As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2020.

Registration No. 333-            

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

BERKELEY LIGHTS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	3826	35-2515390
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) 5858 Horton Street, Suite 320 Emeryville, California 94608 (510) 858-2855	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Eric D. Hobbs, Ph.D. Chief Executive Officer

5858 Horton Street, Suite 320 Emeryville, California 94608 (510) 858-2855

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Brian J. Cuneo Alexander White Latham & Watkins LLP 140 Scott Drive Menlo Park, California 94025 (650) 328-4600 Shaun M. Holt Chief Financial Officer 5858 Horton Street, Suite 320 Emeryville, California 94608 (510) 858-2855 Alan F. Denenberg Emily Roberts Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP 1600 El Camino Real Menlo Park, California 94025 (650) 752-2000

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement is declared effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.  ☐

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☒

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

Title of each class of securities to be registered	Proposed maximum aggregate offering price(1)	Amount of registration fee(2)
Common Stock, $0.00005 par value per share	$100,000,000	$12,980

(1) Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Includes the aggregate offering price of additional shares of common stock that the underwriters have the option to purchase.

(2) Calculated pursuant to Rule 457(o) based on an estimate of the proposed maximum aggregate offering price.

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject to completion, dated June 26, 2020

Preliminary prospectus

                shares

Berkeley Lights, Inc.

Common stock

This is the initial public offering of shares of common stock by Berkeley Lights, Inc. We are offering                  shares of our common stock. The estimated initial public offering price is between $            and $            per share.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. We have applied to list our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market under the trading symbol “BLI.”

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined under the federal securities laws and, as such, have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements for this prospectus and may elect to do so in future filings.

	Per share	Total
Initial public offering price	$	$
Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)	$	$
Proceeds to Berkeley Lights, Inc. before expenses	$	$

(1) See “Underwriting” for a description of the compensation payable to the underwriters.

We have granted the underwriters an option for a period of 30 days from the date of this prospectus to purchase up to                additional shares of common stock at the initial public offering price, less the underwriting discounts and commissions.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk factors” beginning on page 15 to read about factors you should consider before buying shares of our common stock.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed on the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares against payment in New York, New York on                , 2020.

J.P. Morgan	Morgan Stanley	Cowen
William Blair

Prospectus dated     , 2020

Table of contents

	Page
Prospectus summary		1
Risk factors		15
Special note regarding forward-looking statements		60
Market, industry and other data		62
Use of proceeds		63
Dividend policy		64
Capitalization		65
Dilution		67
Selected consolidated financial data		70
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations		74
Business		99
Management		135
Executive compensation		145
Certain relationships and related party transactions		156
Principal stockholders		160
Description of capital stock		163
Shares eligible for future sale		168
Material U.S. federal income tax consequences to Non-U.S. Holders		171
Underwriting		175
Legal matters		186
Experts		186
Where you can find more information		186
Index to audited consolidated financial statements		F-1

We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the shares of common stock offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus or in any applicable free writing prospectus is current only as of its date, regardless of its time of delivery or any sale of shares of our common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

Through and including                , 2020 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that effect transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers’ obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor any of the underwriters have taken any action that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons who have come into possession of this prospectus in a jurisdiction outside the United States are required to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus.

Prospectus summary

The following summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information you should consider in making your investment decision. Before investing in our common stock, you should read this entire prospectus carefully, especially the sections titled “Risk factors,” “Special note regarding forward looking statements” and “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Except as otherwise indicated herein or as the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to “Berkeley Lights,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Berkeley Lights, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary.

Overview

Berkeley Lights is a leading Digital Cell Biology company focused on enabling and accelerating the rapid development and commercialization of biotherapeutics and other cell-based products. The Berkeley Lights Platform captures deep phenotypic, functional and genotypic information for thousands of single cells in parallel and can also deliver the live biology customers desire in the form of the best cells. This is a new way to capture and interpret the qualitative language of biology and translate it into single-cell specific digital information, referred to as Digital Cell Biology. We currently focus on enabling the large and rapidly growing markets of antibody therapeutics, cell therapy and synthetic biology with our platform. Our goal is to establish the Berkeley Lights Platform as the standard throughout the cell-based product value chain by increasing the probability of successful product development for our customers.

Cells have tremendous capabilities and are an effective means to discover, develop and manufacture a wide range of products, including therapies for diseases, new and sustainable foods and industrial materials. Harnessing these capabilities requires finding and using the best cells, which can result in finding the next blockbuster drug or saving millions of dollars per year on manufacturing costs. However, biology is extremely complex and not deterministic. Cells are microscopic factories that make minute amounts of a variety of valuable proteins, such as antibodies, and therefore require a high degree of precision when analyzed individually. Finding the best cell can require searching through millions of cells, or often even more challenging, starting with a limited sample of precious cells. Finding the best cells requires more than just capturing a cell’s genetic code, it requires the deep understanding generated by functional characterization across many parameters, a process we call Deep Opto Profiling. Many existing methods to perform functional characterization of single cells are manual and fragmented processes that we believe do not scale to meet the significant challenges of measuring biological complexity. Furthermore, methods that characterize larger numbers of cells in bulk lack single-cell precision or operate at single-cell resolution but without functional validation of that cell. Cell-based product development requires living, functionally validated cells. We believe today’s methods functionally characterize insufficiently and too late in the process. We believe that harnessing the cell’s true capability, to develop biotherapeutics and other cell-based products, requires functional characterization of living single cells at large scale, cost effectively and in an integrated manner, early in the value chain.

We developed the Berkeley Lights Platform to provide the most advanced environment for rapid functional characterization of single cells at scale. The Berkeley Lights Platform consists of advanced automated systems that analyze live cells using proprietary consumables and application and workflow software to deliver robust single cell data. Our platform first characterizes the performance of cells relevant to the desired cell-based product early in the process and then connects this phenotypic data to the genetic code for each cell. In contrast, current genomic technologies find sequences first and fail to deliver the functional information early

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in the process. Performing functional validation early means letting poorly performing cells fail early, while rapidly advancing the best candidates forward, before incurring significant research and development expense. Our platform repeats this process of fail and advance many times throughout the process, delivering the best cells for what we believe will deliver the best product. We believe our platform rapidly provides the deepest information, with linked phenotypic and genotypic data, on tens of thousands of live single cells relevant to the customers’ end product specifications. We believe we are the only company exclusively focused on this approach to Digital Cell Biology, and we believe this level of scale and precision is not attainable with other approaches. This allows our customers to find the best cells by:

• Performing rapid functional characterization of tens of thousands of single cells in parallel;

• Precisely controlling the environment around each cell, and maintaining cells in a healthy state for further use;

• Accessing a high degree of cell biodiversity;

• Deep Opto Profiling of the relevant phenotypic characteristics, at single-cell resolution over time and connecting this to the genotypic information for each cell;

• Performing a broad range of workflows, including single-cell assays, on an integrated platform; and

• Digitally aggregating, accessing and analyzing a rich data library for each single cell.

Using our platform, customers can perform functional characterization of single cells at scale, effectively, more often and early in the product development process. We believe this enables them to find the best cells and best product candidates earlier and faster in their processes to:

• Accelerate their product development cycles;

• Improve process yield and lower costs throughout their value chain;

• Enable a broad range of complex therapeutic modalities in biopharmaceuticals;

• Increase the probability of successfully developing cell-based products;

• Achieve revenue from their cell-based products sooner and potentially extend the product lifetime on the market prior to patent expiration; and

• Increase return on investment for their cell-based products.

Our platform is a fully integrated, end-to-end solution, comprised of proprietary consumables, including our OptoSelect chips and reagent kits, advanced automation systems and advanced application and workflow software. Customers load onto our system their live cell samples, as well as media and reagents, then the cells are imported onto our OptoSelect chips where integrated workflows are performed to assess specific cell functions and attributes. Our platform captures and delivers rich single-cell data to find the best cells. We believe this brings common biological cell processing into the digital age. Our platform leverages proprietary OptoElectro Positioning (OEP) technology, which enables deterministic positioning of living single cells and other micro-objects using light. OEP is a core technology of our platform and allows for a high level of control over live single cells or other micro-objects throughout the functional characterization process.

We estimate that the combined end market sales of cell-based products in antibody therapeutics, cell therapy and synthetic biology were $148 billion in 2019 and are expected to grow to $255 billion by 2024 at 11% CAGR.

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While our platform is currently utilized primarily in the discovery and development stages of the value chain and marketed as research use only, or RUO, we believe that the capabilities of our platform will enable us to capture an increasingly greater share of our addressable market opportunity and the value chain across the cell-based product industries, including being incorporated into the commercial manufacturing process. Our platform may also enable us to develop biological assets to potentially participate in revenue in the cell-based product end markets. In order to fully serve our addressable market, including being incorporated into the commercial manufacturing process of cell-based therapeutics, we must apply for and receive authorization of our products and any resulting therapies would have to receive marketing approval from the FDA and/or other regulatory agencies. In addition, we must increase the reliability of our platform and workflow yields in order to continue to penetrate these markets and scale our customer base.

We believe we have established a solid foundation, from which to drive adoption of our platform across multiple markets, and across the value chain of cell-based product companies. As of December 31, 2019, our customer base was comprised of 45 customers, which include eight of the ten largest biopharmaceutical companies in the world ranked by 2019 revenue who comprised 18% of our revenue in 2019, biotechnology companies, leading contract research organizations, synthetic biology companies and academic institutions. Many of these customers are recent adopters and we believe there is significant opportunity to expand the use of our workflows and capitalize further throughout their value chains.

We drive customer adoption globally within our initial target markets, antibody therapeutics, cell therapy and synthetic biology, through business development efforts, a direct sales and marketing organization in the United States, parts of Europe and China and third party distributors and dealers in Asia.

As of March 31, 2020, we had 210 full-time employees, including 77 employees with Ph.D. degrees.

Our revenue has to date primarily been driven by early adopters of our technology for research and development purposes. Revenue was $31.3 million and $56.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively, and $12.6 million and $13.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively. We generated net losses of $23.3 million and $18.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively, and $4.2 million and $8.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

Digital Cell Biology enabled by the Berkeley Lights Platform

The Berkeley Lights Platform is a fully integrated, end-to-end solution, comprised of proprietary consumables, including our OptoSelect chips and reagent kits, advanced automation systems and advanced application and workflow software:

• OptoSelect chips—Proprietary single-use opto-fluidic chips on which thousands of single cells are functionally characterized in parallel. Aided by our software, these chips use OEP to select and move thousands of cells and other micro-objects in parallel through a microfluidic circuit into individual nanoliter sized chambers we call NanoPens, located on the chips. Within the NanoPens, our platform can precisely control the environment, perform a large variety of single-cell assays and record with high resolution imaging each single cell over time, providing a predictable analytical window into live single-cell biology. Our OptoSelect chips contain up to 14,000 individual NanoPens on a single chip and are compatible with both mammalian and non-mammalian cells.

• Reagent kits—Support on-chip phenotypic and genotypic single-cell assays and off-chip processes for upstream and downstream analysis and support multiple species and cell types. We also supply media and media additives for certain cell types.

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• Advanced automation systems—Three advanced automation systems, Beacon and Lightning, which are designed to run our proprietary workflows, and Culture Station, which allows our customers to increase the throughput of workflows requiring high volume, multi-day cell culture. Beacon can run workflows on four chips in parallel, utilizing up to 56,000 NanoPens, while Lightning runs workflows on one chip at a time.

• Advanced application and workflow software—Tailored software packages that enable customers to design, automate and scale reproducible workflows and collect, aggregate, analyze and report data on each cell in each NanoPen, far beyond what we believe is possible with current manual workflows.

We believe our platform is well suited for supporting a distributed biological processing infrastructure by leveraging automation, standardization, commercial workflows, assay libraries and deep phenotypic profiling at the single-cell level; and, in the future, all accessible via the cloud at the point of care at any location, close to the patient, around the world. In contrast to traditional highly centralized infrastructure, we believe our platform can dramatically improve the ability to respond to emerging diseases around the world where they occur.

Our workflow and assay library

Our commercial workflows, each of which are distinct offerings, are made up of four modules we call Import, Culture, Assay and Export. These modules can be adapted, interchanged and deployed with a variety of single-cell assays to address specific applications and a variety of cell types. We believe this versatility facilitates rapid development of new workflow offerings and virtually unlimited workflow commercialization opportunities. We have developed and will continue to develop and commercialize proprietary workflows across large markets by leveraging existing workflows and assays. Over time, our goal is to enable customers to standardize many of their processes on our platform utilizing our workflows. We believe we are the only company commercializing a platform that can do this in a scalable way.

To drive new workflow development, we created our Berkeley Lights BioFoundry, which we believe represents the largest single location capacity for functionally characterizing cells. In our BioFoundry, we practice and develop workflows and functional assays that are applicable throughout the value chain of our target markets. Leveraging our BioFoundry’s capacity and the precision of our platform, we can also look deep into the immune repertoire to discover difficult to find proprietary biological assets, such as antibodies and T cell receptors, or TCRs, that may offer commercialization opportunities.

We have grown our workflow library with increasing velocity since the introduction of our first workflow in December of 2016, and as of May 31, 2020, we offered six commercial workflows, incorporating sixteen assays and eleven cell classes. Our current workflows target customers in the antibody therapeutics, cell therapy and synthetic biology markets. Commonalities among certain workflows used to functionally characterize single cells in one market allow us to leverage the workflows developed for that market to improve and accelerate workflow development timelines for another market and facilitate adoption of our platform across markets.

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The output of a workflow is to recover the best cells and best product candidates through Deep Opto Profiling by recording critical data such as relevant phenotypic characteristics, genotypic information and real-time continuous images on thousands of cells, on an individual cell basis. We believe Deep Opto Profiling delivers a significant amount of relevant phenotypic, genotypic and imaging information for each single cell, across a number of interconnected dimensions, allowing our customers to find the best cells for their desired products.

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Market opportunity

We believe that the capabilities of our platform will enable us to capture an increasingly greater share of the value chain across cell-based product industries, beyond target and cell identification, and drive long-term expansion of our addressable market opportunities, including being incorporated into the commercial manufacturing process. Our current workflows target customers in the antibody therapeutics, cell therapy and synthetic biology markets. We estimate that end market sales of cell-based products in antibody therapeutics, cell therapy and synthetic biology were approximately $148 billion in 2019 and are expected to grow to $255 billion by 2024 at an 11% CAGR. We believe there are approximately 1,600 companies, academic institutions, and governmental and other organizations currently focused on developing cell-based products and we estimate our total addressable market to be approximately $23 billion, which includes addressable markets of approximately $6 billion in antibody therapeutics, approximately $15 billion in cell therapy and approximately $2 billion in synthetic biology. Our estimates of our total addressable markets are based on potential customer research and development spending, addressable aspects of potential customers’ end product development process, and potential platform usage. We also utilize estimated penetration and placement rates for our platform with potential customers in our target markets and historical patterns for consumables usage.

Our platform has capabilities applicable across these large markets. The precision and scale of our platform enable the discovery of rare antibodies that might only be 1 in 100,000 cells or 1 in 1,000,000. Our advanced antibody discovery workflows can be utilized for new complex modalities such as multi-specific antibodies, as well as in the rapid discovery of antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 near the point of outbreak. We believe our ability to place our platform locally at the point of pathogen emergence increases the ability to rapidly respond to diseases as compared to being restricted to a remote, centralized response. Being in proximity to the point of care is not only important for viral response, but also for treating diseases such as cancer with autologous cell therapies.

Business model and platform access

Our business model is focused on driving the adoption of the Berkeley Lights Platform and maximizing its use across our customers’ value chains. This is achieved by enabling more functional testing of single cells throughout our customers’ value chains and by finding opportunities for customers to perform single-cell functional testing earlier in their product development process to advance better product candidates. We engage with potential customers to identify a significant challenge they are facing and then evaluate which of our workflows and underlying assays can address their problem. Customers can gain access to our platform via direct purchase, subscription or strategic partnership. In many cases, we can address customers’ needs with existing or variants of existing workflows. Alternately, we may form strategic partnerships to develop substantially new workflows with our customers to address their needs. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, revenue was $21.2 million and $39.1 million from direct purchase (or 68% and 69%, respectively), respectively, none and $89,000 from subscription (or 0% for both periods), respectively, and $6.9 million and $9.6 million from strategic partnerships (or 22% and 17%, respectively), respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020, revenue was $9.0 million and $9.4 million from direct purchase (or 71% and 69%, respectively), respectively, none and $55,000 from subscription (or 0% for both periods), respectively, and $2.3 million and $1.9 million from strategic partnerships (or 18% and 13%, respectively), respectively.

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Our growth strategy

Our goal is to establish the Berkeley Lights Platform as the standard throughout the cell-based product value chain and drive substantial conversion of current cell biology workflows on to our platform. Our growth strategy is comprised of the following elements:

• Drive new customer adoption of the Berkeley Lights Platform;

• Expand the utilization of workflows across our customers’ value chains;

• Increase the value of our workflows to our customers;

• Drive utilization of our workflows and adoption of our platform across multiple customer sites;

• Develop and monetize proprietary biological assets from our BioFoundry; and

• Expand adoption of the Berkeley Lights Platform into new markets.

Risks associated with our business

Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted under “Risk factors” immediately following this prospectus summary. These risks include, among others, the following:

• We have incurred significant losses since inception, we expect to incur losses in the future and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve and maintain profitability.

• Our success depends on the success of our Berkeley Lights Platform and market acceptance of Digital Cell Biology. Our Berkeley Lights Platform and Digital Cell Biology may not achieve or maintain significant commercial market acceptance.

• It may be difficult for us to implement our strategies for improving growth.

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• Our limited operating history and rapid revenue growth make it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risks and challenges we may encounter.

• Historically, our revenue has been primarily generated from direct platform sales, largely driven by Beacon, which requires a substantial sales cycle and is prone to quarterly fluctuations in revenue.

• We may not successfully implement our strategy to provide customers access to our platform and Digital Cell Biology through alternative non-direct capital sales channels, including our subscription, partnering and services offerings.

• The Berkeley Lights Platform is comprised of OptoSelect chips and reagent kits, advanced automation systems and advanced application and workflow software, which may contain undetected errors or defects and may not meet the expectations of our customers, which means our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could suffer.

• Public health crises such as pandemics or similar outbreaks could cause a disruption of the development of our platform technologies and products, and adversely impact our business.

• If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for our technology, including the Berkeley Lights Platform, or if the scope of the intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our products may be impaired.

Implications of being an emerging growth company

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting requirements and is relieved of certain other significant requirements that are otherwise generally applicable to public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include, but are not limited to:

• reduced obligations with respect to financial data, including presenting only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations in this prospectus;

• reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this prospectus and in our periodic reports and proxy statements;

• an exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; and

• exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and the requirement to obtain stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (1) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the consummation of this offering, (2) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, (3) the last day of the fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeded

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$700.0 million as of the last business day of the second fiscal quarter of such year or (4) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain new or revised accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and we have adopted and will continue to adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Corporate information

We were incorporated in Delaware in 2011 as Berkeley Lights, Inc. Our offices are located at 5858 Horton Street, Suite 320, Emeryville, California 94608. Our telephone number is (510) 858-2855. Our corporate website is www.berkeleylights.com. The information contained on or that can be accessed through our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

This prospectus includes our trademarks and trade names, including, without limitation, Berkeley Lights, Inc.^™, Beacon^®, OptoSelect^™, NanoPen^™, Lightning^™, Culture Station^™ and our Berkeley Lights logo, which are our property and are protected under applicable U.S. and foreign intellectual property laws. This prospectus also includes trademarks, tradenames and service marks that are the property of other organizations. Solely for convenience, our trademarks and tradenames referred to elsewhere in this prospectus appear without any “^™” or “^®” symbol, but those references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of any applicable licensor, to these trademarks and tradenames.

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The offering

Common stock offered by us             shares

Underwriters option to purchase additional shares We have granted the underwriters an option to purchase up to                  additional shares of common stock from us. The underwriters can exercise this option at any time within 30 days from the date of this prospectus.

Common stock to be outstanding immediately after this offering             shares (or             shares if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares)

Use of proceeds We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $             million, or $             million if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares, assuming an initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

We currently expect to use our net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, for general corporate purposes, including working capital, and funding our research and development and sales and marketing activities. We may also use a portion of the remaining net proceeds, if any, to acquire complementary businesses, products, services or technologies, including scientific expertise. However, we do not have agreements or commitments for any acquisitions at this time. See “Use of proceeds” on page 61 for a more complete description of the intended use of proceeds from this offering.

Risk factors See “Risk factors” beginning on page 15 and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors that you should consider carefully before deciding to invest in our common stock.

Proposed Nasdaq Global Market trading symbol “BLI”

The number of shares of common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on 107,087,928 shares of common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2020, which includes 100,924,592 shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of all outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock as of March 31, 2020 and excludes:

• 20,913,455 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of March 31, 2020, with a weighted-average exercise price of $2.60 per share;

• 56,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options granted after March 31, 2020, with a weighted-average exercise price of $5.40 per share;

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• 1,809,390 shares of common stock that were reserved for future issuance as of March 31, 2020 under our 2011 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, or the 2011 Plan (without giving effect to the issuance of stock options to purchase 56,000 shares of common stock subsequent to March 31, 2020 described above), which will become available for issuance under our 2020 Incentive Award Plan, or the 2020 Plan, upon the effectiveness of the 2020 Plan;

• 273,038 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of an outstanding warrant to purchase shares of our convertible preferred stock that will convert into a warrant exercisable for an equal number of shares of common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering, as of March 31, 2020, with an exercise price of $2.93 per share;

•             shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2020 Plan, which will become effective on the day prior to the first public trading date of our common stock, as well as any automatic increases in the number of shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under this plan; and

•             shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, which will become effective on the day prior to the first public trading date of our common stock, as well as any automatic increases in the number of shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under this plan.

Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus assumes or gives effect to:

• the conversion of all shares of our convertible preferred stock outstanding as of March 31, 2020, into an aggregate of 100,924,592 shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering;

• the conversion of our outstanding warrant to purchase 273,038 shares of our convertible preferred stock into a warrant to purchase 273,038 shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering;

• the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and the adoption of our amended and restated bylaws, which will occur immediately prior to the completion of this offering;

• no exercise of the outstanding options or warrants subsequent to March 31, 2020; and

• no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares.

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Summary consolidated financial data

The following tables set forth a summary of our consolidated financial and other data for the periods and as of the dates indicated. The summary consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The summary consolidated statements of operations data for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020, and the summary consolidated balance sheet data as of March 31, 2020, are derived from our unaudited consolidated interim financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our unaudited consolidated interim financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP, on the same basis as our audited consolidated financial statements and include, in the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, that are necessary for the fair presentation of the financial information set forth in those financial statements. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our future results for any period and our results for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of results expected for the year ending December 31, 2020. You should read this data together with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and the information under the captions “Selected consolidated financial data” and “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations.” The summary financial data included in this section are not intended to replace the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

	Year ended December 31,						Three months ended March 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	2018			2019			2019			2020
							(unaudited)
Consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss data:
Revenue:
Product revenue	$	22,882		$	43,460		$	9,527		$	10,683
Service revenue		8,417			13,233			3,114			3,095
Total revenue		31,299			56,693			12,641			13,778
Cost of sales:
Product cost of sales		6,585			11,245			2,456			2,620
Service cost of sales		1,596			1,972			340			1,179
Total cost of sales		8,181			13,217			2,796			3,799
Gross profit		23,118			43,476			9,845			9,979
Operating expenses:
Research and development(1)		29,077			38,414			8,743			10,976
General and administrative(1)		9,069			12,362			2,642			3,997
Sales and marketing(1)		6,131			9,237			1,837			3,234
Total operating expenses		44,277			60,013			13,222			18,207
Loss from operations		(21,159	)		(16,537	)		(3,377	)		(8,228	)
Other income (expense):
Interest expense		(2,204	)		(1,425	)		(354	)		(357	)
Interest income		872			909			232			151
Other income (expense), net		(777	)		(1,180	)		(687	)		25
Loss before income taxes		(23,268	)		(18,233	)		(4,186	)		(8,409	)
Provision for income taxes		69			69			19			16
Net loss and net comprehensive loss	$	(23,337	)	$	(18,302	)	$	(4,205	)		(8,425	)

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	Year ended December 31,						Three months ended March 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	2018			2019			2019			2020
							(unaudited)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders per share, basic and diluted(2)	$	(5.09	)	$	(3.73	)	$	(0.92	)	$	(1.51	)
Weighted-average shares used in calculating net loss per share, basic and diluted(2)		5,210,272			5,767,931			5,435,117			6,095,977
Pro forma net loss attributable to common stockholders per share, basic and diluted (unaudited) (2)				$	(0.17	)				$	(0.08	)
Weighted-average shares used in computing pro forma net loss per share, basic and diluted (unaudited)(2)					106,692,523						107,020,569
Other financial and operating data (unaudited):
Adjusted EBITDA(3)	$	(14,976	)	$	(7,935	)	$	(1,405	)	$	(5,730	)

(1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows:

	Year ended December 31,				Three months ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2018		2019		2019		2020
					(unaudited)
Cost of sales	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6
Research and development		1,040		1,672		398		511
General and administrative		678		1,763		324		529
Sales and marketing		268		325		92		133
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,986	$	3,760	$	814	$	1,179

(2) See Note 2 and Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further details on the calculation of net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted, the weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted, and unaudited pro forma information.

(3) Adjusted EBITDA is a non-United States generally accepted accounting principle, or GAAP, financial measure that we define as net loss adjusted for interest expense, interest income, other income (expense), net, provision for income taxes, depreciation and stock-based compensation expenses. See the section titled “Selected consolidated financial data” for a reconciliation between Adjusted EBITDA and net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, and a discussion about the limitations of Adjusted EBITDA.

The table below presents our consolidated balance sheet data as of March 31, 2020 on:

• an actual basis;

• a pro forma basis, to reflect: (i) the conversion of all of the outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock as of March 31, 2020 into an aggregate of 100,924,592 shares of common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and (ii) the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and

• a pro forma as adjusted basis, giving effect to the pro forma adjustments discussed above, and giving further effect to the sale of                 shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $                per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

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	As of March 31, 2020
(in thousands)	Actual			Pro forma			Pro forma as adjusted(1)
	(unaudited)			(unaudited)			(unaudited)
Consolidated balance sheet data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	70,306		$	70,306		$
Working capital(2)		79,611			79,611
Total assets		122,778			122,778
Total liabilities		46,098			46,098
Total convertible preferred stock		224,769			—
Accumulated deficit		(158,725	)		(158,725	)
Total stockholders’ equity		76,680			76,680

(1) The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only and will depend on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $                per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease, as applicable, each of our pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, working capital, total assets and total stockholders’ (deficit) equity by approximately $                million, assuming the number of shares of common stock offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase or decrease of 1.0 million shares of common stock offered by us would increase or decrease, as applicable, each of our pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, working capital, total assets and total stockholders’ (deficit) equity by approximately $                million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price of $                per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

(2) Working capital is calculated as current assets less current liabilities. See our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus for further details regarding our current assets and current liabilities.

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Risk factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information in this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations,” before deciding whether to invest in our common stock. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In such an event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations.

Risks related to our business and strategy

We have incurred significant losses since inception, we expect to incur losses in the future and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve and maintain profitability.

We have incurred significant losses since our inception. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, we incurred net losses of $23.3 million and $18.3 million, respectively, and for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020, we incurred net losses of $4.2 million and $8.4 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $158.7 million. We expect that our operating expenses will continue to increase as we grow our business and will also increase as a result of our becoming a public company. Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily from private placements of our convertible preferred stock, the incurrence of indebtedness, and to a lesser extent, revenue derived from our Berkeley Lights Platform. We have devoted substantially all of our resources to the development and commercialization of our Berkeley Lights Platform and to research and development activities related to advancing and expanding our scientific and technological capabilities. We will need to generate significant additional revenue to achieve and sustain profitability, and even if we achieve profitability, we cannot be sure that we will remain profitable for any substantial period of time. We may never be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve or sustain profitability and our recent and historical growth should not be considered indicative of our future performance.

Our success depends on the success of our Berkeley Lights Platform and market acceptance of Digital Cell Biology. Our Berkeley Lights Platform and Digital Cell Biology may not achieve or maintain significant commercial market acceptance.

Our commercial success is dependent upon our ability to continue to successfully market and sell our Berkeley Lights Platform and provide customers access to Digital Cell Biology. Our ability to achieve and maintain commercial market acceptance of our Berkeley Lights Platform and provide customers access to Digital Cell Biology will depend on a number of factors, including:

• our ability to increase awareness of the capabilities of our technology and solutions;

• our customers’ willingness to adopt new technologies and workflows;

• whether our platform reliably provides advantages over legacy and other alternative technologies and is perceived by customers to be cost effective;

• our ability to execute on our strategy to provide multiple channels to access our Berkeley Lights Platform and Digital Cell Biology;

• the rate of adoption of our platform and solutions by biopharmaceutical companies, academic institutions and others;

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• prices we charge for a direct purchase of, or other access to, our platform;

• the relative reliability and robustness of our platform as a whole and the components of our platform, including, for example, Beacon, Lightning and Culture Station;

• our ability to develop new workflows and solutions for customers;

• if competitors develop and commercialize a platform that performs functional testing of cells at scale;

• the timing and scope of any approval that may be required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for our next generation products and/or solutions;

• the impact of our investments in product innovation and commercial growth;

• negative publicity regarding our or our competitors’ products resulting from defects or errors; and

• our ability to further validate our technology through research and accompanying publications.

We cannot assure you that we will be successful in addressing each of these criteria or other criteria that might affect the market acceptance of our products. If we are unsuccessful in achieving and maintaining market acceptance of our products, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected.

Historically, our revenue has been primarily generated from direct platform sales, largely driven by Beacon, which requires a substantial sales cycle and is prone to quarterly fluctuations in revenue.

We made our first commercial sale of Beacon in the United States in December 2016. Direct platform sales of Beacon and Lightning together accounted for 68% and 69% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively, and 71% and 69% of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively. We expect that, for at least the foreseeable future, direct capital sales of our Berkeley Lights Platform will continue to account for a substantial portion of our revenue while we develop alternative access channels to our platform and Digital Cell Biology. The sales cycle for capital equipment is slow and can take multiple quarters to complete. In addition, many purchases of our platform involve significant customization of the terms of the transaction requiring additional time and effort to negotiate and complete the sale, and several components of our systems require an order lead time of six months to ten months. Furthermore, in certain situations we have entered into feasibility study arrangements in advance of a direct sale in order to provide a customer with additional information to make the purchase decision and in such arrangements workflows may be customized for or by customers, a process which can be time consuming. As a result of this lengthy and unpredictable sales cycle, until such time as we establish a significant recurring revenue channel, we will be prone to quarterly fluctuations in our revenue as capital sales of our Berkeley Lights Platform will continue to comprise a significant component of our revenue. We may not be successful in increasing the proportion of revenue we derive from non-direct capital sales channels, in which case we will continue to depend on direct sales of our Berkeley Lights Platform for a significant portion of our revenue and our revenue will continue to fluctuate accordingly.

It may be difficult for us to implement our strategies for improving growth.

Our success will depend on our ability to grow market penetration in existing markets and our ability to identify new applications for our technologies to capture a greater share of the cell-based product value chain. Our ability to grow our market penetration in existing markets will depend on our ability to attract new customers by increasing awareness of the capabilities of our technology and solutions. Future revenue growth will also depend on our ability to develop and market new workflows, technologies and solutions to meet our existing customers’ evolving needs, as well as our ability to identify new applications and customers for our technology

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in additional markets beyond the antibody therapeutics, cell therapy and synthetic biology markets. As we continue to scale our business, we may find that certain of our products, certain customers or certain markets, including the biopharmaceutical market, may require a dedicated sales force or sales personnel with different experience than those we currently employ. Identifying, recruiting and training additional qualified personnel would require significant time, expense and attention. If we are unable to drive new customer conversion to Digital Cell Biology, expand adoption of Digital Cell Biology into new industries and markets, expand the application of workflows across our customers’ value chains, increase the usage and value of our workflows to our customers or develop and monetize proprietary biological assets, then our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected.

We may not successfully implement our strategy to provide customers access to our platform and Digital Cell Biology through alternative non-direct capital sales channels, including our subscription, partnering and services offerings.

Our ability to execute our growth strategy depends upon our ability to increase the adoption of the Berkeley Lights Platform. Historically, access to our platform was only available through direct capital sales of our systems. We have only recently implemented a strategy providing customers access to our platform through alternative channels, including through subscriptions, strategic partnerships or contracts for our services. Our ability to execute on these alternative access channels is unproven. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in developing these alternative access channels nor that any of them will gain market acceptance. Our failure to execute on this strategy will cause us to remain dependent on lengthy capital equipment sales and our revenue will continue to fluctuate accordingly.

Our revenue under our customer sales engagements, program agreements and strategic partnerships for any particular period can be difficult to forecast.

Because of the complexities and long sales cycles inherent in our business, including, in particular, certain customer feasibility study agreements and collaboration and development agreements, it is difficult to predict the timing of a customer’s purchase of our system and of the performance and completion of milestones under our customer and collaboration agreements. As a result, our revenue for any particular period can be difficult to forecast, especially in light of the challenging and inconsistent global macroeconomic environment and related market uncertainty. Our revenue may grow at a slower rate than in past periods or even decline on a year-over-year basis. For example, under our collaboration agreement with Ginkgo Bioworks, or Ginkgo, we are eligible to receive certain minimum annual payments from Ginkgo for purchases and services, as well as milestone payments upon the achievement of certain development and regulatory milestones resulting from the use of certain of our proprietary workflows. However, we are unable to predict with precision whether and the extent to which Ginkgo will exceed the minimum annual payments under our agreement, or the timing of the achievement of any milestones under the agreement, if achieved at all. In some cases, the timing and likelihood of payments to us under these agreements is dependent on our customers’ successful utilization of our products and workflows, which is outside of our control. Because of these factors, our operating results could vary materially from quarter to quarter from our forecasts.

If we cannot maintain our current relationships with customers, fail to sustain recurring sources of revenue with our existing customers, or if we fail to enter into new relationships, our future operating results would be adversely affected as a general matter.

In the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, revenue from our top five customers accounted for 40% and 35% of our total revenue, respectively, of which 8% and 10%, respectively, was from recurring revenue. In the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020, revenue from our top five customers accounted for 87% and 69% of our total revenue, respectively, of which 5% and 3%, respectively, was from recurring revenue. The

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revenue attributable to these customers may fluctuate in the future, which could have an adverse effect on our business financial condition, results of operations and prospects. For example, we rely on field of use or workflow license fees as a source of recurring revenue from our customers. These field of use license fees are paid annually by our customers in consideration of continued use of workflows in specified fields of use in accordance with the terms of the agreement with the customer. However, our ability to monitor the specific fields of use and enforce the payment of these corresponding fees is limited. Additionally, customers may use our platform or workflows in ways that violate the contractual field of use and we may not be able to access additional revenue for these expanded uses. In addition, the termination of these relationships could result in a temporary or permanent loss of revenue.

Our future success depends on our ability to maintain these relationships, to increase our penetration among these existing customers and to establish new relationships. We engage in conversations with other companies and institutions regarding potential commercial opportunities on an ongoing basis, which can be time consuming. There is no assurance that any of these conversations will result in a commercial agreement, or if an agreement is reached, that the resulting relationship will be successful. Additionally, our field of use licensing model may lengthen the negotiations of, or prevent the successful conclusion of, commercial agreements with our potential customers due to such potential customer’s concerns with paying such recurring revenue. Speculation in the industry about our existing or potential commercial relationships can be a catalyst for adverse speculation about us, our products and our technology, which can adversely affect our reputation and our business.

We cannot assure investors that we will be able to further penetrate our existing markets or that our products will gain adequate market acceptance. Any failure to increase penetration in our existing markets would adversely affect our ability to improve our operating results.

Our operating results have fluctuated significantly in the past and may fluctuate significantly in the future, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations.

Our quarterly and annual operating results have fluctuated significantly in the past and may fluctuate significantly in the future, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. These fluctuations may occur due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including, but not limited to:

• the level of demand for our platform and solutions, which may vary significantly;

• the length of time of the sales cycle for purchases of our systems, including lead time needed to develop custom workflows or to manufacture component parts;

• our ability to successfully implement alternative non-capital purchase channels, including subscription, partnership and services offerings and the design of any such alternatives;

• the timing and cost of, and level of investment in, research, development, regulatory approval and commercialization activities relating to our products, which may change from time to time;

• the start and completion of projects in which our development services are utilized;

• the relative reliability and robustness of our platform, including our systems;

• the introduction of new products or product enhancements by us or others in our industry;

• expenditures that we may incur to acquire, develop or commercialize additional products and technologies;

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• changes in governmental regulations or in the status of our regulatory approvals or applications;

• future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies; and

• general market conditions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors.

The effect of one of the factors discussed above, or the cumulative effects of a combination of factors discussed above, could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance.

Our limited operating history and rapid revenue growth make it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risks and challenges we may encounter.

We completed our first commercial platform sale in December 2016 and have experienced significant revenue growth in recent periods. Revenue increased 81% to $56.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to $31.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. In addition, we operate in highly competitive markets characterized by rapid technological advances and our business has, and we expect it to continue, to evolve over time to remain competitive. Our limited operating history, evolving business and rapid growth make it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risks and challenges we may encounter and may increase the risk that we will not continue to grow at or near historical rates.

If we fail to address the risks and difficulties that we face, including those described elsewhere in this “Risk factors” section, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected. We have encountered in the past, and will encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies with limited operating histories in rapidly changing industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan and operate our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected.

New product and workflow development involves a lengthy and complex process and we may be unable to develop or commercialize products and workflows on a timely basis, or at all.

Products and workflows from our research and development programs will take time and considerable resources to develop, and may include improvements or changes to our systems, software and consumables, and we may not be able to complete development and commercialize them on a timely basis, or at all. There can be no assurance that our programs will produce commercial products and solutions and before we can commercialize any new products or workflows, we will need to expend significant funds in order to:

• conduct substantial research and development, which may include validation studies and potentially clinical trials;

• further develop and scale our laboratory, engineering and manufacturing processes to accommodate different products and workflows;

• further develop and scale our infrastructure to be able to analyze increasingly large amounts of data; and

• utilize data and analytical insights generated from running workflows on our current systems in our research and development programs in order to advance these programs.

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Our product and workflow development processes involve a high degree of risk, and these efforts may be delayed or fail for many reasons, including:

• failure of the product or workflow to perform as expected; and

• failure to reliably demonstrate the process advantages of our products or workflows.

In addition, if we are unable to generate additional data and insights from our research and development programs, then we may not be able to advance these programs as quickly, or at all, or without significant additional investment, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our product and workflow development efforts.

Even if we are successful in developing new products or workflows, it will require us to make significant additional investments in marketing and selling resources in order to commercialize any such products or workflows. As a result, we may be unsuccessful in commercializing new products or workflows that we develop, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The Berkeley Lights Platform is comprised of OptoSelect chips and reagent kits, advanced automation systems and advanced application and workflow software, which may contain undetected errors or defects and may not meet the expectations of our customers, which means our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could suffer.

Our platform is comprised of OptoSelect chips and reagent kits, advanced automation systems and advanced application and workflow software, and may contain undetected errors or defects when first introduced or as new products are released. Disruptions or other performance problems with our platform or with the components that comprise our platform, including our proprietary workflows or those designed by our customers, may adversely impact our customers’ research or business, harm our reputation and result in reduced revenue or increased costs associated with repairs or replacements. If that occurs, we may also incur significant costs, the attention of our key personnel could be diverted or other significant customer relations problems may arise. We may also be subject to warranty claims or breach of contract for damages related to errors or defects in our solutions. Additionally, we may be subject to legal claims arising from any defects or errors in our platform, and in the workflows, systems and consumables that comprise our platform.

Our success depends on, among other things, the market’s confidence that the Berkeley Lights Platform is capable of substantially shortening the amount of time necessary to perform certain research activities as compared to the use of legacy and other alternative technologies, and will enable more efficient or improved pharmaceutical and biotechnology product development. We believe that pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are likely to be particularly sensitive to product defects and errors in the use of our platform, including if our platform fails to deliver meaningful acceleration of certain research timelines accompanied by results at least as good as the results generated using legacy or other alternative technologies. There can be no guarantee that our platform will meet the expectations of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.

The complexity of our products and workflows and the amount of lead time required to deliver products and workflows to our customers have caused in the past, and may cause in the future, delays in releasing new products and workflows. In addition, we have experienced in the past, and may experience in the future, challenges with respect to the reliability of our systems and workflow yields. If there are delays in delivering our products or workflows to our customers or if our products or workflows fail to substantially shorten the amount of time necessary to perform certain research activities as compared to the use of legacy and other alternative technologies, or fail to generate reliable results for our customers, it could reduce or delay our revenue, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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These complexities also require that we train our customers to operate them, which is expensive and time-consuming, in some instances, taking up to two weeks to complete. Any misuse of our products or workflows, including as a result of inadequate training, could cause our products or workflows not to perform as expected or to fail to demonstrate the process advantages of our products and workflows. The training requirement may also deter some customers from utilizing our products or workflows. Any of these results could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Repair or replacement costs due to warranties we provide on our products and consumables could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We provide a one-year assurance-type warranty on our system and chip consumables. Existing and future warranties place us at the risk of incurring future repair and/or replacement costs. At the time revenue is recognized, we establish an accrual for estimated warranty expenses based on historical data and trends of product reliability and costs of repairing and replacing defective products. We exercise judgment in estimating the expected product warranty costs, using data such as the actual and projected product failure rates, estimated repair costs, freight, material, labor and overhead costs. While we believe that historical experience provides a reliable basis for estimating such warranty cost, unforeseen quality issues or component failure rates could result in future costs in excess of such estimates, or alternatively, improved quality and reliability in our products and consumables could result in actual expenses that are below those currently estimated. As of March 31, 2020, we had accrued expenses of $1.2 million relating to product warranty accruals. Substantial amounts of warranty claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We generally recognize revenue from extended warranty and service contracts over the contract term, and changes in sales of such contracts may not be immediately reflected in our operating results.

We offer our customers the option to purchase extended warranty and service programs for regular system maintenance and system optimization on a fixed fee basis. We generally recognize revenue from our extended warranty and service contracts ratably over the contract term, which is typically twelve months, which could in some cases be subject to an early termination right. Revenue from our extended warranty and service contracts accounted for 31% and 43% of our recurring revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively, and 49% and 42% of our recurring revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively. A portion of the revenue we report in each quarter is derived from the recognition of deferred revenue relating to extended warranty and service contracts entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed extended warranty and service contracts by our customers in any one quarter may not be immediately reflected in our revenue for that quarter. Such a decline, however, will negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of our services and potential changes in our rate of renewals may not be fully reflected in our operating results until future periods.

If we were to be sued for product liability, we could face substantial liabilities that exceed our resources.

The marketing, sale and use of our products could lead to the filing of product liability claims were someone to allege that our products identified inaccurate or incomplete information regarding the cells analyzed or otherwise failed to perform as designed. We may also be subject to liability for errors in, a misunderstanding of or inappropriate reliance upon, the information we provide in the ordinary course of our business activities. A product liability claim could result in substantial damages and be costly and time-consuming for us to defend.

We maintain product liability insurance, but this insurance may not fully protect us from the financial impact of defending against product liability claims. Any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could increase our insurance rates or prevent us from securing insurance coverage in the future. Additionally,

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any product liability lawsuit could damage our reputation, or cause current customers to terminate existing agreements and potential clinical partners to seek other partners, any of which could impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be harmed if our customers discontinue or spend less on research, development and production and other scientific endeavors.

Our customers include biopharmaceutical companies and research institutions. Many factors, including public policy spending priorities, available resources and product and economic cycles, have a significant effect on the capital spending policies of these entities. Fluctuations in the research and development budgets of our customers could have a significant effect on the demand for our products. Our customers determine their research and development budgets based on several factors, including the need to develop new products, continued availability of governmental and other funding, competition and the general availability of resources. If research and development budgets are reduced, the impact could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we are unable to support demand for the Berkeley Lights Platform, and for our future product offerings, including ensuring that we have adequate capacity to meet increased demand, or if we are unable to successfully manage our anticipated growth, our business could suffer.

As the number of customers accessing the Berkeley Lights Platform grows and our volume of installed systems increases, we will need to continue to increase our capacity for customer service and support, for billing and general process improvements, and expand our internal quality assurance programs. We will also need to purchase additional equipment, some of which can take several months or more to procure, setup and validate, and increase our personnel levels to meet increased demand. There is no assurance that any of these increases in scale, expansion of personnel, equipment, software and computing capacities or process enhancements will be successfully implemented, or that we will have adequate space, including in our laboratory facility, to accommodate such required expansion.

As we commercialize additional products, we will need to incorporate new equipment, implement new technology systems and laboratory processes, and hire new personnel, possibly with supplemental or different qualifications as compared to our current personnel. Failure to manage this growth or transition could result in turnaround time delays, higher product costs, declining product quality, deteriorating customer service and slower responses to competitive challenges. A failure in any one of these areas could make it difficult for us to meet market expectations for our products and could damage our reputation and the prospects for our business.

We will need to raise additional capital to fund our existing operations, improve our platform or develop and commercialize new products, workflows, consumables and reagent kits, or expand our operations.

Based on our current business plan, we believe the net proceeds from this offering, together with our current cash and cash equivalents and anticipated cash flow from operations, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for at least the 12 months from the date of this prospectus. If our available cash resources, net proceeds from this offering and anticipated cash flow from operations are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements including because of lower demand for our products or the realization of other risks described in this prospectus, we may be required to raise additional capital prior to such time through issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, entrance into a credit facility or another form of third party funding or seek other debt financing.

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In any event, we may consider raising additional capital in the future to expand our business, to pursue strategic investments, to take advantage of financing opportunities or for other reasons, including to:

• increase our sales and marketing efforts to drive market adoption of our Berkeley Lights Platform and address competitive developments;

• fund development and marketing efforts of products from our programs or any other future products;

• expand our technologies into additional markets;

• acquire, license or invest in technologies;

• acquire or invest in complementary businesses or assets; and

• finance capital expenditures and general and administrative expenses.

Our present and future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

• our ability to achieve revenue growth;

• the cost of expanding our operations, including our biology and engineering laboratories and clean-room, and our offerings, including our sales and marketing efforts;

• our rate of progress in launching and commercializing new products, and the cost of the sales and marketing activities associated with, establishing adoption of our Berkeley Lights Platform;

• our rate of progress in, and cost of research and development activities associated with, products in research and development;

• the effect of competing technological and market developments;

• costs related to domestic and international expansion; and

• the potential cost of and delays in product development as a result of any regulatory oversight applicable to our products.

The various ways we could raise additional capital carry potential risks. If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to our stockholders could result. Any preferred equity securities issued also could provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. If we raise funds by issuing debt securities, those debt securities would have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities issued or borrowings pursuant to a credit agreement could impose significant restrictions on our operations. If we raise funds through collaborations or licensing arrangements, we might be required to relinquish significant rights to our platform technologies or products or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.

If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, if we require it, our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our loan and security agreement contains covenants, which restrict our operating activities, and we may be required to repay the outstanding indebtedness in an event of default, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

On May 23, 2018, we entered into a loan and security agreement, which was subsequently amended, with East West Bank, or the Lender, pursuant to which the Lender agreed to provide us a $20.0 million term loan facility

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with a maturity date of May 23, 2022. The full amount of the loan was funded on May 23, 2018. Until we have repaid such indebtedness, the loan and security agreement subjects us to various customary covenants, including requirements as to financial reporting, liquidity ratios and insurance and restrictions on our ability to dispose of our business or property, to change our line of business, to liquidate or dissolve, to enter into any change in control transaction, to merge or consolidate with any other entity or to acquire all or substantially all the capital stock or property of another entity, to incur additional indebtedness, to incur liens on our property, to pay any dividends or make other distributions on capital stock other than dividends payable solely in capital stock, to redeem capital stock, to enter into in-bound licensing agreements, to engage in transactions with affiliates, and to encumber our intellectual property. Our business may be adversely affected by these restrictions on our ability to operate our business.

We are permitted to make interest only payments on the loan facility through May 2021, at which time amortization begins. However, we may be required to repay the outstanding indebtedness under the loan facility if an event of default occurs under the loan and security agreement. An event of default will occur if, among other things, we fail to make required payments under the loan and security agreement; we breach any of our covenants under the loan and security agreement, subject to specified cure periods with respect to certain breaches; the Lender determines that a material adverse change (as defined in the loan and security agreement) has occurred; we or our assets become subject to certain legal proceedings, such as bankruptcy proceedings; we are unable to pay our debts as they become due; or we default on contracts with third parties which would permit the third party to accelerate the maturity of such indebtedness or that could have a material adverse change on us. We may not have enough available cash or be able to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings to repay such indebtedness at the time any such event of default occurs. In such a case, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or operations or grant to others rights to develop and market products that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. The Lender could also exercise its rights as secured lender to take possession of and to dispose of the collateral securing the term loan, which collateral includes substantially all of our property (excluding intellectual property, which is subject to a negative pledge). Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially adversely affected as a result of any of these events.

Our actual operating results may differ significantly from any operating guidance we may provide.

From time to time, we may release guidance in our quarterly or annual earnings conference calls, quarterly or annual earnings releases, or otherwise, regarding our future performance that represents our management’s estimates as of the date of release. This guidance, which will include forward-looking statements, will be based on projections prepared by our management. These projections may not be prepared with a view toward compliance with published guidelines of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, or AICPA, and neither our registered public accountants nor any other independent expert or outside party compiles or examines the projections. Accordingly, no such person will express any opinion or any other form of assurance with respect to the projections.

Projections are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control and are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. The principal reason that we may release guidance is to provide a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook with analysts and investors. We do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by any such third parties.

Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions underlying the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results.

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Accordingly, our guidance is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date of release. Actual results may vary from our guidance and the variations may be material.

Any failure to successfully implement our operating strategy or the occurrence of any of the events or circumstances set forth in this “Risk factors” section in this prospectus could result in actual operating results being different from our guidance, and the differences may be adverse and material.

The sizes of the markets and forecasts of market growth for our Berkeley Lights Platform and other of our key performance indicators are based on a number of complex assumptions and estimates, and may be inaccurate.

We estimate annual total addressable markets and forecasts of market growth for our Berkeley Lights Platform and for our technologies under development. We have also developed a standard set of key performance indicators in order to enable us to assess the performance of our business in and across multiple markets, and to forecast future revenue. These estimates, forecasts and key performance indicators are based on a number of complex assumptions, internal and third party estimates and other business data, including assumptions and estimates relating to our ability to generate revenue from the development of new workflows. While we believe our assumptions and the data underlying our estimates and key performance indicators are reasonable, there are inherent challenges in measuring or forecasting such information. As a result, these assumptions and estimates may not be correct and the conditions supporting our assumptions or estimates may change at any time, thereby reducing the predictive accuracy of these underlying factors and indicators. As a result, our estimates of the annual total addressable market and our forecasts of market growth and future revenue for our current or future products may prove to be incorrect, and our key performance indicators may not reflect our actual performance. If the annual total addressable market or the potential market growth for our platform is smaller than we have estimated or if the key performance indicators we utilize to forecast revenue are inaccurate, it may impair our sales growth and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The life sciences technology market is highly competitive, and if we cannot compete successfully with our competitors, we may be unable to increase or sustain our revenue, or achieve and sustain profitability.

We face significant competition in the life sciences technology market. We currently compete with both established and early stage life sciences technology companies that design, manufacture and market systems, consumables, reagent kits and software for, among other applications, genomics, single-cell analysis, spatial analysis and immunology, and/or provide services related to the same. Growing understanding of the importance of single-cell information is leading to more companies offering services related to collecting such information. Potential competitors within our space include Danaher, Menarini Silicon Biosystems, Miltenyi Biotec and Sphere Fluidics Ltd., among others. In addition, our customers may also elect to develop their workflows on legacy systems rather than our platform and may decide to stop using our platform.

Our competitors and potential competitors may enjoy a number of competitive advantages over us, including:

• longer operating histories;

• larger customer bases;

• greater brand recognition and market penetration;

• greater financial resources;

• greater technological and research and development resources;

• better system reliability and robustness;

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• greater selling and marketing capabilities; and

• better established, larger scale and lower cost manufacturing capabilities.

As a result, our competitors and potential competitors may be able to respond more quickly to changes in customer requirements, devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their platforms or instruments than we can or sell their platforms or instruments, or offer services competitive with our platform and services at prices designed to win significant levels of market share. We may not be able to compete effectively against these organizations.

In addition, competitors may be acquired by, receive investments from or enter into other commercial relationships with larger, well-established and well-financed companies. Certain of our competitors may be able to secure key inputs from vendors on more favorable terms, devote greater resources to marketing and promotional campaigns, adopt more aggressive pricing policies and devote substantially more resources to product development than we can. If we are unable to compete successfully against current and future competitors, we may be unable to increase market adoption and sales of our platform, which could prevent us from increasing our revenue or achieving profitability.

We must develop new products, adapt to rapid and significant technological change and respond to introductions of new products by competitors to remain competitive.

We sell our products in industries that are characterized by significant enhancements and evolving industry standards. As a result, our customers’ needs are rapidly evolving. If we do not appropriately innovate and invest in new technologies, our offerings may become less desirable in the markets we serve, and our customers could move to new technologies offered by our competitors or make products themselves. Though we believe customers in our markets display a significant amount of loyalty to their supplier of a particular product, we also believe that because of the initial time investment required by many of our customers to reach a purchasing decision for a new product, it may be difficult to regain that customer once the customer purchases a product from a competitor. Without the timely introduction of new products, services and enhancements, our offerings will likely become less competitive over time, in which case our competitive position and operating results could suffer. Accordingly, we focus significant efforts and resources on the development and identification of new technologies, products and markets to further broaden our offerings. To the extent we fail to timely introduce new and innovative products or services, adequately predict our customers’ needs or fail to obtain desired levels of market acceptance, our business may suffer and our operating results could be adversely affected.

If we do not successfully manage the development and launch of new products, our operating results could be adversely affected.

Further development and commercialization of our current and future products are key elements of our growth strategy. For example, we launched Lightning in June of 2019 and were required to make significant investments in resources to facilitate the successful commercialization of the system. In the first three months of 2020, we launched Culture Station and also launched two new workflows, Opto Plasma B Discovery 2.0 and Opto Cell Line Development 2.0, and we intend to launch additional new products and new versions of existing products in the next six to twelve months. The expenses or losses associated with unsuccessful product development or launch activities, our inability to improve the functionality or reliability and robustness of our current products, or lack of market acceptance of our new products could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. This future growth could create strain on our organizational, administrative and operational infrastructure, including laboratory operations, quality control, customer service and sales organization management.

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We may be unable to manage our future growth effectively, which could make it difficult to execute our business strategy.

Since 2017, we have experienced rapid growth and anticipate further growth in our business operations. Our growth between 2017 and 2019 has required significant time and attention from our management, and placed strains on our operational and manufacturing systems and processes, financial systems and internal controls and other aspects of our business. We expect to continue to increase headcount and to hire more specialized personnel in the future as we grow our business. We will need to continue to hire, train and manage additional qualified scientists, engineers, laboratory personnel, client and account services personnel and sales and marketing staff and improve and maintain our technology to properly manage our growth. We may also need to hire, train and manage individuals with expertise that is separate, supplemental or different from expertise that we currently have, and accordingly we may not be successful in hiring, training and managing such individuals. If our new hires perform poorly, if we are unsuccessful in hiring, training, managing and integrating these new employees, or if we are not successful in retaining our existing employees, our business may be harmed.

Developing and launching new products and innovating and improving our existing products have required us to hire and retain additional scientific, engineering, sales and marketing, software, manufacturing, distribution and quality assurance personnel. As a result, we have experienced rapid headcount growth from 107 employees as of March 31, 2017 to 210 employees as of March 31, 2020. As we have grown, our employees have become more geographically dispersed. We currently serve customers located in approximately nine countries and plan to continue to expand to new international jurisdictions as part of our growth strategy, which will lead to increased dispersion of our employees, including sales employees and employees who are in our service and support groups. Moreover, we expect that we will need to hire additional accounting, finance and other personnel in connection with our becoming, and our efforts to comply with the requirements of being, a public company. Once public, our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time towards maintaining compliance with these requirements. We may face challenges integrating, developing and motivating our rapidly growing and increasingly dispersed employee base.

We may not be able to maintain the quality, reliability or robustness of our platform, or the expected turnaround times of our services and support, or to satisfy customer demand as it grows. Our ability to manage our growth properly will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, as well as our reporting systems and procedures. To effectively manage our growth, we must continue to improve our operational and manufacturing systems and processes, our financial systems and internal controls and other aspects of our business and continue to effectively expand, train and manage our personnel. The time and resources required to improve our existing systems and procedures, implement new systems and procedures and to adequately staff such existing and new systems and procedures is uncertain, and failure to complete this in a timely and efficient manner could adversely affect our operations and negatively impact our business and financial results.

We depend on our information technology systems, and any failure of these systems could harm our business.

We depend on information technology and telecommunications systems for significant elements of our operations, including our laboratory information management system, our computational biology system, our Cell Analysis Suite (CAS), our knowledge management system, our customer reporting, our workflows and our platform, comprising our OptoSelect chips and reagent kits, advanced automation systems, and advanced application and workflow software. We have installed, and expect to expand, a number of enterprise software systems that affect a broad range of business processes and functional areas, including for example, systems handling human resources, financial controls and reporting, contract management, regulatory compliance and other infrastructure operations. For example, in 2018, we implemented a new customer relationship management system and, in 2019, we implemented a new enterprise resource planning system. These

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implementations were expensive and required a significant effort in terms of both time and effort. In addition to the aforementioned business systems, we intend to extend the capabilities of both our preventative and detective security controls by augmenting the monitoring and alerting functions, the network design and the automatic countermeasure operations of our technical systems. These information technology and telecommunications systems support a variety of functions, including manufacturing operations, laboratory operations, data analysis, quality control, customer service and support, billing, research and development activities, scientific and general administrative activities.

Information technology and telecommunications systems are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, including telecommunications or network failures, malicious software, bugs or viruses, human acts and natural disasters. Moreover, despite network security and back-up measures, some of our servers are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and similar disruptive problems. Any disruption or loss of information technology or telecommunications systems on which critical aspects of our operations depend could have an adverse effect on our business and our reputation, and we may be unable to regain or repair our reputation in the future.

We have limited experience in marketing and sales, and if we are unable to expand our marketing and sales organization to adequately address our customers’ needs, our business may be adversely affected.

We have limited experience in marketing and selling our products. We may not be able to market, sell or distribute our current products, or future products that we may develop, effectively enough to support our planned growth.

Competition for employees capable of selling expensive instruments within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries is intense. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel or be able to build an efficient and effective sales organization, which could negatively impact sales and market acceptance of our products and limit our revenue growth and potential profitability. In addition, the time and cost of establishing a specialized sales, marketing and service force for a particular product or service may be difficult to justify in light of the revenue generated or projected.

Our expected future growth will impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain and integrate additional employees. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our products and to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage this potential future growth effectively, without compromising quality.

We rely on distributors for the sale of our products in certain countries outside of the United States, in some cases, in addition to direct sales in such countries. We exert limited control over these distributors under our agreements with them, and if their sales and marketing efforts for our products in the region are not successful, our business would be materially and adversely affected. Locating, qualifying and engaging distribution partners with local industry experience and knowledge will be necessary in at least the short to mid-term to effectively market and sell our platform in certain countries outside the United States. We may not be successful in finding, attracting and retaining distribution partners, or we may not be able to enter into such arrangements on favorable terms. Even if we are successful in identifying distributors, such distributors may engage in sales practices that violate local laws or our internal policies. Furthermore, sales practices utilized by any such distribution parties that are locally acceptable may not comply with sales practices standards required under U.S. laws that apply to us, which could create additional compliance risk. If our sales and marketing efforts by us or our distributors are not successful outside the United States, we may not achieve significant market acceptance for our products outside the United States, which would materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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The loss of any member of our senior management team or our inability to attract and retain highly skilled scientists, engineers and salespeople could adversely affect our business.

Our success depends on the skills, experience and performance of key members of our senior management team, including Eric D. Hobbs, Ph.D., our Chief Executive Officer, and Keith J. Breinlinger, Ph.D., our Chief Technology Officer. The individual and collective efforts of these employees will be important as we continue to develop our platform and additional products, and as we expand our commercial activities. The loss or incapacity of existing members of our executive management team could adversely affect our operations if we experience difficulties in hiring qualified successors. Our executive officers are at-will employees, and we cannot guarantee their retention for any period of time. We do not maintain “key person” insurance on any of our employees.

Our research and development programs and laboratory operations depend on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled scientists and engineers. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified scientists and engineers in the future due to the competition for qualified personnel among life science businesses. We also face competition from universities and public and private research institutions in recruiting and retaining highly qualified scientific and engineering personnel. We may have difficulties locating, recruiting or retaining qualified sales people. Recruiting and retention difficulties can limit our ability to support our research and development and sales programs. All of our employees are at-will, which means that either we or the employee may terminate their employment at any time.

We may acquire businesses or form joint ventures or make investments in other companies or technologies that could negatively affect our operating results, dilute our stockholders’ ownership, increase our debt or cause us to incur significant expense.

We may pursue acquisitions of businesses and assets. We also may pursue strategic alliances and joint ventures that leverage our technologies and industry experience to expand our offerings or distribution. We have no experience with acquiring other companies and limited experience with forming strategic partnerships. We may not be able to find suitable partners or acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete such transactions on favorable terms, if at all. The competition for partners or acquisition candidates may be intense, and the negotiation process will be time-consuming and complex. If we make any acquisitions, we may not be able to integrate these acquisitions successfully into our existing business, these acquisitions may not strengthen our competitive position, the transactions may be viewed negatively by customers or investors, we may be unable to retain key employees of any acquired business, relationships with key suppliers, manufacturers or customers of any acquired business may be impaired due to changes in management and ownership, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities. Any future acquisitions also could result in the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or future write-offs of intangible assets or goodwill, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to fully recover the costs of any acquisition. Integration of an acquired company also may disrupt ongoing operations and require management resources that we would otherwise focus on developing our existing business. We may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, technology license, strategic alliance or joint venture. We also may experience losses related to investments in other companies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

To finance any acquisitions or joint ventures, we may choose to issue shares of our common stock as consideration, which would dilute the ownership of our stockholders. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all. If the price of our common stock is low or volatile, we may not be able to acquire companies or fund a joint venture project using our stock as consideration.

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Our products could become subject to more onerous regulation by the FDA or other regulatory agencies in the future, which could increase our costs and delay or prevent commercialization of our products, thereby materially and adversely affecting our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We make our platform, including our OptoSelect chips and reagent kits, advanced automation systems, and advanced application and workflow software available to customers as research-use-only, or RUO, products. RUO products are regulated by the FDA as medical devices, and include in vitro diagnostic products in the laboratory research phase of development that are being shipped or delivered for an investigation that is not subject to the FDA’s investigational device exemption requirements. Although medical devices are subject to stringent FDA oversight, products that are intended for RUO and are labeled as RUO are exempt from compliance with most FDA requirements, including premarket clearance or approval, manufacturing requirements, and others. A product labeled RUO but which is actually intended for clinical diagnostic use may be viewed by the FDA as adulterated and misbranded under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and subject to FDA enforcement action. The FDA has indicated that when determining the intended use of a product labeled RUO, the FDA will consider the totality of the circumstances surrounding distribution and use of the product, including how the product is marketed and to whom. The FDA could disagree with our assessment that our products are properly marketed as RUOs, or could conclude that products labeled as RUO are actually intended for clinical diagnostic use, and could take enforcement action against us, including requiring us to stop distribution of our products until we are in compliance with applicable regulations, which would reduce our revenue, increase our costs and adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition. In the event that the FDA requires us to obtain marketing authorization of our RUO products in the future, there can be no assurance that the FDA will grant any clearance or approval requested by us in a timely manner, or at all.

We may also in the future decide to develop medical device products that we expect to be intended for clinical or diagnostic uses. In the United States, before we can market a new medical device, or a new use of, new claim for or significant modification to an existing product, we must first receive either clearance under Section 510(k) of the FDCA, or approval of a premarket approval application from the FDA, unless an exemption applies. The process of obtaining approval or clearance from the FDA for new products, or with respect to enhancements or modifications to existing products, could take a significant period of time, require the expenditure of substantial resources, involve rigorous pre-clinical and clinical testing, require changes to products or result in limitations on the indicated uses of products. There can be no assurance that we will receive the required approvals or clearances for any new products or for modifications to our existing products on a timely basis or that any approval or clearance will not be subsequently withdrawn or conditioned upon extensive post-market study requirements. Moreover, even if we receive FDA clearance or approval of new products or modifications to existing products, we will be required to comply with extensive regulations relating to the development, research, clearance, approval, distribution, marketing, advertising and promotion, manufacture, adverse event reporting, recordkeeping, import and export of such products, which may substantially increase our operating costs and have a material impact on our business, profits and results of operations. Failure to comply with applicable regulations could jeopardize our ability to sell our products and result in enforcement actions such as: warning letters, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, termination of distribution, recalls or seizures of products, delays in the introduction of products into the market, total or partial suspension of production, refusal to grant future clearances or approvals, withdrawals or suspensions of current approvals, resulting in prohibitions on sales of our products, and in the most serious cases, criminal penalties. Occurrence of any of the foregoing could harm our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Due to the significant resources required to enable access in new markets, we must make strategic and operational decisions to prioritize certain markets, technology offerings or partnerships. We may expend our

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resources to access markets, develop technologies or form certain partnerships that do not yield meaningful revenue or we may fail to capitalize on markets, technologies or partnerships that may be more profitable or with a greater potential for success.

We believe our platform has potential applications across a wide range of markets and we have targeted certain markets in which we believe our technology has significant advantages, or for which we believe we have a higher probability of success or revenue opportunity or for which the path to commercialize products and realizing or achieving revenue is shorter. For example, in 2018 we entered into engagements regarding cell therapies with certain cancer centers and with an academic institution, and in 2019 we entered into engagements with several synthetic biology companies, including Amyris and Ginkgo. We seek to maintain a process of prioritization and resource allocation among our programs to maintain a balance between advancing near-term opportunities and exploring additional markets for our technology. However, due to the significant resources required for the development of workflows for new markets, we must make decisions on which markets to pursue and the amount of resources to allocate to each. Our decisions concerning the allocation of research, development, collaboration, management and financial resources toward particular markets or workflows may not lead to the development of any viable product and may divert resources away from better opportunities. Similarly, our potential decisions to delay, terminate or collaborate with third parties in respect of certain markets may subsequently also prove to be suboptimal and could cause us to miss valuable opportunities. In particular, if we are unable to develop additional relevant workflows for markets such as antibody therapeutics, cell therapy or the synthetic biology market it could slow or stop our business growth and negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our billing and collections processing activities are complex and time-consuming, and any delay in transmitting invoices or failure to comply with applicable billing requirements, could have an adverse effect on our future revenue.

Billing for our products, workflows and field of use licenses, consumables, reagent kits and services can be complex, time-consuming and expensive as many of our customers are large pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies and engage various different models for their accounts payable matters, including outsourcing to third parties. We may face increased risk in our collection efforts, including long collection cycles and the risk that we may never collect at all, either of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Several factors make the billing process complex, including differences in information and billing requirements among our customers and the resources required to manage the billing process. These billing complexities and the related uncertainty in obtaining payment could negatively affect our revenue and cash flow, our ability to achieve profitability and the consistency and comparability of our results of operations.

If our sole operating facility becomes damaged or inoperable or we are required to vacate our existing facility, our ability to conduct and pursue our research and development efforts may be jeopardized.

We currently derive the majority of our revenue based upon scientific and engineering research and development, testing and manufacturing conducted at a single facility located in Emeryville, California. Our facility and equipment could be harmed or rendered inoperable or inaccessible by natural or man-made disasters or other circumstances beyond our control, including fire, earthquake, power loss, communications failure, war or terrorism, or another catastrophic event, such as a pandemic or similar outbreak or public health crisis, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to support our customers and develop updates, upgrades and other improvements to our OptoSelect chips and reagent kits, advanced automation systems, and advanced application and workflow software for some period of time. The inability to address system issues or manufacture consumables and reagent kits could develop if our facility is inoperable or suffers a loss of utilization for even a short period of time, may result in the loss of customers or harm to our reputation, and we

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may be unable to regain those customers or repair our reputation in the future. Furthermore, our facility and the equipment we use to perform our research and development work could be unavailable or costly and time-consuming to repair or replace. It would be difficult, time-consuming and expensive to rebuild our facility, to locate and qualify a new facility or license or transfer our proprietary technology to a third party. Even in the event we are able to find a third party to assist in research and development efforts, we may be unable to negotiate commercially reasonable terms to engage with the third party.

We carry insurance for damage to our property and the disruption of our business, but this insurance may not cover all of the risks associated with damage or disruption to our business, may not provide coverage in amounts sufficient to cover our potential losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all.

Our insurance policies are expensive and protect us only from some business risks, which leaves us exposed to significant uninsured liabilities.

We do not carry insurance for all categories of risk that our business may encounter and our policies have limits and significant deductibles. Some of the policies we currently maintain include general liability, property, umbrella and directors’ and officers’ insurance.

Any additional product liability insurance coverage we acquire in the future, may not be sufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and in the future we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses. A successful product liability claim or series of claims in which judgments exceed our insurance coverage could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, including preventing or limiting the commercialization of any products we develop.

We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified people to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers. We do not know, however, if we will be able to maintain existing insurance with adequate levels of coverage. Any significant uninsured liability may require us to pay substantial amounts, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Public health crises such as pandemics or similar outbreaks could cause a disruption of the development of our platform technologies and products, and adversely impact our business.

In late 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19, surfaced in Wuhan, China. Since then, COVID-19 has spread to multiple other regions and countries, including the San Francisco Bay Area, where our primary office and laboratory space is located. The COVID-19 pandemic is evolving, and to date has led to the implementation of various responses, including government imposed shelter-in-place orders, quarantines, travel restrictions and other public health safety measures, as well as reported adverse impacts on healthcare resources, facilities and providers, in California, across the United States and in other countries. In response to the spread of COVID-19, and in accordance with direction from state and local government authorities, we have restricted access to our facilities mostly to personnel and third parties who must perform critical activities that must be completed on-site, limited the number of such personnel that can be present at our facilities at any one time, and requested that most of our personnel work remotely. In the event that government authorities were to further modify current restrictions, our employees conducting research and development or manufacturing activities may not be able to access our laboratory or manufacturing space, and our core activities may be significantly limited or curtailed, possibly for an extended period of time.

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As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, or similar pandemics and outbreaks, we have and may in the future experience severe disruptions, including:

• interruption of or delays in receiving products and supplies from the third parties we rely on to, among other things, manufacture components to our systems or chips or to produce reagent kits for our workflows, due to staffing shortages, production slowdowns or stoppages and disruptions in delivery systems, which may impair our ability sell our products;

• limitations on our business operations by local, state, or the federal government that could impact our ability to sell our products;

• on-site visit limitations and prohibitions imposed by customers that could impact our ability to engage in pre-sales activities, such as in-person seminars and informational meetings on our Berkeley Lights Platform, and to provide post-sale activities, such as installation and verification, training and service and support;

• business disruptions caused by workplace, laboratory and office closures and an increased reliance on employees working from home, travel limitations, cyber security and data accessibility, or communication or mass transit disruptions; and

• limitations on employee resources that would otherwise be focused on the conduct of our activities, including because of sickness of employees or their families or the desire of employees to avoid contact with large groups of people.

Any of these factors could severely impact our research and development activities, business operations and sales, or delay necessary interactions with local regulators, manufacturing sites and other important contractors and customers. These and other factors arising from the COVID-19 pandemic could worsen in countries that are already afflicted with COVID-19, could continue to spread to additional countries, or could return to countries where the pandemic has been partially contained, and could further adversely impact our ability to conduct our business generally and have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial condition and results.

The extent to which the outbreak may negatively impact our operations and results of operations or those of our third party manufacturers, suppliers, partners or customers will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the outbreak, travel restrictions, additional or modified government actions, new information that will emerge concerning the severity and impact of COVID-19 and actions to contain the outbreak or treat its impact, such as social distancing, quarantines, lock-downs or business closures.

Security breaches, loss of data and other disruptions could compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business and our reputation.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including personally identifiable information, intellectual property and proprietary business information owned or controlled by ourselves or our employees, customers and other parties. We manage and maintain our applications and data utilizing a combination of on-site systems and cloud-based data centers. We utilize external security and infrastructure vendors to manage parts of our data centers. These applications and data encompass a wide variety of business-critical information, including research and development information, patient data, commercial information and business and financial information. We face a number of risks relative to protecting this critical information, including loss of access risk, inappropriate use or disclosure, unauthorized access, inappropriate modification and the risk of our being unable to adequately monitor and audit and modify our controls over our

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critical information. This risk extends to the third party vendors and subcontractors we use to manage this sensitive data or otherwise process it on our behalf. The secure processing, storage, maintenance and transmission of this critical information are vital to our operations and business strategy, and we devote significant resources to protecting such information. Although we take reasonable measures to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access, use or disclosure, no security measures can be perfect and our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other malicious or inadvertent disruptions. Any such breach or interruption could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, breach, or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, and liability under federal or state laws that protect the privacy of personal information, and regulatory penalties. Notice of breaches may be required to affected individuals, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services or other state, federal or foreign regulators, and for extensive breaches, notice may need to be made to the media or State Attorneys General. Such a notice could harm our reputation and our ability to compete. Although we have implemented security measures and a formal, dedicated enterprise security program to prevent unauthorized access to patient data, such data is currently accessible through multiple channels, and there is no guarantee we can protect our data from breach. Unauthorized access, loss or dissemination could also disrupt our operations and damage our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our business.

We are currently subject to, and may in the future become subject to additional, U.S., state and foreign laws and regulations imposing obligations on how we collect, store and process personal information. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business. Ensuring compliance with such laws could also impair our efforts to maintain and expand our customer base, and thereby decrease our revenue.

We are, and may increasingly become, subject to various laws and regulations, as well as contractual obligations, relating to data privacy and security in the jurisdictions in which we operate. The regulatory environment related to data privacy and security is increasingly rigorous, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to our business, and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. These laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied differently over time and from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and it is possible that they will be interpreted and applied in ways that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In the United States, various federal and state regulators, including governmental agencies like the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the Federal Trade Commission, have adopted, or are considering adopting, laws and regulations concerning personal information and data security. Certain state laws may be more stringent or broader in scope, or offer greater individual rights, with respect to personal information than federal, international or other state laws, and such laws may differ from each other, all of which may complicate compliance efforts. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, which increases privacy rights for California residents and imposes obligations on companies that process their personal information, came into effect on January 1, 2020. Among other things, the CCPA requires covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers and provide such consumers new data protection and privacy rights, including the ability to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of personal information. This private right of action may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. In addition, laws in all 50 U.S. states require businesses to provide notice to consumers whose personal information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach. State laws are changing rapidly and there is discussion in the U.S. Congress of a new comprehensive federal data privacy law to which we would become subject if it is enacted.

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Internationally, laws, regulations and standards in many jurisdictions apply broadly to the collection, use, retention, security, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal information. For example, the E.U. General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which became effective in May 2018, greatly increased the European Commission’s jurisdictional reach of its laws and adds a broad array of requirements for handling personal data. EU member states are tasked under the GDPR to enact, and have enacted, certain implementing legislation that adds to and/or further interprets the GDPR requirements and potentially extends our obligations and potential liability for failing to meet such obligations. The GDPR, together with national legislation, regulations and guidelines of the EU member states and the United Kingdom governing the processing of personal data, impose strict obligations and restrictions on the ability to collect, use, retain, protect, disclose, transfer and otherwise process personal data. In particular, the GDPR includes obligations and restrictions concerning the consent and rights of individuals to whom the personal data relates, the transfer of personal data out of the European Economic Area or the United Kingdom, security breach notifications and the security and confidentiality of personal data. The GDPR authorizes fines for certain violations of up to 4% of global annual revenue or €20 million, whichever is greater.

All of these evolving compliance and operational requirements impose significant costs, such as costs related to organizational changes, implementing additional protection technologies, training employees and engaging consultants, which are likely to increase over time. In addition, such requirements may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies, distract management or divert resources from other initiatives and projects, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with any applicable federal, state or similar foreign laws and regulations relating to data privacy and security could result in damage to our reputation, as well as proceedings or litigation by governmental agencies or other third parties, including class action privacy litigation in certain jurisdictions, which would subject us to significant fines, sanctions, awards, penalties or judgments, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

International expansion of our business exposes us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial and economic risks associated with doing business outside of the United States.

We currently have limited international operations, but our business strategy incorporates potentially significant international expansion. We currently maintain relationships with distributors outside of the United States, and may in the future enter into new distributor relationships. We may also extend laboratory capabilities outside of the United States, both directly and possibly indirectly. Doing business internationally involves a number of risks, including:

• multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as privacy regulations, tax laws, export and import restrictions, tariffs, economic sanctions and embargoes, employment laws, regulatory requirements and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses;

• failure by us or our distributors to obtain approvals to conduct our business in various countries;

• differing intellectual property rights;

• complexities and difficulties in obtaining intellectual property protection, enforcing our intellectual property and defending against third party intellectual property claims;

• difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations;

• logistics and regulations associated with shipping systems and parts and components for systems, consumables and reagent kits, as well as transportation delays;

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• travel restrictions that limit the ability of marketing, presales, sales, services and support teams to service customers;

• financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty collecting accounts receivable, the impact of local and regional financial crises on demand and payment for our products and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;

• international trade disputes that could result in tariffs and other protective measures;

• natural disasters, political and economic instability, including wars, terrorism and political unrest, outbreak of disease, boycotts, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions; and

• regulatory and compliance risks that relate to maintaining accurate information and control over sales and distributors’ activities that may fall within the purview of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, its books and records provisions, or its anti-bribery provisions.

Any of these factors could significantly harm our future international expansion and operations and, consequently, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, certain international markets are subject to significant political and economic uncertainty, including for example the effect of the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Significant political and economic developments in international markets for which we intend to operate, or the perception that any of them could occur, creates further challenges for operating in these markets in addition to creating instability in global economic conditions.

We could be adversely affected by violations of the FCPA and the anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws of the United States or other countries.

We are subject to the FCPA, which among other things prohibits companies and their intermediaries from making payments in violation of law to non-U.S. government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or securing any other improper advantage. We have engaged independent distributors in the past and currently use an independent distributor to sell our platform and solutions outside of the United States. Our reliance on independent distributors to sell the Berkeley Lights Platform internationally demands a high degree of vigilance in maintaining our policy against participation in corrupt activity, because these distributors could be deemed to be our agents and we could be held responsible for their actions. Other U.S. companies in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical field have faced criminal penalties under the FCPA for allowing their agents to deviate from appropriate practices in doing business with these individuals. We are also subject to similar anti-bribery laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including the United Kingdom’s Bribery Act of 2010, which also prohibits commercial bribery and makes it a crime for companies to fail to prevent bribery, and the People’s Republic of China anti-bribery laws, including the PRC Anti-Unfair Competition Law amended in 2017, the PRC Criminal Law amended in 2017. These laws are complex and far-reaching in nature, and, as a result, we cannot assure you that we would not be required in the future to alter one or more of our practices to be in compliance with these laws or any changes in these laws or the interpretation thereof. Any violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our operations, involve significant management distraction, involve significant costs and expenses, including legal fees and could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We could also suffer severe penalties, including criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other remedial measures.

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Our employees, consultants, distributors and commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements, and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, consultants, distributors and commercial partners. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional failures to comply with the applicable laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting and other business arrangements. Such misconduct could result in legal or regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and any other precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses, or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could result in the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, which could have a significant impact on our business. Whether or not we are successful in defending against such actions or investigations, we could incur substantial costs, including legal fees and divert the attention of management in defending ourselves against any of these claims or investigations.

Risks related to manufacturing and supply

We and our third party manufacturing partners have limited experience in producing our systems and certain parts and components for our systems, and if we are unable to manufacture our systems in high-quality commercial quantities successfully and consistently to meet demand, our growth will be limited.

We have, to date, manufactured our systems in limited quantities. We currently manufacture our systems and related consumables and reagent kits through a combination of third party manufacturers and certain limited direct manufacturing at our facility in Emeryville, California. To manufacture our systems in the quantities that we believe will be required to meet anticipated market demand, we and our third party manufacturers will need to increase manufacturing capacity, which will involve significant challenges and may require additional quality controls and regulatory approvals. Neither we nor our third party manufacturers may successfully complete any required increase to existing manufacturing capacity in a timely manner, or at all.

If there is a disruption to our third party manufacturers’ operations, we will have no other means of producing our systems until the third party manufacturer restores the affected facilities or develop alternative manufacturing facilities. Additionally, any damage to or destruction of our or our third party manufacturers’ facilities or equipment may significantly impair our ability to manufacture systems on a timely basis.

If we or our third party manufacturers are unable to produce systems in sufficient quantities to meet anticipated customer demand, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be harmed. The lack of experience we and our manufacturing partners have in producing commercial quantities of our systems may also result in quality issues, and could result in system defects or errors or recalls. Manufacturing delays related to quality control could negatively impact our ability to bring our systems to market, harm our reputation and decrease our revenue. Any defects, errors or recalls could be expensive and generate negative publicity, which could impair our ability to market our systems and further affect our results of operations.

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We outsource the manufacturing of our systems, and components of our systems, to single source third party manufacturers. The failure of these manufacturers to manufacture systems or components on a timely basis could adversely affect our business.

We have engaged with two different third parties to manufacture our systems. One such third party manufacturer manufactures Beacon and Culture Station, and the other third party manufacturer manufactures Lightning. In addition, certain key parts of our systems are manufactured by various third parties. We do not have any control over the process or timing of the acquisition or manufacture of materials by our third party manufacturers, and cannot ensure that they will deliver to us the systems or components we order on time, or at all. If the operations of our third party manufacturers are interrupted, cease, or if they are unable to meet our delivery requirements due to capacity limitations or other constraints, we may be limited in our ability to fulfill new customer orders or to service or repair systems at current customer sites. Any change to another contract manufacturer, even if ultimately consummated, would likely entail significant delay, require us to devote substantial time and resources, result in additional costs, and could involve a period in which our systems could not be produced in a timely or consistently high-quality manner, any of which could harm our reputation and business, and frustrate our customers and cause them to turn to our competitors. Additionally, we may be unable to enter into agreements with another contract manufacturer on commercially reasonable terms or at all, which could have a material adverse impact on our business.

We use biological and hazardous materials that require considerable expertise and expense for handling, storage and disposal and may result in claims against us.

We work with materials, including chemicals, biological agents and compounds that could be hazardous to human health and safety or the environment. Our operations also produce hazardous and biological waste products. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and wastes. We are subject to periodic inspections by federal, state and local authorities to ensure compliance with applicable laws. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations is expensive, and current or future environmental laws and regulations may restrict our operations. If we do not comply with applicable regulations, we may be subject to fines and penalties.

In addition, we cannot eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials or wastes, which could cause an interruption of our commercialization efforts, research and development programs and business operations, as well as environmental damage resulting in costly clean-up and liabilities under applicable laws and regulations. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be liable for damages or penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources and our operations could be suspended or otherwise adversely affected. Furthermore, environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of such changes and cannot be certain of our future compliance.

Our manufacturing operations and those of our key third party manufacturers are dependent upon third party suppliers, including single source suppliers, making us vulnerable to supply shortages and price fluctuations, which could harm our business.

Our systems contain several critical components, including multiple optical components (DMD, camera, objectives and filters), OEP drive electronics, fluidic system components (syringe pumps, valves and tubing), motion stages, motors and temperature control components. Some of the suppliers of critical components or materials are single or sole source suppliers and the replacement of these suppliers or the identification and qualification of suitable second sources may require significant time, effort and expense, and could result in delays in production, which could negatively impact our business operations and revenue. We do not have supply agreements with certain suppliers of these critical components and materials beyond purchase orders

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and, although we maintain a safety stock inventory either at one of our third party manufacturers or at our facility in Emeryville, CA, for certain critical components, forecasted amounts may be inaccurate and we may experience shortages as a result of serious supply problems with these manufacturers. There can be no assurance that our supply of components will not be limited, interrupted, or of satisfactory quality or continue to be available at acceptable prices. In addition, loss of any critical component provided by a single source supplier could require us to change the design of our manufacturing process based on the functions, limitations, features and specifications of the replacement components.

In addition, several other non-critical components and materials that comprise our systems are currently manufactured by a single supplier or a limited number of suppliers. In many of these cases, we have not yet qualified alternate suppliers and rely upon purchase orders, rather than long-term supply agreements. A supply interruption or an increase in demand beyond our current suppliers’ capabilities could harm our ability to manufacture our systems unless and until new sources of supply are identified and qualified. Our reliance on these suppliers subjects us to a number of risks that could harm our business, including:

• interruption of supply resulting from modifications to or discontinuation of a supplier’s operations;

• delays in product shipments resulting from uncorrected defects, reliability issues, or a supplier’s variation in a component;

• a lack of long-term supply arrangements for key components with our suppliers;

• inability to obtain adequate supply in a timely manner, or to obtain adequate supply on commercially reasonable terms;

• difficulty and cost associated with locating and qualifying alternative suppliers for our components in a timely manner;

• a modification or change in a manufacturing process or part that unknowingly or unintentionally negatively impacts the operation of our systems;

• production delays related to the evaluation and testing of products from alternative suppliers, and corresponding regulatory qualifications;

• delay in delivery due to our suppliers prioritizing other customer orders over ours;

• damage to our brand reputation caused by defective components produced by our suppliers;

• increased cost of our warranty program due to product repair or replacement based upon defects in components produced by our suppliers; and

• fluctuation in delivery by our suppliers due to changes in demand from us or their other customers.

Any interruption in the supply of components or materials, or our inability to obtain substitute components or materials from alternate sources at acceptable prices in a timely manner, could impair our ability to meet the demand of our customers, which would have an adverse effect on our business.

We forecast sales to determine requirements for components and materials used in our systems, and if our forecasts are incorrect, we may experience delays in shipments or increased inventory costs.

We and our third party manufacturers keep limited materials, components and finished products on hand. To manage our operations with our third party manufacturers and suppliers, we forecast anticipated product orders and material requirements to predict our inventory needs and enter into purchase orders on the basis of these requirements. Several components of our systems require an order lead time of six months to ten

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months. Our limited historical commercial experience and rapid growth may not provide us with enough data to consistently and accurately predict future demand. If our business expands and our demand for components and materials increase beyond our estimates, our manufacturers and suppliers may be unable to meet our demand. In addition, if we or our third party manufacturers underestimate our component and material requirements, we may have inadequate inventory, which could interrupt, delay, or prevent delivery of our systems to our customers. By contrast, if we overestimate our component and material requirements, we may have excess inventory, which would increase our expenses. Any of these occurrences would negatively affect our financial performance and business results.

Shipping is a critical part of our business and any changes in our shipping arrangements or damages or losses sustained during shipping could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We currently rely on third party vendors for our shipping. If we are not able to negotiate acceptable pricing and other terms with these entities or they experience performance problems or other difficulties, it could negatively impact our operating results and our customers’ experience. In the past, some of our systems have sustained serious damage in transit and were not repairable. Although we have taken steps to improve our shipping containers, there is no guarantee our systems will not become damaged or lost in transit in the future. If a system is damaged in transit, it may result in a substantial delay in the fulfillment of the customer’s order, and depending on the type and extent of the damage and whether the incident is covered by insurance, it may result in a substantial financial loss. If our products are not delivered in a timely fashion or are damaged or lost during the delivery process, our customers could become dissatisfied and cease using our products or services, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks related to our intellectual property

If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for our technology, including the Berkeley Lights Platform, or if the scope of the intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our products may be impaired.

We rely on patent protection as well as trademark, copyright, trade secret and other intellectual property rights protection and contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary technologies, all of which provide limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. If we fail to protect our intellectual property, third parties may be able to compete more effectively against us. In addition, we may incur substantial litigation costs in our attempts to recover or restrict use of our intellectual property.

To the extent our intellectual property offers inadequate protection, or is found to be invalid or unenforceable, we would be exposed to a greater risk of direct competition. If our intellectual property does not provide adequate coverage of our competitors’ products, our competitive position could be adversely affected, as could our business. Both the patent application process and the process of managing patent disputes can be time-consuming and expensive.

As is the case with other life sciences and biotechnology companies, our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain protection of the intellectual property we may own solely and jointly with others, particularly patents, in the United States and other countries with respect to our products and technologies. We apply for patents covering our products and technologies and uses thereof, as we deem appropriate. However, obtaining and enforcing patents in our industry is costly, time-consuming and complex, and we may fail to apply for patents on important products, services and technologies in a timely fashion or at all, or we may fail to

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apply for patents in potentially relevant jurisdictions. We may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications, or maintain, enforce and license any patents that may issue from such patent applications, at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. We may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the rights to patents licensed to third parties. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business.

As of June 1, 2020, our owned patent assets included approximately 25 U.S. patents, 62 pending U.S. patent applications, 15 pending patent cooperation treaty, or PCT, applications, 116 foreign patents and 293 pending foreign patent applications in various foreign jurisdictions, including Australia, Canada, China, the European Union, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. As of June 1, 2020, our in-licensed patent assets included 9 U.S. patents, 1 foreign patent, 1 pending U.S. patent application, and 1 pending foreign patent application. It is possible that none of our pending patent applications will result in issued patents in a timely fashion or at all, and even if patents are granted, they may not provide a basis for intellectual property protection of commercially viable products or services, may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be challenged and invalidated by third parties. It is possible that others will design around our current or future patented technologies. It is possible that in the future some of our patents, licensed patents and patent applications may be challenged at the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or in proceedings before the patent offices of other jurisdictions. We may not be successful in defending any such challenges made against our patents or patent applications. Any successful third party challenge to our patents could result in the unenforceability or invalidity of such patents and increased competition to our business. We may have to challenge the patents or patent applications of third parties. The outcome of patent litigation or other proceeding can be uncertain, and any attempt by us to enforce our patent rights against others or to challenge the patent rights of others may not be successful, or, if successful, may take substantial time and result in substantial cost, and may divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business.

The patent positions of life sciences companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in such companies’ patents has emerged to date in the United States or elsewhere. Courts frequently render opinions in the biotechnology field that may affect the patentability of certain inventions or discoveries.

Our in-licensed patent rights may be subject to a reservation of rights by one or more third parties. For example, we in-license certain patent rights from The Regents of the University of California, which were funded in part by the U.S. government. As a result, the U.S. government may have certain rights, including so-called march-in rights, to such patent rights and any products or technology developed from such patent rights. When new technologies are developed with U.S. government funding, the U.S. government generally obtains certain rights in any resulting patents, including a nonexclusive license authorizing the U.S. government to use the invention for non-commercial purposes. These rights may permit the U.S. government to disclose our confidential information to third parties and to exercise march-in rights to use or to allow third parties to use our licensed technology. The U.S. government can exercise its march-in rights if it determines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve the practical application of government-funded technology, because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations, or to give preference to U.S. industry. In addition, our rights in such inventions may be subject to certain requirements to manufacture products embodying such inventions in the United States. Any exercise by the U.S. government of such rights could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Changes in patent law in the United States and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States or other countries or regions may diminish the value of our intellectual property. We cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents or in third party patents. We may not develop additional proprietary products, methods and technologies that are patentable.

Assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, prior to March 16, 2013, in the United States, the first to invent the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application was entitled to the patent. On or after March 16, 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, enacted in September 16, 2011, the United States transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. A third party that files a patent application in the USPTO on or after March 16, 2013, but before us could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by such third party. This will require us to be cognizant of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing or until issuance, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to either (i) file any patent application related to our products or (ii) invent any of the inventions claimed in our or our licensor’s patents or patent applications.

The America Invents Act also includes a number of significant changes that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and also may affect patent litigation. These include allowing third party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by USPTO administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review and derivation proceedings. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in United States federal courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. Therefore, the America Invents Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our owned or in-licensed patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our owned or in-licensed issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In addition, the patent position of companies in the biotechnology field is particularly uncertain. Various courts, including the United States Supreme Court have rendered decisions that affect the scope of patentability of certain inventions or discoveries relating to biotechnology. These decisions state, among other things, that a patent claim that recites an abstract idea, natural phenomenon or law of nature (for example, the relationship between particular genetic variants and cancer) are not themselves patentable. Precisely what constitutes a law of nature or abstract idea is uncertain, and it is possible that certain aspects of our technology could be considered natural laws. Accordingly, the evolving case law in the United States may adversely affect our ability to obtain patents and may facilitate third party challenges to any owned or licensed patents.

Issued patents covering our products could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability. Some of our patents or patent applications (including licensed patents) have been, are being or may be challenged at a

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future point in time in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference. Any successful third party challenge to our patents in this or any other proceeding could result in the unenforceability or invalidity of such patents, which may lead to increased competition to our business, which could harm our business. In addition, in patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability during patent litigation is unpredictable. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on certain aspects of our platform technologies. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, regardless of the outcome, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future products.

We may not be aware of all third party intellectual property rights potentially relating to our products. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until approximately 18 months after filing or, in some cases, not until such patent applications issue as patents. We might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by each of our pending patent applications and we might not have been the first to file patent applications for these inventions. To determine the priority of these inventions, we may have to participate in interference proceedings, derivation proceedings or other post-grant proceedings declared by the USPTO that could result in substantial cost to us. The outcome of such proceedings is uncertain. No assurance can be given that other patent applications will not have priority over our patent applications. In addition, changes to the patent laws of the United States allow for various post-grant opposition proceedings that have not been extensively tested, and their outcome is therefore uncertain. Furthermore, if third parties bring these proceedings against our patents, we could experience significant costs and management distraction.

We rely on in-licenses from third parties. If we lose these rights, our business may be materially adversely affected, our ability to develop improvements to our existing systems, workflows, consumables and reagent kits and to develop new systems, workflows, consumables and reagent kits may be negatively and substantially impacted, and if disputes arise, we may be subjected to future litigation as well as the potential loss of or limitations on our ability to develop and commercialize products and technology covered by these license agreements.

We are party to a royalty-bearing license agreement with The Regents of the University of California that grants us exclusive rights to exploit certain patent rights that are related to our systems. We may need to obtain additional licenses from others to advance our research, development and commercialization activities. Our license agreement with The Regents of the University of California imposes, and we expect that any future exclusive in-license agreements will impose, various development, diligence, commercialization and other obligations on us. We have also entered into engagements in the past, and may enter into engagements in the future, with other partners and customers under which we obtain certain intellectual property rights relating to our platform and technology. These engagements take the form of exclusive license or of actual ownership of intellectual property rights or technology from third parties. Our rights to use the technology we license are subject to the continuation of and compliance with the terms of those agreements. In some cases, we may not control the prosecution, maintenance or filing of the patents to which we hold licenses, or the enforcement of those patents against third parties.

Moreover, disputes may arise with respect to our licensing or other upstream agreements, including:

• the scope of rights granted under the agreements and other interpretation-related issues;

• the extent to which our systems and consumables, technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;

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• the sublicensing of patent and other rights under our collaborative development relationships;

• our diligence obligations under the license agreements and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;

• the inventorship and ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us and our partners; and

• the priority of invention of patented technology.

In spite of our efforts to comply with our obligations under our in-license agreements, our licensors might conclude that we have materially breached our obligations under our license agreements and might therefore, including in connection with any aforementioned disputes, terminate the relevant license agreement, thereby removing or limiting our ability to develop and commercialize products and technology covered by these license agreements. If any such in-license is terminated, or if the licensed patents fail to provide the intended exclusivity, competitors or other third parties might have the freedom to market or develop products similar to ours. In addition, absent the rights granted to us under such license agreements, we may infringe the intellectual property rights that are the subject of those agreements, we may be subject to litigation by the licensor, and if such litigation by the licensor is successful we may be required to pay damages to our licensor, or we may be required to cease our development and commercialization activities which are deemed infringing, and in such event we may ultimately need to modify our activities or products to design around such infringement, which may be time- and resource-consuming, and which may not be ultimately successful. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In particular, if our license with The Regents of the University of California is terminated, we may suffer the foregoing consequences with respect to our business.

In addition, our rights to certain technologies, are licensed to us on a non-exclusive basis. The owners of these non-exclusively licensed technologies are therefore free to license them to third parties, including our competitors, on terms that may be superior to those offered to us, which could place us at a competitive disadvantage. Moreover, our licensors may own or control intellectual property that has not been licensed to us and, as a result, we may be subject to claims, regardless of their merit, that we are infringing or otherwise violating the licensor’s rights. In addition, certain of our agreements with third parties may provide that intellectual property arising under these agreements, such as data that could be valuable to our business, will be owned by the counterparty, in which case, we may not have adequate rights to use such data or have exclusivity with respect to the use of such data, which could result in third parties, including our competitors, being able to use such data to compete with us.

If we cannot acquire or license rights to use technologies on reasonable terms, we may not be able to commercialize new products in the future.

In the future, we may identify third party intellectual property and technology we may need to license in order to engage in our business, including to develop or commercialize new products or services, and the growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use this technology. However, such licenses may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. The licensing or acquisition of third party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and several more established companies may pursue strategies to license or acquire third party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater development or commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. Even if such licenses are available, we may be required to pay the licensor in return for the use of such licensor’s technology, lump-sum payments, payments based on certain milestones such as sales volumes, or royalties based on sales of our platform. In addition, such licenses may be non-exclusive, which could give our competitors access to the same intellectual

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property licensed to us. We may also need to acquire or negotiate licenses to patents or patent applications before or after introducing a commercial product. The acquisition and licensing of third party patent rights is a competitive area, and other companies may also be pursuing strategies to acquire or license third party patent rights that we may consider attractive. We may not be able to acquire or obtain necessary licenses to patents or patent applications. Even if we are able to obtain a license to patent rights of interest, we may not be able to secure exclusive rights, in which case others could use the same rights and compete with us. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to enter into necessary agreements on acceptable terms or at all, if any necessary licenses are subsequently terminated, if the licensors fail to abide by the terms of the licenses or fail to prevent infringement by third parties, or if the acquired or licensed patents or other rights are found to be invalid or unenforceable. Moreover, we could encounter delays in the introduction of products or services while we attempt to develop alternatives. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses on favorable terms could prevent us from commercializing products, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on our systems, workflows, consumables and reagent kits in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and we may encounter difficulties in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in some or all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may also export infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products. Our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. In addition, certain countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to other parties. Furthermore, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against other parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of any patents.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of many other countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology, which could make it difficult for us to stop the misappropriation or other violations of our intellectual property rights including infringement of our patents in such countries. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, or that are initiated against us, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. In addition, changes in the law and legal decisions by courts in the United States and foreign countries may affect our ability to obtain adequate protection for our products, services and other technologies and the enforcement of intellectual property. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

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If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, the value of our technology could be materially adversely affected and our business could be harmed.

We rely heavily on trade secrets and confidentiality agreements to protect our unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, including parts of our technology platform, and to maintain our competitive position. However, trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect. In addition to pursuing patents on our technology, we take steps to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology by entering into agreements, including confidentiality agreements, non-disclosure agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements, with our employees, consultants, academic institutions, corporate partners and, when needed, our advisers. However, we cannot be certain that such agreements have been entered into with all relevant parties, and we cannot be certain that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. For example, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Such agreements may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements, and we may not be able to prevent such unauthorized disclosure, which could adversely impact our ability to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in the market. If we are required to assert our rights against such party, it could result in significant cost and distraction.

Monitoring unauthorized disclosure is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to prevent such disclosure are, or will be, adequate. If we were to enforce a claim that a third party had illegally obtained and was using our trade secrets, it would be expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome would be unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets.

We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our confidential proprietary information by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems, but it is possible that these security measures could be breached. If any of our confidential proprietary information were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, absent patent protection, we would have no right to prevent such competitor from using that technology or information to compete with us, which could harm our competitive position. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently discovered by a competitor or other third party, it could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

We have employed and expect to employ individuals who were previously employed at universities or other companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants, advisors and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that our employees, advisors, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers or other third parties, or to claims that we have improperly used or obtained such trade secrets. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights and face increased competition to our business. A loss of key research personnel work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize potential products, which could harm our

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business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may not be able to protect and enforce our trademarks and trade names, or build name recognition in our markets of interest thereby harming our competitive position.

The registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names that we own may be challenged, infringed, circumvented, declared generic, lapsed or determined to be infringing on or dilutive of other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights in these trademarks and trade names, which we need in order to build name recognition. In addition, third parties have filed, and may in the future file, for registration of trademarks similar or identical to our trademarks, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. If they succeed in registering or developing common law rights in such trademarks, and if we are not successful in challenging such rights, we may not be able to use these trademarks to develop brand recognition of our technologies, products or services. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. Further, we have and may in the future enter into agreements with owners of such third party trade names or trademarks to avoid potential trademark litigation which may limit our ability to use our trade names or trademarks in certain fields of business.

We have not yet registered certain of our trademarks in all of our potential markets, although we have registered Beacon, Berkeley Lights and the Berkeley Lights logo in the United States as well as certain of our trademarks outside of the United States. If we apply to register these trademarks in other countries, and/or other trademarks in the United States and other countries, our applications may not be allowed for registration in a timely fashion or at all; and further, our registered trademarks may not be maintained or enforced. For example, we have not been able to obtain the registration of the marks Berkeley Lights, Beacon and Lightning in certain foreign jurisdictions, including China. In addition, opposition or cancellation proceedings have been, or may in the future be, filed against our trademark applications and registrations, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings. For example, an opposition was filed against our Beacon trademark application in 2017 in the United States, which was amicably resolved, and an opposition was filed in the European Union and a request to extend the opposition period in the United States related to our Lightning trademark application in 2019. In addition, third parties may file first for our trademarks in certain countries. If they succeed in registering such trademarks, and if we are not successful in challenging such third party rights, we may not be able to use these trademarks to market our products and technologies in those countries. If we do not secure registrations for our trademarks, we may encounter more difficulty in enforcing them against third parties than we otherwise would. If we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to compete effectively, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. And, over the long-term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks, then our marketing abilities may be materially adversely impacted.

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We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our patents and other intellectual property.

We or our licensors may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we or our licensors may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of employees, consultants or others who are involved in developing our products. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship of our or our licensors’ ownership of our owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property. If we or our licensors fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, intellectual property that is important to our systems, including our software, workflows, consumables and reagent kits. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees, and certain customers or partners may defer engaging with us until the particular dispute is resolved. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may be involved in litigation related to intellectual property, which could be time-intensive and costly and may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In recent years, there has been significant litigation in the United States involving intellectual property rights. We may in the future be involved with litigation or actions at the USPTO with various third parties that claim we or our partners or customers using our solutions and services have misappropriated or misused other parties’ intellectual property rights. We expect that the number of such claims may increase as the number of our systems, workflows, consumables and reagent kits, and the level of competition in our industry segments, grow. Any infringement claim, regardless of its validity, could harm our business by, among other things, resulting in time-consuming and costly litigation, diverting management’s time and attention from the development of the business, requiring the payment of monetary damages (including treble damages, attorneys’ fees, costs and expenses) or royalty payments, or result in potential or existing customers delaying purchases of our products or entering into engagements with us pending resolution of the dispute.

As we move into new markets and applications for our platform, incumbent participants in such markets may assert their patents and other proprietary rights against us as a means of slowing our entry into such markets or as a means to extract substantial license and royalty payments from us. Our competitors and others may now and, in the future, have significantly larger and more mature patent portfolios than we currently have. In addition, future litigation may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant product or service revenue and against whom our own patents may provide little or no deterrence or protection. Therefore, our commercial success may depend in part on our non-infringement of the patents or proprietary rights of third parties, or the invalidity of such patents or proprietary rights.

Our research, development and commercialization activities may in the future be subject to claims that we infringe or otherwise violate patents or other intellectual property rights owned or controlled by third parties. There is a substantial amount of litigation and other patent challenges, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology industry, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions and inter partes review proceedings before the USPTO, and corresponding foreign patent offices. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are developing products. As the biotechnology industry expands and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our products may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties. Numerous significant intellectual property issues have been litigated, are being litigated and will likely continue to be litigated, between existing and new participants in our existing and targeted markets, and one or more third parties may assert that our products

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or services infringe their intellectual property rights as part of a business strategy to impede our successful entry into or growth in those markets.

Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. We are also aware of issued U.S. patents and patent applications with subject matter related to our systems, workflows, consumables and reagent kits, and there may be other related third party patents or patent applications of which we are not aware. For example, we are aware of a third party U.S. issued patent that could possibly be construed to cover a part of one of our assay kits. In addition, we have received in the past, and may receive in the future, correspondence from third parties referring to the relevance of such third parties’ intellectual property to our technology, our workflows or our advanced automated systems. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications which may later result in issued patents that our current or future products and services may infringe. In addition, similar to what other companies in our industry have experienced, we expect our competitors and others may have patents or may in the future obtain patents and claim that making, having made, using, selling, offering to sell or importing our platform, or the systems, workflows, consumables and reagent kits that comprise our platform, infringes these patents. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our platforms, including our systems, workflows, consumables and reagent kits. Under the applicable law of certain jurisdictions, the scope of a patent claim is determined by an interpretation of the law, the written disclosure in a patent and the patent’s prosecution history. Our interpretation of the relevance or the scope of a patent or a pending application may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to market our products. We may incorrectly determine that our products are not covered by a third party patent or may incorrectly predict whether a third party’s pending application will issue with claims of relevant scope. Our determination of the expiration date of any patent in the United States or abroad that we consider relevant may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to develop and market our products.

There can be no assurance that we will prevail in any suit initiated against us by third parties, successfully settle or otherwise resolve patent infringement claims. Third parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other relief, which could block our ability to develop, commercialize and sell products or services, and could result in the award of substantial damages against us, including treble damages, attorney’s fees, costs and expenses if we are found to have willfully infringed. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may be required to pay damages and ongoing royalties, and obtain one or more licenses from third parties, or be prohibited from selling certain products or services. We may not be able to obtain these licenses on acceptable or commercially reasonable terms, if at all, or these licenses may be non-exclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. In addition, we could encounter delays and incur significant costs, in product or service introductions while we attempt to develop alternative products or services, or redesign our products or services, to avoid infringing third party patents or proprietary rights. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses or to develop a workaround could prevent us from commercializing products or services, and the prohibition of sale or the threat of the prohibition of sale of any of our products or services could materially affect our business and our ability to gain market acceptance for our products or services.

In addition, our agreements with some of our customers, suppliers or other entities with whom we do business require us to defend or indemnify these parties to the extent they become involved in infringement claims, including the types of claims described above. We could also voluntarily agree to defend or indemnify third parties in instances where we are not obligated to do so if we determine it would be important to our business relationships. If we are required or agree to defend or indemnify third parties in connection with any infringement claims, we could incur significant costs and expenses that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.

Litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims, even if resolved in our favor, may cause us to incur substantial costs and divert the attention of our management and technical personnel from their normal responsibilities in defending against any of these claims. Parties making claims against us may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating costs and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing, or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of intellectual property proceedings could harm our ability to compete in the marketplace. In addition, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Third parties, including our competitors, could be infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating our intellectual property rights. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly. From time to time, we seek to analyze our competitors’ products and services, and may in the future seek to enforce our rights against potential infringement, misappropriation or violation of our intellectual property. However, the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate to enforce our rights as against such infringement, misappropriation or violation of our intellectual property. We may not be able to detect unauthorized use of, or take appropriate steps to enforce, our intellectual property rights. Any inability to meaningfully enforce our intellectual property rights could harm our ability to compete and reduce demand for our products and services.

Litigation may be necessary for us to enforce our patent and proprietary rights or to determine the scope, coverage and validity of the proprietary rights of others. We are not currently engaged in any lawsuits based upon allegations of infringement of intellectual property rights. If we become engaged in litigation related to intellectual property rights and we do not prevail in such legal proceedings, we may be required to pay damages and we may lose significant intellectual property protection for our products or services, such that competitors could copy our products or services. Any litigation that may be necessary in the future could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In any lawsuit we bring to enforce our intellectual property rights, a court may refuse to the stop the other party from using the technology at issue on grounds that our intellectual property rights do not cover the technology in question. Further, in such proceedings, the defendant could counterclaim that our intellectual property is invalid or unenforceable and the court may agree, in which case we could lose valuable intellectual property rights. The outcome in any such lawsuits are unpredictable. Even if we do prevail in any future litigation related to intellectual property rights, the cost and time requirements of the litigation could negatively impact our financial results.

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Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various required procedures, document submissions, fee payments and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications will be due to be paid to the USPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the United States at several stages over the lifetime of the patents and/or applications. We have systems in place to remind us to pay these fees, and we engage an outside service and rely on our outside counsel to pay these fees due to non-U.S. patent agencies. The USPTO and various non-U.S. governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply, and in many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, our competitors may be able to enter the market without infringing our patents and this circumstance would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our products for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our products are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products. If one of our products requires extended development, testing and/or regulatory review, patents protecting such products might expire before or shortly after such products are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

Our use of open source software could compromise our ability to offer our services and subject us to possible litigation.

We use open source software in connection with our products and services. Companies that incorporate open source software into their products have, from time to time, faced claims challenging their use of open source software and compliance with open source license terms. As a result, we could be subject to lawsuits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software or claiming noncompliance with open source licensing terms. Some open source software licenses require users who distribute software containing open source software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to the licensee’s software that incorporates, links or uses such open source software, and make available to third parties for no cost, any derivative works of the open source code created by the licensee, which could include the licensee’s own valuable proprietary code. While we monitor our use of open source software and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose our proprietary source code or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source agreement, such use could inadvertently occur, or could be claimed to have occurred, in part because open source license terms are often ambiguous. There is little legal precedent in this area and any actual or claimed requirement to disclose our proprietary source code or pay damages for breach of contract could harm our business and could help third parties, including our competitors, develop products and services that are similar to or better than ours. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Risks related to our common stock and this offering

There has been no prior public market for our common stock and an active trading market may not develop.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. An active trading market may not develop following completion of this offering or, if developed, may not be sustained. The lack of an active trading market may impair the value of your shares and your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them. An inactive trading market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares of common stock or to acquire other complementary products, technologies or businesses by using our shares of common stock as consideration.

Upon closing of this offering, we expect that our common stock will be listed on the Nasdaq Global Market. If we fail to satisfy the continued listing standards of Nasdaq, however, we could be de-listed, which would negatively impact the price of our common stock.

We expect that the price of our common stock will fluctuate substantially and you may not be able to sell the shares you purchase in this offering at or above the offering price.

The initial public offering price for the shares of our common stock sold in this offering is determined by negotiation between the representatives of the underwriters and us. This price may not reflect the market price of our common stock following this offering. In addition, the market price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially due to many factors, including:

• actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results, including fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results;

• the introduction of new products or product enhancements by us or others in our industry;

• variances in product and system reliability;

• overall conditions in our industry and the markets in which we operate;

• disputes or other developments with respect to our or others’ intellectual property rights;

• actual or anticipated changes in our operating results or growth rate as a result of our competitors’ operating results;

• our ability to develop, obtain any required regulatory clearance or approval for, and market new and enhanced products on a timely basis;

• fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

• product liability claims or other litigation;

• announcement or expectation of additional financing effort;

• sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders;

• share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares;

• media exposure of our products or of those of others in our industry;

• changes in applicable governmental regulations or in the status of our regulatory approvals or applications;

• changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts; and

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• general market conditions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors.

In recent years, the stock markets generally have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of listed companies. Broad market and industry factors may significantly affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. These fluctuations may be even more pronounced in the trading market for our common stock shortly following this offering. If the market price of shares of our common stock after this offering does not ever exceed the initial public offering price, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment.

In addition, in the past, class action litigation has often been instituted against companies whose securities have experienced periods of volatility in market price. Securities litigation brought against us following volatility in our stock price, regardless of the merit or ultimate results of such litigation, could result in substantial costs, which would hurt our financial condition and operating results and divert management’s attention and resources from our business.

Securities analysts may not publish favorable research or reports about our business or may publish no information at all, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

If a trading market for our common stock develops, the trading market will be influenced to some extent by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts. As a newly public company, we may be slow to attract research coverage and the analysts who publish information about our common stock will have had relatively little experience with us or our industry, which could affect their ability to accurately forecast our results and could make it more likely that we fail to meet their estimates. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us provide inaccurate or unfavorable research or issue an adverse opinion regarding our stock price, our stock price could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports covering us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

We are an “emerging growth company” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to “emerging growth companies” may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions and relief from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies.” In particular, while we are an “emerging growth company,” we will not be required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; we will be exempt from any rules that could be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board requiring mandatory audit firm rotations or a supplement to the auditor’s report on financial statements; we will be subject to reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements; and we will not be required to hold nonbinding advisory votes on executive compensation or stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards, and, therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

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We may remain an “emerging growth company” until the fiscal year-end following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this initial public offering, though we may cease to be an “emerging growth company” earlier under certain circumstances, including if (i) we have more than $1.07 billion in annual revenue in any fiscal year, (ii) the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of any June 30 or (iii) we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period.

The exact implications of the JOBS Act are subject to interpretations and guidance by the SEC and other regulatory agencies, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to take advantage of all of the benefits of the JOBS Act. In addition, investors may find our common stock less attractive to the extent we rely on the exemptions and relief granted by the JOBS Act. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may decline or become more volatile.

If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies are based on assumptions that change or prove to be incorrect, our operating results could fall below our publicly announced guidance or the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities, equity, revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. If our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from our assumptions, our operating results may be adversely affected and could fall below our publicly announced guidance or the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

If you purchase our common stock in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution in the book value of your shares.

Investors purchasing common stock in this offering will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share. As a result, investors purchasing common stock in this offering will incur immediate dilution of $                 per share, the difference between the assumed initial public offering price of $                 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2020 after giving effect to this offering. For more information on the dilution you may suffer as a result of investing in this offering, see the section of this prospectus entitled “Dilution.” This dilution is due to the substantially lower price paid by our investors who purchased shares prior to this offering as compared to the price offered to the public in this offering and the exercise prices of stock options granted to our employees and our outstanding warrant. The exercise of any of these options or warrant would result in additional dilution.

A significant portion of our total outstanding shares are restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the near future. This could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares, could result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock. Immediately after this offering, we will have outstanding                 shares of common stock based on the number of shares outstanding as of March 31, 2020. This includes the shares that we are selling in this offering, which may be resold in the public market immediately without restriction, unless purchased by our affiliates. Of the remaining shares,

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                shares are currently restricted as a result of securities laws or 180-day lock-up agreements but will be able to be sold after the offering as described in the section of this prospectus entitled “Shares eligible for future sale.” Moreover, after this offering, holders of an aggregate of up to 100,924,592 shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of the shares of our convertible preferred stock, will have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders as described in the section of this prospectus entitled “Description of capital stock—Registration rights.” We also intend to register all shares of common stock that we may issue under our equity compensation plans. Once we register these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates and the lock-up agreements described in the section of this prospectus entitled “Underwriting.”

Our directors, officers and principal stockholders have significant voting power and may take actions that may not be in the best interests of our other stockholders.

After this offering, our officers, directors and principal stockholders each holding more than 5% of our common stock will collectively control approximately                % of our outstanding common stock. As a result, these stockholders, if they act together, will be able to control the management and affairs of our company and most matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control and might adversely affect the market price of our common stock. This concentration of ownership may not be in the best interests of our other stockholders.

We may allocate the net proceeds from this offering in ways that you and other stockholders may not approve.

Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering, including for any of the purposes described in the section titled “Use of proceeds.” Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of the net proceeds from this offering, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. Our management might not apply our net proceeds in ways that ultimately increase the value of your investment, and the failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could harm our business. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in short- and intermediate-term, interest-bearing obligations, investment-grade instruments, certificates of deposit or direct or guaranteed obligations of the U.S. government. These investments may not yield a favorable return to our stockholders. If we do not invest or apply the net proceeds from this offering in ways that enhance stockholder value, we may fail to achieve expected results, which could cause our stock price to decline.

We expect to incur significant additional costs as a result of being a public company, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Upon completion of this offering, we expect to incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements that will become applicable to us as a public company, including rules and regulations of the SEC, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, as well as the rules of Nasdaq. These rules and regulations are expected to significantly increase our accounting, legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming. We also expect these rules and regulations to make it more expensive for us to maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. Accordingly, increases in costs incurred as a result of becoming a publicly-traded company may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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If we experience material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls in the future, we may not be able to accurately report our financial condition or results of operations which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

As a result of becoming a public company, we will be required, under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. This assessment will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency or combination of deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual and interim financial statements will not be detected or prevented on a timely basis.

The rules governing the standards that must be met for management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. To comply with the requirements of being a reporting company under the Exchange Act, including performing the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404, we will need to implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures and hire additional accounting and finance staff. We may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation in a timely fashion. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal controls are effective. The effectiveness of our controls and procedures may be limited by a variety of factors, including:

• faulty human judgment and simple errors, omissions or mistakes;

• fraudulent action of an individual or collusion of two or more people;

• inappropriate management override of procedures; and

• the possibility that any enhancements to controls and procedures may still not be adequate to assure timely and accurate financial control.

We cannot assure you that there will not be material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. Any failure to implement and maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm determines we have a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

When we cease to be an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act, our auditors will be required to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls, unless we are then eligible for any other exemption from such requirement. If we are unable to confirm that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

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Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws that will become effective upon the closing of this offering may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions could in turn affect any attempt by our stockholders to replace current members of our management team. Among others, these provisions include that:

• our board of directors has the right to expand the size of our board of directors and to elect directors to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;

• our board of directors is divided into three classes, Class I, Class II and Class III, with each class serving staggered three-year terms, which may delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors;

• our stockholders may not act by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders;

• a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by the chair of the board of directors, the chief executive officer, or a majority of the board of directors, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors;

• our amended and restated certificate of incorporation prohibits cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;

• our board of directors may alter our bylaws without obtaining stockholder approval;

• the required approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of voting stock to adopt, amend or repeal our bylaws or repeal the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation regarding the election and removal of directors;

• stockholders must provide advance notice and additional disclosures in order to nominate individuals for election to the board of directors or to propose matters that can be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquiror from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquiror’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company; and

• our board of directors is authorized to issue shares of preferred stock and to determine the terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquiror.

Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.

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Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation that will become effective upon the closing of this offering specifies that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for most legal actions involving actions brought against us by stockholders; provided that, if and only if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware dismisses any such action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, such action may be brought in another state or federal court sitting in the State of Delaware. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will also provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action against us or any of our directors, officers, employees or agents and arising under the Securities Act. We believe these provisions may benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law and federal securities laws by chancellors and judges, as applicable, particularly experienced in resolving corporate disputes, efficient administration of cases on a more expedited schedule relative to other forums and protection against the burdens of multi-forum litigation. However, these provisions may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers. The choice of forum provision requiring that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware be the exclusive forum for certain actions would not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act.

There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provisions, and the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ charter documents has been challenged in legal proceedings. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the exclusive forum provisions, and there can be no assurance that such provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions. If a court were to find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable, and if a court were to find the exclusive forum provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect our business.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. Any future determination related to dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws and the restrictions set forth in any of our contractual agreements, and will depend upon, among other factors, our results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions and capital requirements. In particular, unless waived, the terms of our loan and security agreement with East West Bank generally prohibit us from declaring or paying any cash dividends and making any other distributions. In addition, any future debt or preferred securities or future debt agreements we may enter may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

Our ability to use our net operating losses and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a cumulative change of more than 50 percentage points (by value) in its equity ownership by certain stockholders over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited. We have experienced at least one ownership change in the past, and we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of shifts in our stock ownership (some of which shifts are outside our control), including in connection with this offering. As a result,

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if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change NOL carryforwards to offset such taxable income may be subject to limitations. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit our use of accumulated state tax attributes. As a result, even if we attain profitability, we may be unable to use a material portion of our NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our future cash flows.

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Special note regarding forward-looking statements

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements concerning our business, operations and financial performance and condition, as well as our plans, objectives and expectations for our business, operations and financial performance and condition. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical facts may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “due,” “estimate,” “expect,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “predict,” “potential,” “positioned,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” and other similar expressions that are predictions of or indicate future events and future trends, or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

• estimates of our addressable market, market growth, future revenue, key performance indicators, expenses, capital requirements and our needs for additional financing;

• the implementation of our business model and strategic plans for our products, workflows and technologies;

• our ability to successfully implement alternative non-direct purchase channels, including subscription and partnership offerings and the design of any such alternatives;

• our expectations regarding the rate and degree of market acceptance of our platform;

• competitive companies and technologies and our industry;

• our ability to manage and grow our business by expanding our sales to existing customers or introducing our products and workflows to new customers;

• our ability to develop and commercialize new products and workflows;

• our ability to establish and maintain intellectual property protection for our products and workflows or avoid claims of infringement;

• the performance of third party manufacturers and suppliers;

• the potential effects of government regulation;

• our ability to hire and retain key personnel and to manage our future growth effectively;

• our ability to obtain additional financing in this or future offerings;

• the volatility of the trading price of our common stock;

• our ability to attract and retain key scientific and engineering personnel;

• our expectations regarding the period during which we qualify as an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act;

• our expectations regarding use of proceeds from this offering; and

• our expectations about market trends.

Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about our business and the industry in which we operate, and management’s beliefs and assumptions are not guarantees of future performance or development and involve known and unknown risks,

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uncertainties and other factors that are in some cases beyond our control. As a result, any or all of our forward-looking statements in this prospectus may turn out to be inaccurate. Furthermore, if the forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all.

Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those described in the section entitled “Risk factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Potential investors are urged to consider these factors carefully in evaluating these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this prospectus. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future. You should, however, review the factors and risks and other information we describe in the reports we will file from time to time with the SEC after the date of this prospectus. See “Where you can find more information.”

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Market, industry and other data

This prospectus contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business and the markets for our products, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets, their projected growth rates, the perceptions and preferences of potential customers, as well as market research, estimates and forecasts prepared by our management. We obtained the industry, market and other data throughout this prospectus from our own internal estimates and research, as well as from publicly available information, industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third-parties, including governmental agencies. All of the market and industry data in this prospectus involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such information. We have not independently verified any third party information and cannot assure you of its accuracy or completeness. Although we are responsible for all of the disclosure contained in this prospectus, and we believe the market position, market opportunity, market size and other information included in this prospectus is reliable, such information is inherently imprecise.

Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances that are assumed in this information based on various factors, including those discussed in “Risk factors.”

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Use of proceeds

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately $                million, or $                million if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase up to      additional shares of common stock, assuming an initial public offering price of $                per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $                per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by approximately $                million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We may also increase or decrease the number of shares we are offering. Each increase (decrease) of 1,000,000 shares in the number of shares offered by us would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us by approximately $                million, assuming that the assumed initial public offering price remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The principal purpose of this offering is to create a public market for our common stock and enable access to the public equity markets for us and our stockholders.

As of March 31, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of $70.3 million. We currently expect to use our net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, for general corporate purposes, including working capital, and funding our research and development and sales and marketing activities. We may also use a portion of the remaining net proceeds, if any, to acquire complementary businesses, products, services or technologies, including scientific expertise. However, we do not have agreements or commitments for any acquisitions at this time.

This expected use of the net proceeds from this offering represents our intentions based on our current plans and business conditions, which intentions could change in the future as our plans and business conditions evolve. Our management will have broad discretion over the uses of the net proceeds from this offering, and our investors will be relying on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds of this offering.

Based on our current business plan, we believe the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents and anticipated cash flow from operations, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for at least the 12 months from the date of this prospectus. After this offering, we will need to raise additional capital in order to fund our existing operations, improve our platform or develop and commercialize new products, workflows, consumables and reagent kits, or expand our operations. For additional information regarding our potential capital requirements, see “Risk factors—We will need to raise additional capital to fund our existing operations, improve our platform or develop and commercialize new products, workflows, consumables and reagent kits, or expand our operations.”

Pending the uses described above, we plan to invest the net proceeds from this offering in short and intermediate-term, interest-bearing obligations, investment-grade instruments, certificates of deposit or direct or guaranteed obligations of the U.S. government.

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Dividend policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not currently intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to support operations and to finance the growth and development of our business. Any future determination related to dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws and the restrictions set forth in any of our contractual agreements, and will depend upon, among other factors, our results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions and capital requirements. In particular, unless waived, the terms of our loan and security agreement with East West Bank generally prohibit us from declaring or paying any cash dividends and making other distributions. Our future ability to pay cash dividends on our common stock may also be limited by the terms of any future debt or preferred securities we may issue or any future credit facilities we may enter into.

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Capitalization

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of March 31, 2020:

• on an actual basis;

• on a pro forma basis to reflect: (i) the conversion of all of the outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock as of March 31, 2020 into an aggregate of 100,924,592 shares of common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and (ii) the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and

• on a pro forma as adjusted basis, giving effect to the pro forma adjustments described above, and to give further effect to the issuance and sale of shares of common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The pro forma and pro forma as adjusted information below is illustrative only, and our capitalization following the completion of this offering will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read this information together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and the information set forth under the headings “Use of proceeds,” “Selected consolidated financial data” and “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations.”

	As of March 31, 2020
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	Actual			Pro forma			Pro forma as adjusted(1)
	(unaudited)			(unaudited)			(unaudited)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	70,306		$	70,306		$
Total debt, less current portion	$	19,843		$	19,843		$
Stockholders’ equity:
Convertible preferred stock, $0.00005 par value per share; 101,648,657 shares authorized, 100,924,592 shares issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted		224,769			—
Preferred stock, $0.00005 par value per share; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual;              shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted (unaudited)		—			—
Common stock, $0.00005 par value per share; 130,600,000 shares authorized, 6,163,336 shares issued and outstanding, actual;             shares authorized, 107,087,928 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma;             shares authorized,             shares issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted (unaudited)		—			5
Additional paid-in capital		10,636			235,400
Accumulated deficit		(158,725	)		(158,725	)
Total stockholders’ equity		76,680			76,680
Total capitalization	$	96,523		$	96,523		$

(1) Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering of $                per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents,

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additional paid-in capital, total stockholders’ equity and total capitalization by approximately $                million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We may also increase or decrease the number of shares we are offering. Each increase (decrease) of 1,000,000 shares in the number of shares offered by us would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital, total stockholders’ equity and total capitalization by approximately $                million, assuming that the assumed initial price to the public remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding after this offering reflected in the table above is based on 107,087,928 shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2020, which includes 100,924,592 shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of all outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock as of March 31, 2020 and excludes:

• 20,913,455 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding as of March 31, 2020, having a weighted-average exercise price of $2.60 per share;

• 56,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options granted after March 31, 2020, with a weighted-average exercise price of $5.40 per share;

• 1,809,390 shares of common stock that were reserved for future issuance as of March 31, 2020 under our 2011 Plan (without giving effect to the issuance of stock options to purchase 56,000 shares of common stock subsequent to March 31, 2020 described above), which will become available for issuance under our 2020 Plan upon the effectiveness of the 2020 Plan;

• 273,038 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of an outstanding warrant to purchase shares of our convertible preferred stock that will convert into a warrant exercisable for an equal number of shares of common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering, as of March 31, 2020, with an exercise price of $2.93 per share;

•             shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2020 Plan, which will become effective on the day prior to the first public trading date of our common stock, as well as any automatic increases in the number of shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under this plan; and

•             shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the ESPP, which will become effective on the day prior to the first public trading date of our common stock, as well as any automatic increases in the number of shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under this plan.

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Dilution

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be immediately diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share of our common stock and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering.

Historical net tangible book value per share represents our total tangible assets less our total liabilities divided by the total number of shares of common stock outstanding. As of March 31, 2020, our historical net tangible book value was $76.7 million, or $12.44 per share, based on 6,163,336 shares of common stock outstanding as of that date. Our pro forma net tangible book value as of March 31, 2020 was $76.7 million, or $0.72 per share, after giving effect to: (i) the conversion of all of the outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock as of March 31, 2020 into an aggregate of 100,924,592 shares of common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and (ii) the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation immediately prior to the completion of this offering.

After giving effect to receipt of the net proceeds from our sale of                shares of common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $                per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of March 31, 2020 would have been $                million, or $                per share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of $                per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $                per share to new investors participating in this offering.

The following table illustrates this dilution to new investors on a per share basis:

Assumed initial public offering price per share				$
Historical net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2020	$	12.44
Pro forma decrease in net tangible book value per share		(11.72	)
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2020 as of March 31, 2020 attributable to the pro forma transactions described above		0.72
Increase in pro forma net tangible book value per share attributable to new investors participating in this offering
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering
Dilution per share to new investors participating in this offering				$

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $                per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value by $                per share and the dilution per share to new investors by $                per share, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

We may also increase or decrease the number of shares we are offering. Assuming the assumed initial public price of $                per share (which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus) remains the same, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, each increase of 1,000,000 in the number of shares we are offering would increase our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of March 31, 2020 after this offering by $                million, or $                per share, and would decrease dilution to investors in this offering by $                per share, and a decrease of 1,000,000 in the number of shares we are offering would decrease our pro forma as adjusted net

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tangible book value as of March 31, 2020 after this offering by $                million, or $                per share, and would increase dilution to investors in this offering by $                per share. The pro forma as adjusted information is illustrative only, and we will adjust this information based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

If the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares in this offering is exercised in full, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value would be $                per share, and the dilution to new investors participating in this offering would be $                per share.

To the extent that outstanding stock options or warrants with an exercise price per share that is less than the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share are exercised, new investors will experience further dilution. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.

The table below summarizes, as of March 31, 2020, on the pro forma as adjusted basis described above, the number of shares of our common stock, the total consideration and the average price per share (i) paid to us by our existing stockholders and (ii) to be paid by investors participating in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $                per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, before deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

	Shares purchased				Total consideration				Average  price per share
	Number		Percent		Amount		Percent
Existing stockholders		107,087,928		%	$	224,802,503		%	$	1.96
New investors
Total				100%		$		100%

If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full, our existing stockholders would own                % and our new investors would own                % of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding upon the completion of this offering.

The foregoing discussion and tables above (other than the historical net tangible book value calculation) are based on 107,087,928 shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2020, which includes 100,924,592 shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of all outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock as of March 31, 2020 and excludes:

• 20,913,455 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding as of March 31, 2020, having a weighted-average exercise price of $2.60 per share;

• 56,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options granted after March 31, 2020, with a weighted-average exercise price of $5.40 per share;

• 1,809,390 shares of common stock that were reserved for future issuance as of March 31, 2020 under our 2011 Plan (without giving effect to the issuance of stock options to purchase 56,000 shares of common stock subsequent to March 31, 2020 described above), which will become available for issuance under our 2020 Plan upon the effectiveness of the 2020 Plan;

• 273,038 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of an outstanding warrant to purchase shares of our convertible preferred stock that will convert into a warrant exercisable for an equal number of shares of

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common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering, as of March 31, 2020, with an exercise price of $2.93 per share;

•             shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2020 Plan, which will become effective on the day prior to the first public trading date of our common stock, as well as any automatic increases in the number of shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under this plan; and

•             shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the ESPP, which will become effective on the day prior to the first public trading date of our common stock, as well as any automatic increases in the number of shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under this plan.

To the extent any of the outstanding options or warrants described above are exercised, new options or warrants are issued or we issue additional shares of common stock or other equity or convertible debt securities in the future, there will be further dilution to investors participating in this offering.

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Selected consolidated financial data

The following tables set forth our selected consolidated financial data for the periods and as of the dates indicated. The consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The selected consolidated statements of operations data for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020, and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of March 31, 2020 are derived from our unaudited consolidated interim financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our unaudited consolidated interim financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP, on the same basis as our audited consolidated financial statements and include, in the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, that are necessary for the fair presentation of the financial information set forth in those financial statements. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our future results for any period and our results for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of results expected for the year ending December 31, 2020. You should read this data together with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus and the information under the caption “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations.” The selected consolidated financial data included in this section are not intended to replace the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

	Year ended December 31,						Three months ended March 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	2018			2019			2019			2020
							(unaudited)
Consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss data:
Revenue:
Product revenue	$	22,882		$	43,460		$	9,527		$	10,683
Service revenue		8,417			13,233			3,114			3,095
Total revenue		31,299			56,693			12,641			13,778
Cost of sales:
Product cost of sales		6,585			11,245			2,456			2,620
Service cost of sales		1,596			1,972			340			1,179
Total cost of sales		8,181			13,217			2,796			3,799
Gross profit		23,118			43,476			9,845			9,979
Operating expenses:
Research and development(1)		29,077			38,414			8,743			10,976
General and administrative(1)		9,069			12,362			2,642			3,997
Sales and marketing(1)		6,131			9,237			1,837			3,234
Total operating expenses		44,277			60,013			13,222			18,207
Loss from operations		(21,159	)		(16,537	)		(3,377	)		(8,228	)
Other income (expense):
Interest expense		(2,204	)		(1,425	)		(354	)		(357	)
Interest income		872			909			232			151
Other income (expense), net		(777	)		(1,180	)		(687	)		25
Loss before income taxes		(23,268	)		(18,233	)		(4,186	)		(8,409	)
Provision for income taxes		69			69			19			16
Net loss and net comprehensive loss	$	(23,337	)	$	(18,302	)	$	(4,205	)		(8,425	)

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	Year ended December 31,						Three months ended March 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	2018			2019			2019			2020
							(unaudited)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders per share, basic and diluted(2)	$	(5.09	)	$	(3.73	)	$	(0.92	)	$	(1.51	)
Weighted-average shares used in calculating net loss per share, basic and diluted(2)		5,210,272			5,767,931			5,435,117			6,095,977
Pro forma net loss attributable to common stockholders per share, basic and diluted (unaudited)(2)				$	(0.17	)				$	(0.08	)
Weighted-average shares used in computing pro forma net loss per share, basic and diluted (unaudited)(2)					106,692,523						107,020,569
Other financial and operating data (unaudited):
Adjusted EBITDA(3)	$	(14,976	)	$	(7,935	)	$	(1,405	)	$	(5,730	)

(1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows:

	Year ended December 31,				Three months ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2018		2019		2019		2020
					(unaudited)
Cost of sales	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6
Research and development		1,040		1,672		398		511
General and administrative		678		1,763		324		529
Sales and marketing		268		325		92		133
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,986	$	3,760	$	814	$	1,179

(2) See Note 2 and Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further details on the calculation of net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted, the weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted, and unaudited pro forma information.

(3) Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as net loss adjusted for interest expense, interest income, other income (expense), net, provision for income taxes, depreciation and stock-based compensation expenses.

Management uses Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate the financial performance of our business and the effectiveness of our business strategies. We present Adjusted EBITDA because we believe it is frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry and it facilitates comparisons on a consistent basis across reporting periods. Further, we believe it is helpful in highlighting trends in our operating results because it excludes items that are not indicative of our core operating performance.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool and you should not consider it in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. We may in the future incur expenses similar to the adjustments in the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA. In particular, we expect to incur meaningful stock-based compensation expense in the future. Other limitations include that Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect:

• all expenditures or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

• changes in our working capital needs;

• provision for income taxes, which may be a necessary element of our costs and ability to operate;

• the costs of replacing the assets being depreciated, which will often have to be replaced in the future;

• the non-cash component of employee compensation expense; and

• the impact of earnings or charges resulting from matters we consider not to be reflective, on a recurring basis, of our ongoing operations.

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In addition, Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies in our industry or across different industries.

	Year ended December 31,						Three months ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2018			2019			2019			2020
							(unaudited)
Net loss	$	(23,337	)	$	(18,302	)	$	(4,205	)	$	(8,425	)
Provision for income taxes		69			69			19			16
Interest expense		2,204			1,425			354			357
Interest income		(872	)		(909	)		(232	)		(151	)
Other income (expense), net		777			1,180			687			(25	)
Depreciation expense		4,197			4,842			1,158			1,319
Stock-based compensation expense(a)		1,986			3,760			814			1,179
Adjusted EBITDA	$	(14,976	)	$	(7,935	)	$	(1,405	)	$	(5,730	)

(a) Represents stock-based compensation expense related to option awards. See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus for details on our stock-based compensation expense.

	December 31,						March 31,
(in thousands)	2018			2019			2020
							(unaudited)
Consolidated balance sheet data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	99,617		$	81,033		$	70,306
Working capital(1)		103,647			80,428			79,611
Total assets		133,819			131,009			122,778
Total liabilities		36,188			47,226			46,098
Total convertible preferred stock		224,769			224,769			224,769
Accumulated deficit		(131,998	)		(150,300	)		(158,725	)
Total stockholders’ equity		97,631			83,783			76,680

(1) Working capital is calculated as current assets less current liabilities. See our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus for further details regarding our current assets and current liabilities.

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Quarterly results of operations

The following table sets forth unaudited quarterly consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss data for each of the periods presented. The information for each of these periods has been prepared in accordance with GAAP on the same basis as our audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) that are necessary for a fair presentation of our results of operations. This data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. These selected quarterly operating results are not necessarily indicative of our operating results for any future period.

	Three months ended
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	March 31, 2019			June 30, 2019			September 30, 2019			December 31, 2019			March 31, 2020
	(unaudited)
Revenue:
Product revenue	$	9,527		$	7,795		$	13,200		$	12,938		$	10,683
Service revenue		3,114			3,968			2,467			3,684			3,095
Total revenue		12,641			11,763			15,667			16,622			13,778
Cost of sales:
Product cost of sales		2,456			1,949			3,387			3,453			2,620
Service cost of sales		340			242			610			780			1,179
Total cost of sales		2,796			2,191			3,997			4,233			3,799
Gross profit		9,845			9,572			11,670			12,389			9,979
Operating expenses:
Research and development		8,743			9,642			10,189			9,840			10,976
General and administrative		2,642			3,080			3,136			3,504			3,997
Sales and marketing		1,837			2,452			2,623			2,325			3,234
Total operating expenses		13,222			15,174			15,948			15,669			18,207
Loss from operations		(3,377	)		(5,602	)		(4,278	)		(3,280	)		(8,228	)
Other income (expense):
Interest expense		(354	)		(350	)		(360	)		(361	)		(357	)
Interest income		232			270			221			186			151
Other income (expense), net		(687	)		(488	)		(10	)		5			25
Loss before income taxes		(4,186	)		(6,170	)		(4,427	)		(3,450	)		(8,409	)
Provision for income taxes		19			15			21			14			16
Net loss and net comprehensive loss	$	(4,205	)	$	(6,185	)	$	(4,448	)	$	(3,464	)	$	(8,425	)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.92	)	$	(1.21	)	$	(0.89	)	$	(0.71	)	$	(1.51	)
Weighted-average shares used in calculating net loss per share, basic and diluted		5,435,117			5,744,399			5,886,354			5,998,365			6,095,977

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Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations together with the section titled “Selected consolidated financial data” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion and other parts of this prospectus contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section titled “Risk factors.” Please also see the section titled “Special note regarding forward looking statements.”

Overview

Berkeley Lights is a leading Digital Cell Biology company focused on enabling and accelerating the rapid development and commercialization of biotherapeutics and other cell-based products. The Berkeley Lights Platform captures deep phenotypic, functional and genotypic information for thousands of single cells in parallel and can also deliver the live biology customers desire in the form of the best cells. This is a new way to capture and interpret the qualitative language of biology and translate it into single-cell specific digital information, referred to as Digital Cell Biology. We currently focus on enabling the large and rapidly growing markets of antibody therapeutics, cell therapy and synthetic biology with our platform. Our goal is to establish the Berkeley Lights Platform as the standard throughout the cell-based product value chain by increasing the probability of successful cell-based product development for our customers.

We developed the Berkeley Lights Platform to provide the most advanced environment for rapid functional characterization of single cells at scale. The Berkeley Lights Platform consists of advanced automated systems that analyze live cells using proprietary consumables and application and workflow software to deliver robust single cell data. Our platform first characterizes the performance of cells relevant to the desired cell-based product early in the process and then connects this phenotypic data to the genetic code for each cell. In contrast, current genomic technologies find sequences first and fail to deliver the functional information early in the process. Performing functional validation early means letting poorly performing cells fail early while rapidly advancing the best candidates forward, before incurring significant research and development expense. Our platform repeats this process of fail and advance many times throughout the process, delivering the best cells for what we believe will deliver the best product. We believe our platform rapidly delivers the deepest information, with linked phenotypic and genotypic data, on tens of thousands of live single cells relevant to the customers’ end product specifications. We believe we are the only company exclusively focused on this approach to Digital Cell Biology, and we believe this level of scale and precision is not attainable with other approaches. This allows our customers to find the best cells by:

• Performing rapid functional characterization of tens of thousands of single cells in parallel;

• Precisely controlling the environment around each cell, and maintaining cells in a healthy state for further use;

• Accessing a high degree of cell biodiversity;

• Deep Opto Profiling of the relevant phenotypic characteristics, at single-cell resolution over time and connecting this to the genotypic information for each cell;

• Performing a broad range of workflows, including single-cell assays, on an integrated platform; and

• Digitally aggregating, accessing and analyzing a rich data library for each single cell.

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Using our platform, customers can perform functional characterization of single cells at scale, effectively, more often and earlier in the product development process. We believe this enables them to find the best cells and best product candidates earlier and faster in their processes to:

• Accelerate their product development cycles;

• Improve process yield and lower costs throughout their value chain;

• Enable a broad range of complex therapeutic modalities in biopharmaceuticals;

• Increase the probability of successfully developing cell-based products;

• Achieve revenue from their cell-based products sooner and potentially extend the product lifetime on the market prior to patent expiration; and

• Increase return on investment for their cell-based products.

Our platform is a fully integrated, end-to-end solution, comprised of proprietary consumables, including our OptoSelect chips and reagent kits, advanced automation systems and advanced application and workflow software. Customers load onto our system their live cell samples, as well as media and reagents, then the cells are imported onto our OptoSelect chips where integrated workflows are performed to assess specific cell functions and attributes. Our platform captures and delivers rich single-cell data to find the best cells. We believe this brings common biological cell processing into the digital age. Our platform leverages proprietary OptoElectro Positioning (OEP) technology, which enables deterministic positioning of living single cells and other micro-objects using light. OEP is a core technology of our platform and allows for a high level of control over live single cells or other micro-objects throughout the functional characterization process.

Our commercial workflows, each of which are distinct offerings, are made up of four modules we call Import, Culture, Assay and Export. These modules can be adapted, interchanged and deployed with a variety of single-cell assays to address specific applications and a variety of cell types. We believe this versatility facilitates rapid development of new workflow offerings and virtually unlimited workflow commercialization opportunities. We have developed and will continue to develop and commercialize proprietary workflows across large markets by leveraging existing workflows and assays. Over time, our goal is to enable customers to standardize many of their processes on our platform utilizing our workflows. We believe we are the only company commercializing a platform that can do this in a scalable way.

We commercially launched our platform in December of 2016, which included Beacon and the alpha version of our Opto Cell Line Development 1.0 workflow, targeted to the antibody therapeutics market. From the initial launch of our platform through May 31, 2020, we have commercially launched six workflows and, in June of 2019, we launched our desktop Lightning system targeted for assay development and lower throughput workflows.

Revenue increased 81% to $56.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to $31.3 million in 2018, and 9% to $13.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to $12.6 million in the same period in 2019, primarily due to the adoption of our platform by new customers, increased workflow utilization from existing customers further deploying our advanced automation systems across their value chains along with the associated increased usage of consumables, as well as service and warranty revenue largely from annual contract renewals by existing customers. Total revenue by market was $49.4 million in antibody therapeutics, $2.6 million in cell therapy and $4.7 million in synthetic biology for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to $30.3 million, $1.0 million and $10,000, respectively, in 2018. Total revenue by market was $11.8 million in antibody therapeutics, $0.4 million in cell therapy and $1.6 million in synthetic

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biology for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $12.4 million, $0.2 million and $80,000, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2019. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, revenue from North America accounted for approximately 53% and 65% of our revenue, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, revenue from North America accounted for approximately 62% and 67% of our revenue, respectively.

As of December 31, 2019, our customer base was comprised of 45 customers, which include eight of the ten largest biopharmaceutical companies in the world ranked by 2019 revenue who comprised 18% of our revenue in 2019, as well as biotechnology companies, leading contract research organizations, synthetic biology companies and academic institutions. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we added 22 new customers and for the year ended December 31, 2018, we added 16 new customers. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, we added four new customers. While we have seen significant growth in our customer and installed base, we believe we are still in the very early stages of platform adoption, with the majority of our historical revenue derived from early adopters of our technology for research and development purposes.

As of March 31, 2020, we employed a commercial team of 74 employees, including 24 with Ph.D. degrees and many with significant industry experience. Of the 74 commercial employees, 32 were in business development, sales and marketing. As of March 31, 2020, our commercial team included 17 quota carrying sales representatives, as compared to 13 as of December 31, 2019 and 7 as of December 31, 2018. We follow a direct sales model in North America, certain regions in Europe and China, while also selling through third party distributors and dealers in Asia.

We focus a substantial portion of our resources on platform, workflow and assay development, as well as on business development and sales and marketing. Our research and development efforts are geared towards developing new workflows and assay capabilities, as well as new advanced systems and OptoSelect chips and reagent kits, to meet both our customers’ needs and to address new markets. We incurred research and development expenses of $38.4 million and $29.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We incurred research and development expenses of $11.0 million and $8.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We intend to continue making significant investments in this area for the foreseeable future. We also intend to continue to make investments in building our sales team and marketing our products and services to potential customers. We incurred aggregate general, administrative, and sales and marketing expenses of $21.6 million and $15.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We incurred aggregate general, administrative, and sales and marketing expenses of $7.2 million and $4.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

We generally outsource all of our production manufacturing. Design work, prototyping and pilot manufacturing are performed in-house before outsourcing to third party contract manufacturers. Our outsourced production strategy is intended to drive cost leverage and scale, and avoid the high capital outlays and fixed costs related to constructing and operating a manufacturing facility. The contract manufacturers of our systems, reagent kits and OptoSelect chip components are located in the United States, Asia and Europe. Certain of our suppliers of components and materials are single source suppliers. We perform final manufacture and assembly steps of our OptoSelect chips in-house.

To date, we have financed our operations primarily from the issuance and sale of convertible preferred stock, borrowings under our long-term debt agreement, as well as cash flows from operations. Since our inception in 2011, we have incurred net losses in each year. Our net losses were $18.3 million and $23.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $8.4 million and $4.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of March 31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $158.7 million and cash and cash equivalents totaling $70.3 million. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and

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operating losses for the foreseeable future. We expect our expenses will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:

• attract, hire and retain qualified personnel;

• invest in processes and infrastructure to scale our platform;

• support research and development to introduce new products;

• market and sell new and existing products and services;

• protect and defend our intellectual property; and

• acquire businesses or technologies to support the growth of our business.

Access options to Digital Cell Biology enabled by the Berkeley Lights Platform

Our business model is focused on driving the adoption of the Berkeley Lights Platform and maximizing its use across our customers’ value chains. This is achieved by enabling more functional testing of single cells throughout our customers’ value chains and by finding opportunities for customers to perform single-cell functional testing earlier in their product development process to advance better product candidates. We engage with potential customers to identify a significant challenge they are facing and then evaluate which of our workflows and underlying assays can address their problem. Customers can gain access to our platform via direct purchase, subscription, or strategic partnership. In many cases we can address customers’ needs with existing or variants of existing workflows. Alternately, we may form strategic partnerships to develop substantially new workflows with our customers to address their needs. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, revenue was $21.2 million and $39.1 million from direct purchase (or 68% and 69%, respectively), respectively, none and $89,000 from subscription (or 0% for both periods), and $6.9 million and $9.6 million from strategic partnerships (or 22% and 17%, respectively), respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020, revenue was $9.0 million and $9.4 million from direct purchase (or 71% and 69%, respectively), none and $55,000 from subscription (or 0% for both periods), and $2.3 million and $1.9 million from strategic partnerships (or 18% and 13%, respectively), respectively.

Direct purchase: Under this option the customer acquires the platform through a one-time purchase. In addition, the customer must acquire an annually renewable workflow license for any applicable workflow the customer plans to deploy. Customers can opt to buy extended warranty and service agreements and purchase the required consumables and reagents as needed.

Subscription: Through our recently launched subscription program, a customer is able to subscribe to a specific workflow and pay a quarterly fee over a fixed period of time which covers the annual workflow license, the advanced automation system, as well as warranty and service. Customers purchase the required consumables and reagents as needed.

Strategic partnership: This option can combine the direct purchase or subscription access option along with milestone payments for joint workflow development programs. Depending on the partnership, it may in the future include shared revenue arrangements in the form of royalties.

Under these access options we have the potential to generate recurring revenue streams in the form of OptoSelect chip and reagent kit sales, service and extended warranty arrangements, annual renewable workflow license fees, subscription fees, as well as the potential for the future sale of biological assets and royalty arrangements. Growth and predictability of recurring revenue is impacted by the mix between these access options, the total number and frequency of workflows deployed and performed, the length and

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magnitude of fee and subscription arrangements and their related renewal rates, and to a lesser extent, seasonal budget patterns of our customers. It is our goal and expectation that recurring revenue will grow over time, both in absolute dollars and as a percentage of our revenue.

Our sales process can vary considerably depending upon the type of customer and engagement type. Our sales process can be long, with sales cycles spanning several quarters or more, depending upon the magnitude of the transaction. Given the variability of our sales cycle and the impact of system placement mix from the different access options, as well as the number of placements that require an upfront feasibility study, we expect continued fluctuations in our revenue on a period-to-period basis until we achieve broader adoption of our platform and recurring revenue grows to a higher percentage of our revenue. We enter a given period with limited backlog and our revenue relies on a high conversion percentage of orders to be booked and shipped in that period, which also results in somewhat limited revenue visibility from period to period.

Key factors affecting our results of operations and future performance

We believe that our financial performance has been, and in the foreseeable future will continue to be, primarily driven by multiple factors as described below, each of which presents growth opportunities for our business. These factors also pose important challenges that we must successfully address in order to sustain our growth and improve our results of operations. Our ability to successfully address these challenges is subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described under the heading “Risk factors.”

New customer adoption of the Berkeley Lights Platform

Our financial performance has largely been driven by, and a key factor to our future success will be, our ability to increase the adoption of our platform. We plan to drive global customer adoption through business development efforts, a direct sales and marketing organization in the United States, parts of Europe, China, and third party distributors and dealers in Asia. We are investing in our direct sales organization and establishing distributors in certain global geographies. As part of this effort, we increased our direct sales force by 37% in the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, our installed base of advanced automation systems outside of our BioFoundry was 48 and 54, respectively. For the purposes of defining our installed base of advanced automation systems, we do not include Culture Station as it is not a direct driver of recurring revenue.

Adoption of the platform access options we offer

We offer different access options to our platform in order to meet customer budget and business model needs. We believe this helps to drive customer adoption of our platform. Customers can access our platform with a direct platform purchase or subscription. We also form strategic partnerships to jointly develop workflows, through which the customer can gain access to our platform through a combination of direct platform purchase or subscription, milestone payments and, in the future, potentially shared revenue arrangements. Substantially all of our customers to date have chosen to access our platform with a direct platform purchase or to form a strategic partnership with us. We launched the subscription access option in February of 2020 and believe that over time, a growing portion of our new customers will choose subscription. The degree to which customers adopt one access option over the other could create variations in the amount of and timing in which we recognize revenue and derive cash flow from operations. In addition, as adoption of the subscription access option increases, it will make it difficult to compare our future results with our historical results as a consequence of differing accounting treatment.

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Utilization and value of our workflows

Workflows represent a source of recurring revenue from customers using our platform. We are driving utilization of our workflows by engaging with customers leveraging our customer success organization to help them advance through the platform adoption cycle from early stage validation of the platform into an integrated solution. As our platform advances towards becoming fully integrated within customer processes, customers utilize more workflows. We also develop new workflows for use at multiple points within the discovery, development and production phases of our customers’ value chains. We increase the value of our workflows by building additional assays that can be used with a given workflow and by further integrating the workflows into our customers’ existing processes. We are also expanding the upstream and downstream reach of our workflows. This increases the workflow value to our customers and enables us to share in that value creation, which we believe will increase workflow adoption.

Adoption of our platform across existing customers’ organizations

There is an opportunity to increase broader adoption and utilization of our platform throughout our customers’ organizations by their purchasing of more systems to support multiple locations, to meet redundancy requirements, or driven by a need to increase capacity. Increased usage amongst existing customers can also occur as customers advance through the platform adoption cycle from early stage validation phase into an integrated solution.

Development and monetization of proprietary biological assets

Our ability to participate in the end markets of cell-based products is a function of how many proprietary biological assets are generated during new workflow development in our BioFoundry. Within our Berkeley Lights BioFoundry, we practice and validate workflows. In certain cases, we may use our own biology as part of this validation process. This enables us to commercialize new workflows and may also generate proprietary valuable biological assets we could sell outright or license to customers, such as functionally validated antibodies or new organisms applicable to synthetic biology.

Adoption of the Berkeley Lights Platform into new markets

Our market entry strategy involves identifying markets that have significant constraints, which can be addressed by our platform. This can be specific to certain diseases or pathogens and/or involve new therapeutic modalities and/or cell types. We drive our expansion into new markets by developing workflows for those markets, either by adapting existing workflows or by partnering with leaders in those markets to develop workflows that address their significant unmet needs, and have general value for other customers in that market. These partnerships can result in joint development of specific workflows and assays involving upfront and milestone arrangements. Depending on the agreement, we could also negotiate end product revenue participation through royalties. Furthermore, these partnerships enable us to generate insights about a particular market, which facilitates development of workflows that we may commercialize to the market broadly.

Leverage derived from our BioFoundry research and development infrastructure

We use our Berkeley Lights BioFoundry, which we believe represents the largest single location platform capacity globally, to drive new workflow development and functionally characterize cells. In our BioFoundry, we practice and develop workflows and functional assays that are applicable throughout the value chain of our target markets. Our workflows are made up of modules that can be adapted, interchanged and deployed with a

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variety of assays. We believe this versatility facilitates rapid development of new workflow offerings and virtually unlimited workflow commercialization opportunities. There can also be significant leverage among workflows and underlying assays used to functionally characterize single cells in these markets, allowing us to leverage the components developed for one market to improve and accelerate workflow development for another market. This allows us to capture workflow synergies which facilitate adoption of our platform across markets. We have and will continue to invest significantly in expanding our assay and workflow libraries. We have grown our workflow library since the introduction of our first workflow in December of 2016, and as of May 31, 2020, we offered six commercial workflows incorporating sixteen assays and eleven cell classes.

Further investment towards adoption of Digital Cell Biology

Driving the adoption of our platform and workflows across existing and new markets will require significant investment. We plan to further invest in research and development to support the expansion of our workflow and assay libraries as well as the addition of platform capabilities including new reagent kits and OptoSelect chips, and new advanced automation systems to address new markets and new workflows. We will continue to hire employees with the necessary scientific and technical backgrounds to enhance our existing products and help us introduce new products to market. We expect to incur additional research and development expenses and higher stock-based compensation expenses as a result. We further plan to invest in sales, marketing and business development activities to drive the commercialization of new products, migration to new markets and further growth within our existing markets. We have invested, and will continue to invest, significantly in our manufacturing capabilities and commercial infrastructure. We expect to incur additional general and administrative expenses and to have higher stock-based compensation expenses as we support our growth and our transition into a publicly traded company. As cost of revenue, operating expenses and capital expenditures fluctuate over time, we may experience short-term, negative impacts to our results of operations and cash flows, but we are undertaking such investments in the belief that they will contribute to long-term growth and sustainability.

Key business metrics

We regularly review the following key business metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. We believe that the following metrics are representative of our current business; however, we anticipate these will change or may be substituted for additional or different metrics as our business grows.

	Year ended December 31,				Change		Three months ended March 31,				Change
(dollars in thousands)	2018		2019		%		2019		2020		%
							(unaudited)
Revenue from new and existing customers: Revenue from new customers	$	16,185	$	29,639		83%	$	3,538	$	5,964		69%
Revenue from existing customers		15,114		27,054		79%		9,103		7,814		(14%	)
Revenue streams: Direct platform sales	$	21,233	$	39,116		84%	$	8,973	$	9,448		5%
Recurring revenue		3,206		8,021		150%		1,340		2,479		85%
Milestones and programs		6,860		9,556		39%		2,328		1,851		(20%	)
Platform placements and installation base outside of our BioFoundry: Direct platform sales placements		12		26		117%		5		6		20%
Total installed base		22		48		118%		27		54		100%

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Components of results of operations

Revenue

Our revenue consists of both product and service revenue, which is generated through the following revenue streams: (i) direct platform sales (advanced automation systems, fully-paid workflow license agreements and platform support), (ii) recurring revenue (annual workflow license agreements, workflow subscription agreements, consumables, service and warranty contracts) and (iii) revenue from partnerships related to our joint development agreements, and to a lesser extent feasibility studies, and potential revenue from sales of, or royalties from the out-licensing of proprietary biological assets that we may develop for our customers. Sales of advanced automation systems, recurring revenue from consumables, workflow subscription agreements, and workflow licenses are defined as product revenue, and revenue from joint development agreements and partnerships, service and warranty contracts, feasibility studies and platform support are defined as service revenue in our results of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, revenue was $0.2 million, $1.7 million, $6.1 million, $18.7 million, $31.3 million and $56.7 million, respectively.

Direct platform sales: Direct platform sales are comprised of our customers, distributors and dealer network directly purchasing our advanced automation systems. This included, during our early customer engagements, a fully paid workflow license to practice the desired workflow(s) in a specific field of use. In addition, we also offer platform support to the extent customers require further system and workflow optimization following platform implementation. Direct platform sales accounted for $39.1 million, or 69%, of our revenue in the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of 84% over our revenue of $21.2 million from direct platform sales in the year ended December 31, 2018. Direct platform sales accounted for $9.4 million, or 69%, of our revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2020, an increase of 5% over our revenue of $9.0 million from direct platform sales in the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Recurring revenue: Each platform placement, depending on the chosen access model, drives various streams of recurring revenue. With each workflow, our customers require certain consumables such as our OptoSelect chips and reagent kits to run their workflows. The OptoSelect chips can only be used with our platform and there are no alternative after-market options that can be used as a substitute. Each OptoSelect chip is considered single-use and only used once per workflow. Consumables are sold without the right of return and revenue is recognized upon transfer of control. Finally, we offer our customers extended warranty and service programs for regular system maintenance and system optimization. These services are provided primarily on a fixed fee basis. We recognize revenue from the sale of an extended warranty contract over the respective coverage period. Warranty and service contracts are typically short-term in nature, generally covering a one-year period.

Recurring revenue may also include annually renewable workflow licenses as well as quarterly workflow subscription payments from annual or multi-year subscription agreements. In late 2019, we piloted the subscription option for the antibody discovery and cell line development workflows. We are still in the early commercialization phase of assessing market acceptance of this access model. Recurring revenue accounted for $8.0 million, or 14%, of our revenue in the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of 150% over recurring revenue of $3.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2018. Recurring revenue accounted for $2.5 million, or 18%, of our revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2020, an increase of 85% over recurring revenue of $1.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Revenue from joint development agreements and partnerships: Joint development agreements are arrangements whereby we provide services for the development of new workflows, cell, or organism types, or deliver specific biological assets to meet specific customers’ needs. Such contracts generally include defined milestones associated with these development activities over extended periods of time, some in excess of twenty-four

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months. There are formal customer acceptance clauses as each milestone is completed, and an approval to proceed with the next milestone is generally required. Some development agreements may also include a prerequisite feasibility study to determine proof of concept before any milestone work is initiated. We recognize revenue over time using an input measure of progress based on costs incurred to date as compared to the total estimated costs (i.e. percentage of completion). We periodically review and update our estimates which may adjust revenue recognized for the period. Milestone revenue can vary over time as different projects start and complete. On occasion, we also perform feasibility studies prior to a direct platform sale in the event customers require further platform validation prior to purchase. Milestone program and related revenue accounted for $9.6 million, or 17%, of our revenue in the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of 39% over our revenue of $6.9 million from milestone program and related revenue in the year ended December 31, 2018. Milestone program and related revenue accounted for $1.9 million, or 13%, of our revenue in the three months ended March 31 2020, a decrease of 20% from our revenue of $2.3 million from milestone program and related revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Costs of sales, gross profit and gross margin

Product cost of sales. Cost of sales associated with our products primarily consists of manufacturing related costs incurred in the production process, including personnel and related costs, costs of component materials, labor and overhead, packaging and delivery costs and allocated costs, including facilities and information technology.

Service cost of sales. Cost of sales associated with our services primarily consists of personnel and related costs, expenses related to the development of customized platforms and workflows, feasibility studies on our platforms and service and warranty costs to support our customers. We maintain continuous efforts to increase reliability and uptime of our advanced automation systems. During the year ended December 31, 2019 and the three months ended March 31, 2020, we incurred service and warranty costs of $2.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, for the support of our installed base.

Gross profit and gross margin. Gross profit is calculated as revenue less cost of revenue. Gross margin is gross profit expressed as a percentage of revenue. Our gross profit in future periods will depend on a variety of factors, including: market conditions that may impact our pricing; sales mix among platform access options; sales mix changes among consumables, advanced automation systems and services; product mix changes between established products and new products; excess and obsolete inventories; our cost structure for manufacturing operations relative to volume; and product warranty obligations. We expect cost of sales to increase in absolute dollars in future periods as our revenue grows, and as we plan to hire additional employees to support our manufacturing, operations, service and support organizations.

Operating expenses

Research and development. Research and development costs primarily consist of salaries, benefits, incentive compensation, stock-based compensation, laboratory supplies, materials expenses and allocated facilities costs for employees and contractors engaged in research and product development. We expense all research and development costs in the period in which they are incurred.

We plan to continue to invest in our research and development efforts, including hiring additional employees, to enhance existing products and develop new products. As a result, we expect that our research and development expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods. We expect these expenses to vary from period to period as a percentage of revenue.

General and administrative. Our general and administrative expenses primarily consist of salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation costs for employees in our executive, accounting and finance, legal and human

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resource functions as well as professional services fees, such as consulting, audit, tax and legal fees, general corporate costs and allocated overhead expenses. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars after this offering, primarily due to increased headcount to support anticipated growth in the business and due to incremental costs associated with operating as a public company. We expect these expenses to vary from period to period as a percentage of revenue.

Sales and marketing. Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits, sales commissions and stock-based compensation costs for employees within our commercial sales functions, as well as marketing, travel expenses and allocated facilities and IT costs. We expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we expand our commercial sales, marketing and business development teams, increase our presence globally and increase marketing activities to drive awareness and adoption of our platform. While these expenses may vary from period to period as a percentage of revenue, we expect these expenses to increase as a percent of sales in the short-term as we continue to grow our commercial organization to support anticipated growth in the business.

We expect our aggregate stock-based compensation to continue to increase in absolute dollar terms.

Other income (expense)

Interest expense. Interest expense consists primarily of interest related to borrowings under our debt obligations.

Interest income. Interest income primarily consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents which are invested in cash deposits and in money market funds.

Other income (expense), net. Other income (expense), net consists primarily of losses from our equity method investment and foreign currency exchange gains and losses. Foreign currency exchange gains and losses relate to transactions and asset and liability balances denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily related to our operations in the United Kingdom. We expect our foreign currency gains and losses to continue to fluctuate in the future due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Provision for income taxes

Our provision for income taxes consists primarily of foreign taxes and state minimum taxes in the United States. As we expand the scale and scope of our international business activities, any changes in the United States and foreign taxation of such activities may increase our overall provision for income taxes in the future.

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Results of operations

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in the prospectus. The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented:

	Year ended December 31,						Three months ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2018			2019			2019			2020
							(unaudited)
Revenue:
Product revenue	$	22,882		$	43,460		$	9,527		$	10,683
Service revenue		8,417			13,233			3,114			3,095
Total revenue		31,299			56,693			12,641			13,778
Costs of sales:
Product costs of sales		6,585			11,245			2,456			2,620
Service costs of sales		1,596			1,972			340			1,179
Total costs of sales		8,181			13,217			2,796			3,799
Gross profit		23,118			43,476			9,845			9,979
Operating expenses:
Research and development(1)		29,077			38,414			8,743			10,976
General and administrative(1)		9,069			12,362			2,642			3,997
Sales and marketing(1)		6,131			9,237			1,837			3,234
Total operating expenses		44,277			60,013			13,222			18,207
Loss from operations		(21,159	)		(16,537	)		(3,377	)		(8,228	)
Other income (expense):
Interest expense		(2,204	)		(1,425	)		(354	)		(357	)
Interest income		872			909			232			151
Other income (expense), net		(777	)		(1,180	)		(687	)		25
Loss before provision for income taxes		(23,268	)		(18,233	)		(4,186	)		(8,409	)
Provision for income taxes		69			69			19			16
Net loss and net comprehensive loss	$	(23,337	)	$	(18,302	)	$	(4,205	)	$	(8,425	)

(1) Amounts include stock-based compensation as follows:

	Year ended December 31,				Three months ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2018		2019		2019		2020
					(unaudited)
Cost of sales	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6
Research and development		1,040		1,672		398		511
General and administrative		678		1,763		324		529
Sales and marketing		268		325		92		133
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,986	$	3,760	$	814	$	1,179

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Comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020

Revenue

	Three months ended
	March 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2019		2020		Amount			%
	(unaudited)
Product revenue	$	9,527	$	10,683	$	1,156			12%
Service revenue		3,114		3,095		(19	)		(1%	)
Total revenue	$	12,641	$	13,778	$	1,137			9%

Product revenue increased by $1.2 million, or 12%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase was primarily driven by an increase of $0.8 million in consumable sales driven by the increase in our installed base and an increase of $0.4 million in direct platform sales resulting from six new system placements in the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to five new system placements in the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase in revenue from increased system placements in the three months ended March 31, 2020 was partially offset by the mix of system type placed.

Service revenue remained flat at $3.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019 and was primarily driven by an increase from sales of service warranty and milestones and programs, offset by decreases in revenue from feasibility studies and platform support arrangements.

We added four new customers in the three months ended March 31, 2020, and three new customers in the three months ended March 31, 2019. Total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was comprised of $6.0 million in revenue from those new customers and $7.8 million from existing customers compared to $3.5 million and $9.1 million, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Cost of sales, gross profit and gross margin

	Three months ended
	March 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2019		2020		Amount		%
	(unaudited)
Product cost of sales	$	2,456	$	2,620	$	164		7%
Service cost of sales		340		1,179		839		247%
Total cost of sales	$	2,796	$	3,799	$	1,003		36%
Gross profit	$	9,845	$	9,979	$	134		1%
Gross margin		78%		72%

Product cost of sales increased by $0.2 million, or 7%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase in product costs of sales was in line with revenue growth for consumables and platforms. Service cost of sales increased by $0.8 million, or 247%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase was primarily due to costs incurred related to milestones and programs under which we provide services on a time and materials basis.

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Gross profit increased by $0.1 million, or 1%, and gross margin declined by 6 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to product mix and the timing of revenue recognition with respect to sales of our platform equipment.

Operating expenses

Research and development

	Three months ended
	March 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2019		2020		Amount		%
	(unaudited)
Research and development	$	8,743	$	10,976	$	2,233		26%

Research and development expense increased by $2.2 million, or 26%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase was due to a $1.4 million increase in personnel-related expenses, including a $0.1 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, resulting from increased headcount and a $0.8 million increase in testing and qualification materials and other costs related to various projects to develop and improve systems, workflows and assays.

General and administrative

	Three months ended
	March 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2019		2020		Amount		%
	(unaudited)
General and administrative	$	2,642	$	3,997	$	1,355		51%

General and administrative expense increased by $1.4 million, or 51%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase was due to a $0.8 million increase in personnel-related expenses, including a $0.2 million increase in stock-based compensation due to growth in our overall operations, and a $0.6 million increase in professional fees and other expenses related to outside legal, accounting, consulting and IT services to support our continued growth.

Sales and marketing

	Three months ended
	March 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2019		2020		Amount		%
	(unaudited)
Sales and marketing	$	1,837	$	3,234	$	1,397		76%

Sales and marketing expense increased by $1.4 million, or 76%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase was due to a $0.6 million increase in personnel-related expenses, including a $41,000 increase in stock-based compensation as a result of higher headcount, a $0.4 million increase in marketing and advertising costs as we expand our market presence and launch new products, and a $0.4 million increase in other costs.

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Interest expense

	Three months ended
	March 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2019		2020		Amount		%
	(unaudited)
Interest expense	$	354	$	357	$	3		1%

Interest expense remained flat at $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019. Interest expense resulted primarily from interest incurred on our loan from East West Bank, which carries a fixed rate of interest.

Interest income

	Three months ended
	March 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2019		2020		Amount			%
	(unaudited)
Interest income	$	232	$	151	$	(81	)		(35%	)

Interest income decreased by $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to lower average cash balances and lower interest received on our cash and short-term deposits due to the continuing decline in interest rates.

Other income (expense), net

	Three months ended
	March 31,					Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2019			2020		Amount		%
	(unaudited)
Other income (expense), net	$	(687	)	$	25	$	712		104%

Other income (expense), net increased by $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019. Other expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 included losses associated with our equity method investment, which ceased operations during fiscal 2019.

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019

Revenue

	Year ended December 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018		2019		Amount		%
Product revenue	$	22,882	$	43,460	$	20,578		90%
Service revenue		8,417		13,233		4,816		57%
Total revenue	$	31,299	$	56,693	$	25,394		81%

Product revenue increased by $20.6 million, or 90%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was primarily driven by an $18.5 million increase in direct platform sales resulting from 26 new system placements during the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to 12 new

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system placements for the year ended December 31, 2018. Additionally, recurring revenue increased by $2.1 million as a result of an increase in consumable sales for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018, resulting from the increase in our system placements and installed base. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we maintained an installed base of 48 systems globally outside of our BioFoundry, compared to 22 systems for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Service revenue increased by $4.8 million, or 57%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The growth was primarily due to a $3.8 million increase relating to our existing milestone arrangements supporting the development of customized workflows and platforms, and a $2.5 million increase from sales of service and warranty during the year ended December 31, 2019, driven by the increase in our installed base and customers renewing their service and warranty contracts, offset by decreases in feasibility studies and platform support arrangements of $1.5 million resulting from fewer customers requiring these arrangements during 2019 as compared to 2018.

We added 22 new customers for the year ended December 31, 2019, and 16 new customers were added for the year ended December 31, 2018. Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 was comprised of $29.6 million in revenue from those new customers versus $27.1 million from existing customers compared to $16.2 million and $15.1 million, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Costs of sales, gross profit and gross margin

	Year ended December 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018		2019		Amount		%
Product cost of sales	$	6,585	$	11,245	$	4,660		71%
Service cost of sales		1,596		1,972		376		24%
Total cost of sales	$	8,181	$	13,217	$	5,036		62%
Gross profit	$	23,118	$	43,476	$	20,358		88%
Gross margin		74%		77%

Product cost of sales increased by $4.7 million, or 71%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in product costs of sales was in line with revenue growth for both systems and consumables and included an increase in warranty repair costs driven by the increase in our installed base. Service cost of sales increased by $0.4 million, or 24%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was primarily due to a $0.7 million increase in cost for extended warranty services as the installed base matured and customers renewed their service contracts, and more customers purchased extended warranty as the standard warranty expired, as well as a $0.5 million increase in direct costs of services related to the development of customized workflows and platforms, offset by a decrease of $0.8 million in direct costs for feasibility studies and platform support resulting from fewer customers requiring such arrangements in 2019 compared to 2018.

Gross profit increased by $20.4 million, or 88%, and gross margin improved by 3 percentage points for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily due to increased revenue as well as a higher mix of milestone revenue driven by percentage of completion. Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2017 was 77%.

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Operating expenses

Research and development

	Year ended December 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018		2019		Amount		%
Research and development	$	29,077	$	38,414	$	9,337		32%

Research and development expense increased by $9.3 million, or 32%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was due to a $4.6 million increase in testing and qualification materials, depreciation and other costs, and a $4.7 million increase in personnel-related expenses, including a $0.6 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, resulting from increased headcount devoted to working on various projects to develop and improve systems, workflows and assays.

General and administrative

	Year ended December 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018		2019		Amount		%
General and administrative	$	9,069	$	12,362	$	3,293		36%

General and administrative expense increased by $3.3 million, or 36%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was due to a $2.2 million increase in personnel-related expenses, including a $1.1 million increase in stock-based compensation, due to growth in our overall operations, and a $1.1 million increase in professional fees and other expenses related to outside legal, accounting, consulting and IT services.

Sales and marketing

	Year Ended December 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018		2019		Amount		%
Sales and marketing	$	6,131	$	9,237	$	3,106		51%

Sales and marketing expense increased by $3.1 million, or 51%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was due to a $1.9 million increase in personnel-related expenses, including a $0.1 million increase in stock-based compensation, as a result of higher headcount to support our revenue growth, a $0.5 million increase in marketing and advertising costs, and a $0.7 million increase in other costs.

Interest expense

	Year ended December 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018		2019		Amount			%
Interest expense	$	2,204	$	1,425	$	(779	)		(35%	)

Interest expense decreased by $0.8 million, or 35%, for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease was primarily due to the repayment of our debt with TriplePoint in May 2018, which was partially offset by interest incurred on our loan from East West Bank entered into in May 2018, which served to refinance the TriplePoint loan at a lower interest rate.

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Interest income

	Year ended December 31,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018		2019		Amount			%
Interest income	$	872	$	909	$	(37	)		(4%	)

Interest income remained relatively flat for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The slight increase was primarily due to increased average cash balances year over year.

Other income (expense), net

	Year ended December 31,						Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2018			2019			Amount			%
Other expense, net	$	(777	)	$	(1,180	)	$	(403	)		(52%	)

Other expense, net increased by $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. This increase is the result of increases in losses associated with our equity method investment, as well as certain one-time costs incurred upon the cessation of our joint venture in Optera Therapeutics Corp. in 2019.

Liquidity and capital resources

Since our inception, we have experienced losses and negative cash flows from operations, and as of March 31, 2020, we had a consolidated net loss of $8.4 million and an accumulated deficit of $158.7 million. We have primarily relied on equity and debt financings to fund our operations to date, including most recently raising gross proceeds of $95.0 million through the sale and issuance of Series E convertible preferred stock in 2018. As of March 31, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of $70.3 million.

We expect to incur additional operating losses in the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in the research and development of our product offerings, commercialize and launch platforms, and expand into new markets. Based on our current business plan, we believe the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents and anticipated cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs over at least the next 12 months following the date of this prospectus.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to our ability to successfully commercialize and launch products, and to achieve a level of sales adequate to support our cost structure. If we are unable to execute on our business plan and adequately fund operations, or if the business plan requires a level of spending in excess of cash resources, we will have to seek additional equity or debt financing. If additional financings are required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected.

Sources of liquidity

Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily from the issuance and sale of our convertible preferred stock, borrowings under long-term debt agreements, and to a lesser extent, cash flow from operations.

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Convertible preferred stock financings

Through March 31, 2020, we have raised a total of $224.8 million from the issuance and sale of convertible preferred stock, net of costs associated with such financings. Most recently, in 2018 we issued shares of Series E convertible preferred stock for gross proceeds of $95.0 million.

East West Bank Loan and Security Agreement

In May of 2018, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with East West Bank, or EWB, which was subsequently amended in April of 2019 and March of 2020, providing us with the ability to borrow up to $20.0 million. The full amount of the loan was funded in May of 2018, and $20.0 million of term loan borrowings were outstanding as of December 31, 2019. Borrowings under the term loan mature on May 23, 2022 and accrue interest at a fixed rate of 6.73% per annum. We are required to make interest only payments on the term loan through May of 2021, after which equal monthly installments of principal and interest are due.

The EWB Loan Agreement is collateralized by substantially all of our property, except for intellectual property, which is subject to a negative pledge. The EWB Loan Agreement contains customary negative covenants that limit our ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, grant liens, make investments, repurchase stock, pay dividends, transfer assets and merge or consolidate with any other entity or to acquire all or substantially all the capital stock or property of another entity. The EWB Loan Agreement also contains customary affirmative covenants, including requirements to, among other things, deliver audited financial statements. In addition, the EWB Loan Agreement contains financial covenants that require us to maintain a certain percentage of our total cash holdings in accounts with EWB as well as maintain certain ratios of cash to cash burn. If we default under the EWB Loan Agreement and if the default is not cured or waived, the lender could cause any amounts outstanding to be payable immediately. Under certain circumstances, the lender could also exercise its rights with respect to the collateral securing such loans. Moreover, any such default would limit our ability to obtain additional financing, which may have an adverse effect on our cash flow and liquidity.

We were in compliance with all covenants under the EWB Loan Agreement as of March 31, 2020.

Cash flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

	Year ended December 31,						Three months ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2018			2019			2019			2020
							(unaudited)
Net cash (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	(13,535	)	$	(10,533	)	$	(1,892	)	$	(9,988	)
Investing activities		(8,418	)		(9,073	)		(2,200	)		(760	)
Financing activities		95,557			1,022			217			21
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	73,604		$	(18,584	)	$	(3,875	)	$	(10,727	)

Operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities increased by $8.1 million to $10.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to $1.9 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase resulted

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primarily from higher net losses during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and increased working capital requirements primarily related to an increase in inventory and prepaid and other current assets as a result of the continued growth of our business, offset by a reduction in deferred revenue due to the timing of recognition of revenue.

Net cash used in operating activities decreased by $3.0 million to $10.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $13.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2018. This decrease reflects lower net losses during the period, partially offset by increased working capital requirements primarily due to an increase in our inventory and prepaid and other current assets as a result of the continued growth of our business, in addition to a reduction in our operating lease liabilities associated with payments on our facility leases. In addition, net cash used in operating activities reflects an increase in non-cash charges of $4.2 million primarily driven by higher depreciation and stock-based compensation expenses as well as the amortization of the operating lease right-of-use asset associated with our facility leases.

Investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to $2.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease was primarily driven by the timing of capital expenditures.

Net cash used in investing activities was $9.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $8.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was primarily driven by higher capital expenditures.

Financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $21,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared with $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Net cash provided by financing activities related primarily to cash receipts from the issuance of common stock upon the exercise of stock options.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared with $95.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2019 resulted from cash receipts of $1.0 million from the issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 resulted primarily from net cash receipts of $94.8 million from the issuance of Series E convertible preferred stock net of issuance costs, $0.6 million of net proceeds from the refinancing of our loan with TriplePoint and $0.2 million cash receipts from the issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options.

Concentration of credit risk

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, five customers accounted for 32%, 15%, 14%, 13% and 13% of revenue, and for the three months ended March 31, 2020, six customers accounted for 17%, 14%, 13%, 13%, 12% and 12% of revenue. Four customers accounted for 25%, 18%, 18% and 16% of accounts receivable as of March 31, 2020.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, no customers accounted for more than 10% of revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2018, one customer accounted for 12% of revenue. At December 31, 2019, four customers comprised 20%, 19%, 18% and 12% of accounts receivable. At December 31, 2018, five customers accounted for 19%, 17%, 17%, 16% and 13% of accounts receivable.

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Contractual obligations and commitments

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2019:

	Payments due by period
(in thousands)	Total		Less than 1 year		1 to 3 Years		3 to 5 Years		More than 5 years
Lease commitments(1), (2)	$	9,909	$	2,529	$	4,978	$	2,402	$	—
Debt obligations, including interest(3)		21,989		7,098		14,891		—		—
Purchase obligations(4)		10,615		9,762		853		—		—
Total	$	42,513	$	19,389	$	20,722	$	2,402	$	—

(1) We lease our office and laboratory space in Emeryville, California under multiple operating leases that expire in March 2028. We also lease multiple office facilities in Shanghai, China under operating leases that expire at various dates, the latest of which is February 2022.

(2) On June 25, 2020, we entered into an operating lease for 34,789 square feet of additional space in Emeryville, California, as well as amended our existing lease arrangements to vacate certain existing space and extend the terms of our remaining existing space in Emeryville. The lease for additional space commences October 1, 2020 and all of the leases now expire on March 31, 2028. The total incremental non-cancelable lease payments under the new and amended lease agreements are $20.1 million through the remainder of the updated lease terms.

(3) As of December 31, 2019, the outstanding principal balance of our term loan under the EWB Loan Agreement was $20.0 million. Borrowings under the term loan mature on May 23, 2022 and accrue interest at a fixed rate of 6.73% per annum. Upon amendment of the EWB Loan Agreement on March 17, 2020, interest only monthly payments are due on the term loan through May 2021, after which equal monthly installments of principal and interest are due.

(4) Purchase obligations relate primarily to our contract manufacturer which manufactures our instruments and makes advance purchases of components based on our sales forecasts and the placement of purchase orders by us, as well as to commitments made to certain providers of components for our consumable manufacturing. To the extent components are purchased by the contract manufacturer on our behalf and cannot be used by the contract manufacturer’s other customers, we are obligated to purchase such components.

Off-balance sheet arrangements

We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet financing arrangements or any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including entities sometimes referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Qualitative and quantitative disclosures about market risk

Interest rate risk

Customer financing exposure. We are indirectly exposed to interest rate risk because many of our customers depend on debt financings to purchase our platforms and systems. An increase in interest rates could make it challenging for our customers to obtain the capital necessary to make such purchases on favorable terms, or at all. Such factors could reduce demand or lower the price we can charge for our platforms and systems, thereby reducing our net sales and gross profit.

Fixed rate debt. In May 2018, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with East West Bank, which is due in May 2022, and carries a fixed interest rate of 6.73% per annum. If we refinance our loan agreement or enter into new debt arrangements, interest rates could increase and thereby increase our financing costs and increase our net loss. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rates would have resulted in a $0.2 million increase in interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Bank deposit, money market and note receivable exposure. As of December 31, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash, of $81.3 million, which consisted primarily of money market funds and bank deposits. The primary objective of our investment is to preserve principal and provide liquidity. These money market funds, and bank deposits generate interest income at variable rates below 1%. A hypothetical

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100 basis point decrease in interest rates would have lowered our interest income by $0.9 million and increased our net loss by this amount.

Foreign currency risk

The majority of our revenue has been generated in the United States. Through December 31, 2019, we did not generate any revenue denominated in foreign currencies. As we expand our presence in international markets, to the extent we are required to enter into agreements denominated in a currency other than the US dollar, our results of operations and cash flows may increasingly be subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign exchange rates. To date, we have not entered into any hedging arrangements with respect to foreign currency risk. As our international operations grow, we will continue to reassess our approach to manage our risk relating to fluctuations in currency rates.

Critical accounting policies and estimates

We have prepared our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Our preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could therefore differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements, we believe the following accounting policies to be critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue recognition

We early adopted Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), or ASC 606, on January 1, 2018 using the full retrospective method.

We derive revenue from two primary sources, product revenue, which is comprised primarily of direct platform sales revenue, consumables revenue and service revenue, which is comprised of revenue from joint development agreements, service and warranty, platform support and feasibility studies on our platform. Revenue is recognized net of applicable taxes imposed on the related transaction.

We recognize revenue when we satisfy the performance obligations under the terms of a contract and control of our products and services is transferred to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive from our customers in exchange for those products and services. This process involves identifying the contract with a customer, determining the performance obligations in the contract, determining the contract price, allocating the contract price to the distinct performance obligations in the contract based on standalone selling price, and recognizing revenue when the performance obligations have been satisfied. A performance obligation is considered distinct from other obligations in a contract when it provides a benefit to the customer either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and is separately identified in the contract. We consider a performance obligation satisfied once we have transferred control of a good or service to the customer, meaning the customer has the ability to use and obtain the benefit of the good or service.

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Our agreements with customers often include multiple performance obligations, which can sometimes be included in separate contracts entered into within a reasonably short period of time. We consider an entire customer arrangement to determine if separate contracts should be considered combined for the purposes of revenue recognition.

In order to determine the stand-alone selling price, we conduct a periodic analysis to determine whether various goods or services have an observable stand-alone selling price as well as to identify significant changes to current stand-alone selling prices. If we do not have an observable stand-alone selling price for a particular good or service, then the stand-alone selling price for that particular good or service is estimated using an approach that maximizes the use of observable inputs. Our process for determining stand-alone selling price requires judgment and considers multiple factors that are reasonably available and maximizes the use of observable inputs that may vary over time depending upon the unique facts and circumstances related to each performance obligation. We believe that this method results in an estimate that represents the price we would charge for the product offerings if they were sold separately.

For most of our performance obligations, we have established stand-alone selling price as a range rather than a single value, such range being plus or minus 15% of the median of observables prices. If the contractually stated prices of all the performance obligations in a contract fall within their respective stand-alone selling price ranges, we will allocate the transaction price at the contractually stated amounts. In situations where the contractually stated price for one or more performance obligations in a contract fall(s) outside of their respective stand-alone selling price range, we will use the mid-point of the respective stand-alone selling price range for performance obligations in the contract priced outside of their respective stand-alone selling price range(s) and contract values for performance obligations priced within their respective stand-alone selling price range(s), to allocate the transaction price on a relative stand-alone selling price basis.

Taxes, such as sales, value-add and other taxes, collected from customers concurrent with revenue generating activities and remitted to governmental authorities are not included in revenue. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in cost of sales.

The following describes the nature of our primary types of revenue and the revenue recognition policies and significant payment terms as they pertain to the types of transactions we enter into with our customers.

Product revenue

Product revenue is comprised of two major revenue streams, direct platform sales and consumables. Direct platform sales revenue is comprised of advanced automation systems (including workflow licenses), as well as Culture Stations. Consumables revenue is comprised of OptoSelect chips required to run the system as well as reagent kits. Our standard arrangement with our customers is generally a purchase order or an executed contract. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of the products to the customer, which generally occurs at a point in time upon the completion of installation and training for advanced automation systems or when the product is shipped or delivered for consumables and Culture Stations. Payment terms are generally thirty to ninety days from the date of invoicing.

On a limited basis, we also enter into fixed-term sales-type lease arrangements with certain qualified customers. Revenue from sales-type lease arrangements is generally recognized in a manner consistent with platform equipment, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria have been met.

Service revenue

Service revenue primarily consists of joint development agreements, service and warranty, platform support and feasibility studies on our advanced automation systems and workflows. Our services are provided primarily

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on a fixed fee basis; from time to time these fixed fee contracts may be invoiced at the outset of the arrangements. We recognize revenue from the sale of an extended warranty, enhanced service warranty arrangements and feasibility studies over the respective period, while revenue on platform support is recognized as the services are performed. Service contracts are typically short-term in nature. Payment terms are generally thirty to ninety days from the date of invoicing.

Joint development agreements are agreements whereby we provide services for the development of customized advanced automation systems and workflows to meet a specific customer’s needs. Such contracts generally include defined milestones associated with these development activities over extended periods of time, some in excess of twenty-four months. There are formal customer acceptance clauses as each milestone is completed, and an approval to proceed with the next milestone is generally required. We recognize revenue over time, using an input measure of progress based on costs incurred to date relative to total expected costs. Payment terms are generally thirty to ninety days from the achievement of each milestone. We place a constraint on a variable consideration estimate that focuses on possible future downward revenue adjustments (i.e. revenue reversals) if there is uncertainty that could prevent a faithful depiction of the consideration that we expect to be entitled to. The constraint estimate is reassessed at each reporting date until the uncertainty is resolved.

Contract assets and contract liabilities

Contract assets include amounts where revenue recognized exceeds the amount invoiced to the customer and the right to payment is not solely subject to the passage of time. Contract liabilities consist of fees invoiced or paid by our customers for which the associated services have not been performed and revenue has not been recognized based on our revenue recognition criteria described above. Such amounts are reported as deferred revenue on our consolidated balance sheets. Deferred revenue that is expected to be recognized during the following twelve months is recorded as a current liability and the remaining portion is recorded as non-current.

Contract assets and contract liabilities are reported in a net position on an individual contract basis at the end of each reporting period. Contract assets are classified as current or non-current on our consolidated balance sheet based on the timing of when we expect to complete the related performance obligations and invoice the customers. Contract liabilities are classified as current or non-current on our consolidated balance sheet based on the timing when the revenue recognition associated to the related customer payments and invoicing is expected to occur.

Costs to obtain or fulfill a contract

Origination costs relate primarily to the payment of incentive bonuses that are directly related to sales transactions. Fulfillment costs generally include the direct cost of services such as platform support and feasibility studies.

Origination and fulfillment costs that are internal to us are generally expensed when incurred because most costs are incurred concurrently with the delivery of the related goods and services, which are predominantly recognized at a point in time or short-term in nature. The origination costs that are related to long-term development agreements are capitalized and amortized over the relevant service period.

Stock-based compensation

We maintain an incentive compensation plan under which incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options are granted primarily to employees and non-employee consultants.

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Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period. The fair value of stock-based awards to employees is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. We record forfeitures as they occur.

Stock-based compensation expense for non-employee stock options is measured at the grant date based on fair market value using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and is recorded as the options vest. Prior to January 1, 2019, nonemployee stock options subject to vesting were revalued periodically over the requisite service period, which was generally the same as the vesting term of the award. From January 1, 2019, the grant date fair market value of non-employee stock options is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period and forfeitures are recognized as they occur.

Common stock valuations

There has been no public market for our common stock to date. As such, the estimated fair value of our common stock has been determined at each grant date by our board of directors, with input from management, based on the information known to us on the grant date and upon a review of any recent events and their potential impact on the estimated per share fair value of our common stock. As part of these fair value determinations, our board of directors obtained and considered valuation reports prepared by a third party valuation firm in accordance with the guidance outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Technical Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation.

Beginning March 31, 2018, in contemplation of an initial public offering, we estimated the enterprise value of our business using a hybrid approach in determining the fair value of our common stock that includes a probability-weighted expected return method, or PWERM, and an option pricing method, or OPM. Under a PWERM, the fair market value of the common stock is estimated based upon an analysis of future values for the enterprise assuming various future outcomes. Within one of those potential outcomes, we utilized the OPM. The OPM treats the rights of the holders of convertible preferred stock and common stock as equivalent to that of call options on any value of the enterprise above certain break points of value based upon the liquidation preferences of the holders of preferred stock, as well as their rights to participation and conversion. Based on the timing and nature of an assumed liquidity event in each scenario, a discount for lack of marketability either was or was not applied to each scenario, as appropriate. We then probability-weighted the value of each expected outcome to arrive at an estimate of fair value per share of common stock.

In addition to considering the results of these third party valuation reports, our board of directors used assumptions based on various objective and subjective factors, combined with management judgment, to determine the fair value of our common stock as of each grant date, including:

• the prices at which we sold shares of preferred stock and the superior rights and preferences of the preferred stock relative to our common stock at the time of each grant;

• external market conditions affecting the life sciences research and development industry and trends within the industry;

• our stage of development and business strategy;

• our financial condition and operating results, including our levels of available capital resources, and forecasted results;

• developments in our business;

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• the progress of our research and development efforts;

• equity market conditions affecting comparable public companies; and

• general United States market conditions and the lack of marketability of our common stock.

Application of these approaches involves the use of estimates, judgment and assumptions that are subjective, such as those regarding our expected future revenue, expenses and future cash flows, discount rates, market multiples, the selection of comparable companies and the probability of possible future events. Changes in any or all of these estimates and assumptions or the relationships between those assumptions impact our valuations as of each valuation date and may have a material impact on the valuation of our common stock. For valuations after the completion of this initial public offering, our board of directors will determine the fair value of each share of underlying common stock-based on the closing price of our common stock as reported on the date of grant.

Recent accounting pronouncements

For information on recently issued accounting pronouncements, see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in this prospectus.

JOBS Act accounting election

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected not to use this extended transition period. We intend to rely on other exemptions provided by the JOBS Act, including without limitation, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

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