on the foreclosed investment. In the event of the bankruptcy of a mortgage loan borrower, the mortgage loan to such borrower will be deemed to be secured only to the extent of the value of the underlying collateral at the time of bankruptcy (as determined by the bankruptcy court), and the lien securing the mortgage loan will be subject to the avoidance powers of the bankruptcy trustee or debtor-in-possession to the extent the lien is unenforceable under state law.

Delays in liquidating defaulted mortgage loans could reduce our investment returns.

If there are defaults under any mortgage loan we acquire or originate, we may not be able to repossess and sell the underlying properties quickly. The resulting time delay could reduce the value of our investment in the defaulted mortgage loans. An action to foreclose on a property securing a mortgage loan is regulated by state statutes and regulations and is subject to many of the delays and expenses of other lawsuits if the borrower raises defenses or counterclaims. In the event of default by a borrower, these restrictions, among other factors, may impede our ability to foreclose on or sell the mortgaged property or to obtain proceeds sufficient to repay all amounts due to us on the mortgage loan.

The mezzanine and bridge loans in which we may invest would involve greater risks of loss than loans secured by a first deed of trust or mortgage on property.

We may invest in mezzanine and bridge loans that take the form of subordinated loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of either the entity owning (directly or indirectly) the real property or the entity that owns the interest in the entity owning the real property. These types of investments may involve a higher degree of risk than long-term senior mortgage lending secured by income-producing real property because the investment may become unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. In the event of a bankruptcy of the entity providing the pledge of its ownership interests as security, we may not have full recourse to the assets of such entity, or the assets of the entity may not be sufficient to satisfy our mezzanine loan. If a borrower defaults on our mezzanine loan or debt senior to our loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our mezzanine loan will be satisfied only after the senior debt. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our investment. In

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addition, mezzanine loans may have higher loan-to-value ratios than conventional mortgage loans, resulting in less equity in the real property and increasing the risk of loss of principal.

The B Notes in which we invest may be subject to additional risks relating to the privately negotiated structure and terms of the transaction, which may result in losses to us.

We have previously invested in a B Note and may do so again in the future. A B Note is a mortgage loan typically (i) secured by a first mortgage on a single large commercial property or group of related properties and (ii) subordinated to an A Note secured by the same first mortgage on the same collateral. As a result, if a borrower defaults, there may not be sufficient funds remaining for B Note holders after payment to the A Note holders. Since each transaction is privately negotiated, B Notes can vary in their structural characteristics and risks. For example, under the agreement between the A Note holders and the B Note holders, the A Note holders, whose economic interests may not align with the economic interests of the B Note holders, typically are empowered to take the lead on loan administration, on decisions whether to enforce or negotiate a work-out of a defaulted or stressed loan, and on pricing and market timing for the sale of foreclosed property. While the B Note holders can exercise some influence over those decisions through consent rights, the B Note holders typically lose their consent rights under certain circumstances, including if the liquidation value of the B Note, based on an appraisal, falls below an agreed threshold. We cannot predict the terms of each B Note investment. Further, B Notes typically are secured by a single property, and so reflect the increased risks associated with a single property compared to a pool of properties.

We have invested in and may continue to invest in real estate-related equity, which is subordinate to any indebtedness, but involves different rights.

We have invested in and may continue to invest in noncontrolling equity positions and other real estate-related interests. Preferred equity investments are subordinate to any indebtedness obtained by the entity, but senior to the owners’ common equity. These interests are not secured by the underlying real estate, but upon the occurrence of a default, the preferred equity provider has the right to effectuate a change of control in certain circumstances with respect to the ownership of the property as was the case with our 805 Riverfront preferred equity investment. Preferred equity investments typically earn a preferred return rather than interest payments and often have the right for such preferred return to accrue if there is insufficient cash flow to pay currently. The preferred return provided as a term of our preferred equity investments is not a measure of our investment performance and is not indicative of distributions that we may provide to investors. It should not be relied on to predict an investor’s returns and is subject to the development and performance of the project for which the preferred equity is being provided. Furthermore, the preferred return is only a contractual preference on allocations, and is subordinate to any construction debt and senior preferred equity and there is no guarantee that it will be achieved or paid.

We have invested in the preferred equity of other entities, the management of which may adversely affect our business.

We have invested in the preferred equity of other entities. However, we will not control the management, investment decisions, or operations of these companies. Management of those enterprises may decide to change the nature of their assets, or management may otherwise change in a manner that is not satisfactory to us. We will have no ability to affect these management decisions and we may have only limited ability to dispose of our investments.

Risks Associated with Debt Financing

We have obtained and expect to continue to obtain mortgage indebtedness and other borrowings, which increases our risk of loss due to potential foreclosure.

We have obtained and plan to continue obtain long-term financing that is secured by our multifamily apartment communities. In some instances, we may acquire multifamily apartment communities by financing a portion of the price of the multifamily apartment communities and mortgaging or pledging some or all of the multifamily apartment communities purchased as security for that debt. We may also incur mortgage debt on multifamily apartment communities that we already own in order to obtain funds to acquire additional multifamily apartment communities, to fund property improvements and other capital expenditures, to make distributions, and for other purposes. In addition, we may borrow as necessary or advisable to ensure that we maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, including borrowings to satisfy the REIT requirement that we distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to our stockholders (computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and excluding net capital gain). We, however, can give our stockholders no assurance that we will be able to obtain such borrowings on satisfactory terms.

Incurring mortgage debt increases the risk of loss of a multifamily apartment community since defaults on indebtedness secured by a multifamily apartment community may result in lenders initiating foreclosure actions. In that case,

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we could lose the multifamily apartment community securing the loan that is in default, reducing the value of our stockholders’ investment. For tax purposes, a foreclosure of any of our multifamily apartment communities would be treated as a sale of the multifamily apartment community for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would recognize taxable income on foreclosure even though we would not necessarily receive any cash proceeds. We may give full or partial guaranties to lenders of mortgage debt on behalf of the entities that own our multifamily apartment communities as well as with respect to debt associated with our preferred equity investments, mezzanine loans or equity investments in a property or land which will be developed into a multifamily apartment community. When we give a guaranty on behalf of an entity that owns one of our multifamily apartment communities or real estate-related assets, we will be responsible to the lender for satisfaction of the debt if it is not paid by such entity. If any mortgages contain cross-collateralization or cross-default provisions, a default on a single multifamily apartment community could affect many multifamily apartment communities.

Our multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets may be cross-collateralized.

At December 31, 2023, we had $891.3 million of fixed rate debt and $273.5 million of variable rate debt, including our revolving credit facility and including $130.0 million of variable rate debt related to construction loans; $179.5 million, or 65.6% of our variable rate debt is accompanied by interest rate cap hedging instruments as required by the lenders. In addition, CROP has issued unsecured promissory notes in several private placement offerings, in an aggregate amount of $41.9 million at December 31, 2023. We may obtain additional lines of credit or other debt financing, or take additional advances on our existing lines of credit, which we may utilize to acquire multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets and fund our operations. Thus, our assets may be cross-collateralized. Information about the amount and terms of any new lines of credit are uncertain and will be negotiated by our officers. No assurance can be given that future cash flow will be sufficient to make the debt service payments on any loans and to cover all operating expenses.

If our revenues are insufficient to pay debt service and operating costs, we may be required to seek additional working capital. There can be no assurance that such additional funds will be available. The degree to which we are leveraged could have an adverse impact on us, including (i) increased vulnerability to adverse general economic and market conditions, (ii) impaired ability to expand and to respond to increased competition, (iii) impaired ability to obtain additional financing for future working capital, capital expenditures, general corporate or other purposes and (iv) requiring that a significant portion of cash provided by operating activities be used for the payment of debt obligations, thereby reducing funds available for operations and future business opportunities.

High mortgage rates or changes in underwriting standards may make it difficult for us to finance or refinance multifamily apartment communities, which could reduce the number of multifamily apartment communities we can acquire, our cash flows from operations and the amount of cash distributions we can make.

If mortgage debt is unavailable at reasonable rates, we may not be able to finance the purchase of multifamily apartment communities. If we place mortgage debt on a multifamily apartment community, we run the risk of being unable to refinance part or all of the multifamily apartment community when the debt becomes due or of being unable to refinance on favorable terms. If interest rates are higher when we refinance our multifamily apartment communities, our income could be reduced. We may be unable to refinance or may only be able to partly refinance our multifamily apartment communities if underwriting standards, including loan to value ratios and yield requirements, among other requirements, are stricter than when we originally financed the multifamily apartment communities. If any of these events occurs, our cash flow could be reduced and/or we might have to pay down existing mortgages. This, in turn, would reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders, could cause us to require additional capital and may hinder our ability to raise capital by issuing more shares or by borrowing more money.

Lenders may require us to enter into restrictive covenants relating to our operations, which could limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders or replace our advisor.

When providing financing, a lender may impose restrictions on us that affect our distribution and operating policies and our ability to incur additional debt. Loan agreements we enter into may contain covenants that limit our ability to further mortgage a property or that prohibit us from discontinuing insurance coverage or impose reserve requirements. In addition, our credit facility with J.P. Morgan, (our “JP Morgan Credit Facility”) restricts our ability to remove our affiliated directors which may make it more difficult to replace our advisor. These or other limitations would decrease our operating flexibility and our ability to achieve our operating objectives.

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Our derivative financial instruments may not adequately offset interest rate volatility and require us to contribute more equity to our properties, which could reduce the number of multifamily apartment communities we can acquire, our cash flows from operations and the amount of cash distributions we can make.

We may use derivative financial instruments, such as interest rate cap or collar agreements and interest rate swap agreements, to hedge exposures to changes in interest rates on loans secured by its assets, but no hedging strategy can protect us completely. These agreements involve risks, such as the risk that counterparties may fail to honor their obligations under these arrangements and that these arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes. Interest rates are currently increasing. In addition, interest rate caps and the replacement of our expiring interest rate caps may be more expensive as a result of increasing interest rates. Further, in the event interest rates increase for any of our financings, we may be required to rebalance such financings by contributing more equity to our properties in order to comply with debt-service coverage ratios required by such financings. We cannot assure you that its hedging strategy and the derivatives that it uses will adequately offset the risk of interest rate volatility or that its hedging transactions will not result in losses. In addition, the use of such instruments may reduce the overall return on our investments. These instruments may also generate income that may not be treated as qualifying REIT income for purposes of the 75% or 95% REIT gross income tests.

Increases in interest rates could increase the amount of our interest payments and could reduce the amount of distributions our stockholders receive.

At December 31, 2023, we had $273.5 million of variable rate debt, including our revolving credit facility and including $130.0 million of variable rate debt related to construction loans; $179.5 million, or 65.6% of our variable rate debt is accompanied by interest rate cap hedging instruments as required by the lenders. We may incur additional indebtedness in the future. Interest we pay reduces our cash flows. Since we have incurred and may continue to incur variable rate debt, increases in interest rates raise our interest costs, which reduces our cash flows. In addition, if we need to repay existing debt during periods of rising interest rates, we could be required to sell one or more of our properties at times or on terms which may not permit realization of the maximum return on such investments. Increases in interest rates may cause our operations to suffer and the amount of distributions our stockholders receive and their overall return on investment may decline.

We have broad authority to incur debt and high debt levels could hinder our ability to make distributions and decrease the value of our stockholders’ investment.

Our charter limits our leverage to 300% of our net assets, and we may exceed this limit with the approval of the conflicts committee of our board of directors. High debt levels would cause us to incur higher interest charges and higher debt service payments and may also be accompanied by restrictive covenants. These factors could limit the amount of cash we have available to distribute and could result in a decline in the value of our stockholders’ investment.

Interest-only indebtedness may increase our risk of default and ultimately may reduce our funds available for distribution to our stockholders.

Certain of our debt obligations that require interest-only payments for a number of years before we are required to make payments on the principal. During the interest-only period, the amount of each scheduled payment will be less than that of a traditional amortizing mortgage loan. The principal balance of the mortgage loan will not be reduced (except in the case of prepayments) because there are no scheduled monthly payments of principal during this period. After the interest- only period, we will be required either to make scheduled payments of amortized principal and interest or to make a lump-sum, or “balloon,” payment at maturity. These required principal or balloon payments will increase the amount of our scheduled payments and may increase our risk of default under the related mortgage loan. If the mortgage loan has an adjustable interest rate, the amount of our scheduled payments also may increase at a time of rising interest rates. Increased payments and substantial principal or balloon maturity payments will reduce the funds available for distribution to our stockholders because cash otherwise available for distribution will be required to pay principal and interest associated with these mortgage loans.

We are uncertain of our sources for funding our future capital needs. If we do not have sufficient funds from operations to cover our expenses or to fund improvements to our multifamily apartment communities and cannot obtain debt or equity financing on acceptable terms, our ability to cover our expenses or to fund improvements to our multifamily apartment communities may be adversely affected.

The proceeds from our offering will be used primarily for investments in multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets. In the event that we develop a need for additional capital in the future for the improvement of our multifamily apartment communities or for any other reason, sources of funding may not be available to us.

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If we do not have sufficient funds from cash flow generated by our assets or out of net sale proceeds, or cannot obtain debt or equity financing on acceptable terms, our financial condition and ability to make distributions may be adversely affected.

Federal Income Tax Risks

Failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce our net earnings available for investment or distribution.

Our qualification as a REIT will depend upon our ability to meet requirements regarding our organization and ownership, distributions of our income, the nature and diversification of our income and assets and other tests imposed by the Internal Revenue Code. If we fail to qualify as a REIT for any taxable year after electing REIT status, we will be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at corporate rates. In addition, we would generally be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we lost our REIT status. Losing our REIT status would reduce our net earnings available for investment or distribution to stockholders because of the additional tax liability. In addition, distributions to stockholders would no longer qualify for the dividends-paid deduction and we would no longer be required to pay distributions. If this occurs, we might be required to borrow funds or liquidate some investments in order to pay the applicable tax.

Failure to qualify as a REIT would subject us to U.S. federal income tax, which would reduce the cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

We believe that we have operated and will continue to operate in a manner that will allow us to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2019. However, the U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs are extremely complex, and interpretations of the U.S. federal income tax laws governing qualification as a REIT are limited. Qualifying as a REIT requires us to meet various tests regarding the nature of our assets and our income, the ownership of our outstanding stock, and the amount of our distributions on an ongoing basis. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that we will be successful in operating so we can remain qualified as a REIT. While we intend to continue to operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, including the tax treatment of certain investments we may make, and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given that we will so qualify for any particular year.

If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any calendar year and we do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be required to pay U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income. We might need to borrow money or sell assets to pay that tax. Our payment of income tax would decrease the amount of our income available for distribution to our stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT and we do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we no longer would be required to distribute substantially all of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders. Unless our failure to qualify as a REIT were excused under federal tax laws, we would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost.

Our stockholders may have current tax liability on distributions they elect to reinvest in our common stock.

If our stockholders participate in our distribution reinvestment plan, they will be deemed to have received, and for income tax purposes will be taxed on, the amount reinvested in shares of our common stock to the extent the amount reinvested was not a tax-free return of capital. In addition, our stockholders will be treated for tax purposes as having received an additional distribution to the extent the shares are purchased at a discount to fair market value, if any. As a result, unless our stockholders are tax-exempt entities, they may have to use funds from other sources to pay their tax liability on the value of the shares of common stock received.

Even if we qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to federal, state, local or other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow and our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.

Even if we qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to some federal, state and local taxes on our income or property. For example:

•In order to qualify as a REIT, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders (which is determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction or net capital gain). To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income (and any net capital gain), we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on the undistributed income.

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•We will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions we pay in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income and 100% of our undistributed income from prior years.

•If we elect to treat property that we acquire in connection with a foreclosure of a mortgage loan or certain leasehold terminations as “foreclosure property,” we may avoid the 100% tax on the gain from a resale of that property, but the income from the sale or operation of that property may be subject to corporate income tax at the highest applicable rate.

•If we sell an asset, other than foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, our gain would be subject to the 100% “prohibited transaction” tax unless such sale were made by one of our taxable REIT subsidiaries or the sale met certain “safe harbor” requirements under the Internal Revenue Code.

REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan.

We generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, subject to certain adjustments and excluding any net capital gain, in order for federal corporate income tax not to apply to earnings that we distribute. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income (and any net capital gain), we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay out to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under federal tax laws. We also may decide to retain net capital gain we earn from the sale or other disposition of our property and pay U.S. federal income tax directly on such income. In that event, our stockholders would be treated as if they earned that income and paid the tax on it directly. However, stockholders that are tax-exempt, such as charities or qualified pension plans, would have no benefit from their deemed payment of such tax liability unless they file U.S. federal income tax returns and thereon seek a refund of such tax. We also will be subject to corporate tax on any undistributed REIT taxable income. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the REIT requirements of the Internal Revenue Code.

From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our income for financial reporting purposes, or our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to stockholders (for example, where a borrower defers the payment of interest in cash pursuant to a contractual right or otherwise). If we do not have other funds available in these situations we could be required to borrow funds, sell investments at disadvantageous prices or find another alternative source of funds to pay distributions sufficient to enable us to pay out enough of our taxable income to satisfy the REIT distribution requirements and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax in a particular year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits.

To maintain our REIT status, we may be forced to forego otherwise attractive business or investment opportunities, which may delay or hinder our ability to meet our investment objectives and reduce our stockholders’ overall return.

To qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy certain tests on an ongoing basis concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, nature of our assets and the amounts we distribute to our stockholders. We may be required to pay distributions to stockholders at times when it would be more advantageous to reinvest cash in our business or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits and reduce the value of our stockholders’ investment.

If the Operating Partnership fails to maintain its status as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, its income would be subject to taxation and our REIT status would be terminated.

We intend to maintain the status of the Operating Partnership as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, if the Internal Revenue Service (“Internal Revenue Service” or “IRS”) were to successfully challenge the status of the Operating Partnership as a partnership, it would be taxable as a corporation. In such event, this would reduce the amount of distributions that the Operating Partnership could make to us. This would also result in our losing REIT status and becoming subject to a corporate level tax on our own income. This would substantially reduce our cash available to pay distributions and the return on your investment. In addition, if any of the entities through which the Operating Partnership owns its properties, in whole or in part, loses its characterization as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the underlying entity would become subject to taxation as a corporation, thereby reducing distributions to the Operating Partnership and jeopardizing our ability to maintain REIT status.

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Potential characterization of distributions or gain on sale may be treated as unrelated business taxable income to tax-exempt investors.

If (i) all or a portion of our assets are subject to the rules relating to taxable mortgage pools, (ii) we are a “pension-held REIT,” (iii) a tax-exempt stockholder has incurred debt to purchase or hold our common stock, or (iv) the residual Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit interests, or REMICs, we buy (if any) generate “excess inclusion income,” then a portion of the distributions to and, in the case of a stockholder described in clause (iii), gains realized on the sale of common stock by such tax-exempt stockholder may be subject to U.S. federal income tax as unrelated business taxable income under the Internal Revenue Code.

The tax on prohibited transactions will limit our ability to engage in transactions that would be treated as sales for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of assets, other than foreclosure property, deemed held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We might be subject to this tax if we were to dispose of loans in a manner that was treated as a sale of the loans for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Therefore, in order to avoid the prohibited transactions tax, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of loans at the REIT level, and may limit the structures we utilize for our securitization transactions, even though the sales or structures might otherwise be beneficial to us.

It may be possible to reduce the impact of the prohibited transaction tax by conducting certain activities through taxable REIT subsidiaries. However, to the extent that we engage in such activities through taxable REIT subsidiaries, the income associated with such activities may be subject to full corporate income tax.

Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.

To qualify as a REIT, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified REIT real estate assets, including certain mortgage loans and residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries and no more than 25% of the value of our total assets can be represented by “non-qualified publicly offered REIT debt instruments.” If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate from our portfolio otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.

Liquidation of assets may jeopardize our REIT qualification.

To qualify as a REIT, we must comply with requirements regarding our assets and our sources of income. If we are compelled to liquidate our investments to repay obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with these requirements, ultimately jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT, or we may be subject to a 100% tax on any resultant gain if we sell assets that are treated as dealer property or inventory.

Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.

The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code may limit our ability to hedge our assets and operations. Under these provisions, any income that we generate from transactions intended to hedge our interest rate, inflation and/or currency risks will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the REIT 75% and 95% gross income tests if the purpose of the instrument is to (i) hedge interest rate risk on liabilities incurred to carry or acquire real estate, (ii) hedge risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that would be qualifying income under the REIT 75% or 95% gross income tests, or (iii) manage risk with respect to the termination of certain prior hedging transactions described in (i) and/or (ii) above and, in each case, such instrument is properly identified under applicable Department of the Treasury regulations (“Treasury Regulations”). Income from hedging transactions that do not meet these requirements will generally constitute nonqualifying income for purposes of both the REIT 75% and 95% gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may have

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to limit our use of hedging techniques that might otherwise be advantageous, which could result in greater risks associated with interest rate or other changes than we would otherwise incur.

Our ownership of and relationship with our taxable REIT subsidiaries will be limited and a failure to comply with the limits would jeopardize our REIT status and may result in the application of a 100% excise tax.

A REIT may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. A taxable REIT subsidiary may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent REIT. Both the subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a taxable REIT subsidiary. A corporation of which a taxable REIT subsidiary directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. A domestic taxable REIT subsidiary will pay federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates on any income that it earns. In addition, the taxable REIT subsidiary rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a taxable REIT subsidiary to its parent REIT to assure that the taxable REIT subsidiary is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. The rules also impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a taxable REIT subsidiary and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. We cannot assure our stockholders that we will be able to comply with the 20% value limitation on ownership of taxable REIT subsidiary stock and securities on an ongoing basis so as to maintain REIT status or to avoid application of the 100% excise tax imposed on certain non-arm’s length transactions.

The ability of our board of directors to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval may subject us to U.S. federal income tax and reduce distributions to our stockholders.

Our charter provides that our board of directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interest to continue to qualify as a REIT. While we believe we have qualified and intend to continue to qualify to be taxed as a REIT, we may terminate our REIT election if we determine that qualifying as a REIT is no longer in our best interests. If we cease to be a REIT, we would become subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income and would no longer be required to distribute most of our taxable income to our stockholders, which may have adverse consequences on our total return to our stockholders and on the market price of our common stock.

Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates.

In general, the maximum tax rate for dividends payable to domestic stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, are generally not eligible for this reduced rate; provided under current law, individuals may be able to deduct 20% of income received as ordinary REIT dividends, thus reducing the maximum effective U.S. federal income tax rate on such dividend. In addition, Treasury Regulations impose a minimum holding period for the 20% deduction that was not set forth in the Internal Revenue Code. Under the Treasury Regulations, in order for a REIT dividend with respect to a share of REIT stock to be treated as a qualified REIT dividend, the U.S. stockholder (i) must have held the share for more than 45 days during the 91-day period beginning on the date which is 45 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend and (ii) cannot have been under an obligation to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property, e.g., pursuant to a short sale. While this tax treatment does not adversely affect the taxation of REITs or dividends paid by REITs, the more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts or estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in stock of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the stock of REITs, including our common stock.

Qualifying as a REIT involves highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code.

Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

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The taxation of distributions to our stockholders can be complex; however, distributions that we make to our stockholders generally will be taxable as ordinary income, which may reduce your anticipated return from an investment in us.

Distributions that we make to our taxable stockholders to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits (and not designated as capital gain dividends or qualified dividend income) generally will be taxable as ordinary income. However, a portion of our distributions may (i) be designated by us as capital gain dividends generally taxable as long-term capital gain to the extent that they are attributable to net capital gain recognized by us, (ii) be designated by us as qualified dividend income generally to the extent they are attributable to dividends we receive from non-REIT corporations, such as our taxable REIT subsidiaries, or (iii) constitute a return of capital generally to the extent that they exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A return of capital distribution is not taxable, but has the effect of reducing the basis of a stockholder’s investment in our common stock.

We may be required to pay some taxes due to actions of a taxable REIT subsidiary which would reduce our cash available for distribution to you.

Any net taxable income earned directly by a taxable REIT subsidiary, or through entities that are disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes as entities separate from our taxable REIT subsidiaries, will be subject to federal and possibly state corporate income tax. In this regard, several provisions of the laws applicable to REITs and their subsidiaries ensure that a taxable REIT subsidiary will be subject to an appropriate level of U.S. federal income taxation. For example, a taxable REIT subsidiary may be limited in its ability to deduct certain interest payments made to an affiliated REIT. In addition, the REIT has to pay a 100% penalty tax on some payments that it receives or on some deductions taken by or payments made to a taxable REIT subsidiary if the economic arrangements between the REIT, the REIT’s customers, and the taxable REIT subsidiary are not comparable to similar arrangements between unrelated parties. Finally, some state and local jurisdictions may tax some of our income even though as a REIT we are not subject to U.S. federal income tax on that income because not all states and localities follow the U.S. federal income tax treatment of REITs. To the extent that we and our affiliates are required to pay federal, state and local taxes, we will have less cash available for distributions to you.

We may distribute our common stock in a taxable distribution, in which case you may sell shares of our common stock to pay tax on such distributions, and you may receive less in cash than the amount of the dividend that is taxable.

We may make taxable distributions that are payable in cash and common stock. The IRS has issued private letter rulings to other REITs treating certain distributions that are paid partly in cash and partly in stock as taxable distributions that would satisfy the REIT annual distribution requirement and qualify for the dividends paid deduction for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Those rulings may be relied upon only by taxpayers to whom they were issued, but we could request a similar ruling from the IRS. Accordingly, it is unclear whether and to what extent we will be able to make taxable distributions payable in cash and common stock. If we made a taxable dividend payable in cash and common stock, taxable stockholders receiving such distributions will be required to include the dividend as taxable income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, you may be required to pay income tax with respect to such distributions in excess of the cash distributions received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the common stock that it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount recorded in earnings with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our common stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to certain non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in common stock.

Investments in other REITs and real estate partnerships could subject us to the tax risks associated with the tax status of such entities.

We may invest in the securities of other REITs and real estate partnerships. Such investments are subject to the risk that any such REIT or partnership may fail to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT or a partnership, as the case may be, in any given taxable year. In the case of a REIT, such failure would subject such entity to taxation as a corporation, may require such REIT to incur indebtedness to pay its tax liabilities, may reduce its ability to make distributions to us, and may render it ineligible to elect REIT status prior to the fifth taxable year following the year in which it fails to so qualify. In the case of a partnership, such failure could subject such partnership to an entity level tax and reduce the entity’s ability to make distributions to us. In addition, such failures could, depending on the circumstances, jeopardize our ability to qualify as a REIT.

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Non-U.S. stockholders will be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax and may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on distributions received from us and upon the disposition of our shares.

Subject to certain exceptions, distributions received from us will be treated as dividends of ordinary income to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. Such dividends ordinarily will be subject to U.S. withholding tax at a 30% rate, or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty, unless the distributions are treated as “effectively connected” with the conduct by the non-U.S. stockholder of a U.S. trade or business. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, or FIRPTA, capital gain distributions attributable to sales or exchanges of “U.S. real property interests,” or USRPIs, generally (subject to certain exceptions for “qualified foreign pension funds,” entities all the interests of which are held by “qualified foreign pension funds,” and certain “qualified shareholders”) will be taxed to a non-U.S. stockholder as if such gain were effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business unless FIRPTA provides an exemption. However, a capital gain dividend will not be treated as effectively connected income if (i) the distribution is received with respect to a class of stock that is regularly traded on an established securities market located in the United States and (ii) the non-U.S. stockholder does not own more than 10% of the class of our stock at any time during the one-year period ending on the date the distribution is received. We do not anticipate that our shares will be “regularly traded” on an established securities market for the foreseeable future, and therefore, this exception is not expected to apply.

Gain recognized by a non-U.S. stockholder upon the sale or exchange of our common stock generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation unless such stock constitutes a USRPI under FIRPTA (subject to specific FIRPTA exemptions for certain non-U.S. stockholders). Our common stock will not constitute a USRPI so long as we are a “domestically-controlled qualified investment entity.” A domestically-controlled qualified investment entity includes a REIT if at all times during a specified testing period, less than 50% in value of such REIT’s stock is held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. stockholders. We believe, but cannot assure you, that we will be a domestically-controlled qualified investment entity.

Even if we do not qualify as a domestically-controlled qualified investment entity at the time a non-U.S. stockholder sells or exchanges our common stock, gain arising from such a sale or exchange would not be subject to U.S. taxation under FIRPTA as a sale of a USRPI if: (a) our common stock is “regularly traded,” as defined by applicable Treasury Regulations, on an established securities market, and (b) such non-U.S. stockholder owned, actually and constructively, 10% or less of our common stock at any time during the five-year period ending on the date of the sale. However, it is not anticipated that our common stock will be “regularly traded” on an established market. We encourage you to consult your tax advisor to determine the tax consequences applicable to you if you are a non-U.S. stockholder.

We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes.

At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be amended. We cannot predict when or if any new U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective and any such law, regulation or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation.

Retirement Plan Risks

If you fail to meet the fiduciary and other standards under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, or “ERISA,” or the Internal Revenue Code as a result of an investment in our stock, you could be subject to criminal and civil penalties.

There are special considerations that apply to employee benefit plans subject to ERISA (such as profit-sharing, section 401(k) or pension plans) and other retirement plans or accounts subject to Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code (such as an IRA) or any entity whose assets include such assets (each a “Benefit Plan”) that are investing in our shares. If you are investing the assets of such a plan or account in our common stock, you should satisfy yourself that:

•your investment is consistent with your fiduciary and other obligations under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code;

•your investment is made in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the plan or IRA, including the plan’s or account’s investment policy;

•your investment satisfies the prudence and diversification requirements of Sections 404(a)(1)(B) and 404(a)(1)(C) of ERISA and other applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code;

•your investment in our shares, for which no trading market may exist, is consistent with the liquidity needs of the plan or IRA;

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•your investment will not produce an unacceptable amount of “unrelated business taxable income” for the plan or IRA;

•you will be able to comply with the requirements under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code to value the assets of the plan or IRA annually; and

•your investment will not constitute a non-exempt prohibited transaction under Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code.

Failure to satisfy the fiduciary standards of conduct and other applicable requirements of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code may result in the imposition of civil and criminal penalties, and can subject the fiduciary to claims for damages or for equitable remedies, including liability for investment losses. In addition, if an investment in our shares constitutes a non-exempt prohibited transaction under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code, the fiduciary or IRA owner who authorized or directed the investment may be subject to the imposition of excise taxes with respect to the amount invested. Additionally, the investment transaction may have to be undone. In the case of a prohibited transaction involving an IRA owner, the IRA may be disqualified as a tax-exempt account and all of the assets of the IRA may be deemed distributed and subjected to tax. ERISA plan fiduciaries and IRA owners should consult with counsel before making an investment in our shares.

If our assets at any time are deemed to constitute “plan assets” under ERISA, that may lead to the rescission of certain transactions, tax or fiduciary liability and our being held in violation of certain ERISA and Code requirements.

Stockholders subject to ERISA should consult their own advisors as to the effect of ERISA on an investment in our shares. If our assets are deemed to constitute “plan assets” of stockholders that are Covered Plans (as defined below) (i) certain transactions that we might enter into in the ordinary course of our business might have to be rescinded and may give rise to certain excise taxes and fiduciary liability under Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code; (ii) our management, as well as various providers of fiduciary or other services to us (including the Advisor), and any other parties with authority or control with respect to us or our assets, may be considered fiduciaries or otherwise parties in interest or disqualified persons for purposes of the fiduciary responsibility and prohibited transaction provisions of Title I of ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code; and (iii) the fiduciaries of stockholders that are Covered Plans would not be protected from “co-fiduciary liability” resulting from our decisions and could be in violation of certain ERISA requirements.

Accordingly, prospective investors that are (i) “employee benefit plans” (within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA), which are subject to Title I of ERISA; (ii) “plans” defined in Section 4975 of the Code, which are subject to Section 4975 of the Code (including “Keogh” plans and “individual retirement accounts”); or (iii) entities whose underlying assets are deemed to include plan assets within the meaning of Section 3(42) of ERISA and the regulations thereunder (e.g., an entity of which 25% or more of the total value of any class of equity interests is held by “benefit plan investors”) (each such plan, account and entity described in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) we refer to as “Covered Plans”) should consult with their own legal, tax, financial and other advisors prior to investing to review these implications in light of such investor’s particular circumstances. The sale of our common stock to any Covered Plan is in no respect a representation by us or any other person associated with the offering of our shares of common stock that such an investment meets all relevant legal requirements with respect to investments by plans generally or any particular plan, or that such an investment is appropriate for plans generally or any particular plan.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

Under the oversight of our Executive Security Council, which is chaired by our Senior Vice President of Technology (Certified Information Systems Security Professional), and is also comprised of our Chief Legal Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer, we have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management governance, risk, and compliance (“GRC”) program that applies to us as well as our advisor and its affiliates. The GRC program is used to identify, assess, and mitigate findings and risks to our operations from cybersecurity threats. Our GRC program employs qualitative and quantitative assessments of the cybersecurity risk landscape impacting our operations, as identified by our Information Technology (“IT”) and Security team to determine likelihood and potential impact. The analysis is evaluated by our Executive Security Council, and subject to the oversight of our board of directors to assess and prioritize potential risk to our information security. We consider cybersecurity, along with other top risks, within our enterprise risk management and GRC framework.

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We have established a multilayer cyber threat defense program that enables us to identify, protect, detect, respond, and recover from cyber threat findings, taking appropriate action to prevent these threats from turning into risk. Part of this security program is an incident response plan, the goal of which is to provide a timely response, mitigate any damage, restore services, preserve evidence, evaluate risk impact, communicate effectively to all stakeholders, and ultimately reduce the likelihood of an incident recurrence through proper containment and retrospective.

We engage third party consultants to conduct cybersecurity assessments and help mature the information security program. We regularly review our cybersecurity program to help identify areas for continued focus, improvement and/or compliance. We engage third parties to perform assessments on our cybersecurity measures, including information security maturity assessments, audits and independent reviews of our information security control environment and operating effectiveness. The results of such assessments, audits and reviews are reported to the board of directors, and we may adjust our cybersecurity program and practices as necessary based on the information provided by these assessments, audits and reviews. We review and test our information security systems, including regular penetration tests of our network. We also use third-party systems to monitor our information security continually.

For any of our critical hosted applications we require the vendor to maintain a System and Organization Controls (“SOC”) 1 or SOC 2 report. If a third-party vendor is not able to provide a SOC 1 or SOC 2 report, or the report is qualified, we take additional steps to assess their cybersecurity preparedness and assess our relationship on that basis. Our assessment of risks associated with the use of third-party providers is part of our overall cybersecurity risk management framework.

We regularly evaluate our overall security risk posture to ensure appropriate security controls are in place to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the firms processing environment, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, to ensure that we have an appropriate security program in place in order to manage materiality. We are not aware of any risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For additional information, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Breaches of our data security could materially harm us, including our business, financial performance and reputation.”

Governance

Our audit committee has primary responsibility for oversight and review of guidelines and policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management, including cybersecurity. The Executive Security Council periodically reports to our audit committee as well as our full board of directors, as appropriate, on cybersecurity matters. Such reporting includes updates on our cybersecurity program, the external threat environment, and programs in place to address and mitigate the risks associated with the evolving cybersecurity threat landscape. These reports also include updates on our preparedness, prevention, detection, responsiveness, and recovery with respect to any cybersecurity incidents. Material cybersecurity events, if any, are escalated to our full board of directors on an ongoing basis as necessary.

Our Executive Security Council governs our overall cybersecurity function and is responsible for developing and implementing our information risk program and managing our response to threats in collaboration with our IT and Security team, subject to oversight by our board of directors. Our Executive Security Council meets regularly regarding the risks of any cybersecurity incidents which are reported pursuant to (i) criteria set forth in our information risk program, (ii) notification criteria set forth in our contracts with third-party service providers and (iii) reports prepared by consultants, auditors, and other third parties retained by us, if necessary, to investigate cybersecurity incidents. In addition to our in-house cybersecurity capabilities, at times we also engage third parties to assist with assessing, identifying, and managing cybersecurity risks. Members of our IT and Security team, including the third-party security firms we utilize as part of our program, have cybersecurity experience or certifications, such as the Certified Information Systems Security Professional certification.

The Company’s Senior Vice President of Technology’s relevant cybersecurity expertise includes Certified Information Systems Security Professional designation (CISSP), ISO 27001 as well as over 20 years of experience as a technology and security professional.

Item 2. Properties

See Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Our Investments” for an overview of our real estate investments.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. Management is not aware of any legal proceedings of which the outcome is reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition, nor are we aware of any such legal proceedings contemplated by government authorities.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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Part II.

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Offering of Common Stock

We are offering up to $900.0 million of Class T, Class D and Class I shares of our common stock through our primary public offering (the “Primary Offering”) and up to $100.0 million of Class T, Class D, Class I, and Class A shares of our common stock through our registered distribution reinvestment plan offering (the “DRP Offering”). Other than differences in upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees, and ongoing distribution fees, each class of common stock has the same economics and voting rights. There is currently no public market for our shares and we currently have no plans to list our shares on a securities exchange. 

The following table summarizes the upfront selling commission and dealer manager fee paid for each applicable share class in the Primary Offering as a percentage of the transaction price, which will generally be the most recently disclosed monthly NAV per share.

	Class T (1)	Class D	Class I
Maximum Upfront Selling Commissions as a % of Transaction Price	up to 3.0%	—	—
Maximum Upfront Dealer Manager Fees as a % of Transaction Price	0.5%	—	—
(1) Such amounts may vary at certain participating broker-dealers, provided that the sum will not exceed 3.5% of the transaction price.

In addition, we will pay a wholesaling fee of up to 1.85% of the transaction price for all shares sold in the Primary Offering.

Subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation and certain other limitations, the following table shows the distribution fees we pay the dealer manager with respect to the Class T, Class D and Class I on an annualized basis as a percentage of our NAV.

	Class T (1)	Class D	Class I
Distribution Fee as a % of NAV	0.85%	0.25%	None
(1) Consists of an advisor distribution fee of 0.65% per annum and a dealer distribution fee of 0.20% per annum of the aggregate NAV for the Class T shares, however, with respect to Class T shares sold through certain participating broker-dealers, the advisor distribution fee and the dealer distribution fee may be other amounts, provided that the sum of such fees will always equal 0.85% per annum of the NAV of such shares.

The distribution fee is subject to a cap based on the total upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees, and distribution fees paid in connection with the sale of the share in the Primary Offering. For Class T shares the cap is 8.5% and for Class D shares the cap is 8.0%. A lower cap may be agreed upon between the dealer manager and a participating broker-dealer. Once the cap is met, the Class T shares or Class D shares in each respective stockholder's account (including shares purchased through the distribution reinvestment plan or received as a stock dividend) will convert into a number of Class I shares (including any fractional shares) with an equivalent aggregate NAV as such shares.

The dealer manager for the public offering anticipates that all or a portion of the upfront selling commissions, dealer manager and distribution fees will be retained by, or reallowed (paid) to, participating broker-dealers and certain wholesalers, all of whom are internal to our advisor and its affiliates. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the costs of raising capital in in our ongoing public follow-on offering represented 6.37% of the capital raised.

The purchase price per share for each class of common stock will vary and will generally equal our prior month’s NAV per share, as determined monthly, plus applicable upfront selling commissions and dealer manager fees. Please see “Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Guidelines” in our prospectus for a detailed description of our valuation guidelines.

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The following table presents our historical monthly NAV per share for our outstanding classes of shares and our CROP Units for the two years ended December 31, 2023.

	Class
Date	T	D	I	A	TX	OP
January 31, 2022	18.4071	(1)	18.4071	18.4071	18.4071	18.4071
February 28, 2022	18.9882	(1)	18.9882	18.9882	18.9882	18.9882
March 31, 2022	19.6324	(1)	19.6324	19.6324	19.6324	19.6324
April 30, 2022	20.0794	(1)	20.0794	20.0794	20.0794	20.0794
May 31, 2022	20.6297	20.6297	20.6297	20.6297	20.6297	20.6297
June 30, 2022	20.7202	20.7202	20.7202	20.7202	20.7202	20.7202
July 31, 2022	20.6991	20.6991	20.6991	20.6991	20.6991	20.6991
August 31, 2022	20.7007	20.7007	20.7007	20.7007	20.7007	20.7007
September 30, 2022	20.7056	20.7056	20.7056	20.7056	(1)	20.7056
October 31, 2022	20.5722	20.5722	20.5722	20.5722	(1)	20.5722
November 30, 2022	19.9945	19.9945	19.9945	19.9945	(1)	19.9945
December 31, 2022	19.5788	19.5788	19.5788	19.5788	(1)	19.5788
January 31, 2023	19.2193	19.2193	19.2193	19.2193	(1)	19.2193
February 28, 2023	18.6488	18.6488	18.6488	18.6488	(1)	18.6488
March 31, 2023	18.4600	18.4600	18.4600	18.4600	(1)	18.4600
April 30, 2023	18.1155	18.1155	18.1155	18.1155	(1)	18.1155
May 31, 2023	17.7619	17.7619	17.7619	17.7619	(1)	17.7619
June 30, 2023	17.4638	17.4638	17.4638	17.4638	(1)	17.4638
July 31, 2023	17.1191	17.1191	17.1191	17.1191	(1)	17.1191
August 31, 2023	16.6224	16.6224	16.6224	16.6224	(1)	16.6224
September 30, 2023	15.8195	15.8195	15.8195	15.8195	(1)	15.8195
October 31, 2023	15.2815	15.2815	15.2815	15.2815	(1)	15.2815
November 30, 2023	14.4754	14.4754	14.4754	14.4754	(1)	14.4754
December 31, 2023	13.4538	13.4538	13.4538	13.4538	(1)	13.4538
(1) No shares were outstanding for this class of share as of the valuation date.

Net Asset Value

We calculate NAV per share in accordance with the valuation guidelines that have been approved by our board of directors. As described in those guidelines, each real property is appraised at least once per calendar year by a Third-Party Appraisal Firm and reviewed by our advisor and our Independent Valuation Advisor. Additionally, the real property assets not appraised in a given calendar month by a Third-Party Appraisal Firm will be appraised for that calendar month by our Independent Valuation Advisor, and such appraisals are reviewed by our advisor.

CROP has classes or series of OP units held by parties other than us that are economically equivalent to a corresponding class of shares and have the same value as our common stock. Our NAV is the value of CROP. Our NAV per share is calculated on a fully dilutive basis whereby outstanding classes or shares of CROP Units, including LTIP units that would be earned as of the valuation date, are included in fully-diluted shares/units outstanding.

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The components of our NAV as of December 31, 2023 are as follows ($ and shares/units in thousands):

Components of NAV*	December 31, 2023
Investments in Multifamily Operating Properties	$	1,978,055
Investments in Multifamily Development Properties	167,567
Investments in Real Estate-Related Structured Investments	125,703
Investments in Land Held for Development	43,738
Operating Company and Other Net Current Assets	2,830
Cash and Cash Equivalents	7,692
Secured Real Estate Financing	(1,210,684)
Subordinated Unsecured Notes	(41,883)
Preferred Equity	(210,683)
Convertible Preferred Equity	(2,153)
Accrued Performance Participation Allocation	—
Net Asset Value	$	860,182
Fully-diluted Shares/Units Outstanding	63,936
* Presented as adjusted for our economic ownership percentage in each asset.

The following table provides a breakdown of our total NAV and NAV per share/unit by class as of December 31, 2023 ($ and shares/units in thousands, except per share/unit data):

	Class
	T		D		I		A		OP(1)		Total
As of December 31, 2023
Monthly NAV	$	52,701	$	2,728	$	58,656	$	312,557	$	433,540	$	860,182
Fully-diluted Outstanding Shares/Units	3,917		203		4,360		23,232		32,224		63,936
NAV per Fully-diluted Share/Unit	$	13.4538	$	13.4538	$	13.4538	$	13.4538	$	13.4538	$	13.4538
(1) Includes the partnership interests of the Operating Partnership held by High Traverse Holdings, an entity beneficially owned by Daniel Shaeffer, Chad Christensen, Gregg Christensen and Eric Marlin and other Operating Partnership interests, including LTIP Units as described above, held by parties other than us.

Set forth below are the weighted averages of the key assumptions that were used by the independent appraisal firms in the discounted cash flow methodology used in the December 31, 2023, valuations of our real property assets, based on property types.

	Discount Rate	Exit Capitalization Rate
Operating Assets	6.76%	5.47%
Development Assets	6.78%	5.25%
* Presented as adjusted for our economic ownership percentage in each asset, weighted by gross value. The weighted averages were calculated by our advisor based on the information provided by the independent appraisal firms.

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A change in these assumptions would impact the calculation by the independent appraisal firms of the value of our operating and development assets. For example, assuming all other factors remain unchanged, the changes listed below would result in the following effects on our operating and development asset values:

Sensitivities	Change	Operating Asset Values	Development Asset Values
Discount Rate	0.25% decrease	2.4%	3.2%
	0.25% increase	(2.3)%	(1.6)%
Exit Capitalization Rate	0.25% decrease	3.2%	4.9%
	0.25% increase	(2.9)%	(2.9)%
* Presented as adjusted for our economic ownership percentage in each asset.

The following table reconciles stockholders’ equity and CROP partners’ capital per our consolidated balance sheet to our NAV ($ in thousands):

	December 31, 2023
Stockholders’ equity	$	218,944
Non-controlling interests attributable to limited partners	221,617
Total partners’ capital of CROP under U.S. GAAP	440,561
Adjustments at share:
Accumulated depreciation and amortization, consolidated and unconsolidated entities	190,530
Deferred tax liability	620
Discount on preferred stock	(9,062)
Derivative assets	(4,235)
Convertible preferred shares	(2,153)
Unrealized net real estate and debt appreciation	243,921
NAV	$	860,182

The following describes the adjustments to reconcile GAAP stockholders’ equity and CROP partners’ capital per our consolidated balance sheet to our NAV:

•We depreciate our investments in real estate and amortize certain other assets and liabilities in accordance with GAAP. Such depreciation and amortization is not recorded for purposes of determining our NAV. Accumulated depreciation and amortization associated with our investments in unconsolidated real estate entities is also not recorded for purposes of determining our NAV.

•We exclude deferred tax assets and liabilities unless a refund or payment is likely or probable.

•Derivative assets and liabilities are not included in NAV until the settlement of the derivative is likely to occur.

•Convertible preferred shares are treated as a reduction to NAV.

•Our preferred stock that is mandatorily redeemable is accounted for as a liability with associated issuance costs deferred and amortized under GAAP. These issuance costs are excluded for purposes of determining our NAV.

•Our investments in real estate are presented under historical cost in our GAAP consolidated financial statements. Additionally, our mortgage notes, revolving credit facility and construction loans are presented at their carrying value in our consolidated GAAP financial statements. As such, any increases or decreases in the fair market value of our investments in real estate or our debt instruments are not included in our GAAP results. For purposes of determining our NAV, our investments in real estate and our instruments are recorded at fair value.

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Distributions

We expect to pay monthly distributions to holders of our common and preferred stock. We have not established a minimum distribution level for holders of our common stock. Distributions on our preferred stock are a fixed preferred dividend based on a cumulative, but not compounded, annual return and are paid in accordance with the articles supplementary setting forth the terms of the class of preferred. Distributions for stockholders who elect to participate in our distribution reinvestment plan are reinvested into shares of the same class of our common stock as the shares to which the distributions relate. Distributions are not guaranteed and are authorized and declared in the sole discretion of our board of directors.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required to make aggregate annual distributions to our common stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gain). Our board of directors may authorize distributions in excess of those required for us to maintain REIT status depending on our financial condition and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.

Our board of directors considers many factors before authorizing a distribution, including funds from operations, capital expenditure needs, general financial conditions and REIT qualification requirements. Our board may declare cash distributions that will be paid in advance of our receipt of cash flow that we expect to receive during a later period. We are not limited in the amount of distributions we can fund from sources other than cash flows from operations. Where we do not have sufficient cash flows from operations to cover our distributions, we may borrow funds, issue new securities or sell assets to make and cover our declared distributions, all or a portion of which could be deemed a return of capital.

For more information with respect to our distributions paid, see Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Distributions.”

Funds from Operations

We believe funds from operations, or FFO, is a beneficial indicator of the performance of an equity REIT and of our company. We compute FFO in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT, as net income or loss (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains or losses from sales of operating real estate assets (which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar conditions based on historical cost accounting and useful-life estimates), gains and losses from change in control, impairment losses on real estate assets, the cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles, real estate-related depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for our share of unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures.

We believe FFO facilitates comparisons of operating performance between periods and among other REITs. However, our computation of FFO may not be comparable to other REITs that do not define FFO in accordance with the NAREIT definition or that interpret the current NAREIT definition differently than we do. Our management believes that historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with GAAP implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors and analysts have considered the presentation of operating results for real estate companies that use historical cost accounting to be insufficient by themselves. As a result, we believe that the use of FFO, together with the required GAAP presentations, provides a more complete understanding of our performance relative to our competitors and provides a more informed and appropriate basis on which to make decisions involving operating, financing, and investing activities.

We adjust FFO by the items below to arrive at Core FFO. Our management uses Core FFO as a measure of our operating performance. Our calculation of Core FFO may differ from the methodology used for calculating Core FFO by other REITs and, accordingly, our Core FFO may not be comparable. We believe these measures are useful to investors because they facilitate an understanding of our operating performance after adjusting for non-cash expenses and other items not indicative of ongoing operating performance.

Neither FFO nor Core FFO is equivalent to net income or cash generated from operating activities determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Furthermore, FFO and Core FFO do not represent amounts available for management’s discretionary use because of needed capital replacement or expansion, debt service obligations or other commitments or uncertainties. Neither FFO nor Core FFO should be considered as an alternative to net income as an indicator of our operating performance.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of FFO and Core FFO to net loss attributable to CROP ($ in thousands, except share and per share data):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(23,248)	$	(15,649)
Adjustments to arrive at FFO:
Real estate-related depreciation and amortization	55,882		51,265
Depreciation and amortization from unconsolidated real estate entities	8,808		7,768
Gain on sale of real estate assets	(24,075)		—
Gain on consolidation of development	(4,225)		—
Gain on sale of investments in unconsolidated real estate entities	—		(8,129)
Loss allocated to noncontrolling interests - limited partners	(21,355)		(17,594)
Amount attributable to above from noncontrolling interests - partially owned entities	(850)		(888)
Funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and unit holders	(9,063)		16,773
Adjustments:
Amortization of intangible assets	3,159		3,330
Amortization of debt issuance costs	2,405		1,238
Accretion of discount on preferred stock	7,243		5,406
Share based compensation	3,011		3,774
Promote from incentive allocation agreement (tax effected)	(91)		(23,334)
Loss on debt extinguishment	1,037		481
Losses (gains) on derivatives	2,162		(4,048)
Legal costs and settlements, net	1,494		(7)
Other adjustments	558		(916)
Amount attributable to above from noncontrolling interests and unconsolidated entities	1,533		(1,290)
Core funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and unit holders (1)	$	13,448	$	1,407
FFO per common share and unit - diluted	$	(0.14)	$	0.28
Core FFO per common share and unit - diluted	$	0.20	$	0.02
Weighted-average diluted common shares and units outstanding	66,416,610		60,705,718
(1) Core FFO for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes $20,320 of performance participation expense. There was no performance participation expense during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Unregistered Sale of Equity Securities

During the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2023, we sold equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act and not previously included in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or Current Report on Form 8-K as described below.

During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, we issued 80,169 shares of Class I common stock upon exchange of corresponding CROP Units held by various limited partners. The issuance of such shares of common stock was effected in reliance upon an exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. We relied on the exemption based on representations given by the holders of the CROP Units.

Share Repurchase Program

Under our share repurchase program, to the extent we choose to repurchase shares in any particular month, we will only repurchase shares as of the last calendar day of that month (a “Repurchase Date”). Effective for repurchases as of November 2023 we amended our share repurchase program to provide that repurchased shares will remain outstanding on the Repurchase Date and will no longer be outstanding on the day following the Repurchase Date. Previously we repurchased shares as of the opening of the Repurchase Date. Repurchases will be made at the transaction price in effect on the Repurchase Date (which will generally be equal to our prior month’s NAV per share), except that depending on the class of shares requested to be repurchased and how long the shares have been outstanding, the shares may be repurchased at a discount to the transaction price (an “Early Repurchase Deduction”) as described in the Share Repurchase Program which is filed as exhibit

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99.1 to this report, subject to certain limited exceptions. Settlements of share repurchases will generally be made within three business days of the Repurchase Date.

The total amount of aggregate repurchases of our Class T, Class D, Class I, and Class A shares (all of our outstanding classes of common stock) is limited to no more than 2% of the aggregate NAV of our common stock outstanding per month and no more than 5% of our aggregate NAV of our common stock outstanding per calendar quarter.

Should repurchase requests, in our judgment, place an undue burden on our liquidity, adversely affect our operations or risk having an adverse impact on the company as a whole, or should we otherwise determine that investing our liquid assets in real properties or other investments rather than repurchasing our shares is in the best interests of the company as a whole, we may choose to repurchase fewer shares in any particular month than have been requested to be repurchased, or none at all. Further, our board of directors may modify and suspend our share repurchase plan if it deems such action to be in our best interest and the best interest of our stockholders. In the event that we determine to repurchase some but not all of the shares submitted for repurchase during any month, shares repurchased at the end of the month will be repurchased on a pro rata basis. All unsatisfied repurchase requests must be resubmitted after the start of the next month or quarter, or upon the recommencement of the share repurchase plan, as applicable.

If the transaction price for the applicable month is not made available by the tenth business day prior to the last business day of the month (or is changed after such date), then no repurchase requests will be accepted for such month and stockholders who wish to have their shares repurchased the following month must resubmit their repurchase requests.

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased shares of our common stock in the following amounts at the then-applicable transaction price (reduced as applicable by the Early Repurchase Deduction):

Month of:	Total Number of Shares Repurchased (1)	Repurchases as a Percentage of NAV (2)		Average Price Paid per Share	Maximum Number of Shares Pending Repurchase Pursuant to Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (3)
October 2023	578,569	1.6971558	%	$15.3580	—
November 2023	453,342	1.3606729	%	$14.9147	—
December 2023	659,448	1.9898887	%	$14.0333	—
Total	1,691,359
(1) All shares were repurchased through our share purchase program.
(2) Represents aggregate NAV of the shares repurchased under our share repurchase plan over aggregate NAV of all shares of our common stock outstanding, in each case, based on our NAV as of the last calendar day of the prior month. Pursuant to our share repurchase program, we may repurchase up to 2% of the aggregate NAV of our common stock outstanding per month and 5% of the aggregate NAV of our common stock outstanding per calendar quarter.
(3) All repurchase requests under our share repurchase plan were satisfied. We funded our repurchases with cash available from operations, financing activities and capital raising activities.

Holders

The following table shows the number of shares and holders of each class of common equity outstanding as of March 25, 2024, including shares held by our affiliates:

	Class
	T	D	I	A
Outstanding shares	3,916,171	205,489	4,606,302	22,742,743
Number of stockholders	1,475	68	1,182	4,624

Item 6. [Reserved]    

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical data, this discussion contains forward-looking statements about our business, operations and financial performance based on current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those in this discussion as a result of various factors, including but not limited to those discussed under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements” and in Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”

Overview

Cottonwood Communities, Inc. invests in a diverse portfolio of multifamily apartment communities and multifamily real estate-related assets throughout the United States. We are externally managed by our advisor, CC Advisors III, LLC (“CC Advisors III”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of our sponsor, Cottonwood Communities Advisors, LLC (“CCA”). We were incorporated in Maryland in 2016. We hold all of our assets through Cottonwood Residential O.P., LP (“CROP”), our operating partnership. We are the sole member of the sole general partner of CROP and own general partner interests in CROP alongside third party limited partners.

We are a non-listed perpetual-life, net asset value (“NAV”), real estate investment trust (“REIT”). We qualified as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with the taxable year ended December 31, 2019. We generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income to the extent we annually distribute all of our net taxable income to stockholders and maintain our qualification as a REIT.

As of December 31, 2023, we raised $325.0 million from the sale of common stock in our public offerings and $215.5 million from the sale of our preferred stock in periodic private offerings to accredited investors (the “Private Offerings”). We have contributed our net proceeds to CROP in exchange for a corresponding number of mirrored OP units in CROP.

As of December 31, 2023, we had a portfolio of $2.3 billion in total assets, with 74.5% of our equity value in operating properties, 14.0% in development and 11.5% in real estate-related investments. Refer to the section “Our Investments” below for further description of our portfolio.

2023 Activities

The following highlights activities that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Operating Results and Net Asset Value

•Net loss attributable to common stockholders was $0.68 per diluted share compared to $0.53 for the same period in the prior year.

•Same store net operating income (“Same Store NOI”) was $80.9 million compared to $77.6 million for the same period in the prior year.

•Funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and unit holders (“FFO”) was $(0.14) per diluted share/unit, compared to $0.28 per diluted share/unit for the same period in the prior year. Core FFO was $0.20 per diluted share compared to $0.02 per diluted share/unit for the same period in the prior year.

•Two development projects were completed and are currently in lease-up, Cottonwood Highland and Cottonwood Broadway.

•Net asset value was $13.4538 per share/unit at December 31, 2023, compared to $19.5788 per share/unit at December 31, 2022.

Transaction Activity

•Funded $2.0 million of our $10.0 million mezzanine loan investment in the 2215 Hollywood development.

•Funded $23.4 million of our $33.4 million preferred equity investment in the 417 Callowhill development.

•Funded $11.4 million in our preferred equity investment in the Infield development.

•Acquired 45.4% of tenant-in-common interests in Alpha Mill through the issuance of CROP Units, increasing our ownership to 73.7%.

•Acquired the remaining tenant-in-common interests of Melrose Phase II.

•Sold tenant-in-common interests in Cottonwood Lighthouse Point for $7.2 million.

•Sold Cottonwood One Upland for net proceeds of $38.8 million, recording a net gain on sale of $23.0 million.

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Financing and Capital Raise Activity

•Refinanced ten properties for $471.0 million, receiving net proceeds of $85.8 million and obtaining a weighted average term and rate of 6.6 years and 5.25%, respectively. Two of the properties are unconsolidated.

•Modified the mortgage loan on Sugarmont, reducing the loan to $91.2 million and converting the interest rate from a floating rate to a fixed rate of 5.9%.

•Executed additional draws of $22.1 million on construction loans to further the completion of our development projects and refinanced $37.0 million of construction loans with permanent debt.

•Raised $76.1 million of net proceeds from the sale of Series 2023 and Series 2023-A Preferred Stock.

•Launched our offering of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock in December 2023 and raised net proceeds of $1.6 million.

•Raised $24.0 million of net proceeds from the sale of our common stock issued under our registered follow-on public offering.

•Redeemed $2.6 million of preferred stock.

•Repurchased $95.4 million of common stock and CROP Units at an average discount of 4% to NAV.

•Distributed $21.9 million and $23.2 million to common stockholders and limited partners, respectively.

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Our Investments

As of December 31, 2023, our portfolio consisted of 27 operating multifamily apartment communities with a total of 7,761 units, four development projects with a total of 987 units to be built, six structured investments with a total of 1,868 units and four land sites held for future development projects with an expected total of 852 units to be built.

Information regarding our investments as of December 31, 2023 is as follows:

Stabilized Properties ($ in thousands, except net effective rents)

Property Name	Market	Number of Units	Average Unit Size (Sq Ft)	Purchase Date	Purchase Price			Mortgage Debt Outstanding (1)		Net Effective Rent		Physical Occupancy Rate	Percentage Owned by CROP
Alpha Mill	Charlotte, NC	267	830	May 2021	$	69,500		$	39,044	$	1,690	95.88%	73.71%
Cason Estates	Murfreesboro, TN	262	1,078	May 2021	51,400			37,462		1,509		94.66%	100.00%
Cottonwood Apartments	Salt Lake City, UT	264	834	May 2021	47,300			35,430		1,396		91.67%	100.00%
Cottonwood Bayview	St. Petersburg, FL	309	805	May 2021	95,900			71,417		2,508		95.47%	71.00%
Cottonwood Clermont	Clermont, FL	230	1,111	Sept 2022	85,000			34,961		2,056		92.61%	100.00%
Cottonwood Lighthouse Point (2)	Pompano Beach, FL	243	996	June 2022	95,500			47,964		2,251		92.59%	86.77%	(2)
Cottonwood Reserve	Charlotte, NC	352	1,021	May 2021	77,500			48,049		1,628		91.79%	91.14%
Cottonwood Ridgeview	Plano, TX	322	1,156	May 2021	72,930			65,300		1,879		93.48%	100.00%
Cottonwood West Palm (3)	West Palm Beach, FL	245	1,122	May 2019	66,900			47,978		2,424		95.10%	100.00%	(3)
Cottonwood Westside	Atlanta, GA	197	860	May 2021	47,900			26,986		1,724		95.94%	100.00%
Enclave on Golden Triangle	Keller, TX	273	1,048	May 2021	51,600			48,400		1,711		95.24%	98.93%
Fox Point	Salt Lake City, UT	398	841	May 2021	79,400			46,000		1,451		94.97%	52.75%
Heights at Meridian	Durham, NC	339	997	May 2021	79,900			53,401		1,609		93.81%	100.00%
Melrose	Nashville, TN	220	951	May 2021	67,400			56,600		1,843		93.18%	100.00%
Melrose Phase II	Nashville, TN	139	675	May 2021	40,350			32,400		1,583		93.53%	100.00%
Parc Westborough	Boston, MA	249	1,008	May 2021	74,000			12,400		2,372		96.39%	100.00%
Park Avenue	Salt Lake City, UT	234	714	May 2021	67,525		(4)	43,453		1,878		95.73%	100.00%
Pavilions	Albuquerque, NM	240	1,162	May 2021	61,100			58,500		1,800		92.08%	96.35%
Raveneaux	Houston, TX	382	1,065	May 2021	57,500			47,400		1,403		95.81%	96.97%
Regatta	Houston, TX	490	862	May 2021	48,100			35,367		1,076		91.00%	100.00%
Retreat at Peachtree City	Peachtree City, GA	312	980	May 2021	72,500			58,412		1,721		93.91%	100.00%
Scott Mountain	Portland, OR	262	927	May 2021	70,700			48,373		1,697		93.13%	95.80%
Stonebriar of Frisco	Frisco, TX	306	963	May 2021	59,200			53,600		1,573		95.10%	84.19%
Sugarmont	Salt Lake City, UT	341	904	May 2021	139,792		(4)	91,200		2,227		94.41%	99.00%	(5)
Summer Park	Buford, GA	358	1,064	May 2021	75,500			52,398		1,586		94.97%	98.68%
The Marq Highland Park (6)	Tampa, FL	239	999	May 2021	65,700			46,802		2,132		96.65%	100.00%
Toscana at Valley Ridge	Lewisville, TX	288	738	May 2021	47,700			32,571		1,307		96.53%	58.60%
Total / Weighted-Average		7,761	956		$	1,867,797		$	1,271,868	$	1,744	94.21%	92.00%
(1) Mortgage debt outstanding is shown as if CROP owned 100% of the property.
(2) On March 28, 2024, we acquired all of the outstanding tenant-in-common interests in Cottonwood Lighthouse Point from an unaffiliated third party in exchange for 259,246 CROP Units, increasing our ownership percentage to 100%.
(3) On February 29, 2024, we sold Cottonwood West Palm for net proceeds of $34.0 million.
(4) These purchase price amounts represent the acquisition date fair value plus subsequent capitalized costs on the projects placed in service.
(5) The one percent interest not owned by us has limited rights, including the right to control on behalf of the joint venture the prosecution and resolution of all litigation, claims, or causes of action that the joint venture has or may have against certain third parties associated with the design and construction of Sugarmont, as well as the obligation to defend any cross claims resulting from these actions.
(6) Data from commercial retail units are excluded from number of units and physical occupancy.

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Development Properties ($ in thousands)

Property Name	Market	Units to be Built	Average Unit Size (Sq Ft)	Purchase Date	Completion Date	Total Project Investment		Construction Debt Outstanding (1)		Percentage Owned by CROP
Cottonwood Broadway	Salt Lake City, UT	254	817	May 2021	4Q2023	$	77,435	$	41,891	100.00%
Cottonwood Highland (2)	Salt Lake City, UT	250	757	May 2021	4Q2023	65,085		39,790		36.93% (2)
805 Riverfront (3)	West Sacramento, CA	285	746	Sept 2023	4Q2023	101,334		48,310		(3)
The Westerly (4)	Salt Lake City, UT	198	808	May 2021 (4)	2Q2026	16,753		—		82.45%
Total		987				$	260,607	$	129,991
(1) Construction debt outstanding is shown as if CROP owned 100% of the development property.
(2) Excludes the commercial data in unit count. CROP’s percentage ownership is not proportionate to the total amount CROP invested in the project.
(3) As of December 31, 2023 we had a structured preferred equity investment in this project. Total project investment for 805 Riverfront represents amounts funded plus accrued interest as of December 31, 2023, the construction debt outstanding, and a preferred interest liability. Refer to Note 3