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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Summary of Stock Option Plan
The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option plan as at December 31, 2020:
Options outstandingNon-vested options
Number of
options
Weighted-average
exercise price
Number of
options
Weighted-average
grant date
fair value
Outstanding, January 1, 20201,416,346 $199.12 761,784 $53.54 
Granted217,240 $344.04 217,240 $69.00 
Exercised(232,034)$162.87 N/AN/A
VestedN/AN/A(188,108)$50.91 
Forfeited(13,839)$271.75 (13,839)$58.29 
Expired(347)$168.84 N/AN/A
Outstanding, December 31, 20201,387,366 $225.20 777,077 $58.40 
Vested or expected to vest at December 31, 2020(1)
1,366,649 $223.98 N/AN/A
Exercisable, December 31, 2020610,289 $177.65 N/AN/A
(1) As at December 31, 2020, the weighted-average remaining term of vested or expected to vest options was 4.5 years with an aggregate intrinsic value of $297 million.
Stock Options Outstanding and Exercisable
The following table provides the number of stock options outstanding and exercisable as at December 31, 2020 by range of exercise price and their related intrinsic aggregate value, and for options outstanding, the weighted-average years to expiration. The table also provides the aggregate intrinsic value for in-the-money stock options, which represents the amount that would have been received by option holders had they exercised their options on December 31, 2020 at the Company’s closing stock price of $441.53.
Options outstandingOptions exercisable
Range of exercise pricesNumber of
options
Weighted-average
years to
expiration
Weighted-average
exercise
price
Aggregate
intrinsic
value
(millions)
Number of
options
Weighted-average
exercise
price
Aggregate
intrinsic
value
(millions)
$65.06 - $188.78342,773 3.4$141.26 $103 342,773 $141.26 $103 
$188.79 - $214.58327,811 3.1$196.82 $80 109,375 $203.83 $26 
$214.59 - $261.88394,953 4.4$244.17 $78 134,845 $232.54 $28 
$261.89 - $411.37321,829 5.8$320.21 $39 23,296 $272.56 $
Total(1)
1,387,366 4.2$225.20 $300 610,289 $177.65 $161 
(1) As at December 31, 2020, the total number of in-the-money stock options outstanding was 1,387,366 with a weighted-average exercise price of $225.20. The weighted-average years to expiration of exercisable stock options is 3.6 years.
Weighted-Average Fair Value Assumptions The weighted-average fair value assumptions were approximately:
202020192018
Expected option life (years)(1)
4.755.005.00
Risk-free interest rate(2)
1.28 %2.22 %2.22 %
Expected stock price volatility(3)
23.14 %25.04 %24.81 %
Expected annual dividends per share(4)
$3.3200 $2.6191 $2.3854 
Expected forfeiture rate(5)
4.41 %6.05 %4.70 %
Weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the year$69.00 $63.69 $55.63 
(1) Represents the period of time that awards are expected to be outstanding. Historical data on exercise behaviour or, when available, specific expectations regarding future exercise behaviour were used to estimate the expected life of the option.
(2) Based on the implied yield available on zero-coupon government issues with an equivalent term commensurate with the expected term of the option.
(3) Based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock price over a period commensurate with the expected term of the option.
(4) Determined by the current annual dividend at the time of grant. The Company does not employ different dividend yields throughout the contractual term of the option. On July 21, 2020, the Company announced an increase in its quarterly dividend to $0.9500 per share, representing $3.8000 on an annual basis.
(5) The Company estimates forfeitures based on past experience. The rate is monitored on a periodic basis.
Schedule of Options Exercised
The following table provides information related to all options exercised in the stock option plan during the years ended December 31:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192018
Total intrinsic value$52 $63 $17 
Cash received by the Company upon exercise of options52 26 24 
Summary of Performance Share Unit Plan
The following table summarizes information related to the Company’s PSUs and PDSUs as at December 31:
20202019
Outstanding, January 1403,136 395,048 
Granted108,027 134,260 
Units, in lieu of dividends3,843 4,032 
Settled(121,225)(117,228)
Forfeited(11,912)(12,976)
Outstanding, December 31381,869 403,136 
Summary of Deferred Share Unit Plan
The following table summarizes information related to the DSUs as at December 31:
20202019
Outstanding, January 1161,219 152,760 
Granted19,041 19,912 
Units, in lieu of dividends1,511 1,608 
Settled(26,788)(12,110)
Forfeited(172)(951)
Outstanding, December 31154,811 161,219 
Summary of Share-Based Liabilities Paid
The following table summarizes the total share-based liabilities paid for each of the years ended December 31:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192018
Plan
PSUs$76 $54 $30 
DSUs9 
Other1 — 
Total$86 $58 $37