10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                 to                

Commission file number 001-37973

NI HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

NORTH DAKOTA	81-2683619
(State or other jurisdiction of	(IRS Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)
1101 First Avenue North Fargo, North Dakota	58102
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(701) 298-4200

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share	NODK	Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  ☒  Yes    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).   ☒  Yes    No  ☐

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   ☐  Yes    No  ☒

The number of shares of Registrant’s common stock outstanding on April 30, 2020 was 21,779,260. No preferred shares are issued or outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I. - FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3
Item 1. - Financial Statements	3
Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets	3
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations	4
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	5
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity	6
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2. - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	39
Item 3. - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	61
Item 4. - Controls and Procedures	61
Part II. - OTHER INFORMATION	62
Item 1. - Legal Proceedings	62
Item 1A. - Risk Factors	62
Item 2. - Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	63
Item 3. - Defaults upon Senior Securities	64
Item 4. - Mine Safety Disclosures	64
Item 5. - Other Information	64
Item 6. - Exhibits	64
Signatures	65

ii 

CERTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Unless the context otherwise requires, as used in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q:

· “NI Holdings”, “the Company”, “we”, “us”, and “our” refer to NI Holdings, Inc., together with Nodak Insurance Company and its subsidiaries and its affiliate (Battle Creek Mutual Insurance Company), Direct Auto Insurance Company (acquired August 31, 2018), and Westminster American Insurance Company (acquired January 1, 2020), for periods discussed after completion of the conversion, and for periods discussed prior to completion of the conversion refer to Nodak Mutual Insurance Company and all of its subsidiaries and Battle Creek Mutual Insurance Company;

· “Nodak Mutual Group” refers to Nodak Mutual Group, Inc., which is the majority shareholder of NI Holdings;

· the “conversion” refers to the series of transactions by which Nodak Mutual Insurance Company converted from a mutual insurance company to a stock insurance company, as Nodak Insurance Company, and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of NI Holdings, an intermediate stock holding company formed on the date of conversion;

· “Nodak Stock” refers to Nodak Insurance Company, the successor company to Nodak Mutual Insurance Company after the conversion;

· “Nodak Mutual” refers to Nodak Mutual Insurance Company, the predecessor company to Nodak Insurance Company prior to the conversion;

· “Nodak Insurance” refers to Nodak Stock or Nodak Mutual interchangeably;

· “members” refers to the policyholders of Nodak Insurance, who are the named insureds under insurance policies issued by Nodak Insurance;

· “Battle Creek” refers to Battle Creek Mutual Insurance Company. Battle Creek is not a subsidiary of Nodak Insurance, but all of its insurance policies are reinsured by Nodak Insurance through a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement. Battle Creek is controlled by Nodak Insurance as a result of an affiliation agreement between Battle Creek and Nodak Insurance. Battle Creek is consolidated with Nodak Insurance for financial reporting purposes;

· “Direct Auto” refers to Direct Auto Insurance Company. On August 31, 2018, NI Holdings completed the acquisition of 100% of the common stock of Direct Auto from the private shareholders of Direct Auto. Direct Auto became a consolidated subsidiary of NI Holdings on this date. Direct Auto is a property and casualty insurance company specializing in non-standard automobile insurance in the state of Illinois;

· “American West” refers to American West Insurance Company. American West is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance;

· “Primero” refers to Primero Insurance Company. Primero is an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance;

· “Westminster” refers to Westminster American Insurance Company. On January 1, 2020, NI Holdings completed the acquisition of 100% of the common stock of Westminster from the private shareholder of Westminster. The financial results of Westminster have been included in the Consolidated Financial Statements herein since January 1, 2020. Westminster is a property and casualty insurance company specializing in commercial multi-peril insurance in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States; and

· “Nodak Agency” refers to Nodak Agency, Inc. Nodak Agency is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This document contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of such words as “estimate”, “project”, “believe”, “could”, “may”, “intend”, “anticipate”, “plan”, “seek”, “expect” and similar expressions. These forward-looking statements include:

· statements of goals, intentions, and expectations;

· statements regarding prospects and business strategy; and

· estimates of future costs, benefits, and results.

 1

The forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties, including, among other things, the factors discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report and our Annual Report on Form 10-K that could affect the actual outcome of future events.

All of these factors are difficult to predict and many are beyond our control. These important factors include those discussed under “Risk Factors” and those listed below:

· material changes to the federal crop insurance program;

· future economic conditions in the markets in which we compete that are less favorable than expected;

· the effect of legislative, judicial, economic, demographic, and regulatory events in the jurisdictions where we do business;

· our ability to enter new markets successfully and capitalize on growth opportunities either through acquisitions or the expansion of our producer network;

· our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses;

· financial market conditions, including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates and the stock markets causing a reduction of investment income or investment gains and a reduction in the value of our investment portfolio;

· heightened competition, including specifically the intensification of price competition, the entry of new competitors, and the development of new products by new or existing competitors, resulting in a reduction in the demand for our products;

· changes in general economic conditions, including inflation, unemployment, interest rates, and other factors;

· estimates and adequacy of loss reserves and trends in loss and loss adjustment expenses;

· changes in the coverage terms required by state laws with respect to minimum auto liability insurance, including higher minimum limits;

· our inability to obtain regulatory approval of, or to implement, premium rate increases;

· our ability to obtain reinsurance coverage at reasonable prices or on terms that adequately protect us and to collect amounts that we believe we are entitled to under such reinsurance;

· the potential impact on our reported net income that could result from the adoption of future accounting standards issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or other standard-setting bodies;

· unanticipated changes in industry trends and ratings assigned by nationally recognized rating organizations;

· the potential impact of fraud, operational errors, systems malfunctions, or cybersecurity incidents;

· adverse litigation or arbitration results; and

· adverse changes in applicable laws, regulations or rules governing insurance holding companies and insurance companies, and tax or accounting matters including limitations on premium levels, increases in minimum capital and reserves, and other financial viability requirements, and changes that affect the cost of, or demand for our products.

Because forward-looking information is subject to various risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from that expressed or implied by the forward-looking information.

 2

Part I. -
FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. - Financial Statements

NI Holdings, Inc.

Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets

(dollar amounts in thousands, except par value) 

	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	56,637		$	62,132
Fixed income securities, at fair value		310,619			295,945
Equity securities, at fair value		47,142			59,932
Other investments		2,583			1,914
Total cash and investments		416,981			419,923
Premiums and agents' balances receivable		48,283			36,691
Deferred policy acquisition costs		19,164			15,399
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		8,067			4,045
Accrued investment income		2,098			2,089
Property and equipment		10,120			7,694
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation		5,240			14,230
Goodwill and other intangibles		21,251			2,912
Other assets		5,180			5,176
Total assets	$	536,384		$	508,159
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	97,400		$	93,250
Unearned premiums		106,410			89,276
Reinsurance premiums payable		916			170
Income tax payable		473			1,645
Deferred income taxes, net		2,422			4,590
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		26,972			9,425
Commitments and contingencies		—			—
Total liabilities		234,593			198,356
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value, authorized: 25,000,000 shares; issued: 23,000,000 shares; and outstanding: 2020 – 22,015,158 shares, 2019 – 22,119,380 shares		230			230
Preferred stock, without par value, authorized 5,000,000 shares, no shares issued or outstanding		—			—
Additional paid-in capital		96,374			95,961
Unearned employee stock ownership plan shares		(1,671	)		(1,671	)
Retained earnings		214,811			218,480
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of income taxes		2,047			5,612
Treasury stock, at cost, 2020 – 817,787 shares, 2019 – 713,565 shares		(13,459	)		(12,308	)
Non-controlling interest		3,459			3,499
Total shareholders’ equity		301,791			309,803
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	536,384		$	508,159

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 

 3

NI Holdings, Inc.

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations

(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$	58,772		$	50,506
Fee and other income		362			464
Net investment income		1,971			1,743
Net capital gain (loss) on investments		(14,919	)		7,859
Total revenues		46,186			60,572
Expenses:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		30,422			26,234
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		9,387			9,222
Other underwriting and general expenses		10,772			7,472
Total expenses		50,581			42,928
Income (loss) before income taxes		(4,395	)		17,644
Income tax expense (benefit)		(840	)		3,848
Net income (loss)		(3,555	)		13,796
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest		32			23
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.	$	(3,587	)	$	13,773
Basic earnings (loss) per common share	$	(0.16	)	$	0.62
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share	$	(0.16	)	$	0.62

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 

 4

NI Holdings, Inc.

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(dollar amounts in thousands) 

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020									Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.			Attributable to Non- Controlling Interest			Total			Attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.			Attributable to Non- Controlling Interest			Total
Net income (loss)	$	(3,587	)	$	32		$	(3,555	)	$	13,773		$	23		$	13,796
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income taxes:
Holding gains (losses) on investments		(4,456	)		(86	)		(4,542	)		4,092			72			4,164
Reclassification adjustment for net realized capital (gain) loss included in net income		(57	)		(5	)		(62	)		26			1			27
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income taxes		(4,513	)		(91	)		(4,604	)		4,118			73			4,191
Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income		948			19			967			(865	)		(15	)		(880	)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes		(3,565	)		(72	)		(3,637	)		3,253			58			3,311
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(7,152	)	$	(40	)	$	(7,192	)	$	17,026		$	81		$	17,107

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 

 5

NI Holdings, Inc.

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(dollar amounts in thousands) 

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital			Unearned Employee Stock Ownership Plan Shares			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Income Taxes			Treasury Stock			Non-Controlling Interest			Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance, January 1, 2020	$	230	$	95,961		$	(1,671	)	$	218,480		$	5,612		$	(12,308	)	$	3,499		$	309,803
Net income (loss)		—		—			—			(3,587	)		—			—			32			(3,555	)
Other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes		—		—			—			—			(3,565	)		—			(72	)		(3,637	)
Purchase of treasury stock		—		—			—			—			—			(1,502	)		—			(1,502	)
Share-based compensation		—		713			—			—			—			—			—			713
Issuance of vested award shares		—		(300	)		—			(82	)		—			351			—			(31	)
Balance, March 31, 2020	$	230	$	96,374		$	(1,671	)	$	214,811		$	2,047		$	(13,459	)	$	3,459		$	301,791

Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital			Unearned Employee Stock Ownership Plan Shares			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Income Taxes			Treasury Stock			Non-Controlling Interest		Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance, January 1, 2019	$	230	$	94,486		$	(1,914	)	$	183,946		$	6,376		$	(10,634	)	$	3,263	$	275,753
Cumulative effect of change in accounting for equity securities		—		—			—			8,184			(8,184	)		—			—		—
Net income		—		—			—			13,773			—			—			23		13,796
Other comprehensive income, net of income taxes		—		—			—			—			3,253			—			58		3,311
Purchase of treasury stock		—		—			—			—			—			(2	)		—		(2	)
Share-based compensation		—		617			—			—			—			—			—		617
Issuance of vested award shares		—		(274	)		—			(50	)		—			304			—		(20	)
Balance, March 31, 2019	$	230	$	94,829		$	(1,914	)	$	205,853		$	1,445		$	(10,332	)	$	3,344	$	293,455

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 

 6

NI Holdings, Inc.

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(dollar amounts in thousands) 

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	(3,555	)	$	13,796
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash flows from operating activities:
Net capital (gain) loss on investments		14,919			(7,859	)
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)		(2,708	)		1,468
Depreciation of property and equipment		187			142
Amortization of intangibles		1,882			1,135
Share-based compensation		713			617
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		9,387			9,222
Deferral of policy acquisition costs		(13,152	)		(11,147	)
Net amortization of premiums and discounts on investments		282			250
Loss on sale of property and equipment		—			3
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Premiums and agents’ balances receivable		(3,085	)		(4,215	)
Reinsurance premiums receivable / payable		181			224
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		(3,259	)		(911	)
Accrued investment income		60			33
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation		8,990			1,887
Income tax recoverable / payable		(1,034	)		(31	)
Other assets		72			1,065
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		(4,418	)		(1,561	)
Unearned premiums		523			3,404
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(2,369	)		(3,291	)
Net cash flows from operating activities		3,616			4,231
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from sales of fixed income securities		19,872			12,342
Proceeds from sales of equity securities		6,016			2,024
Purchases of fixed income securities		(27,016	)		(14,282	)
Purchases of equity securities		(5,503	)		(2,746	)
Purchases of property and equipment, net		(310	)		(410	)
Acquisition of Westminster American Insurance Company (cash consideration paid net of cash and cash equivalents acquired)		(703	)		—
Other		66			40
Net cash flows from investing activities		(7,578	)		(3,032	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Purchases of treasury stock		(1,502	)		(2	)
Issuance of restricted stock awards		(31	)		(20	)
Net cash flows from financing activities		(1,533	)		(22	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(5,495	)		1,177
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		62,132			68,950
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	56,637		$	70,127
Non-cash item: Present value of installment payable issued in connection with acquisition of Westminster American Insurance Company	$	18,787		$	—
Federal income taxes paid	$	2,900		$	2,000

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 

 7

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

1. Organization

NI Holdings, Inc. (“NI Holdings”) is a North Dakota business corporation that is the stock holding company of Nodak Insurance Company and became such in connection with the conversion of Nodak Mutual Insurance Company from a mutual to stock form of organization and the creation of a mutual holding company. The conversion was consummated on March 13, 2017. Immediately following the conversion, all of the outstanding shares of common stock of Nodak Insurance Company (the successor to Nodak Mutual Insurance Company) were issued to Nodak Mutual Group, Inc., which then contributed the shares to NI Holdings in exchange for 55% of the outstanding shares of common stock of NI Holdings. Nodak Insurance Company then became a wholly-owned stock subsidiary of NI Holdings. Prior to completion of the conversion, NI Holdings conducted no business and had no assets or liabilities. As a result of the conversion, NI Holdings became the holding company for Nodak Insurance Company and its existing subsidiaries. The newly issued shares of NI Holdings were available for public trading on March 16, 2017.

These consolidated financial statements of NI Holdings include the financial position and results of NI Holdings and seven other entities:

· Nodak Insurance Company (“Nodak Insurance”, formerly Nodak Mutual Insurance Company prior to the conversion);

· Nodak Agency, Inc. (“Nodak Agency”);

· American West Insurance Company (“American West”);

· Primero Insurance Company (“Primero”);

· Battle Creek Mutual Insurance Company (“Battle Creek”, an affiliated company with Nodak Insurance);

· Direct Auto Insurance Company (“Direct Auto”); and

· Westminster American Insurance Company (“Westminster”).

Nodak Insurance is the largest domestic property and casualty insurance company in North Dakota. Nodak Insurance was incorporated on April 15, 1946 under the laws of North Dakota, and benefits from a strong marketing affiliation with the North Dakota Farm Bureau Federation (“NDFB”). Nodak Insurance specializes in providing private passenger auto, homeowners, farmowners, commercial, crop hail, and Federal multi-peril crop insurance coverages.

Nodak Agency, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance, is an inactive shell corporation.

American West, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance, is a property and casualty insurance company licensed in eight states in the Midwest and Western regions of the United States. American West began writing policies in 2002 and primarily writes personal auto, homeowners, and farm coverages in South Dakota. American West also writes personal auto coverage in North Dakota, as well as crop hail and Federal multi-peril crop insurance coverages in Minnesota and South Dakota.

Primero is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Tri-State, Ltd. Tri-State, Ltd. is an inactive shell corporation 100% owned by Nodak Insurance. Primero is a property and casualty insurance company writing non-standard automobile coverage in the states of Nevada, Arizona, North Dakota and South Dakota.

Battle Creek is controlled by Nodak Insurance via a surplus note and 100% quota-share agreement. The terms of the surplus note and quota-share agreement allow Nodak Insurance to appoint two-thirds of the Battle Creek Board of Directors. Battle Creek is a property and casualty insurance company writing personal auto, homeowners, and farm coverages solely in the state of Nebraska.

Direct Auto, a wholly-owned subsidiary of NI Holdings, is a property and casualty company licensed in Illinois. Direct Auto began writing non-standard automobile coverage in 2007, and was acquired by NI Holdings on August 31, 2018 via a stock purchase agreement.

Westminster, a wholly-owned subsidiary of NI Holdings, is a property and casualty insurance company licensed in seventeen states and the District of Columbia. Westminster is headquartered in Owings Mills, Maryland and underwrites multi-peril commercial insurance in the states of Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Westminster was acquired by NI Holdings on January 1, 2020 via a stock purchase agreement. The financial results of Westminster have been included in the Consolidated Financial Statements herein since January 1, 2020. See Note 4.

The same executive management team provides oversight and strategic direction for the entire organization. Nodak Insurance provides common product oversight, pricing practices, and underwriting standards, as well as underwriting and claims administration, to itself, American West, and Battle Creek. Primero, Direct Auto, and Westminster personnel manage the day-to-day operations of their respective companies. The insurance companies share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. Distinctions within the products of the insurance companies generally relate to the states in which the risk is located and specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business.

 8

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

2. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the interim period ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Our consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, as well as Battle Creek, an entity we control via contract. We have eliminated all significant inter-company accounts and transactions in consolidation. The terms “we”, “us”, “our”, or “the Company” as used herein refer to the consolidated entity.

3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates:

In preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements, management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the periods then ended. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

We make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our Consolidated Financial Statements. The most significant estimates relate to our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, earned premiums for crop insurance, valuation of investments, determination of other-than-temporary impairments, valuation allowances for deferred income tax assets, deferred policy acquisition costs, and the valuations used to establish intangible assets acquired related to business combinations. While we believe our estimates are appropriate, the ultimate amounts may differ from the estimates provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates as well as the continuing appropriateness of the estimated amounts, and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our current results of operations.

Variable-Interest Entities:

Any company deemed to be a variable interest entity (“VIE”) is required to be consolidated by the primary beneficiary of the VIE.

We assess our investments in other entities at inception to determine if any meet the qualifications of a VIE. We consider an investment in another company to be a VIE if (a) the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, (b) the characteristics of a controlling financial interest are missing (either the ability to make decisions through voting or other rights, the obligation to absorb expected losses of the entity or the right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity), or (c) the voting rights of the equity holders are not proportional to their obligations to absorb the expected losses of the entity and/or the rights to receive the expected residual returns of the entity, and substantially all of the entity’s activities either involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights. Upon the occurrence of certain events, we would reassess our initial determination of whether the investment is a VIE.

We evaluate whether we are the primary beneficiary of each VIE and we consolidate the VIE if we have both (1) the power to direct the economically significant activities of the entity and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity. We consider the contractual agreements that define the ownership structure, distribution of profits and losses, risks, responsibilities, indebtedness, voting rights, and board representation of the respective parties in determining whether we qualify as the primary beneficiary. Our assessment of whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE is performed at least annually.

We control Battle Creek via a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement between Nodak Insurance and Battle Creek, as well as the ability to control a majority of the Board of Directors of Battle Creek. Through the effects of the 100% quota-share agreement with Battle Creek, we are considered the primary beneficiary of Battle Creek’s operating results excluding net investment income, bad

 9

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

debt expense, and income taxes. Therefore, we consolidate the financial statements of Battle Creek, and Battle Creek’s policyholders’ interest in Battle Creek is reflected as a non-controlling interest in shareholders’ equity in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Cash and Cash Equivalents:

Cash and cash equivalents include certain investments in highly liquid debt instruments with original maturities of three months or less. Cost approximates fair value for these short-term investments.

Investments:

We have categorized our investment portfolio as “available-for-sale” and have reported the portfolio at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on fixed income securities, and on equity securities prior to January 1, 2019, net of income taxes, are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. Effective January 1, 2019, in accordance with a change in accounting principle, changes in unrealized gains and losses on equity securities are reported as a component of net capital gain on investments in our operating results.

Fair values are based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes, if available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar securities. Amortization of premium and accretion of discount are computed using an effective interest method. Net investment income includes interest and dividend income together with amortization of purchase premiums and discounts, and is net of investment management and custody fees. Realized gains and losses on investments are determined using the specific identification method and are included in net capital gain (loss) on investments, along with the change in unrealized gains and losses on equity securities after January 1, 2019.

We review our investments each quarter to determine whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis is other than temporary. Accordingly, we assess whether we intend to sell or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. For fixed income securities that are considered other-than-temporarily impaired and that we do not intend to sell and will not be required to sell prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis, we separate the amount of the impairment into the amount that is credit related (credit loss component) and the amount due to all other factors. The credit loss component is recognized in earnings and is the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash flows discounted at the security’s effective yield. The remaining difference between the security’s fair value and the present value of future expected cash flows is due to factors that are not credit related and, therefore, is not required to be recognized as losses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations, but is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss).

We classify each fair value measurement at the appropriate level in the fair value hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted market price in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level I measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level III measurements). An asset’s or liability’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of significant input to its valuation.

Level I – Quoted price in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

Level II – Quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly. Level II inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities other than quoted in prices in Level I, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level III – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Unobservable inputs reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Level III assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments:

Our other financial instruments, aside from investments, are cash and cash equivalents, premiums and agents’ balances receivable, and accrued expenses and accounts payable. The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, premiums and agents’ balances receivable, and accrued expenses and accounts payable approximate their fair value based on their short-term nature. Other invested assets that do not have observable inputs and little or no market activity are carried on a cost basis. All other invested assets have been assessed for impairment. The carrying value of these other invested assets was $2,583 at March 31, 2020 and $1,914 at December 31, 2019.

 10

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

Reclassification of Segment Information:

Effective first quarter 2020, the Company’s results are being reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements in the following five primary operating segments – private passenger auto insurance, non-standard auto insurance, home and farm insurance, crop insurance, and commercial insurance. A sixth “all other” segment captures all other insurance business, including our assumed reinsurance lines of business.

Commercial insurance was previously reported within the all other segment. All prior periods presented have been reclassified to conform to this presentation.

Revenue Recognition:

We record premiums written at policy inception and recognize them as revenue on a pro rata basis over the policy term or, in the case of crop insurance, over the period of risk. The portion of premiums that could be earned in the future is deferred and reported as unearned premiums. When policies lapse, the Company reverses the unearned portion of the written premium and removes the applicable unearned premium. Policy-related fee income is recognized when collected.

The Company uses the direct write-off method for recognizing bad debts. Accounts billed directly to the policyholder are provided grace payment and cancellation notice periods per state insurance regulations. Any earned but uncollected premiums are written off within 90 days after the effective date of policy cancellation.

Direct Auto also provides for agency billing for a portion of their agents. Accounts billed to agents are due within 60 days of the statement date. The balances are carried as agents’ balances receivable until it is determined the amount is not collectible from the agent. At that time, the balance is written off as uncollectible. The agent is responsible for all past due balances. As part of its agent appointment, Direct Auto requires a personal guarantee for all balances due to Direct Auto from the principal of the contracted agency.

Policy Acquisition Costs:

We defer our policy acquisition costs, consisting primarily of commissions, state premium taxes and certain other underwriting costs, reduced by ceding commissions, which vary with and relate directly to the production of business. We amortize these deferred policy acquisition costs over the period in which we earn the premiums. The method we follow in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value, which gives effect to the premium to be earned, related investment income, losses and loss adjustment expenses, and certain other costs we expect to incur as we earn the premium.

Property and Equipment:

We report property and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets.

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses:

Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts we expect to pay with respect to policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances then known. At the time of establishing our estimates, we recognize that our ultimate liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. We base our estimates of liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability, and other factors. During the loss adjustment period, we may learn additional facts regarding certain claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for us to refine and adjust our estimates of the liability. We reflect any adjustments to our liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses in our operating results in the period in which we determine the need for a change in the estimates.

We maintain liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. We establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. We base the amount of our liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim, and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss our policyholder incurred. We determine the amount of our liability for unreported losses and loss adjustment expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Inflation is not explicitly selected in the loss reserve analysis. However, historical

 11

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

inflation is embedded in the estimated loss development factors. We closely monitor our liabilities and update them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. We do not discount our liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expense.

Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions as to our internal operations. Assumptions related to our external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment which may impact liability exposure, the trends in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions, and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodologies, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business, and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent we determine that underlying factors impacting our assumptions have changed, we attempt to make appropriate adjustments for such changes in our reserves. Accordingly, our ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded.

Income Taxes:

With the exception of Battle Creek, which files a stand-alone federal income tax return, we currently file a consolidated federal income tax return which includes NI Holdings and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Direct Auto and Westminster became part of the consolidated federal income tax return as of their acquisition dates.

Insurance companies typically pay state premium taxes rather than state income taxes. However, Direct Auto is subject to state income taxes in the state of Illinois, in addition to state premium taxes. Additionally, NI Holdings, on a stand-alone basis, pays state income taxes to the state of North Dakota for income or losses generated as a separate financial entity. While state premium taxes are included as a part of amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, state income taxes are combined with federal income taxes within the financial reporting category labeled income taxes.

The Company reports tax-related interest and penalties, if any, as part of income tax expense in the year such amounts are determinable.

We account for deferred income taxes using the asset and liability method. The objective of the asset and liability method is to establish deferred income tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the income tax basis of our assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when we realize or settle such amounts.

Accounting guidance requires that companies re-measure existing deferred income tax assets (including loss carryforwards) and liabilities when a change in tax rate occurs, and record an offset for the net amount of the change as a component of income tax expense from continuing operations in the period of enactment. The guidance also requires any change to a previously recorded valuation allowance as a result of re-measuring existing temporary differences and loss carryforwards to be reflected as a component of income tax expense from continuing operations.

The Company has elected to reclassify any tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of a change in income tax rates to retained earnings.

Credit Risk:

Our primary investment objective is to earn competitive returns by investing in a diversified portfolio of securities. Our portfolio of fixed income securities and, to a lesser extent, short-term investments, is subject to credit risk. We define this risk as the potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower’s ability to repay the debt. We manage this risk by performing an analysis of prospective investments and through regular reviews of our portfolio by our management team and investment advisors. We also limit the amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in any one security.

Property and liability insurance coverages are marketed through captive agents in North Dakota and through independent insurance agencies located throughout all other operating areas. All business, except for the majority of Direct Auto’s business, is billed directly to the policyholders.

We maintain cash balances primarily at one bank, which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250. During the normal course of business, balances are maintained above the FDIC insurance limit. The Company maintains short-term investment balances in investment grade money market accounts that are insured by the Securities Investor Protection

 12

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

Corporation (“SIPC”) up to $500. On occasion, balances for these accounts are maintained in excess of the SIPC insurance limit.

Reinsurance:

The Company limits the maximum net loss that can arise from large risks or risks in concentrated areas of exposure by reinsuring (ceding) certain levels of risks to other insurers or reinsurers, either on an automatic basis under general reinsurance contracts knows as “treaties” or by negotiation on substantial individual risks. Ceded reinsurance is treated as the risk and liability of the assuming companies.

Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the Company from its obligations to policyholders. In the event that all or any of the reinsuring companies might be unable to meet their obligations under existing reinsurance agreements, the Company would be liable for such defaulted amounts.

Goodwill and Other Intangibles:

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the underlying fair value of acquired entities. When completing acquisitions, we seek also to identify separately identifiable intangible assets that we have acquired. We assess goodwill and other intangibles with an indefinite useful life for impairment annually. We also assess goodwill and other intangibles for impairment upon the occurrence of certain events. In making our assessment, we consider a number of factors including operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows, and current market data. Inherent uncertainties exist with respect to these factors and to our judgment in applying them when we make our assessment. Impairment of goodwill and other intangibles could result from changes in economic and operating conditions in future periods. We did not record any impairments of goodwill or other intangibles during the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

Goodwill arising from the acquisition of Primero in 2014 represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. The purchase price in excess of the fair value of net assets acquired was negotiated at arms-length with an unrelated party and was based upon the strategic decision by Company management to expand both the geographic footprint and product lines of the Company. The nature of the business acquired was such that there were limited intangibles not reflected in the net assets acquired. The purchase price was paid with a combination of cash and cancellation of obligations owed to the acquired company by the sellers. The goodwill which arose from this transaction is included in the basis of the net assets acquired and is not deductible for income tax purposes.

Intangible assets arising from the acquisition of Direct Auto in 2018 represent the estimated fair values of certain intangible assets, including a favorable lease contract, a state insurance license, the value of the Direct Auto trade name, and the value of business acquired (“VOBA”). The state insurance license asset has an indefinite life, while the favorable lease contract, Direct Auto trade name, and VOBA assets will be amortized over eighteen months, five years, and twelve months, respectively, from the August 31, 2018 acquisition/valuation date.

Intangible assets arising from the acquisition of Westminster in January 2020 represent the estimated fair values of certain intangible assets, including state insurance licenses, the value of Westminster’s distribution network, the value of the Westminster trade name, and the VOBA. The state insurance license asset has an indefinite life, while the distribution networks asset, Westminster trade name, and VOBA assets will be amortized over twenty years, ten years, and twelve months, respectively, from the January 1, 2020 acquisition/valuation date. 

 13

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

4. Acquisition of Westminster American Insurance Company

On January 1, 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the common stock of Westminster from the private shareholder of Westminster, and Westminster became a consolidated subsidiary of the Company. Westminster is a property and casualty insurance company specializing in multi-peril commercial insurance in nine states and the District of Columbia.

Westminster remains headquartered in Owings Mills, Maryland, and the current president of Westminster continues to manage the Westminster insurance operations along with the staff and management team in place at the time of the acquisition. The results of Westminster are included as part of the Company’s commercial business segment following the closing date.

We account for business acquisitions in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, which requires, among other things, that most assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and contingent consideration be recognized at their fair values as of the acquisition date, which is the closing date for the Westminster transaction. During the measurement period, adjustments to provisional purchase price allocations are recognized if new information is obtained about the facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that, if known, would have resulted in the recognition of those assets and liabilities as of that date. The measurement period ends as soon as it is determined that no more information is obtainable, but in no case shall the measurement period exceed one year from the acquisition date. The Company did not make any adjustments during this period.

The acquired Westminster business contributed revenues of $6,329 and net loss of $158 to the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The following unaudited pro forma summary presents consolidated information of the Company as if the business combination had occurred on January 1, 2019:

	Pro forma Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Revenues	$	46,186		$	65,757
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.		(2,598	)		12,375
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.		(0.12	)		0.56

The Company did not reflect any material, nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the business combination in the above pro forma revenue and earnings.

These pro forma amounts have been calculated after applying the Company’s accounting policies and adjusting the results of Westminster to reflect the deferral and amortization of policy acquisition costs and the additional amortization that would have been charged assuming the fair value adjustments to intangible assets had been applied from January 1, 2019, with the related income tax effects.

The Company incurred acquisition-related costs of $828 during the three months ended March 31, 2020, and $83 during the third and fourth quarters of 2019, respectively. These expenses were reclassified to occur in first quarter 2019 in the pro forma amounts presented above.

 14

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

The Company paid $20,000 in cash consideration to the private shareholder of Westminster as of the closing date, and will pay an additional $20,000 in three equal annual installments. The acquisition of Westminster did not include any contingent consideration other than a provision regarding future changes to federal income tax rates. The following table summarizes the consideration transferred to acquire Westminster and the amounts of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

Fair Value of Consideration:
Cash consideration transferred	$	20,000
Present value of future cash consideration		18,787
Total cash consideration	$	38,787
Recognized Amounts of Identifiable Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed:
Identifiable net assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	19,297
Fixed income securities, at fair value		12,353
Equity securities, at fair value		2,705
Other investments		735
Premiums and agents' balances receivable		8,507
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		763
Accrued investment income		70
Property and equipment		2,304
Federal income tax recoverable		138
State insurance licenses (included in goodwill and other intangibles)		1,800
Distribution network (included in goodwill and other intangibles)		6,700
Trade name (included in goodwill and other intangibles)		500
Value of business acquired (included in goodwill and other intangibles)		4,177
Other assets		76
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		(8,568	)
Unearned premiums		(16,611	)
Deferred income taxes, net		(1,506	)
Reinsurance premiums payable		(565	)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(1,132	)
Total identifiable net assets	$	31,743
Goodwill	$	7,044

The fair value of the assets acquired includes premiums and agents’ balances receivable of $8,507 and reinsurance recoverables on losses of $763. These are the gross amounts due from policyholders and reinsurers, respectively, none of which is anticipated to be uncollectible. The Company did not acquire any other material class of receivable as a result of the acquisition of Westminster.

The fair values of the acquired distribution network, state insurance licenses, Westminster trade name, and VOBA intangible assets of $6,700, $1,800, $500, and $4,177, respectively, are provisional pending receipt of the final valuation for those assets. The state insurance license intangible has an indefinite life, while the other intangible assets will be amortized over useful lives of up to twenty years.

5. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

As an emerging growth company, we have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. The following discussion includes effective dates for both public business entities and emerging growth companies, as well as whether specific guidance may be adopted early.

Adopted

In January 2019, the Company adopted amended guidance from the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) that generally requires entities to measure equity securities at fair value and recognize changes in fair value in their results of operations. The FASB issued other impairment, disclosure, and presentation improvements related to financial instruments within the guidance. Effective January 1, 2019, we applied this guidance, which resulted in a cumulative-effect reclassification of after-tax unrealized net capital gains aggregating $8,184, from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. This reclassification had no

 15

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

impact to the Company’s results of operations at the date of adoption. The after-tax change in accounting for equity securities did not affect the Company’s total shareholders’ equity; however, the unrealized net capital gains reclassified at the transition date to retained earnings will never be recognized in net income. Prior year financial statements were not restated. Going forward, the accounting used for equity securities will record the market fluctuations attributed to equity securities through our results of operations rather than as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), which will add a level of volatility to our net income.

In December 2019, the Company adopted guidance from the FASB that establishes the manner in which an entity recognizes the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. While the guidance replaces most existing GAAP revenue recognition guidance, the scope of the guidance excludes insurance contracts. The Company has reviewed its sources of revenues, and has determined that no material revenues are derived from non-insurance contracts and thus subject to the new revenue recognition guidance. As a result, there was no impact to the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In December 2019, the Company adopted amended guidance from the FASB that addressed diversity in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, and the presentation of restricted cash in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The amendments provided clarity on the treatment of eight specifically defined types of cash inflows and outflows, and requires entities to explain the changes during a reporting period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. There was no impact to the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Not Yet Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued new guidance that requires lessees to recognize leases, including operating leases, on the lessee’s Consolidated Balance Sheet, unless a lease is considered a short-term lease. The new guidance also requires entities to make new judgments to identify leases. In July 2018, the FASB issued additional guidance to allow an optional transition method. An entity may apply the new leases guidance at the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements, or at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The new guidance, which replaces the current lease guidance, is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 for public business entities. For private companies and emerging growth companies, this guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. We do not expect the adoption of this new guidance to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In June 2016, the FASB issued a new standard that will require timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. The guidance will require the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better form their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. Organizations will continue to use judgment to determine which loss estimation method is appropriate for their circumstances. Additionally, the guidance requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization’s portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. Finally, the guidance amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale fixed income securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 for filers with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) excluding smaller reporting companies, and emerging growth companies that did not relinquish private company relief. For all other entities, this guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities as of the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We are evaluating the impact this new guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

In March 2017, the FASB issued amended guidance to shorten the amortization period of premiums on certain purchased callable fixed income securities to the earliest call date. The amended guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, for public business entities. For private companies and emerging growth companies, this amended guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. An entity should apply the amendments on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment

 16

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. We are evaluating the requirements of this guidance and the potential impact to our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

In August 2018, the FASB issued modified disclosure requirements relating to the fair value of assets and liabilities. The amended requirements are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect these modified requirements will have a material impact on our financial statement disclosures.

In December 2019, the FASB issued amended guidance to simplify the accounting for income taxes. The amended guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years, for public business entities. For private companies and emerging growth companies, this amended guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. We are evaluating the impact this new guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

 17

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

6. Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, were as follows:

	March 31, 2020
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	18,594	$	1,173	$	—		$	19,767
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		61,010		1,498		(302	)		62,206
Corporate securities		118,213		2,454		(2,564	)		118,103
Residential mortgage-backed securities		48,954		1,908		(220	)		50,642
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		26,817		820		(48	)		27,589
Asset-backed securities		34,394		59		(2,141	)		32,312
Total fixed income securities		307,982		7,912		(5,275	)		310,619
Equity securities:
Basic materials		1,331		5		(257	)		1,079
Communications		4,761		1,439		(732	)		5,468
Consumer, cyclical		5,818		1,481		(1,254	)		6,045
Consumer, non-cyclical		8,723		2,837		(762	)		10,798
Energy		2,517		9		(957	)		1,569
Financial		5,948		82		(1,250	)		4,780
Industrial		5,634		2,142		(560	)		7,216
Technology		6,411		4,148		(404	)		10,155
Utility		37		—		(5	)		32
Total equity securities		41,180		12,143		(6,181	)		47,142
Total investments	$	349,162	$	20,055	$	(11,456	)	$	357,761

	December 31, 2019
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	17,078	$	472	$	(4	)	$	17,546
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		55,232		1,511		(91	)		56,652
Corporate securities		109,457		3,772		(16	)		113,213
Residential mortgage-backed securities		50,458		1,050		(22	)		51,486
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		26,450		658		(51	)		27,057
Asset-backed securities		30,029		132		(170	)		29,991
Total fixed income securities		288,704		7,595		(354	)		295,945
Equity securities:
Basic materials		1,062		155		(7	)		1,210
Communications		4,823		2,342		(169	)		6,996
Consumer, cyclical		5,477		4,207		(72	)		9,612
Consumer, non-cyclical		7,483		5,255		(171	)		12,567
Energy		2,817		124		(485	)		2,456
Financial		5,059		905		(35	)		5,929
Industrial		5,293		4,023		(17	)		9,299
Technology		6,022		5,867		(26	)		11,863
Total equity securities		38,036		22,878		(982	)		59,932
Total investments	$	326,740	$	30,473	$	(1,336	)	$	355,877

 18

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed income securities by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities could differ from contractual maturities because issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay certain obligations, which may or may not include call or prepayment penalties.

	March 31, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due to mature:
One year or less	$	14,920	$	14,933
After one year through five years		96,793		98,330
After five years through ten years		54,366		55,110
After ten years		31,738		31,703
Mortgage / asset-backed securities		110,165		110,543
Total fixed income securities	$	307,982	$	310,619

	December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due to mature:
One year or less	$	19,567	$	19,663
After one year through five years		84,937		87,134
After five years through ten years		55,927		58,466
After ten years		21,336		22,148
Mortgage / asset-backed securities		106,937		108,534
Total fixed income securities	$	288,704	$	295,945

Fixed income securities with a fair value of $6,028 at March 31, 2020 and $5,585 at December 31, 2019, were deposited with various state regulatory agencies as required by law. The Company has not pledged any assets to secure any obligations.

 19

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

The investment category and duration of the Company’s gross unrealized losses on fixed income securities and equity securities were as follows:

	March 31, 2020
	Less than 12 Months					Greater than 12 months					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	12,239	$	(302	)	$	—	$	—		$	12,239	$	(302	)
Corporate securities		37,453		(2,564	)		—		—			37,453		(2,564	)
Residential mortgage-backed securities		1,884		(220	)		—		—			1,884		(220	)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		3,522		(48	)		—		—			3,522		(48	)
Asset-backed securities		21,643		(1,634	)		4,292		(507	)		25,935		(2,141	)
Total fixed income securities		76,741		(4,768	)		4,292		(507	)		81,033		(5,275	)
Equity securities:
Basic materials		532		(257	)		—		—			532		(257	)
Communications		2,129		(553	)		649		(179	)		2,778		(732	)
Consumer, cyclical		3,371		(1,139	)		114		(115	)		3,485		(1,254	)
Consumer, non-cyclical		3,439		(762	)		—		—			3,439		(762	)
Energy		647		(902	)		4		(55	)		651		(957	)
Financial		3,846		(1,250	)		—		—			3,846		(1,250	)
Industrial		2,558		(560	)		—		—			2,558		(560	)
Technology		1,666		(404	)		—		—			1,666		(404	)
Utility		37		(5	)		—		—			37		(5	)
Total equity securities		18,225		(5,832	)		767		(349	)		18,992		(6,181	)
Total investments	$	94,966	$	(10,600	)	$	5,059	$	(856	)	$	100,025	$	(11,456	)

 20

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

	December 31, 2019
	Less than 12 Months					Greater than 12 months					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	494	$	(4	)	$	—	$	—		$	494	$	(4	)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		8,018		(91	)		—		—			8,018		(91	)
Corporate securities		2,066		(15	)		650		(1	)		2,716		(16	)
Residential mortgage-backed securities		2,911		(9	)		2,583		(13	)		5,494		(22	)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		4,841		(35	)		653		(16	)		5,494		(51	)
Asset-backed securities		8,511		(96	)		7,686		(74	)		16,197		(170	)
Total fixed income securities		26,841		(250	)		11,572		(104	)		38,413		(354	)
Equity securities:
Basic materials		258		(7	)		—		—			258		(7	)
Communications		506		(—	)		658		(169	)		1,164		(169	)
Consumer, cyclical		595		(30	)		146		(42	)		741		(72	)
Consumer, non-cyclical		1,033		(171	)		—		—			1,033		(171	)
Energy		823		(432	)		6		(53	)		829		(485	)
Financial		393		(35	)		—		—			393		(35	)
Industrial		620		(17	)		—		—			620		(17	)
Technology		575		(26	)		—		—			575		(26	)
Total equity securities		4,803		(718	)		810		(264	)		5,613		(982	)
Total investments	$	31,644	$	(968	)	$	12,382	$	(368	)	$	44,026	$	(1,336	)

Investments with unrealized losses are categorized with a duration of greater than 12 months when all positions of a security have continually been in a loss position for at least 12 months.

We frequently review our investment portfolio for declines in fair value. Our process for identifying declines in the fair value of investments that are other than temporary involves consideration of several factors. These factors include (i) the time period in which there has been a significant decline in value, (ii) an analysis of the liquidity, business prospects, and overall financial condition of the issuer, (iii) the significance of the decline, and (iv) our intent and ability to hold the investment for a sufficient period of time for the value to recover. When our analysis of the above factors results in the conclusion that declines in fair values are other than temporary, the cost of the securities is written down to fair value and the previously unrealized loss is therefore reflected as a realized capital loss on investment.

The Company did not record any impairments during the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

As of March 31, 2020, we held 214 fixed income securities with unrealized losses. As of December 31, 2019, we held 88 fixed income securities with unrealized losses. In conjunction with our outside investment advisors, we analyzed the credit ratings of the securities as well as the historical monthly amortized cost to fair value ratio of securities in an unrealized loss position. This analysis yielded no fixed income securities which had fair values less than 80% of amortized cost for the preceding 12-month period.

 21

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

Net investment income consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Fixed income securities	$	2,309	$	1,976
Equity securities		325		224
Real estate		146		91
Cash and cash equivalents		20		17
Total gross investment income		2,800		2,308
Investment expenses		829		565
Net investment income	$	1,971	$	1,743

Net capital gain (loss) on investments consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Gross realized gains:
Fixed income securities	$	85		$	3
Equity securities		1,515			698
Total gross realized gains		1,600			701
Gross realized losses, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses:
Fixed income securities		(23	)		(30	)
Equity securities		(562	)		(112	)
Total gross realized losses, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses		(585	)		(142	)
Net realized gain on investments		1,015			559
Change in net unrealized gain on equity securities		(15,934	)		7,300
Net capital gain (loss) on investments	$	(14,919	)	$	7,859

7. Fair Value Measurements

We maximize the use of observable inputs in our valuation techniques and apply unobservable inputs only to the extent that observable inputs are unavailable. The largest class of assets and liabilities carried at fair value by the Company at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were fixed income securities.

Prices provided by independent pricing services and independent broker quotes can vary widely, even for the same security.

Our available-for-sale investments are comprised of a variety of different securities, which are classified into levels based on the valuation technique and inputs used in their valuation. The valuation of cash equivalents and equity securities are generally based on Level I inputs, which use the market approach valuation technique. The valuation of fixed income securities generally incorporates significant Level II inputs using the market and income approach techniques. We may assign a lower level to inputs typically considered to be Level II based on our assessment of liquidity and relative level of uncertainty surrounding inputs. There were no assets or liabilities classified as Level III at March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

 22

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

The following tables set forth our assets which are measured on a recurring basis by the level within the fair value hierarchy in which fair value measurements fall:

	March 31, 2020
	Total		Level I		Level II		Level III
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	19,767	$	—	$	19,767	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		62,206		—		62,206		—
Corporate securities		118,103		—		118,103		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities		50,642		—		50,642		—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		27,589		—		27,589		—
Asset-backed securities		32,312		—		32,312		—
Total fixed income securities		310,619		—		310,619		—
Equity securities:
Basic materials		1,079		1,079		—		—
Communications		5,468		5,468		—		—
Consumer, cyclical		6,045		6,045		—		—
Consumer, non-cyclical		10,798		10,798		—		—
Energy		1,569		1,569		—		—
Financial		4,780		4,780		—		—
Industrial		7,216		7,216		—		—
Technology		10,155		10,155
Utility		32		32		—		—
Total equity securities		47,142		47,142		—		—
Cash and cash equivalents		56,637		56,637		—		—
Total assets at fair value	$	414,398	$	103,779	$	310,619	$	—

	December 31, 2019
	Total		Level I		Level II		Level III
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	17,546	$	—	$	17,546	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		56,652		—		56,652		—
Corporate securities		113,213		—		113,213		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities		51,486		—		51,486		—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		27,057		—		27,057		—
Asset-backed securities		29,991		—		29,991		—
Total fixed income securities		295,945		—		295,945		—
Equity securities:
Basic materials		1,210		1,210		—		—
Communications		6,996		6,996		—		—
Consumer, cyclical		9,612		9,612		—		—
Consumer, non-cyclical		12,567		12,567		—		—
Energy		2,456		2,456		—		—
Financial		5,929		5,929		—		—
Industrial		9,299		9,299		—		—
Technology		11,863		11,863		—		—
Total equity securities		59,932		59,932		—		—
Cash and cash equivalents		62,132		62,132		—		—
Total assets at fair value	$	418,009	$	122,064	$	295,945	$	—

There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

 23

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

8. Reinsurance

The Company will assume and cede certain premiums and losses to and from various companies and associations under various reinsurance agreements. The Company seeks to limit the maximum net loss that can arise from large risks or risks in concentrated areas of exposure through use of these agreements, either on an automatic basis under general reinsurance contracts known as treaties or by negotiation on substantial individual risks.

Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the Company from its obligation to policyholders. Additionally, failure of reinsurers to honor their obligations could result in significant losses to us. There can be no assurance that reinsurance will continue to be available to us at the same extent, and at the same cost, as it has in the past. The Company may choose in the future to reevaluate the use of reinsurance to increase or decrease the amounts of risk ceded to reinsurers.

As a group, during the three month period ended March 31, 2020, the Company retained the first $10,000 of weather-related losses from catastrophic events and had reinsurance under various reinsurance agreements up to $97,000 in excess of its $10,000 retained risk. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company retained the first $10,000 of weather-related losses from catastrophic events and had reinsurance under various reinsurance agreements up to $78,600 in excess of its $10,000 retained risk.

The Company actively monitors and evaluates the financial condition of the reinsurers and develops estimates of the uncollectible amounts due from reinsurers. Such estimates are made based on periodic evaluation of balances due from reinsurers, judgments regarding reinsurers’ solvency, known disputes, reporting characteristics of the underlying reinsured business, historical experience, current economic conditions, and the state of reinsurer relations in general. Collection risk is mitigated from reinsurers by entering into reinsurance arrangements only with reinsurers that have strong credit ratings and statutory surplus above certain levels. The Company’s largest reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid losses were due from reinsurance companies with A.M. Best ratings of “A-” or higher.

A reconciliation of direct to net premiums on both a written and an earned basis is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	Premiums Written			Premiums Earned
Direct premium	$	62,972		$	62,393
Assumed premium		1,600			1,600
Ceded premium		(5,170	)		(5,221	)
Net premiums	$	59,402		$	58,772
Percentage of assumed earned premium to direct earned premium					2.6%

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Premiums Written			Premiums Earned
Direct premium	$	55,653		$	52,253
Assumed premium		1,029			1,026
Ceded premium		(2,773	)		(2,773	)
Net premiums	$	53,909		$	50,506
Percentage of assumed earned premium to direct earned premium					2.0%

 24

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

A reconciliation of direct to net losses and loss adjustment expenses is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Direct losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	33,892		$	26,631
Assumed losses and loss adjustment expenses		308			443
Ceded losses and loss adjustment expenses		(3,778	)		(840	)
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	30,422		$	26,234

If 100% of our ceded reinsurance was cancelled as of March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019, no ceded commissions would need to be returned to the reinsurers. Reinsurance contracts are typically effective from January 1 through December 31 each year.

9. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

Activity with regards to our deferred policy acquisition costs was as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Balance, beginning of period	$	15,399		$	12,866
Deferral of policy acquisition costs		13,152			11,147
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		(9,387	)		(9,222	)
Balance, end of period	$	19,164		$	14,791

10. Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Activity in the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses is summarized as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Balance at beginning of period:
Liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	93,250	$	87,121
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		4,045		2,232
Net balance at beginning of period		89,205		84,889
Acquired unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to:
Current year		—		—
Prior years		8,568		—
Total incurred		8,568		—
Incurred related to:
Current year		29,912		31,203
Prior years		510		(4,969	)
Total incurred		30,422		26,234
Paid related to:
Current year		12,532		11,064
Prior years		26,330		17,642
Total paid		38,862		28,706
Balance at end of period:
Liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		97,400		85,560
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		8,067		3,143
Net balance at end of period	$	89,333	$	82,417

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company’s reported losses and LAE included $510 of net unfavorable development on prior accident years, compared to $4,969 of net favorable development on prior accident years during the three months ended March 31, 2019. Increases and decreases are generally the result of ongoing analysis of loss development trends. As

 25

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

additional information becomes known regarding individual claims, original estimates are increased or decreased accordingly. The net unfavorable development reported for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was attributable to our multi-peril crop insurance business from the 2019 crop year, partially offset by net favorable development in other segments.

11. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following:

	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019			Estimated Useful Life
Cost:
Real estate	$	15,014		$	12,733		10 - 31 years
Electronic data processing equipment		1,323			1,271		5-7 years
Furniture and fixtures		2,944			2,796		5-7 years
Automobiles		1,263			1,130		2-3 years
Gross cost		20,544			17,930
Accumulated depreciation		(10,424	)		(10,236	)
Total property and equipment, net	$	10,120		$	7,694

Depreciation expense was $187 and $142 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

12. Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill

The following table presents the carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill by segment:

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Non-standard auto from acquisition of Primero	$	2,628	$	2,628
Commercial from acquisition of Westminster		7,044		—
Total	$	9,672	$	2,628

Other Intangible Assets

The following table presents the carrying amount of the Company’s other intangible assets:

March 31, 2020	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Subject to amortization:
Trade names	$	748	$	91	$	657
Distribution network		6,700		93		6,607
Value of business acquired		4,177		1,762		2,415
Total subject to amortization		11,625		1,946		9,679
Not subject to amortization – state insurance licenses		1,900		—		1,900
Total	$	13,525	$	1,946	$	11,579

 26

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

December 31, 2019	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Subject to amortization:
Trade names	$	248	$	66	$	182
Other		20		18		2
Total subject to amortization		268		84		184
Not subject to amortization – state insurance license		100		—		100
Total	$	368	$	84	$	284

Amortization expense was $1,882 and $1,135 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

13. Related Party Transactions

We were organized by the NDFB to provide insurance protection for its members. We have a royalty agreement with the NDFB that recognizes the use of their trademark and provides royalties to the NDFB based on the premiums written on Nodak Insurance’s insurance policies. Royalties paid to the NDFB were $336 and $324 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Royalty amounts payable of $124 and $115 were accrued as a liability to the NDFB at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

State insurance laws require our insurance subsidiaries to maintain certain minimum capital and surplus amounts on a statutory basis. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict the payment of dividends from statutory surplus and may require prior approval from their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities. Our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements that may further affect their ability to pay dividends. Our insurance subsidiaries statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2019 exceeded the amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements, including the RBC requirements, by a significant margin.

The amount available for payment of dividends from Nodak Insurance to NI Holdings during 2020 without the prior approval of the North Dakota Insurance Department is $18,984 based upon the policyholders’ surplus of Nodak Insurance at December 31, 2019. Prior to its payment of any extraordinary dividend, Nodak Insurance will be required to provide notice of the dividend to the North Dakota Insurance Department. This notice must be provided to the North Dakota Insurance Department 30 days prior to the payment of an extraordinary dividend and 10 days prior to the payment of an ordinary dividend. The North Dakota Insurance Department has the power to limit or prohibit dividend payments if Nodak Insurance is in violation of any law or regulation. These restrictions or any subsequently imposed restrictions may affect our future liquidity. No dividends were declared or paid by Nodak Insurance during the three months ended March 31, 2020 or the year ended December 31, 2019.

The amount available for payment of dividends from Direct Auto to NI Holdings during 2020 without the prior approval of the Illinois Department of Insurance is $6,881 based upon the statutory net income of Direct Auto for the year ended December 31, 2019. Prior to its payment of any dividend, Direct Auto will be required to provide notice of the dividend to the Illinois Department of Insurance. This notice must be provided to the Illinois Department of Insurance within five business days following declaration of any dividend and no less than 30 days prior to the payment of an extraordinary dividend or 10 days prior to the payment of an ordinary dividend. The Illinois Department of Insurance has the power to limit or prohibit dividend payments if Direct Auto is in violation of any law or regulation. These restrictions or any subsequently imposed restrictions may affect our future liquidity. No dividends were declared or paid by Direct Auto during the three months ended March 31, 2020 or the year ended December 31, 2019.

The amount available for payment of dividends from Westminster to NI Holdings during 2020 without the prior approval of the Maryland Insurance Administration is $636 based upon the statutory net investment income of Westminster for the year ended December 31, 2019 and the three preceding years. Prior to its payment of any dividend, Westminster will be required to provide notice of the dividend to the Maryland Insurance Administration. This notice must be provided to the Maryland Insurance Administration within five business days following declaration of any dividend and no less than 30 days prior to the payment of an extraordinary dividend or 10 days prior to the payment of an ordinary dividend. The Maryland Insurance Administration has the power to limit or prohibit dividend payments if Westminster is in violation of any law or regulation. These restrictions or any subsequently imposed restrictions may affect our future liquidity. No dividends were declared or paid by Westminster during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

 27

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

The following table illustrates the impact of including Battle Creek in our Consolidated Balance Sheets prior to intercompany eliminations:

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents (overdraft)	$	1,280	$	(716	)
Investments		4,602		4,661
Premiums and agents’ balances receivable		4,608		4,801
Reinsurance recoverables on losses (1)		26,907		26,330
Accrued investment income		35		33
Deferred income tax asset, net		352		343
Property and equipment		346		348
Other assets		45		45
Total assets	$	38,175	$	35,845
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	11,221	$	10,622
Unearned premiums		15,686		15,708
Notes payable (1)		3,000		3,000
Reinsurance premiums payable (1)		824		1,706
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		3,985		1,310
Total liabilities		34,716		32,346
Equity:
Non-controlling interest		3,459		3,499
Total equity		3,459		3,499
Total liabilities and equity	$	38,175	$	35,845

(1)     Amount eliminated in consolidation.      

Total statutory revenues of Battle Creek, after intercompany eliminations, which is limited to net investment income and other income, were $42 and $31, respectively, during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. There were no statutory-basis expenses reported, after intercompany eliminations, during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

14. Benefit Plans

The Company sponsors a money purchase plan that covers all Nodak Insurance eligible employees, and Westminster sponsors a profit sharing plan. Plan costs are funded annually as they are earned. The Company reported expenses related to the money purchase plan totaling $219 and $199 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The Company also sponsors a 401(k) plan with an automatic contribution to all eligible employees and a matching contribution for eligible employees of 50% up to 3% of eligible compensation. The Company reported expenses related to the 401(k) plan totaling $144 and $139 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. All fees associated with both plans are deducted from the eligible employee accounts.

Deferred Compensation Plan

The Board of Directors has authorized a non-qualified deferred compensation plan covering key executives of the Company (as designated by the Board of Directors). The Company’s policy is to fund the plan by amounts that represent the excess of the maximum contribution allowed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) over the key executives’ allowable 401(k) contribution. The plan also allows employee-directed deferral of key executive’s compensation or incentive payments. The Company reported expenses related to this plan totaling $14 and $13 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan

The Company has established an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (the “ESOP”). The ESOP is intended to be an employee stock ownership plan within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code Section 4975(e)(7) and will invest solely in common stock of the Company.

 28

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

In connection with our initial public offering in March 2017, Nodak Insurance loaned $2,400 to the ESOP’s related trust (the “ESOP Trust”). The ESOP loan will be for a period of ten years and bears interest at the long-term Applicable Federal Rate effective on the closing date of the offering (2.79% annually). The ESOP Trust used the proceeds of the loan to purchase shares in our initial public offering, which results in the ESOP Trust owning approximately 1.0% of the Company’s authorized shares. The ESOP has purchased the shares for investment and not for resale.

The shares purchased by the ESOP Trust in the offering are held in a suspense account as collateral for the ESOP loan. The shares held in the ESOP’s suspense account are not considered outstanding for earnings per share purposes. Nodak Insurance will make semi-annual cash contributions to the ESOP in amounts no smaller than the amounts required for the ESOP Trust to make its loan payments to Nodak Insurance. While the ESOP makes two loan payments per year, a pre-determined portion of the shares will be released from the suspense account and allocated to participant accounts at the end of the calendar year. This release and allocation will occur on an annual basis over the ten-year term of the ESOP loan. Nodak Insurance will have a lien on the shares of common stock of the Company held by the ESOP to secure repayment of the loan from the ESOP to Nodak Insurance. If the ESOP is terminated as a result of a change in control of the Company, the ESOP may be required to pay the costs of terminating the plan.

It is anticipated that the only assets held by the ESOP will be shares of the Company’s common stock. Participants in the ESOP cannot direct the investment of any assets allocated to their accounts. The initial ESOP participants are employees of Nodak Insurance. The employees of Primero, Direct Auto, and Westminster do not participate in the ESOP. American West and Battle Creek have no employees.

Each employee of Nodak Insurance will automatically become a participant in the ESOP if such employee is at least 21 years old, has completed a minimum of one thousand hours of service with Nodak Insurance, and has completed an Eligibility Computation Period. Employees are not permitted to make any contributions to the ESOP. Participants in the ESOP will receive annual reports from the Company showing the number of shares of common stock of the Company allocated to the participant’s account and the market value of those shares. The shares are allocated to participants based on compensation as provided for in the ESOP.

In connection with the initial public offering, the Company created a contra-equity account on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet equal to the ESOP’s basis in the shares. The basis of those shares was set at $10.00 per share as part of the initial public offering. As shares are released from the ESOP suspense account, the contra-equity account will be credited, which shall reduce the impact of the contra-equity account on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company shall record a compensation expense related to the shares released, which compensation expense is equal to the number of shares released from the suspense account multiplied by the average market value of the Company’s stock during the period.

The Company recognized compensation expense of $89 and $94 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to the ESOP.

Through March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had released and allocated 72,945 ESOP shares to participants, with a remainder of 167,055 ESOP shares in suspense at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Using the Company’s quarter-end market price of $13.56 per share, the fair value of the unearned ESOP shares was $2,265 at March 31, 2020. 

 29

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

15. Line of Credit

Nodak Insurance has a $5,000 line of credit with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., of which there were no outstanding amounts during the three months ended March 31, 2020, or the year ended December 31, 2019. This line of credit is scheduled to expire on October 31, 2020.

16. Income Taxes

At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had no unrecognized tax benefits, no accrued interest and penalties, and no significant uncertain tax positions. No interest and penalties were recognized during the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 or 2019.

At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company, other than Battle Creek and Westminster, had no income tax related carryovers for net operating losses, alternative minimum tax credits, or capital losses.

Battle Creek, which files its income tax returns on a stand-alone basis, had $4,652 of net operating loss carryover at December 31, 2019. The net operating loss carryforward expires beginning in 2021 through 2030.

Westminster, which became part of the Company’s consolidated federal income tax return beginning in 2020, had $874 of net operating loss carryover at December 31, 2019. This net operating loss carryforward expires in 2023.

17. Operating Leases

Our Primero subsidiary leases a facility in Spearfish, South Dakota under a non-cancellable operating lease expiring in 2023. Our Direct Auto subsidiary leases a facility in Chicago, Illinois under a non-cancellable operating lease expiring in 2029. Our Nodak Insurance subsidiary leases a facility in Fargo, North Dakota under a non-cancellable operating lease expiring in 2024. There were expenses of $89 and $75 related to these leases during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

As of March 31, 2020, we have minimum future commitments under non-cancellable leases as follows:

Year ending December 31,	Estimated Future Minimum Commitments
2020	$	281
2021		249
2022		319
2023		358
2024		320
Thereafter		1,353

We also sub-lease portions of our home office building under non-cancellable operating leases.

18. Contingencies

We have been named as a defendant in various lawsuits relating to our insurance operations. Contingent liabilities arising from litigation, income taxes, and other matters are not considered to be material to our financial position.

The Company does not have any unrecorded or potential contingent liabilities or material commitments requiring the use of assets as of March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

 30

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

19. Common Stock

Changes in the number of common stock shares outstanding are as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Shares outstanding, beginning of period		22,119,380			22,192,894
Treasury shares repurchased through stock repurchase authorization		(123,264	)		(100	)
Issuance of treasury shares for vesting of restricted stock units		19,042			16,705
Shares outstanding, end of period		22,015,158			22,209,499

On February 28, 2018, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of up to approximately $10 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock. We completed the repurchase of 191,265 shares of our common stock for $2,966 during 2018, and an additional 116,034 shares for $2,006 during 2019. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we completed the repurchase of 123,264 shares of our common stock for $1,502. The cost of this treasury stock is a reduction of shareholders’ equity within our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

20. Stock Based Compensation

At its 2017 Annual Shareholders’ Meeting, the NI Holdings, Inc. 2017 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) was approved by shareholders. The purpose of the Plan is to promote the interests of the Company and its shareholders by aiding the Company in attracting and retaining employees, officers, consultants, advisors, and non-employee directors capable of assuring the future success of the Company, to offer such persons incentives to put forth maximum efforts for the success of the Company’s business, to compensate such persons through various stock and cash-based arrangements, and to provide them with opportunities for stock ownership in the Company, thereby aligning the interests of such persons with the Company’s shareholders.

The Plan provides for the grant of nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, dividend equivalents, and performance share units (“PSUs”) to employees, officers, consultants, advisors, non-employee directors, and independent contractors designated by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”). Awards made under the Plan are based upon, among other things, a participant’s level of responsibility and performance within the Company.

The total aggregate number of shares of common stock that awards may be issued under all awards made under the Plan shall not exceed 500,000 shares of common stock, subject to adjustments as provided in the Plan. No eligible participant may be granted more than 100,000 shares from any stock options, stock appreciation rights, or performance awards denominated in shares, in the aggregate in any calendar year, subject to adjustment in accordance with the Plan. The aggregate amount payable pursuant to all performance awards denominated in cash to any eligible person in any calendar year is limited to $1,000 in value. Directors who are not also employees of the Company may not be granted awards denominated in shares that exceed $100 in any calendar year.

Restricted Stock Units

The Compensation Committee has awarded RSUs to non-employee directors and select executives. RSUs are promises to issue actual shares of common stock at the end of a vesting period. The RSUs granted to executives under the Plan were based on salary and vest 20% per year over a five-year period, while RSUs granted to non-employee directors vest 100% on the date of the next annual meeting of shareholders following the grant date. Dividend equivalents on RSUs are accrued during the vesting period and paid in cash at the end of the vesting period, but are subject to forfeiture until the underlying shares become vested. Participants do not have voting rights with respect to RSUs.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation costs based on the grant date fair value. The compensation costs are normally expensed over the vesting periods to each vesting date; however, the cost of RSUs granted to executives are expensed immediately if the executive has met certain retirement criteria and the RSUs become non-forfeitable. Estimated forfeitures are included in the determination of compensation costs. No forfeitures are currently estimated.

 31

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

A summary of the Company’s outstanding and unearned restricted stock units is presented below:

	RSUs			Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Share
Units outstanding and unearned at January 1, 2019		73,880		$	16.87
RSUs granted during 2019		57,100			15.81
RSUs earned during 2019		(34,440	)		16.24
Units outstanding and unearned at December 31, 2019		96,540		$	16.47
RSUs granted during 2020		42,600			14.26
RSUs earned during 2020		(31,260	)		15.79
Units outstanding and unearned at March 31, 2020		107,880		$	15.79

The following table shows the impact of RSU activity to the Company’s financial results:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
RSU compensation expense	$	420		$	319
Income tax benefit		(88	)		(67	)
RSU compensation expense, net of income taxes	$	332		$	252

At March 31, 2020, there was $962 of unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding RSUs. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.54 years.

Performance Stock Units

The Compensation Committee has awarded PSUs to select executives. PSUs are promises to issue actual shares of common stock at the end of a vesting period, if certain performance conditions are met. The PSUs granted to employees under the Plan were based on salary and include a three-year book value cumulative growth target with threshold and stretch goals. They will vest on the third anniversary of the grant date, subject to the participant’s continuous employment through the vesting date and the level of performance achieved. Dividend equivalents on PSUs are accrued and paid in cash at the end of the performance period in accordance with the level of performance achieved, but are subject to forfeiture until the underlying shares become vested. Participants do not have voting rights with respect to PSUs.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation costs based on the grant date fair value over the performance period of the awards. Estimated forfeitures are included in the determination of compensation costs. No forfeitures are currently estimated. The current cost estimate assumes that the cumulative growth target will be achieved.

 32

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

A summary of the Company’s outstanding performance share units is presented below:

	PSUs		Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Share
Units outstanding at January 1, 2019		48,600	$	16.25
PSUs granted during 2019 (at target)		62,400		15.21
Units outstanding at December 31, 2019		111,000	$	15.27
PSUs granted during 2020 (at target)		63,600		14.26
Units outstanding at March 31, 2020		174,600	$	15.15

The following table shows the impact of PSU activity to the Company’s financial results:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
PSU compensation expense	$	293		$	297
Income tax benefit		(62	)		(62	)
PSU compensation expense, net of income taxes	$	231		$	235

The PSU grants above represent initial target awards and do not reflect potential increases or decreases resulting from financial performance objectives to be determined at the end of the performance period. The actual number of shares to be issued at the end of the performance period will range from 0% to 150% of the initial target awards.

At March 31, 2020, there was $1,834 of unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding PSUs. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.07 years.

 33

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

21. Earnings Per Share

As described in Note 1, the conversion of the mutual company to a stock company resulted in the issuance of NI Holdings common shares on March 13, 2017. Earnings per share are computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the same period. The weighted average number of common shares outstanding was 22,218,073 and 22,228,630 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Unearned ESOP shares are not considered outstanding until they are released and allocated to plan participants. Unearned RSU and PSU shares are not considered outstanding until they are earned by award participants.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used in the basic and diluted per share computations for our common stock:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Basic earnings (loss) per common share:
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.	$	(3,587	)	$	13,773
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		22,218,073			22,228,630
Basic earnings (loss) per common share	$	(0.16	)	$	0.62
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share:
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.	$	(3,587	)	$	13,773
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation		22,218,073			22,228,630
Weighted average effect of dilutive securities
Add: RSUs and PSUs		121,251			50,149
Number of shares used in diluted computation		22,339,324			22,278,779
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share	$	(0.16	)	$	0.62

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NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

22. Segment Information

We have five primary reportable operating segments, which consist of private passenger auto insurance, non-standard auto insurance, home and farm insurance, crop insurance, and commercial insurance. A sixth segment captures all other insurance coverages we sell, including our assumed reinsurance lines of business. We operate only in the United States, and no single customer or agent provides 10 percent or more of our revenues. The following tables provide available information of these segments for the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. For presentation in these tables, “LAE” refers to loss adjustment expenses.

The ratios presented in these tables are non-GAAP financial measures under Securities and Exchange Commission rules and regulations. The non-GAAP ratios may not be comparable to similarly-named measures reported by other companies.

The loss and LAE ratio equals losses and loss adjustment expenses divided by net premiums earned. The expense ratio equals amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and other underwriting and general expenses, divided by net premiums earned. The combined ratio equals losses and loss adjustment expenses, amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, and other underwriting and general expenses, divided by net premiums earned.

 35

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	Private Passenger Auto			Non-Standard Auto			Home and Farm			Crop			Commercial			All Other			Total
Direct premiums earned	$	18,397		$	13,194		$	20,158		$	(5	)	$	9,505		$	1,144		$	62,393
Assumed premiums earned		—			—			—			—			—			1,600			1,600
Ceded premiums earned		(1,098	)		(43	)		(2,537	)		184			(1,652	)		(75	)		(5,221	)
Net premiums earned		17,299			13,151			17,621			179			7,853			2,669			58,772
Direct losses and LAE		11,129			5,940			7,668			2,811			5,919			425			33,892
Assumed losses and LAE		—			—			—			—			—			308			308
Ceded losses and LAE		—			—			(1,130	)		(444	)		(2,204	)		—			(3,778	)
Net losses and LAE		11,129			5,940			6,538			2,367			3,715			733			30,422
Gross margin		6,170			7,211			11,083			(2,188	)		4,138			1,936			28,350
Underwriting and general expenses		4,810			5,197			4,889			702			3,929			632			20,159
Underwriting gain (loss)		1,360			2,014			6,194			(2,890	)		209			1,304			8,191
Fee and other income					329															362
					2,343
Net investment income																				1,971
Net capital loss on investments																				(14,919	)
Loss before income taxes																				(4,395	)
Income taxes																				(840	)
Net loss																				(3,555	)
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest																				32
Net loss attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.																				(3,587	)
Non-GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio		64.3%			45.2%			37.1%			n/a			47.3%			27.5%			51.8%
Expense ratio		27.8%			39.5%			27.7%			n/a			50.0%			23.7%			34.3%
Combined ratio		92.1%			84.7%			64.8%			n/a			97.3%			51.1%			86.1%
Balances at March 31, 2020:
Premiums and agents’ balances receivable	$	18,657		$	10,557		$	9,204		$	—		$	9,254		$	611		$	48,283
Deferred policy acquisition costs		5,175			4,952			7,124			—			1,504			409			19,164
Reinsurance recoverables		500			—			2,060			600			3,434			1,473			8,067
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation		—			—			—			5,240			—			—			5,240
Goodwill and other intangibles		—			2,897			—			—			18,354			—			21,251
Unpaid losses and LAE		19,952			42,000			10,401			3,945			12,248			8,854			97,400
Unearned premiums		28,426			17,260			39,542			—			18,444			2,738			106,410

 36

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Private Passenger Auto			Non-Standard Auto		Home and Farm			Crop			Commercial			All Other			Total
Direct premiums earned	$	16,944		$	14,591	$	18,533		$	12		$	1,107		$	1,066		$	52,253
Assumed premiums earned		4			—		(4	)		—			—			1,026			1,026
Ceded premiums earned		(856	)		—		(1,740	)		(1	)		(118	)		(58	)		(2,773	)
Net premiums earned		16,092			14,591		16,789			11			989			2,034			50,506
Direct losses and LAE		10,102			7,156		8,256			(486	)		320			1,283			26,631
Assumed losses and LAE		49			—		—			—			—			394			443
Ceded losses and LAE		(46	)		—		(254	)		460			—			(1,000	)		(840	)
Net losses and LAE		10,105			7,156		8,002			(26	)		320			677			26,234
Gross margin		5,987			7,435		8,787			37			669			1,357			24,272
Underwriting and general expenses		4,750			5,478		5,202			331			314			619			16,694
Underwriting gain (loss)		1,237			1,957		3,585			(294	)		355			738			7,578
Fee and other income					470														464
					2,427
Net investment income																			1,743
Net capital gain on investments																			7,859
Loss before income taxes																			17,644
Income taxes																			3,848
Net loss																			13,796
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest																			23
Net loss attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.																			13,773
Non-GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio		62.8%			49.0%		47.7%			n/a			32.4%			33.3%			51.9%
Expense ratio		29.5%			37.5%		31.0%			n/a			31.7%			30.4%			33.1%
Combined ratio		92.3%			86.6%		78.6%			n/a			64.1%			63.7%			85.0%
Balances at March 31, 2019:
Premiums and agents’ balances receivable	$	17,561		$	9,978	$	9,424		$	12		$	964		$	563		$	38,502
Deferred policy acquisition costs		3,925			4,816		5,452			—			—			598			14,791
Reinsurance recoverables		177			—		916			108			(28	)		1,970			3,143
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation		—			—		—			14,282			—			—			14,282
Goodwill and other intangibles		—			3,488		—			—			—			—			3,488
Unpaid losses and LAE		17,737			46,641		12,061			621			852			7,648			85,560
Unearned premiums		27,110			18,845		37,476			—			2,141			2,599			88,171

 37

NI Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 

For purposes of evaluating profitability of the non-standard auto segment, management combines the policy fees paid by the insured with the underwriting gain or loss as its primary measure. As a result, these fees are allocated to the non-standard auto segment (included in fee and other income) in the above tables. The remaining fee and other income amounts are not allocated to any segment.

We do not assign or allocate all Consolidated Statement of Operations or Consolidated Balance Sheet line items to our operating segments. Those line items include investment income, net capital gain (loss) on investments, other income excluding non-standard auto insurance fees, and income taxes within the Consolidated Statement of Operations. For the Consolidated Balance Sheet, those items include cash and investments, property and equipment, other assets, accrued expenses, income taxes recoverable or payable, and shareholders’ equity.

23. Subsequent Events

We have evaluated subsequent events through May 6, 2020, the date these consolidated financial statements were available for issuance.

COVID-19 Pandemic

Beginning in March 2020, the global pandemic associated with novel coronavirus COVID-19 (“COVID-19”) and related economic conditions began to impact the Company's results. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company’s underwriting results were impacted by reduced net premiums earned in our non-standard auto segment. The Company also incurred net unrealized investment losses driven by the impact of changes in fair value on the Company’s equity investments, attributable to the recent disruption in global financial markets. The actual long-term impact of the pandemic on the property and casualty industry is highly uncertain and will not be known for some time. In the short-term, we expect decreased economic activity to pressure overall top-line growth while negatively impacting investment results, dependent on the extent and duration of the economic contraction.

 38

Item 2. - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion is intended to provide a more comprehensive review of the Company’s operating results and financial condition than can be obtained from reading the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements alone. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.” Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q constitutes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Part II. Item 1A. Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. You should also review “Risk Factors” included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described, or implied by, the forward-looking statements contained herein.

All dollar amounts included in Item 2 herein are in thousands.

Overview

NI Holdings is a North Dakota business corporation that is the stock holding company of Nodak Insurance Company and became such in connection with the conversion of Nodak Mutual Insurance Company from a mutual to stock form of organization and the creation of a mutual holding company. The conversion was consummated on March 13, 2017. Immediately following the conversion, all of the outstanding shares of common stock of Nodak Insurance Company were issued to Nodak Mutual Group, which then contributed the shares to NI Holdings in exchange for 55% of the outstanding shares of common stock of NI Holdings. Nodak Insurance Company then became a wholly-owned stock subsidiary of NI Holdings. Prior to completion of the conversion, NI Holdings conducted no business and had no assets or liabilities. As a result of the conversion, NI Holdings became the holding company for Nodak Insurance Company and its existing subsidiaries.

These consolidated financial statements of NI Holdings include the financial position and results of operations of NI Holdings and seven other entities:

· Nodak Insurance – a wholly-owned subsidiary of NI Holdings;

· Nodak Agency – a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance;

· American West – a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance;

· Primero – an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance;

· Battle Creek – an affiliated company of Nodak Insurance;

· Direct Auto – a wholly-owned subsidiary of NI Holdings; and

· Westminster – a wholly-owned subsidiary of NI Holdings.

Battle Creek is managed by Nodak Insurance, and Nodak Insurance reinsures 100% of the risk on all insurance policies issued by Battle Creek.

Nodak Agency is an inactive shell corporation.

On August 31, 2018, NI Holdings completed the acquisition of 100% of the common stock of Direct Auto Insurance Company (“Direct Auto”) from private shareholders and Direct Auto became a consolidated subsidiary of the Company. The results of Direct Auto are included as part of the Company’s non-standard auto business segment following the closing date.

On January 1, 2020, NI Holdings completed the acquisition of 100% of the common stock of Westminster from the private shareholder of Westminster and Westminster became a consolidated subsidiary of the Company. The results of Westminster are included as part of the Company’s commercial business segment following the closing date.

Nodak Insurance offers property and casualty insurance, crop hail, and multi-peril crop insurance to members of the North Dakota Farm Bureau Federation through captive agents in North Dakota. American West and Battle Creek offer similar insurance coverage through independent agents in South Dakota and Minnesota, and Nebraska, respectively. Primero offers limited nonstandard auto insurance coverage in Arizona, Nevada, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Direct Auto offers limited nonstandard auto insurance coverage in Illinois. Westminster offers commercial multi-peril insurance in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States.

Nodak Insurance and Battle Creek are rated “A” by A.M. Best, which is the third highest out of a possible 15 ratings. American West and Westminster are rated “A-”. Primero and Direct Auto are unrated.

 39

A chart of the corporate structure follows:

NI HOLDINGS, INC. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
	Nodak Mutual Group, Inc.
		≥ 55%
		ownership
	NI Holdings, Inc.
100%		100%		100%
ownership		ownership		ownership
Direct Auto Insurance Company	Nodak Insurance Company			Westminster American Insurance Company
100%	100%			100%
ownership	ownership		Affiliation	ownership
Nodak Agency, Inc.	American West Insurance Company		Battle Creek Mutual Insurance Company	Tri-State, Ltd
				100%
				ownership
				Primero Insurance Company

The following tables provide selected amounts from the Company’s Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Balance Sheets. Additional information can be found later in this section.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Direct premiums written	$	62,972		$	55,653
Net premiums earned		58,772			50,506
Net income (loss) before non-controlling interest		(3,555	)		13,796

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Total assets	$	536,384	$	508,159
Shareholders’ equity		301,791		309,803

Marketplace Conditions and Trends

Beginning in March 2020, the global pandemic associated with the novel coronavirus COVID-19 and related economic conditions began to impact the property casualty industry and the Company’s results of operations. The actual long-term impact of the pandemic on the property and casualty industry is highly uncertain and will not be known for some time. In the short-term, we expect decreased economic activity to pressure overall top-line growth while negatively impacting investment results, dependent on the extent and duration of the economic contraction. We also expect reduced loss frequency to continue in private passenger and non-standard auto lines, due to decreased miles driven during this time.

We monitor the marketplace both on a regional and line of business basis.  The private passenger market place would best be described as stable with ample capacity to grow business with a challenging pricing environment.  Rates for private passenger are competitive across the upper Midwest with few companies increasing price to offset challenging underwriting results.  The non-

 40

standard auto market is competitive with companies seeking to grow this line, but, similar to the private passenger auto line, pricing is difficult and results challenging.  In the property lines of business, companies seem to be increasing price in the loss prone areas and holding prices steady in non-loss states.

Unlike property and casualty insurance, the total crop insurance premiums written each year vary mainly based on prevailing commodity prices for the type of crops insured, because the aggregate number of acres planted does not vary much from year to year. Because the premiums that are charged for crop insurance are established by the Risk Management Agency (“RMA”), which is a division of the United States Department of Agriculture, and the policy forms and terms are also established by the RMA, insurers do not compete on price or policy terms and conditions. Moreover, because participation in other federal farm programs by a farmer is conditioned upon participation in the federal crop insurance program, most farmers obtain crop insurance on their plantings each year.

Principal Revenue Items

The Company derives its revenue primarily from net premiums earned, net investment income, and net capital gain (loss) on investments.

Gross and net premiums written

Gross premiums written is equal to direct premiums written and assumed premiums before the effect of ceded reinsurance. Gross premiums written are recognized upon sale of new insurance contracts or renewal of existing contracts. Net premiums written is equal to gross premiums written less premiums ceded or paid to reinsurers (ceded premiums written).

Premiums earned

Premiums earned is the earned portion of net premiums written. Gross premiums written include all premiums recorded by an insurance company during a specified policy period. Insurance premiums on property and casualty policies are recognized in proportion to the underlying risk insured and are earned ratably over the duration of the policies or, in the case of crop insurance, over the period of risk to the Company. At the end of each accounting period, the portion of the premiums that is not yet earned is included in unearned premiums and is realized as revenue in subsequent periods over the remaining term of the policy or period of risk. NI Holdings’ property and casualty policies, other than some of our auto lines and the non-standard auto policies, typically have a term of twelve months. For example, for an annual policy that is written on July 1, 2019, one-half of the premiums would be earned in 2019 and the other half would be earned in 2020.

Due to the nature of the crop planting and harvesting cycle and the deadlines for filing and processing claims under the federal crop insurance program, insurance premiums for crop insurance are generally recognized and earned during the period of risk, which usually begins in spring and ends with harvest in the fall. Under the federal crop insurance program, farmers must purchase crop insurance with respect to spring planted crops by March 15. By July 15, the farmer must report the number of acres he has planted in each crop. On September 1, the insurer bills the farmer for the insurance premium, which is due and payable by the farmer by October 1. If the farmer does not pay the premium by such date, the insurer must essentially provide a loan to the farmer in an amount equal to the premium at an annual interest rate of 15% because the insurer is required to pay the farmer’s portion of the premium to the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (“FCIC”) by November 15, regardless of whether the farmer pays the premium to the insurer. Except for claims occurring in the spring (primarily for prevented planting and required replanting claims), claims are required to be filed with the FCIC by December 15. A different cycle exists for crops planted in the fall, such as winter wheat, but the vast majority of crop insurance written by NI Holdings covers crops planted in the spring.

Net investment income and net capital gain (loss) on investments

NI Holdings invests its surplus and the funds supporting its insurance liabilities (including unearned premiums and unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses) in cash, cash equivalents, equity securities, and fixed income securities. Investment income includes interest and dividends earned on invested assets, and is reported net of investment-related expenses. Net capital gains and losses on investments are reported separately from net investment income. NI Holdings recognizes realized capital gains when investments are sold for an amount greater than their cost or amortized cost (in the case of fixed income securities) and recognizes realized capital losses when investments are written down as a result of an other-than-temporary impairment or sold for an amount less than their cost or amortized cost, as applicable.

Beginning in 2019, in accordance with a change in accounting principle, changes in unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s investments in equity securities are included in net income as part of net capital gains and losses on investments. These gains and losses may be significant given the size of the equity securities holdings and the inherent volatility in equity securities prices. Prior to 2019, the changes in unrealized gains and losses pertaining to such investments were recorded in other comprehensive income. The changes in unrealized gains and losses on fixed income securities continue to be recorded in other comprehensive income, net of income taxes. The new accounting treatment has no effect on total shareholders’ equity.

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NI Holdings’ portfolio of investments is managed by Conning, Inc., Disciplined Growth Investors, CIBC Personal Wealth Management, and Morgan Stanley Wealth Management. These investment managers have discretion to buy and sell securities in accordance with the investment policy approved by our Board of Directors.

Principal Expense Items

NI Holdings’ expenses consist primarily of losses and loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”), amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, other underwriting and general expenses, and income taxes.

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Losses and LAE represent the largest expense item and include (1) claim payments made, (2) estimates for future claim payments and changes in those estimates from prior periods, and (3) costs associated with investigating, defending, and adjusting claims, including legal fees.

Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and other underwriting and general expenses

Expenses incurred to underwrite risks are referred to as policy acquisition costs. Policy acquisition costs consist of commission expenses, state premium taxes, and certain other underwriting expenses that vary with and are primarily related to the writing and acquisition of new and renewal business. These policy acquisition costs are deferred and amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies. Other underwriting and general expenses consist of salaries, professional fees, office supplies, depreciation, and all other operating expenses not otherwise classified separately.

Income taxes

Current income taxes represent amounts paid to the federal government and certain states whose payment is based upon net income (subject to regulatory adjustments) generated by the Company. As noted above, it does not include state premium taxes that are based purely on the collection of policyholder premiums.

NI Holdings uses the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Deferred income taxes arise from the recognition of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the income tax bases of its assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred income tax asset will not be realized. The effect of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period of the enactment date. Total income taxes reflect both current income taxes and the change in the net deferred income tax asset or liability, excluding amounts attributed to accumulated other comprehensive income.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

NI Holdings evaluates its insurance operations in the way it believes will be most meaningful and representative of its business results. Some of these measurements are “non-GAAP financial measures” under Securities and Exchange Commission rules and regulations. GAAP is the acronym for “accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America”. The non-GAAP financial measures that NI Holdings presents may not be compatible to similarly-named measures reported by other companies. The non-GAAP financial measures described in this section are used widely in the property and casualty insurance industry, and are the expense ratio, loss and LAE ratio, combined ratio, written premiums, ratio of net written premiums to statutory surplus, underwriting gain, and return on average equity.

NI Holdings measures growth by monitoring changes in gross premiums written and net premiums written. The Company measures underwriting profitability by examining its loss and LAE ratio, expense ratio, and combined ratio. It also measures profitability by examining underwriting gain (loss), net income (loss), and return on average equity.

Loss and LAE ratio

The loss and LAE ratio is the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of losses and LAE incurred to premiums earned. NI Holdings measures the loss and LAE ratio on an accident year and calendar year loss basis to measure underwriting profitability. An accident year loss ratio measures losses and LAE for insured events occurring in a particular year, regardless of when they are reported, as a percentage of premiums earned during that year. A calendar year loss ratio measures losses and LAE for insured events occurring during a particular year and the change in loss reserves from prior policy years as a percentage of premiums earned during that year.

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Expense ratio

The expense ratio is the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and other underwriting and general expenses (attributable to insurance operations) to premiums earned, and measures our operational efficiency in producing, underwriting, and administering the Company’s insurance business.

Combined ratio

The Company’s combined ratio is the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of the sum of losses and LAE incurred and expenses to premiums earned, and measures its overall underwriting profit. Generally, if the combined ratio is below 100%, NI Holdings is making an underwriting profit. If the combined ratio is above 100%, it is not profitable without investment income and may not be profitable if investment income is insufficient.

Premiums written

Premiums written represent a measure of business volume most relevant on an annual basis for the Company’s business model. This measure includes the amount of premium purchased by policyholders as of the policy’s effective date, whereas premiums earned as presented in the Consolidated Statement of Operations matches the amount of premium to the period of risk for those insurance policies. The Company’s insurance policies are sold with a variety of effective periods, including annual, semi-annual, and monthly.

Net premiums written to statutory surplus ratio

The net premiums written to statutory surplus ratio represents the ratio of net premiums written to statutory surplus. This ratio is designed to measure the ability of the Company to absorb above-average losses and the Company’s financial strength. In general, a low premium to surplus ratio is considered a sign of financial strength because the Company has an adequate provision for adverse development of loss reserves within the Company’s current book of business and provides a capacity to write more business. Statutory surplus is determined using accounting principles prescribed or permitted by the insurance subsidiaries’ state of domicile and differs from GAAP equity.

Underwriting gain (loss)

Underwriting gain (loss) measures the pre-tax profitability of insurance operations. It is derived by subtracting losses and LAE, amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, and other underwriting and general expenses from net premiums earned. Each of these items is presented as a caption in NI Holdings’ Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Net income (loss) and return on average equity

NI Holdings uses net income (loss) to measure its profit and uses return on average equity to measure its effectiveness in utilizing equity to generate net income. In determining return on average equity for a given period, net income (loss) is divided by the average of the beginning and ending equity for that period.

Critical Accounting Policies

General

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires both the use of estimates and judgment relative to the application of appropriate accounting policies. NI Holdings is required to make estimates and assumptions in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported in its Consolidated Financial Statements and related footnotes. NI Holdings evaluates these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis based on historical developments, market conditions, industry trends, and other information that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. There can be no assurance that actual results will conform to its estimates and assumptions and that reported results of operations will not be materially adversely affected by the need to make accounting adjustments to reflect changes in these estimates and assumptions from time to time. The Company believes the following policies are the most sensitive to estimates and judgments.

Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

How reserves are established

With respect to its traditional property and casualty insurance products, the Company maintains reserves for the payment of claims (indemnity losses) and expenses related to adjusting those claims (LAE). The Company’s liability for unpaid losses and LAE

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consists of (1) case reserves, which are reserves for claims that have been reported to it, and (2) reserves for claims that have been incurred but have not yet been reported and for the future development of case reserves (“IBNR”).

When a claim is reported to NI Holdings, its claims personnel establish a case reserve for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment to the extent it can be determined or estimated. The amount of the loss reserve for the reported claim is based primarily upon an evaluation of coverage, liability, damages suffered, and any other information considered pertinent to estimating the exposure presented by the claim. Each claim is contested or settled individually based upon its merits, and some property and casualty claims may take years to resolve, especially in the unusual situation that legal action is involved. Case reserves are reviewed on a regular basis and are updated as new information becomes available.

When a catastrophe occurs, which in the Company’s case usually involves the weather perils of wind and hail, NI Holdings utilizes mapping technology through geographic coding of its property risks to overlay the path of the storm. This enables the Company to establish estimated damage amounts based on the wind speed and size of the hail for case or per claim loss amounts. This process allows the Company to determine within a reasonable time (5 – 7 days) an estimated number of claims and estimated losses from the storm. If the Company estimates the damages to be in excess of its retained catastrophe amount, reinsurers are notified immediately of a potential loss so that the Company can quickly recover reinsurance payments once the retention is exceeded.

In addition to case reserves, NI Holdings maintains estimates of reserves for losses and LAE incurred but not reported. These reserves include estimates for the future development of case reserves. Some claims may not be reported for several years. As a result, the liability for unpaid losses and LAE includes significant estimates for IBNR.

The Company estimates multi-peril crop insurance losses on a quarterly basis based upon historical loss patterns, current crop conditions, current weather patterns, and input from crop loss adjusters. These estimates have proven to be reasonably accurate indicators of the Company’s anticipated losses for this line of business.

NI Holdings utilizes an independent actuary to assist with the estimation of its liability for unpaid losses and LAE. This actuary prepares estimates by first deriving an actuarially based estimate of the ultimate cost of total losses and LAE incurred as of the financial statement date based on established actuarial methods described below. The Company then reduces the estimated ultimate loss and LAE by loss and LAE payments and case reserves carried as of the financial statement date. The actuarially determined estimate is based upon indications from one of the following actuarial methodologies or uses a weighted average of these results. The specific method used to estimate the ultimate losses varies depending on the judgment of the actuary as to what is the most appropriate method for the property and casualty business. The Company’s management reviews these estimates and supplements the actuarial analysis with information not fully incorporated into the actuarially based estimate, such as changes in the external business environment and internal company processes. NI Holdings may adjust the actuarial estimates based on this supplemental information in order to arrive at the amount recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

NI Holdings accrues its ultimate liability for unpaid losses and LAE by using the following actuarial methodologies:

Bornhuetter-Ferguson Method — The Bornhuetter-Ferguson Method is a blended method that explicitly takes into account both actual loss development to date and expected future loss emergence. This method is applied on both a paid loss basis and an incurred loss basis. This method uses selected loss development patterns to calculate the expected percentage of losses unpaid (or unreported). The expected future loss component of the method is calculated by multiplying earned premium for the given exposure period by a selected a priori (i.e. deductive) loss ratio. The resulting dollars are then multiplied by the expected percentage of unpaid (or unreported) losses described above. This provides an estimate of future paid (or reported) losses that is then added to actual paid (or incurred) loss data to produce the estimated ultimate loss.

Paid and Case Incurred Loss Development Method — The Paid and Case Incurred Loss Development Method utilizes ratios of cumulative paid or case incurred losses or LAE at each age of development as a percent of the preceding development age. Selected ratios are then multiplied together to produce a set of loss development factors which when applied to the most current data value, by accident year, develop the estimated ultimate losses or LAE. Ultimate losses or LAE are then selected for each accident year from the various methods employed.

Ratio of Paid ALAE to Paid Loss Method — This method utilizes the ratio of paid allocated loss adjustment expense (“ALAE”) to paid losses and is similar to the Paid and Case Incurred Method described above, except that the data projected are the ratios of paid ALAE to paid losses. The projected ultimate ratio is then multiplied by the selected ultimate losses, by accident year, to yield ultimate ALAE. ALAE reserves are calculated by subtracting paid losses from ultimate ALAE.

The process of estimating loss reserves involves a high degree of judgment and is subject to a number of variables. These variables can be affected by both internal and external events, such as changes in claims handling procedures, inflation, legal trends, increases in the state-dictated minimum liability limits in the recent case of nonstandard auto insurance, and legislative changes, among others. The impact of many of these items on ultimate costs for claims and claim adjustment expenses is difficult to estimate. Loss reserve estimation is also affected by the volume of claims, the potential severity of individual claims, the determination of occurrence date for a claim, and reporting lags (the time between the occurrence of the policyholder event and when it is actually

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reported to the insurer). Informed judgment is applied throughout the process, including the application of various individual experiences and expertise to multiple sets of data and analyses. NI Holdings continually refines its estimates of unpaid losses and LAE in a regular ongoing process as historical loss experience develops and additional claims are reported and settled. NI Holdings considers all significant facts and circumstances known at the time the liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE are established.

There is an inherent amount of uncertainty in the establishment of liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE. This uncertainty is greatest in the current and most recent accident years due to the relative newness of the claims being reported and the relatively small percentage of these claims that have been reported, investigated, and adjusted by the Company’s claims staff. Therefore, the reserves carried in these more recent accident years are generally more conservative than those carried for older accident years. As the Company has the opportunity to investigate and adjust the reported claims, both the case and IBNR reserves are adjusted to more closely reflect the ultimate expected loss.

Other factors that have or can have an impact on the Company’s case and IBNR reserves include but are not limited to those described below.

Changes in liability law and public attitudes regarding damage awards

Laws governing liability claims and judicial interpretations thereof can change over time, which can expand the scope of coverage anticipated by insurers when initially establishing reserves for claims. In addition, public attitudes regarding damage awards can result in judges and juries granting higher recoveries for damages than expected by claims personnel when claims are presented. In addition, these changes can result in both increased claim frequency and severity as both plaintiffs and their legal counsel perceive the opportunity for higher damage awards. Reserves established for claims that occurred in prior years would not have anticipated these legal changes and, therefore, could prove to be inadequate for the ultimate losses paid by the Company, causing the Company to experience adverse development and higher loss payments in future years.

Change in claims handling and/or setting case reserves

Changes in Company personnel and/or the approach to how claims are reported, adjusted, and reserved may affect the reserves established by the Company. As discussed above, the setting of IBNR reserves is not an exact science and involves the expert judgment of an actuary. One actuary’s reserve opinion may differ slightly from another actuary’s opinion. This is the primary reason why the IBNR reserve estimate is customarily reported as a range by a company’s actuary, which provides a company with an acceptable “range” to use in establishing its best estimate for IBNR reserves.

Economic inflation

A sudden and extreme increase in the economic inflation rate could have a significant impact on the Company’s case and IBNR reserves. When establishing case reserves, claims personnel generally establish an amount that in their opinion will provide a conservative amount to settle the loss. If the time to settle the claim extends over a period of years, the initial reserve may not anticipate an economic inflation rate that is significantly higher than the current inflation rate. This can also apply to IBNR reserves. Should the economic inflation rate increase significantly, it is likely that the Company may not anticipate the need to adjust the IBNR reserves accordingly, which could lead to the Company being deficient in its IBNR reserves.

Increases or decreases in claim severity for reasons other than inflation

Factors exist that can drive the cost to settle claims for reasons other than standard inflation. For example, demand surge caused by a very large catastrophe (as in the case of Hurricane Katrina) has an impact on not only the availability and cost of building materials such as roofing and other materials, but also on the availability and cost of labor. Other factors such as increased vehicle traffic in an area not designed to handle the increased congestion and increased speed limits on busy roads are examples of changes that could cause claim severity to increase beyond what the Company’s historic reserves would reflect. In addition, unexpected increases in the labor costs and healthcare costs that underlie insured risks, changes in costs of building materials, or changes in commodity prices for insured crops may cause fluctuations in the ultimate development of the case reserves. During 2018, the state of Nevada mandated the incorporation of higher minimum liabilities for nonstandard auto insurance policies written in the state. Similar mandates are scheduled to occur in the state of Arizona during 2020. While it is certain that these actions increase the average claim cost experienced in the state, the actual amount is subject to judgement until further claim experience is obtained.

Actual settlement experience different from historical data trends

When establishing IBNR reserves, the Company’s actuary takes into account many of the factors discussed above. One of the more important factors that is considered when setting reserves is the past or historical claim settlement experience. Our actuary considers factors such as the number of files entering litigation, payment patterns, length of time it takes Company claims personnel to settle the claims, and average payment amounts when estimating reserve amounts. Should future settlement patterns change due to the legal environment, Company claims handling philosophy, or personnel, it may have an impact on the future claims payments, which could cause existing reserves to either be redundant (excessive) or deficient (below) compared to the actual loss amount.

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Change in Reporting Lag

As discussed above, NI Holdings and its actuary utilize historical patterns to provide an accurate estimate of what will take place in the future. Should we experience an unexpected delay in reporting time (claims are slower to be reported than in the past), our actuary or we may underestimate the anticipated number of future claims, which could cause the ultimate loss we may experience to be underestimated. A lag in reporting may be caused by changes in how claims are reported (online vs. through company personnel), the type of business or lines of business the Company is writing, the Company’s distribution system (direct writer, independent agent, or captive agent), and the geographic area where the Company chooses to insure risk.

Due to the inherent uncertainty underlying loss reserve estimates, final resolution of the estimated liability for unpaid losses and LAE may be higher or lower than the related loss reserves at the reporting date. Therefore, actual paid losses, as claims are settled in the future, may be materially higher or lower in amount than current loss reserves. The Company reflects adjustments to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE in the results of operations during the period in which the estimates are changed.

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Actuarial Loss Reserves

NI Holdings’ liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE are summarized below:

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Case reserves	$	96,818	$	90,210
IBNR reserves		582		3,040
Liability for unpaid losses and LAE	$	97,400	$	93,250
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		8,067		4,045
Net unpaid losses and LAE	$	89,333	$	89,205

The following table provides case and IBNR reserves for unpaid losses and LAE by segment.

	March 31, 2020
	Case Reserves		IBNR Reserves			Total Reserves
Private passenger auto	$	14,036	$	5,916		$	19,952
Non-standard auto		59,729		(17,729	)		42,000
Home and farm		7,319		3,082			10,401
Crop		3,777		168			3,945
Commercial		7,785		4,463			12,248
All other		4,172		4,682			8,854
Liability for unpaid losses and LAE	$	96,818	$	582		$	97,400
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		6,889		1,178			8,067
Net unpaid losses and LAE	$	89,929	$	(596	)	$	89,333

	December 31, 2019
	Case Reserves		IBNR Reserves			Total Reserves
Private passenger auto	$	14,115	$	5,777		$	19,892
Non-standard auto		55,623		(11,645	)		43,978
Home and farm		7,098		3,405			10,503
Crop		8,411		168			8,579
Commercial		731		345			1,076
All other		4,232		4,990			9,222
Liability for unpaid losses and LAE	$	90,210	$	3,040		$	93,250
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		2,867		1,178			4,045
Net unpaid losses and LAE	$	87,343	$	1,862		$	89,205

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Sensitivity of Major Assumptions Underlying the Liabilities for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Management has identified the impact on earnings of various factors used in establishing loss reserves so that users of the Company’s financial statements can better understand how development on prior years’ reserves might impact the Company’s results of operations.

Total Reserves

As of March 31, 2020, the impact of a 1% change in our estimate for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance recoverables, on our net income, after federal income taxes of 21%, would be approximately $706.

Inflation

Inflation is not explicitly selected in the loss reserve analysis. However, historical inflation is embedded in the estimated loss development factors. The following table displays the impact on net income after federal income taxes of 21%, resulting from various changes from the inflation factor implicitly embedded in the estimated payment pattern as of December 31, 2019, which is deemed consistent with March 31, 2020 excluding the addition of the Westminster liability for unpaid losses and LAE. A change in inflation may or may not fully impact loss payments in the future because some of the underlying expenses have already been paid. The table below assumes that any change in inflation will be fully reflected in future loss payments. This variance in future IBNR emergence could occur in one year or over multiple years, depending when the change is recognized.

Change in Inflation	Impact on After-Tax Earnings
-1%	$	(1,103	)
1%		1,128
3%		3,463
5%		5,910

Inflation includes actual inflation as well as social inflation which includes future emergence of new classes of losses or types of losses, change in judicial awards, and any other changes beyond assumed levels that impact the cost of claims.

Case Reserves

When a claim is reported, claims personnel establish a case reserve for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment to the extent it can be determined or estimated. It is possible that the level of adequacy in the case reserve may differ from historical levels and/or the claims reporting pattern may change. The following table displays the impact on net income after federal income taxes of 21% that results from various changes to the level of case reserves as of December 31, 2019, which is deemed consistent with March 31, 2020 excluding the addition of the Westminster liability for unpaid losses and LAE. This variance in future IBNR emergence could occur in one year or over multiple years, depending when the change is recognized.

Change in Case Reserves	Impact on After-Tax Earnings
-10%	$	7,127
-5%	3,563
-2%	1,425
+2%	(1,425		)
+5%	(3,563)
+10%	(7,127		)

Investments

NI Holdings’ fixed income securities and equity securities are classified as available-for-sale and carried at estimated fair value as determined by management based upon quoted market prices or a recognized pricing service at the reporting date for those or similar investments. Changes in unrealized investment gains or losses on the fixed income securities, and on equity securities through December 31, 2018, net of applicable income taxes, are reflected directly in shareholders’ equity as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and, accordingly, have no effect on net income (loss). Effective January 1, 2019, changes in unrealized investment gains or losses on equity securities will be recorded in net income (loss), rather than as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). Investment income is recognized when earned, and realized capital gains and losses on investments are recognized when investments are sold, or an other-than-temporary impairment is recognized.

NI Holdings evaluates securities for other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) at least on a quarterly basis. For periods subsequent to December 31, 2018, this evaluation includes only fixed income securities. Prior to January 1, 2019, this evaluation included both fixed income and equity securities. NI Holdings assesses whether OTTI is present when the fair value of a security is less than its amortized cost. OTTI is considered to have occurred with respect to fixed income securities if (1) an entity intends to sell

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the security, (2) it is more likely than not an entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, or (3) the present value of the expected cash flows is not sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis. When assessing whether the cost or amortized cost basis of the security will be recovered, the Company compares the present value of the expected cash flows likely to be collected, based on an evaluation of all available information relevant to the collectability of the security, to the cost or amortized cost basis of the security. The shortfall of the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected in relation to the cost of amortized cost basis is referred to as the “credit loss”. If there is a credit loss, the impairment is considered to be other-than-temporary. If NI Holdings identifies that an other-than-temporary impairment loss has occurred, it then determines whether it intends to sell the security, or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security prior to recovering the cost or amortized cost basis less any current-period credit losses. If NI Holdings determines that it does not intend to sell, and it is not more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security, the amount of the impairment loss related to the credit loss will be recorded in earnings, and the remaining portion of the other-than-temporary impairment loss will be recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes. If NI Holdings determines that it intends to sell the security, or that it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security prior to recovering its cost or amortized cost basis less any current-period credit losses, the full amount of the other-than-temporary impairment will be recognized in earnings.

Fair values of interest rate sensitive instruments may be affected by increases and decreases in prevailing interest rates that generally translate, respectively, into decreases and increases in fair values of fixed income securities. The fair values of interest rate sensitive instruments also may be affected by the credit worthiness of the issuer, prepayment options, relative values of other investments, the liquidity of the instrument, and other general market conditions.

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, NI Holdings’ investment portfolio experienced a decrease in net unrealized gains of $20,538.

	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019			Change
Fixed income securities:
Gross unrealized gains	$	7,912		$	7,595		$	317
Gross unrealized losses		(5,275	)		(354	)		(4,921	)
Net fixed income unrealized gains (losses)		2,637			7,241			(4,604	)
Equity securities:
Gross unrealized gains		12,143			22,878			(10,735	)
Gross unrealized losses		(6,181	)		(982	)		(5,199	)
Net equity unrealized gains		5,962			21,896			(15,934	)
Net unrealized gains	$	8,599		$	29,137		$	(20,538	)

The fixed income portion of the portfolio experienced a decrease in net unrealized gains of $4,604 during the three months ended March 31, 2020. This decrease was primarily the result of stress in the credit markets stemming from COVID-19 along with plummeting oil prices in March 2020. Resulting liquidity and increased downgrade/default risk in the corporate and municipal bond markets led to substantial widening credit spreads and price declines across our portfolio. The net decrease is reflected directly in shareholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income.

The equity portion of the portfolio experienced decreases in unrealized gains and increases in unrealized losses, which are attributed to the unfavorable conditions in the stock market during the three months ended March 31, 2020, brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and a significant drop in oil prices. The net decrease of $15,934 is included in net capital gains (losses) on investments on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.

NI Holdings has evaluated each security and taken into account the severity and duration of any impairment, the current rating on the security (if any), and the outlook for the issuer according to independent analysts. The Company’s fixed income portfolio is managed by Conning Asset Management, which specializes in the handling of insurance company investments and participates in this evaluation.

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, NI Holdings did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairments of its investment securities. For the year ended December 31, 2019, NI Holdings did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairments of its investment securities.

For more information on the Company’s investments, see Note 6 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

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Fair Value Measurements

NI Holdings uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets to determine fair value disclosures. Investment securities available for sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, NI Holdings may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. Accounting guidance on fair value measurements and disclosures establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation methods used to measure fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level I:	Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.
Level II:	Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.  Level II includes fixed income securities with quoted prices that are traded less frequently than exchange traded instruments.  Valuation techniques include matrix pricing which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value fixed income securities without relying exclusively on quoted market prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices.
Level III:	Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported with little or no market activity).

NI Holdings bases its fair values on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. It is our policy to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when developing fair value measurements, in accordance with the fair value hierarchy. Fair value measurements for assets where there exists limited or no observable market data and, therefore, are based primarily upon the estimates of NI Holdings or other third-parties, and are often calculated based on the characteristics of the asset, the economic and competitive environment, and other such factors. Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments; however, there are inherent weaknesses in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts which NI Holdings could have realized in a sale transaction on the dates indicated. The estimated fair value amounts have been measured as of their respective period-end and have not been re-evaluated or updated for purposes of our financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than the amounts reported at each period-end. Additionally, changes in the underlying assumptions used, including discount rates and estimates of future cash flows, could significantly affect the results of current or future valuations.

NI Holdings uses quoted values and other data provided by an independent pricing service in its process for determining fair values of its investments. The evaluations of such pricing services represent an exit price and a good faith opinion as to what a buyer in the marketplace would pay for a security in a current sale. This pricing service provides NI Holdings with one quote per instrument. For fixed income securities that have quoted prices in active markets, market quotations are provided. For fixed income securities that do not trade on a daily basis, the independent pricing service prepares estimates of fair value using a wide array of observable inputs including relevant market information, benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing. The observable market inputs that the Company’s independent pricing service utilizes may include (listed in order of priority for use) benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, market bids/offers, and other reference data on markets, industry, and the economy. Additionally, the independent pricing service uses an option-adjusted spread model to develop prepayment and interest rate scenarios. The pricing service did not use broker quotes in determining fair values of the Company’s investments at March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

Should the independent pricing service be unable to provide a fair value estimate, NI Holdings would attempt to obtain a non-binding fair value estimate from a number of broker-dealers and would review this estimate in conjunction with a fair value estimate reported by an independent business news service or other sources. In instances where only one broker-dealer provides a fair value for a fixed income security, NI Holdings would use that estimate. In instances where NI Holdings would be able to obtain fair value estimates from more than one broker-dealer, the Company would review the range of estimates and select the most appropriate value based on the facts and circumstances. Should neither the independent pricing service nor a broker-dealer provide a fair value estimate, NI Holdings would develop a fair value estimate based on cash flow analyses and other valuation techniques that utilize certain unobservable inputs. Accordingly, NI Holdings classifies such a security as a Level III investment.

The fair value estimates of NI Holdings’ investments provided by the independent pricing service at each period-end were utilized, among other resources, in reaching a conclusion as to the fair value of its investments.

Management reviews the reasonableness of the pricing provided by the independent pricing service by employing various analytical procedures. Management reviews all securities to identify recent downgrades, significant changes in pricing, and pricing anomalies on individual securities relative to other similar securities. This will include looking for relative consistency across

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securities in common sectors, durations, and credit ratings. This review will also include all fixed income securities rated lower than “A” by Moody’s or Standard & Poor’s. If, after this review, management does not believe the pricing for any security is a reasonable estimate of fair value, then it will seek to resolve the discrepancy through discussions with the pricing service. In its review, management did not identify any such discrepancies, and no adjustments were made to the estimates provided by the pricing service, for the three month period ended March 31, 2020 or the year ended December 31, 2019. The classification within the fair value hierarchy is then confirmed based on the final conclusions from the pricing review.

For more information on the Company’s fair value measurements, see Note 7 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Value of Business Acquired

Certain direct policy acquisition costs consisting of commissions, state premium taxes, and other direct underwriting expenses that vary with and are primarily related to the production of business are deferred and amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies as the underlying policy premiums are earned.

As in the case of previous acquisitions, no deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) were recorded in the acquisition of Westminster in accordance with purchase accounting guidance. Rather, a separate intangible asset representing the value of business acquired (“VOBA”) was valued at $4,177 and established at the closing date. This VOBA intangible asset will be amortized into expense as the acquired unearned premiums are reported into income, in the same way as DAC. Policy acquisition costs relating to new business written by Westminster were deferred following the closing date. The release of the VOBA asset and the establishment of new DAC generally offset each other over the twelve months following the acquisition of Westminster.

At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, DAC, the VOBA intangible asset, and the related liability for unearned premiums were as follows:

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Deferred policy acquisition costs	$	19,164	$	15,399
Value of business acquired intangible asset		2,415		—
Liability for unearned premiums		106,410		89,276

The method followed in computing DAC limits the amount of deferred costs to their estimated realizable value, which gives effect to the premium to be earned, related investment income, losses and LAE, and certain other costs expected to be incurred as the premium is earned. Future changes in estimates, the most significant of which is expected losses and LAE, may require adjustments to DAC. If the estimation of net realizable value indicates that DAC are not recoverable, they would be written off or a premium deficiency reserve would be established.

Income Taxes

Current income taxes represent amounts paid to the federal government and certain states whose payment is based upon net income (subject to regulatory adjustments) generated by the Company. NI Holdings uses the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Deferred income taxes arise from the recognition of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the income tax bases of our assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred income tax asset will not be realized. Total income taxes reflect both current income taxes and the change in the net deferred income tax asset or liability, excluding amounts attributed to accumulated other comprehensive income.

NI Holdings had gross deferred income tax assets of $7,138 at March 31, 2020 and $6,294 at December 31, 2019, arising primarily from unearned premiums, loss reserve discounting, and net operating loss carryforwards. A valuation allowance is required to be established for any portion of the deferred income tax asset for which the Company believes it is more likely than not that it will not be realized. A valuation allowance of $594 was maintained at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

NI Holdings had gross deferred income tax liabilities of $8,966 at March 31, 2020 and $10,290 at December 31, 2019, arising primarily from DAC, net unrealized capital gains on investments, and intangible assets.

NI Holdings exercises significant judgment in evaluating the amount and timing of recognition of the resulting income tax liabilities and assets. These judgments require NI Holdings to make projections of future taxable income. The judgments and estimates the Company makes in determining its deferred income tax assets, which are inherently subjective, are reviewed on a continual basis as regulatory and business factors change. Any reduction in estimated future taxable income may require the Company to record a valuation allowance against its deferred income tax assets.

As of March 31, 2020, NI Holdings had no material unrecognized income tax benefits or accrued interest and penalties. Federal tax years 2014 through 2018 are open for examination.

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Results of Operations

NI Holdings’ results of operations are influenced by factors affecting the property and casualty insurance and crop insurance industries in general. The operating results of the United States property and casualty industry and crop insurance industry are subject to significant variations due to competition, weather, catastrophic events, changes in regulation, general economic conditions, rising medical expenses, judicial trends, fluctuations in interest rates, and other changes in the investment environment.

NI Holdings premium levels and underwriting results have been, and continue to be, influenced by market conditions. Pricing in the property and casualty insurance industry historically has been cyclical. During a soft market cycle, price competition is more significant than during a hard market cycle and makes it difficult to attract and retain properly priced business. During a hard market cycle, it is more likely that insurers will be able to increase their rates or profit margins. A hard market typically has a positive effect on premium growth. The markets that NI Holdings serve are diversified, which requires management to regularly monitor the Company’s performance and competitive position by line of business and geographic market to schedule appropriate rate actions.

Premiums in the multi-peril crop insurance business are primarily influenced by the number of acres and types of crops insured because the pricing is set by the RMA rather than individual insurance carriers. The expected experience of this business for the calendar year may also significantly impact the reported net earned premiums and losses due to the risk-sharing arrangement with the federal government. Multi-peril crop insurance premiums are generally written in the second quarter, and earned ratably over the period of risk, which extends into the fourth quarter.

Premiums in the crop hail insurance business are also generally written in the second quarter, but earned over a shorter period of risk than multi-peril crop insurance.

Premiums in the personal lines of business (private passenger auto and home and farm) are generally written throughout the year and earned throughout the year. Losses on this business are also incurred throughout the year, but usually are more frequent and/or severe during periods of weather-related activity in the second and third quarters.

Premiums in the commercial lines of business are generally written throughout the year and earned throughout the year. Losses on this business are also incurred throughout the year, but generally are more frequent during the winter months from water and freeze claims.

For more information on the Company’s results of operations by segment, see Note 22 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

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Three Months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019

The consolidated net loss for NI Holdings was $3,555 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to net income of $13,796 for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The major components of NI Holdings’ operating revenues and net income for the two periods were as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$	58,772		$	50,506
Fee and other income		362			464
Net investment income		1,971			1,743
Net capital gain (loss) on investments		(14,919	)		7,859
Total revenues	$	46,186		$	60,572
Components of net income (loss):
Net premiums earned	$	58,772		$	50,506
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		30,422			26,234
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and other underwriting and general expenses		20,159			16,694
Underwriting gain		8,191			7,578
Fee and other income		362			464
Net investment income		1,971			1,743
Net capital gain (loss) on investments		(14,919	)		7,859
Income (loss) before income taxes		(4,395	)		17,644
Income taxes		(840	)		3,848
Net income (loss)	$	(3,555	)	$	13,796

Beginning in March 2020, the global pandemic associated with COVID-19 and related economic conditions began to impact the Company’s results. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company’s underwriting results were impacted by reduced net premiums earned in our non-standard auto segment. The Company also incurred net unrealized investment losses driven by the impact of changes in fair value on the Company’s equity investments, attributable to the recent disruption in global financial markets. For further discussion regarding the potential impacts of COVID-19 and related economic conditions of the Company, see “Part II – Item 1A – Risk Factors”.

Net Premiums Earned

NI Holdings’ net premiums earned for the three months ended March 31, 2020 increased $8,266, or 16.4%, compared to a year ago.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Net premiums earned:
Private passenger auto	$	17,299	$	16,092
Non-standard auto		13,151		14,591
Home and farm		17,621		16,789
Crop		179		11
Commercial		7,853		989
All other		2,669		2,034
Total net premiums earned	$	58,772	$	50,506

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Net premiums earned:
Direct premium	$	62,393		$	52,253
Assumed premium		1,600			1,026
Ceded premium		(5,221	)		(2,773	)
Total net premiums earned	$	58,772		$	50,506

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Direct premiums earned for the first quarter of 2020 increased $10,140, or 19.4%, from the first quarter of 2019. The addition of the Westminster commercial business contributed $8,347 in direct premiums earned during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Assumed premiums earned increased $574, due to increasing our participation in the assumed domestic and international business in our all other segment. Ceded premiums earned increased significantly, reflecting the additional amounts ceded for the Westminster commercial business as well as increasing our overall reinsurance coverage limits.

Our personal lines of business (private passenger auto, home and farm) continued to grow in South Dakota and Nebraska. Our North Dakota business grew modestly. Our non-standard auto premiums decreased year-over-year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which negatively impacted policy counts in this segment across all states. We anticipate that second quarter will reflect a larger year-over-year decrease in non-standard auto premiums as the pandemic and related economic implications continue.

Losses and LAE

NI Holdings’ net losses and LAE for the three months ended March 31, 2020 increased $4,188, or 16.0%, compared to a year ago, due primarily to the addition of Westminster. The Company’s loss and LAE ratio remained relatively unchanged.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Net losses and LAE:
Private passenger auto	$	11,129	$	10,105
Non-standard auto		5,940		7,156
Home and farm		6,538		8,002
Crop		2,367		(26	)
Commercial		3,715		320
All other		733		677
Total net losses and LAE	$	30,422	$	26,234

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Loss and LAE ratio:
Private passenger auto		64.3%		62.8%
Non-standard auto		45.2%		49.0%
Home and farm		37.1%		47.7%
Crop		n/a		n/a
Commercial		47.3%		32.4%
All other		27.5%		33.3%
Total loss and LAE ratio		51.8%		51.9%

The Company’s overall loss and LAE experience was fairly consistent year-over-year, across most segments of the Company. Loss and LAE ratios improved in non-standard auto, home and farm, and all other, while private passenger auto increased modestly.

Losses were generally consistent year-over-year in private passenger and non-standard auto. In home and farm, losses and LAE decreased by $1,464, or 18.3%, primarily as a result of lower weather-related losses. These reduced losses were partially offset by increased losses and LAE of $3,395 in commercial due to Westminster’s results being added to the segment.

The loss and LAE ratio for non-standard auto continued to improve as the rate increases and underwriting actions appear to have addressed the profitability issues.

The 2019 multi-peril crop insurance business ended the year with less than 50% of the corn in North Dakota harvested and we carried a significant number of open claims as of December 31, 2019. Many of those claims have been settled during the quarter as crops have been harvested. The significant number of open claims at year-end has produced unfavorable loss development of $2,367 on a net basis as these claims have been settled in 2020.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, reported losses and LAE included $510 of net unfavorable development on prior accident years, compared to $4,969 of net favorable development on prior accident years during the three months ended March 31, 2019. Net favorable development is the result of prior years’ claims settling for less than originally estimated, while net unfavorable development is the result of prior years’ claims settling for more than originally estimated. Adjustments to our original estimates resulting from claims are not made until the period in which there is reasonable evidence that an adjustment to the reserve is appropriate.

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Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting and General Expenses

Total underwriting and general expenses, including amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, increased $3,465, or 20.8%, during the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to a year ago.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Underlying expenses	$	23,924		$	18,619
Deferral of policy acquisition costs		(13,152	)		(11,147	)
Other underwriting and general expenses		10,772			7,472
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		9,387			9,222
Total reported expenses	$	20,159		$	16,694

Underlying expenses were $5,305 higher in the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to a year ago. The new Westminster subsidiary contributed $4,277 of underlying expenses to the current quarter, including $1,868 amortization of other intangibles. Underlying expenses were also elevated due to costs related to the acquisition of Westminster.

Expense deferrals were $2,005 higher in the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to 2019, while amortization of those costs was only slightly higher in 2020. Westminster contributed $1,556 of new expense deferrals in 2020, while private passenger auto, home and farm business grew.

The expense ratio of 34.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was 1.2 percentage points higher than the expense ratio in the first quarter of 2019 related to the acquisition of Westminster.

Underwriting Gain (Loss)

Underwriting gain (loss) measures the pretax profitability of a company’s insurance business. It is derived by subtracting losses and LAE, amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, and other underwriting and general expenses from net premiums earned.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Underwriting gain (loss):
Private passenger auto	$	1,360		$	1,237
Non-standard auto		2,014			1,957
Home and farm		6,194			3,585
Crop		(2,890	)		(294	)
Commercial		209			355
All other		1,304			738
Total underwriting gain	$	8,191		$	7,578

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Combined ratio:
Private passenger auto		92.1%		92.3%
Non-standard auto		84.7%		86.6%
Home and farm		64.8%		78.6%
Crop		n/a		n/a
Commercial		97.3%		64.1%
All other		51.1%		63.7%
Total loss and LAE ratio		86.1%		85.0%

The gain from underwriting operations increased 8.1% when compared to 2019. The combined ratio increased modestly during the same period.

The combined ratio for the private passenger auto segment was consistent year-over-year. While we anticipate that the frequency of claims will decrease in the second quarter as people are driving less during the COVID-19 pandemic, actual projections are difficult to determine. None of our writing states of North Dakota, South Dakota, or Nebraska have stay-at-home or shelter-in-place orders. The overall impact of COVID-19 on the auto insurance industry in our markets will continue to develop over time.

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For the non-standard auto segment, some improvement in the combined ratio has been realized as rate increases and underwriting actions had a positive impact on the Primero book of business. As with the private passenger auto segment, we expect to see the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic play out over time as people are driving less, specifically in Las Vegas and Chicago where there are stay-at-home orders in place.

The combined ratio for the home and farm segment improved substantially as North Dakota experienced a lower amount of snowfall in the first quarter, resulting in fewer collapse losses on the farm line. In addition, fewer weather-related claims in both South Dakota and Nebraska has helped to lower the losses for the homeowners line in these states. The improved weather losses combined with some modest rate adjustments has resulted in a good start to 2020 for these lines of business.

For the commercial segment, the results of Westminster are now being combined with the commercial business of Nodak Insurance. Underwriting expenses during the first quarter for Westminster were elevated due to the impact of one-time expenses causing the combined ratio to be elevated. While we anticipate that the combined ratio will improve, the COVID-19 pandemic is also impacting this segment as certain states are mandating that companies waive certain fees, require companies to offer renewals on all business, and defer premium payments for collection at a later date. This has the potential to cause elevated combined ratios as expenses are likely to increase and the potential for uncollectable premiums also increases.

For the crop segment, the combined ratio is elevated due to the high percentage of unharvested corn that remained in the field (52% in North Dakota). As these fields were harvested, the losses were higher than anticipated, resulting in adverse development for this segment during the quarter.

Fee and Other Income

NI Holdings had fee and other income of $362 for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $464 for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Fee income attributable to the non-standard auto segment is a key component in measuring its profitability. Fee income on this business decreased to $329 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from $470 for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as the amount of new inforce polices in Primero has dropped considerably. Primero has also started to temporarily waive some of its policy maintenance fees as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Net Investment Income

The following table sets forth our average cash and invested assets, net investment income, and return on average cash and invested assets for the reported periods:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Average cash and invested assets	$	418,452	$	382,171
Gross investment income	$	2,800	$	2,308
Investment expenses		829		565
Net investment income	$	1,971	$	1,743
Gross return on average cash and invested assets		2.7%		2.4%
Net return on average cash and invested assets		1.9%		1.8%

Investment income, net of investment expense, increased $228 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to a year ago. This increase is attributable to the increase in invested assets, due primarily to the acquisition of Westminster and net cash from operating activities during 2019. The weighted average gross yield on invested assets increased to 2.7% in 2020 from 2.4% in 2019.

As of March 31, 2020, our overall book yield for our combined fixed income and equity portfolio was 2.9%, excluding Westminster. The average duration was 3.4 years at March 31, 2020.

Net Capital Gain (Loss) on Investments

NI Holdings had realized capital gains on investment of $1,015 for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to gains of $559 a year ago.

Effective January 1, 2019, in accordance with a change in accounting principle, market fluctuations on our equity securities are reflected in the Company’s results of operations. NI Holdings reported a net loss of $15,934 attributed to the change in unrealized appreciation of its equity securities for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to a net gain of $7,300 for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Prior to January 1, 2019, such unrealized gains and losses were included in other comprehensive income. This significant loss was due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the related economic implications on businesses and the stock market.

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The markets have partially rebounded during second quarter, but we anticipate additional volatility throughout the remainder of the pandemic and economic recovery period.

The Company recorded no other-than-temporary impairments in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

The Company’s fixed income securities and equity securities are classified as available for sale because it will, from time to time, make sales of securities that are not impaired, consistent with our investment goals and policies. At March 31, 2020, the Company had net unrealized gains on fixed income securities of $2,637 and net unrealized gains on equity securities of $5,962. At December 31, 2019, the Company had net unrealized gains on fixed income securities of $7,241 and net unrealized gains on equity securities of $21,896. The decrease in the fair value of our fixed income securities was primarily the result of stress in the credit markets stemming from COVID-19 along with plummeting oil prices in March 2020. Resulting liquidity and increased downgrade/default risk in the corporate and municipal bond markets led to substantial widening credit spreads and price declines across our portfolio.

NI Holdings has evaluated each security in a loss position and taken into account the severity and duration of the impairment, the current rating on the bond, and the outlook for the issuer according to independent analysts. NI Holdings will continue to monitor these securities throughout the remainder of the COVID-19 pandemic and economic recovery period.

Income (Loss) before Income Taxes

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, NI Holdings had pre-tax loss of $4,395 compared to pre-tax income of $17,644 for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease in pre-tax results was largely attributable to the $23,234 fluctuation in the change in net unrealized gains in our equity portfolio between the first quarter of 2020 and 2019.

Income Taxes

NI Holdings recorded income tax benefit of $840 for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to income tax expense of $3,848 for the three months ended March 31, 2019. A portion of income tax expense relates to state income taxes primarily for the state of Illinois. Our effective tax rate for the first quarter of 2020 was 19.1% compared to an effective tax rate of 21.8% for the first quarter of 2019.

The valuation allowance against certain deferred income tax assets remained at $594 as of March 31, 2020, the same amount as December 31, 2019.

Net Income (Loss)

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, NI Holdings had net loss before non-controlling interest of $3,555 compared to net income of $13,796 for the three months ended March 31, 2019. This decrease in net income was primarily attributable to the fluctuation in the change in net unrealized gains in our equity portfolio between the first quarter of 2020 and 2019.

Return on Average Equity

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, NI Holdings had annualized return on average equity, after non-controlling interest, of -4.7% compared to annualized return on average equity, after non-controlling interest, of 19.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Average equity is calculated as the average between beginning and ending equity excluding non-controlling interest for the period.

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Financial Position

The major components of NI Holdings’ financial position are as follows:

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Assets:
Cash and investments	$	416,981	$	419,923
Premiums and agents’ balances receivable		48,283		36,691
Deferred policy acquisition costs		19,164		15,399
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation		5,240		14,230
Goodwill and other intangibles		21,251		2,912
Other assets		25,465		19,004
Total assets	$	536,384	$	508,159
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	97,400	$	93,250
Unearned premiums		106,410		89,276
Other liabilities		30,783		15,830
Total liabilities		234,593		198,356
Equity		301,791		309,803
Total liabilities and equity	$	536,384	$	508,159

At March 31, 2020, NI Holdings’ total assets increased by $28,225, or 5.6%, from December 31, 2019. Cash and investments decreased due to market fluctuations in both the fixed income and equity markets, partially offset by acquired Westminster assets. Premiums and agents’ balances receivable increased in the non-standard auto business, in addition to the acquired Westminster receivables. DAC increased due partly to Westminster commercial business generated during the quarter. The receivable from the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation decreased due to a partial collection. Goodwill and other intangibles recognized in the Westminster acquisition was $20,221, less $1,868 of amortization during the first quarter of 2020. Other assets increased as well from property and equipment and reinsurance recoverables in the Westminster acquisition.

At March 31, 2020, total liabilities increased by $36,237, or 18.3%, from December 31, 2019. Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses increased due to Westminster liabilities of $8,568, partially offset by payments against prior year claims. Unearned premiums increased due to Westminster acquired amounts of $16,611.

Total equity decreased by $8,012, or 2.6%, during the three months ended March 31, 2020. The decrease in equity reflects a consolidated net loss of $3,555 for the three-month period, share repurchases of $1,502, and lower fair values of our fixed income securities.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

NI Holdings generates sufficient funds from its operations and maintains a high degree of liquidity in its investment portfolio to meet the demands of claim settlements and operating expenses. The primary sources of funds are premium collections, investment earnings, and maturing investments. In 2017, we raised $93,145 in net proceeds from our initial public offering, which we hoped to use for strategic acquisitions. However, these monies are available if necessary to meet the demands of claim settlements and operating expenses.

We currently anticipate that cash generated from our operations and available from our investment portfolio and initial public offering net proceeds will be sufficient to fund our operations. However, as described above, the COVID-19 pandemic has, and we expect will continue to, adversely affected premiums and losses. In addition, COVID-19 has resulted in volatility in the credit and financial markets, which has adversely affected our investment portfolio and could increase the cost of capital and/or our ability to access additional capital if the need arises.

In 2018, we used $17,000 for the acquisition of Direct Auto. On January 1, 2020, we acquired Westminster for $40,000, payable in installments over three years.

The Company’s philosophy is to provide sufficient cash flows from operations to meet its obligations in order to minimize the forced sales of investments. The Company maintains a portion of its investment portfolio in relatively short-term and highly liquid assets to ensure the availability of funds.

The change in cash and cash equivalents for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Net cash flows from operating activities	$	3,616		$	4,231
Net cash flows from investing activities		(7,578	)		(3,032	)
Net cash flows from financing activities		(1,533	)		(22	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	(5,495	)	$	1,177

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, net cash provided by operating activities totaled $3,616 compared to $4,231 a year ago. The consolidated net loss of $3,555 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to consolidated net income of $13,796 for the same period a year ago. The decrease in net income was offset by the impact of changes in the receivable from the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation, as well as the net decrease in unrealized gains on equity investments in evaluating net cash from operating activities.

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, net cash used by investing activities totaled $7,578 compared to $3,032 a year ago. In the first quarter of 2020, the purchase price for Westminster was $703 more than the cash and cash equivalents received in the acquisition. Both the current and prior year reflect the impact of investing excess cash generated from operations into longer term investments.

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, net cash used by financing activities totaled $1,533 compared to $22 a year ago. The Company repurchased shares of its own common stock for $1,502 during 2020.

As a standalone entity, and outside of the net proceeds from the recent initial public offering, NI Holdings’ principal source of long-term liquidity will be dividend payments from its directly-owned subsidiaries.

Nodak Insurance is restricted by the insurance laws of North Dakota as to the amount of dividends or other distributions it may pay to NI Holdings. North Dakota law sets the maximum amount of dividends that may be paid by Nodak Insurance during any twelve-month period after notice to, but without prior approval of, the North Dakota Insurance Department. This amount cannot exceed the lesser of (i) 10% of the Company’s surplus as regards policyholders as of the preceding December 31, or (ii) the Company’s statutory net income for the preceding calendar year (excluding realized capital gains), less any prior dividends paid during such twelve-month period. In addition, any insurance company other than a life insurance company may carry forward net income from the preceding two calendar years, not including realized capital gains, less any dividends actually paid during those two calendar years. Dividends in excess of this amount are considered “extraordinary” and are subject to the approval of the North Dakota Insurance Department.

The amount available for payment of dividends from Nodak Insurance to us during 2020 without the prior approval of the North Dakota Insurance Department is approximately $18,984 based upon the policyholders’ surplus of Nodak Insurance at December 31, 2019. Prior to its payment of any extraordinary dividend, Nodak Insurance will be required to provide notice of the dividend to the North Dakota Insurance Department. This notice must be provided to the North Dakota Insurance Department 30 days prior to the payment of an extraordinary dividend and 10 days prior to the payment of an ordinary dividend. The North Dakota Insurance Department has the power to limit or prohibit dividend payments if an insurance company is in violation of any law or regulation. These restrictions or any subsequently imposed restrictions may affect our future liquidity. No dividends were declared or paid by Nodak Insurance during the three months ended March 31, 2020 or the year ended December 31, 2019.

 59

Direct Auto is restricted by the insurance laws of Illinois as to the amount of dividends or other distributions it may pay to NI Holdings. Illinois law sets the maximum amount of dividends that may be paid by Direct Auto during any twelve-month period after notice to, but without prior approval of, the Illinois Department of Insurance. This amount cannot exceed the greater of (i) 10% of the Company’s surplus as regards policyholders as of the preceding December 31, or (ii) the Company’s statutory net income for the preceding calendar year (excluding realized capital gains). Dividends in excess of this amount are considered “extraordinary” and are subject to the approval of the Illinois Department of Insurance.

The amount available for payment of dividends from Direct Auto to NI Holdings during 2020 without the prior approval of the Illinois Department of Insurance is $6,881 based upon the policyholders’ surplus of Direct Auto at December 31, 2019. Prior to its payment of any dividend, Direct Auto will be required to provide notice of the dividend to the Illinois Department of Insurance. This notice must be provided to the Illinois Department of Insurance within five business days following declaration of any dividend and no less than 30 days prior to the payment of an extraordinary dividend or 10 days prior to the payment of an ordinary dividend. The Illinois Department of Insurance has the power to limit or prohibit dividend payments if Direct Auto is in violation of any law or regulation. These restrictions or any subsequently imposed restrictions may affect our future liquidity. No dividends were declared or paid by Direct Auto during the three months ended March 31, 2020 or the year ended December 31, 2019.

The amount available for payment of dividends from Westminster to NI Holdings during 2020 without the prior approval of the Maryland Insurance Administration is $636 based upon the statutory net investment income of Westminster for the year ended December 31, 2019 and the three preceding years. Prior to its payment of any dividend, Westminster will be required to provide notice of the dividend to the Maryland Insurance Administration. This notice must be provided to the Maryland Insurance Administration within five business days following declaration of any dividend and no less than 30 days prior to the payment of an extraordinary dividend or 10 days prior to the payment of an ordinary dividend. The Maryland Insurance Administration has the power to limit or prohibit dividend payments if Westminster is in violation of any law or regulation. These restrictions or any subsequently imposed restrictions may affect our future liquidity. No dividends were declared or paid by Westminster during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

NI Holdings has no significant off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on its financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital reserves.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 5 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, included elsewhere in this Report.

 60

Item 3. - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

The Company’s assessment of market risk as of March 31, 2020 indicates there have been no material changes in the quantitative and qualitative disclosures from those in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC.

Item 4. - Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have reviewed and evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as required by Exchange Act Rules 240.13a-15(b) and 15d-15(a)) as of March 31, 2020. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s current disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Changes in Internal Controls

There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2020, to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

 61

Part II. -
OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. - Legal Proceedings

We are party to litigation in the normal course of business. Based upon information presently available to us, we do not consider any litigation to be material. However, given the uncertainties attendant to litigation, we cannot assure you that our results of operations and financial condition will not be materially adversely affected by any litigation.

Item 1A. - Risk Factors

For a discussion of the Company’s potential risk or uncertainties, please see “Part 1 – Item 1A – Risk Factors” and “Part II – Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s 2019 Annual Report filed with the SEC, and “Part 1 – Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” herein, in each case as updated by the Company’s periodic filings with the SEC. Other than as described below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Part I – Item 1A of the Company’s 2019 Annual Report.

The impact of COVID-19 and responses thereto, and related risks, could materially affect our results of operations, financial position, and/or liquidity.

Beginning in March 2020, the global pandemic related to novel coronavirus COVID-19 began to impact the global and U.S. economy. The extent of this pandemic continues to evolve, thus the direct and indirect impacts of COVID-19 are not yet known and may not emerge for some time. We have experienced a decrease in premiums due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has negatively impacted policy counts for certain of our segments across all states. We expect that premiums may continue to decrease as individuals and businesses reduce travel and seek to limit expenses, including the cost of insurance.

Federal, state, and local government actions to address and contain the impact of COVID-19 may adversely affect us. For example, we could be subject to proposed legislative and/or regulatory action that seeks to retroactively mandate coverage for losses which our insurance policies were not designed or priced to cover. Currently, in some states, there is proposed legislation to require insurers to cover business interruption claims irrespective of terms, exclusions, or other conditions included in the policies that would otherwise preclude coverage. Regulatory restrictions or requirements could also impact pricing, risk selection, and our rights and obligations with respect to our policies and insureds, including our ability to cancel policies or our right to collect premiums. At least one state regulator has issued an order requiring insurers to issue premium refunds, and regulators in other states could take similar actions. It is also possible that changes in economic conditions and steps taken by federal, state, and local governments in response to COVID-19 could require an increase in taxes at the federal, state, and local levels, which would adversely impact our results of operations.

The disruption in the financial markets related to COVID-19 has contributed to net unrealized investment losses, primarily due to the impact of changes in fair value on our equity investments and, to a lesser extent, on our fixed income investment portfolio. Our corporate fixed income portfolio may be adversely impacted by ratings downgrades, increased bankruptcies, and credit spread widening in distressed industries. In addition, many state and local governments may be operating under deficits or projected deficits. These deficits may be exacerbated by the costs of responding to COVID-19 and reduced tax revenues due to adverse economic conditions. The severity and duration of these deficits could have an adverse impact on the collectability and valuation of our municipal bond portfolio. Our investment portfolio also includes residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, which could be adversely impacted by declines in real estate valuations and/or financial market disruption, including a heightened collection risk on the underlying mortgages. Further disruptions in global financial markets due to the continuing impact of COVID-19 could result in additional net realized and unrealized investment losses. In addition, declines in fixed income yields would result in decreases in net investment income from future investment activity, including re-investments.

We expect that the impact of COVID-19 on general economic activity will negatively impact our premium volumes. We began to experience this impact in March 2020 and expect it to persist and be more significant in the second quarter of 2020. We also expect this impact will further persist for the remainder of 2020 and beyond, but the degree of the impact will depend on the extent and duration of the economic contraction. As a result of the anticipated impact of the pandemic on our earned premiums, we expect an increase in our underwriting expense ratio in the near term.

It is possible that changes in economic conditions and steps taken by the federal government and the Federal Reserve in response to COVID-19 could lead to higher inflation than we had anticipated, which could in turn lead to an increase in our loss costs and the need to strengthen claims and claim adjustment expense reserves. These impacts of inflation on loss costs and claims and claim adjustment expense reserves could be more pronounced for those lines of business that require a relatively longer period of time to finalize and settle claims for a given accident year and, accordingly, are relatively more inflation sensitive. Inflation could also adversely impact our general and administrative expenses. Changes in interest rates caused by inflation affect the carrying value of our fixed maturity investments and returns on our fixed maturity and short-term investments. An increase in interest rates reduces the market value of existing fixed maturity investments, thereby negatively impacting our book value.

 62

Item 2. - Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The Company has not sold any unregistered securities within the past three years.

On January 17, 2017, the SEC declared effective our registration statement on Form S-1 registering our common stock. On March 13, 2017, the Company completed the initial public offering of 10,350,000 shares of common stock at a price of $10.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $93,145 from the offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses. Griffin Financial Group, LLC acted as our placement agent in connection with the initial public offering.

Direct Auto was acquired on August 31, 2018 with $17,000 of the net proceeds from the initial public offering.

Westminster was acquired on January 1, 2020 for a purchase price of $40,000, subject to certain adjustments. The Company paid $20,000 from the net proceeds from the initial public offering at time of closing. The Company will pay the remaining $20,000, subject to certain adjustments, in three equal installments on each of the first and second anniversaries of the closing, and on the first business day of the month preceding the third anniversary of the closing. The Company anticipates using the net proceeds from the initial public offering to satisfy these obligations.

From time to time, the Company may also repurchase its own stock. These repurchases may be used to satisfy its obligations under the equity incentive plans or may be done for other reasons. To date, the Company has used the net proceeds from the initial public offering to fund these buyback programs.

There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our initial public offering as described in our final prospectus filed with the SEC on January 17, 2017.

On February 28, 2018, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of up to approximately $10,000 of the Company’s outstanding common stock. Prior to 2020, we repurchased 307,299 shares of our common stock for $5,002 under this authorization. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we repurchased an additional 123,264 shares of our common stock for $1,502.

Period in 2020	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)		Maximum Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1) (in thousands)
January 1-31, 2020		—	$	—		—	$	4,998
February 1-29, 2020		—		—		—		4,998
March 1-31, 2020		123,264		12.19		123,264		3,496
Total		123,264	$	12.19		123,264	$	3,496

⁽¹⁾ Shares purchased pursuant to the March 5, 2018 publicly announced share repurchase authorization of up to approximately $10,000 of the Company’s outstanding common stock.    

On May 4, 2020, our Board of Directors approved an additional authorization for the repurchase of up to approximately $10,000 of the Company’s outstanding common stock.

 63

Item 3. - Defaults upon Senior Securities

Not Applicable

Item 4. - Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable

Item 5. - Other Information

None

Item 6. - Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Description
3.1 (1)	Amendment to Bylaws, dated as of February 25, 2020.
3.2 (2)	Amendment No. 2 to Bylaws, dated as of April 16, 2020.
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Linkbase Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

(1) Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37973) filed with the SEC on March 2, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference. 

(2) Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37973) filed with the SEC on April 22, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference. 

 64

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on May 6, 2020.

NI HOLDINGS, INC.

/s/ Michael J. Alexander

Michael J. Alexander

President and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Brian R. Doom

Brian R. Doom

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

 65

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PERIODIC REPORT UNDER SECTION 302 OF THE
SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Michael J. Alexander, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of NI Holdings, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

May 6, 2020	/s/ Michael J. Alexander
	Michael J. Alexander
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)

 66

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PERIODIC REPORT UNDER SECTION 302 OF THE
SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Brian R. Doom, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of NI Holdings, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

May 6, 2020	/s/ Brian R. Doom
	Brian R. Doom
	Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial Officer)

 67

EX-32

Exhibit 32

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the quarterly report of NI Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), we, Michael J. Alexander, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Brian R. Doom, Chief Financial Officer, of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to our knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

May 6, 2020	/s/ Michael J. Alexander
	Michael J. Alexander
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
May 6, 2020	/s/ Brian R. Doom
	Brian R. Doom
	Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial Officer)

 68

XML

Related Party Transactions (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Payment of dividends			$ 18,984
NDFB [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Royalties	$ 336	$ 324
Accrued royalties	124		115
Direct Auto Insurance Company [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Payment of dividends			6,881
Battle Creek [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Related party revenues	$ 42	$ 31
Westminster Insurance Company [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Payment of dividends			$ 636

XML

Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses (Schedule of liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Activity in Liability [Abstract]
Liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$ 93,250	$ 87,121
Reinsurance recoverables on losses	4,045	2,232
Net balance at beginning of period	89,205	84,889
Acquired unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to:
Current year
Prior years	8,568
Total incurred	8,568
Incurred related to:
Current year	29,912	31,203
Prior years	510	(4,969)
Total Incurred	30,422	26,234
Paid related to:
Current year	12,532	11,064
Prior years	26,330	17,642
Total paid	38,862	28,706
Liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	97,400	85,560
Reinsurance recoverables on losses	8,067	3,143
Net balance at end of period	$ 89,333	$ 82,417

XML

Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 56,637	$ 62,132
Fixed income securities, at fair value	310,619	295,945
Equity securities, at fair value	47,142	59,932
Other investments	2,583	1,914
Total cash and investments	416,981	419,923
Premiums and agents' balances receivable	48,283	36,691
Deferred policy acquisition costs	19,164	15,399
Reinsurance recoverables on losses	8,067	4,045
Accrued investment income	2,098	2,089
Property and equipment	10,120	7,694
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation	5,240	14,230
Goodwill and other intangibles	21,251	2,912
Other assets	5,180	5,176
Total assets	536,384	508,159
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	97,400	93,250
Unearned premiums	106,410	89,276
Reinsurance premiums payable	916	170
Income tax payable	473	1,645
Deferred income taxes, net	2,422	4,590
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	26,972	9,425
Commitments and Contingencies
Total liabilities	234,593	198,356
Shareholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value, authorized: 25,000,000 shares; issued: 23,000,000 shares; and outstanding: 2020 - 22,015,158 shares, 2019 - 22,119,380 shares	230	230
Preferred stock, without par value, authorized 5,000,000 shares, no shares issued or outstanding
Additional paid-in capital	96,374	95,961
Unearned employee stock ownership plan shares	(1,671)	(1,671)
Retained earnings	214,811	218,480
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of income taxes	2,047	5,612
Treasury stock, at cost, 2020 - 817,787 shares, 2019 - 713,565 shares	(13,459)	(12,308)
Non-controlling interest	3,459	3,499
Total shareholders' equity	301,791	309,803
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$ 536,384	$ 508,159

XML

Acquisition of Westminster American Insurance Company (Narrative) (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) Number	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Jan. 02, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Revenue contribution	$ 46,186	$ 60,572
Net loss	(3,555)	$ 13,796
Westminster American Insurance Company [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Ownership percentage in acquisition			100.00%
Revenue contribution	6,329
Net loss	158
Acquisition related costs incurred	828			$ 83	$ 83
Additional acquisition of entity	$ 20,000
Number of installments | Number	3

XML

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Unearned Employee Stock Ownership Plan Shares [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Income Taxes [Member]	Treasury Stock	Non-controlling Interest [Member]	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 230	$ 94,486	$ (1,914)	$ 183,946	$ 6,376	$ (10,634)	$ 3,263	$ 275,753
Cumulative effect of change in accounting for equity securities				8,184	(8,184)
Net income (loss)				13,773			23	13,796
Other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes					3,253		58	3,311
Purchase of treasury stock						(2)		(2)
Share-based compensation		617						617
Issuance of vested award shares		(274)		(50)		304		(20)
Balance at Mar. 31, 2019	230	94,829	(1,914)	205,853	1,445	(10,332)	3,344	293,455
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	230	94,486	(1,914)	183,946	6,376	(10,634)	3,263	275,753
Purchase of treasury stock								(2,006)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	230	95,961	(1,671)	218,480	5,612	(12,308)	3,499	309,803
Net income (loss)				(3,587)			32	(3,555)
Other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes					(3,565)		(72)	(3,637)
Purchase of treasury stock						(1,502)		(1,502)
Share-based compensation		713						713
Issuance of vested award shares		(300)		(82)		351		(31)
Balance at Mar. 31, 2020	$ 230	$ 96,374	$ (1,671)	$ 214,811	$ 2,047	$ (13,459)	$ 3,459	$ 301,791

XML

Related Party Transactions (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Schedule of illustrates the impact of consolidating Battle Creek into our consolidated balance sheets prior to intercompany eliminations

The following table illustrates the impact of including Battle Creek in our Consolidated Balance Sheets prior to intercompany eliminations:

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents (overdraft)	$	1,280	$	(716	)
Investments		4,602		4,661
Premiums and agents’ balances receivable		4,608		4,801
Reinsurance recoverables on losses (1)		26,907		26,330
Accrued investment income		35		33
Deferred income tax asset, net		352		343
Property and equipment		346		348
Other assets		45		45
Total assets	$	38,175	$	35,845
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	11,221	$	10,622
Unearned premiums		15,686		15,708
Notes payable (1)		3,000		3,000
Reinsurance premiums payable (1)		824		1,706
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		3,985		1,310
Total liabilities		34,716		32,346
Equity:
Non-controlling interest		3,459		3,499
Total equity		3,459		3,499
Total liabilities and equity	$	38,175	$	35,845

(1)     Amount eliminated in consolidation.  

XML

Earnings Per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used in the basic and diluted per share

The following table presents a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used in the basic and diluted per share computations for our common stock:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Basic earnings (loss) per common share:
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.	$	(3,587	)	$	13,773
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		22,218,073			22,228,630
Basic earnings (loss) per common share	$	(0.16	)	$	0.62
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share:
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.	$	(3,587	)	$	13,773
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation		22,218,073			22,228,630
Weighted average effect of dilutive securities
Add: RSUs and PSUs		121,251			50,149
Number of shares used in diluted computation		22,339,324			22,278,779
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share	$	(0.16	)	$	0.62

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Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Contingencies

18. Contingencies

We have been named as a defendant in various lawsuits relating to our insurance operations. Contingent liabilities arising from litigation, income taxes, and other matters are not considered to be material to our financial position.

The Company does not have any unrecorded or potential contingent liabilities or material commitments requiring the use of assets as of March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

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Benefit Plans

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Compensation Related Costs [Abstract]

Benefit Plans

14. Benefit Plans

The Company sponsors a money purchase plan that covers all Nodak Insurance eligible employees, and Westminster sponsors a profit sharing plan. Plan costs are funded annually as they are earned. The Company reported expenses related to the money purchase plan totaling $219 and $199 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The Company also sponsors a 401(k) plan with an automatic contribution to all eligible employees and a matching contribution for eligible employees of 50% up to 3% of eligible compensation. The Company reported expenses related to the 401(k) plan totaling $144 and $139 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. All fees associated with both plans are deducted from the eligible employee accounts.

Deferred Compensation Plan

The Board of Directors has authorized a non-qualified deferred compensation plan covering key executives of the Company (as designated by the Board of Directors). The Company’s policy is to fund the plan by amounts that represent the excess of the maximum contribution allowed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) over the key executives’ allowable 401(k) contribution. The plan also allows employee-directed deferral of key executive’s compensation or incentive payments. The Company reported expenses related to this plan totaling $14 and $13 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan

The Company has established an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (the “ESOP”). The ESOP is intended to be an employee stock ownership plan within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code Section 4975(e)(7) and will invest solely in common stock of the Company.

In connection with our initial public offering in March 2017, Nodak Insurance loaned $2,400 to the ESOP’s related trust (the “ESOP Trust”). The ESOP loan will be for a period of ten years and bears interest at the long-term Applicable Federal Rate effective on the closing date of the offering (2.79% annually). The ESOP Trust used the proceeds of the loan to purchase shares in our initial public offering, which results in the ESOP Trust owning approximately 1.0% of the Company’s authorized shares. The ESOP has purchased the shares for investment and not for resale.

The shares purchased by the ESOP Trust in the offering are held in a suspense account as collateral for the ESOP loan. The shares held in the ESOP’s suspense account are not considered outstanding for earnings per share purposes. Nodak Insurance will make semi-annual cash contributions to the ESOP in amounts no smaller than the amounts required for the ESOP Trust to make its loan payments to Nodak Insurance. While the ESOP makes two loan payments per year, a pre-determined portion of the shares will be released from the suspense account and allocated to participant accounts at the end of the calendar year. This release and allocation will occur on an annual basis over the ten-year term of the ESOP loan. Nodak Insurance will have a lien on the shares of common stock of the Company held by the ESOP to secure repayment of the loan from the ESOP to Nodak Insurance. If the ESOP is terminated as a result of a change in control of the Company, the ESOP may be required to pay the costs of terminating the plan.

It is anticipated that the only assets held by the ESOP will be shares of the Company’s common stock. Participants in the ESOP cannot direct the investment of any assets allocated to their accounts. The initial ESOP participants are employees of Nodak Insurance. The employees of Primero, Direct Auto, and Westminster do not participate in the ESOP. American West and Battle Creek have no employees.

Each employee of Nodak Insurance will automatically become a participant in the ESOP if such employee is at least 21 years old, has completed a minimum of one thousand hours of service with Nodak Insurance, and has completed an Eligibility Computation Period. Employees are not permitted to make any contributions to the ESOP. Participants in the ESOP will receive annual reports from the Company showing the number of shares of common stock of the Company allocated to the participant’s account and the market value of those shares. The shares are allocated to participants based on compensation as provided for in the ESOP.

In connection with the initial public offering, the Company created a contra-equity account on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet equal to the ESOP’s basis in the shares. The basis of those shares was set at $10.00 per share as part of the initial public offering. As shares are released from the ESOP suspense account, the contra-equity account will be credited, which shall reduce the impact of the contra-equity account on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company shall record a compensation expense related to the shares released, which compensation expense is equal to the number of shares released from the suspense account multiplied by the average market value of the Company’s stock during the period.

The Company recognized compensation expense of $89 and $94 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to the ESOP.

Through March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had released and allocated 72,945 ESOP shares to participants, with a remainder of 167,055 ESOP shares in suspense at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Using the Company’s quarter-end market price of $13.56 per share, the fair value of the unearned ESOP shares was $2,265 at March 31, 2020. 

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Segment Information

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Information

22. Segment Information

We have five primary reportable operating segments, which consist of private passenger auto insurance, non-standard auto insurance, home and farm insurance, crop insurance, and commercial insurance. A sixth segment captures all other insurance coverages we sell, including our assumed reinsurance lines of business. We operate only in the United States, and no single customer or agent provides 10 percent or more of our revenues. The following tables provide available information of these segments for the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. For presentation in these tables, “LAE” refers to loss adjustment expenses.

The ratios presented in these tables are non-GAAP financial measures under Securities and Exchange Commission rules and regulations. The non-GAAP ratios may not be comparable to similarly-named measures reported by other companies.

The loss and LAE ratio equals losses and loss adjustment expenses divided by net premiums earned. The expense ratio equals amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and other underwriting and general expenses, divided by net premiums earned. The combined ratio equals losses and loss adjustment expenses, amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, and other underwriting and general expenses, divided by net premiums earned.

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	Private Passenger Auto			Non-Standard Auto			Home and Farm			Crop			Commercial			All Other			Total
Direct premiums earned	$	18,397		$	13,194		$	20,158		$	(5	)	$	9,505		$	1,144		$	62,393
Assumed premiums earned		—			—			—			—			—			1,600			1,600
Ceded premiums earned		(1,098	)		(43	)		(2,537	)		184			(1,652	)		(75	)		(5,221	)
Net premiums earned		17,299			13,151			17,621			179			7,853			2,669			58,772
Direct losses and LAE		11,129			5,940			7,668			2,811			5,919			425			33,892
Assumed losses and LAE		—			—			—			—			—			308			308
Ceded losses and LAE		—			—			(1,130	)		(444	)		(2,204	)		—			(3,778	)
Net losses and LAE		11,129			5,940			6,538			2,367			3,715			733			30,422
Gross margin		6,170			7,211			11,083			(2,188	)		4,138			1,936			28,350
Underwriting and general expenses		4,810			5,197			4,889			702			3,929			632			20,159
Underwriting gain (loss)		1,360			2,014			6,194			(2,890	)		209			1,304			8,191
Fee and other income					329															362
					2,343
Net investment income																				1,971
Net capital loss on investments																				(14,919	)
Loss before income taxes																				(4,395	)
Income taxes																				(840	)
Net loss																				(3,555	)
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest																				32
Net loss attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.																				(3,587	)
Non-GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio		64.3%			45.2%			37.1%			n/a			47.3%			27.5%			51.8%
Expense ratio		27.8%			39.5%			27.7%			n/a			50.0%			23.7%			34.3%
Combined ratio		92.1%			84.7%			64.8%			n/a			97.3%			51.1%			86.1%
Balances at March 31, 2020:
Premiums and agents’ balances receivable	$	18,657		$	10,557		$	9,204		$	—		$	9,254		$	611		$	48,283
Deferred policy acquisition costs		5,175			4,952			7,124			—			1,504			409			19,164
Reinsurance recoverables		500			—			2,060			600			3,434			1,473			8,067
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation		—			—			—			5,240			—			—			5,240
Goodwill and other intangibles		—			2,897			—			—			18,354			—			21,251
Unpaid losses and LAE		19,952			42,000			10,401			3,945			12,248			8,854			97,400
Unearned premiums		28,426			17,260			39,542			—			18,444			2,738			106,410

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Private Passenger Auto			Non-Standard Auto		Home and Farm			Crop			Commercial			All Other			Total
Direct premiums earned	$	16,944		$	14,591	$	18,533		$	12		$	1,107		$	1,066		$	52,253
Assumed premiums earned		4			—		(4	)		—			—			1,026			1,026
Ceded premiums earned		(856	)		—		(1,740	)		(1	)		(118	)		(58	)		(2,773	)
Net premiums earned		16,092			14,591		16,789			11			989			2,034			50,506
Direct losses and LAE		10,102			7,156		8,256			(486	)		320			1,283			26,631
Assumed losses and LAE		49			—		—			—			—			394			443
Ceded losses and LAE		(46	)		—		(254	)		460			—			(1,000	)		(840	)
Net losses and LAE		10,105			7,156		8,002			(26	)		320			677			26,234
Gross margin		5,987			7,435		8,787			37			669			1,357			24,272
Underwriting and general expenses		4,750			5,478		5,202			331			314			619			16,694
Underwriting gain (loss)		1,237			1,957		3,585			(294	)		355			738			7,578
Fee and other income					470														464
					2,427
Net investment income																			1,743
Net capital gain on investments																			7,859
Loss before income taxes																			17,644
Income taxes																			3,848
Net loss																			13,796
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest																			23
Net loss attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.																			13,773
Non-GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio		62.8%			49.0%		47.7%			n/a			32.4%			33.3%			51.9%
Expense ratio		29.5%			37.5%		31.0%			n/a			31.7%			30.4%			33.1%
Combined ratio		92.3%			86.6%		78.6%			n/a			64.1%			63.7%			85.0%
Balances at March 31, 2019:
Premiums and agents’ balances receivable	$	17,561		$	9,978	$	9,424		$	12		$	964		$	563		$	38,502
Deferred policy acquisition costs		3,925			4,816		5,452			—			—			598			14,791
Reinsurance recoverables		177			—		916			108			(28	)		1,970			3,143
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation		—			—		—			14,282			—			—			14,282
Goodwill and other intangibles		—			3,488		—			—			—			—			3,488
Unpaid losses and LAE		17,737			46,641		12,061			621			852			7,648			85,560
Unearned premiums		27,110			18,845		37,476			—			2,141			2,599			88,171

For purposes of evaluating profitability of the non-standard auto segment, management combines the policy fees paid by the insured with the underwriting gain or loss as its primary measure. As a result, these fees are allocated to the non-standard auto segment (included in fee and other income) in the above tables. The remaining fee and other income amounts are not allocated to any segment.

We do not assign or allocate all Consolidated Statement of Operations or Consolidated Balance Sheet line items to our operating segments. Those line items include investment income, net capital gain (loss) on investments, other income excluding non-standard auto insurance fees, and income taxes within the Consolidated Statement of Operations. For the Consolidated Balance Sheet, those items include cash and investments, property and equipment, other assets, accrued expenses, income taxes recoverable or payable, and shareholders’ equity.

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Property and Equipment (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Property and equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following:

	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019			Estimated Useful Life
Cost:
Real estate	$	15,014		$	12,733		10 - 31 years
Electronic data processing equipment		1,323			1,271		5-7 years
Furniture and fixtures		2,944			2,796		5-7 years
Automobiles		1,263			1,130		2-3 years
Gross cost		20,544			17,930
Accumulated depreciation		(10,424	)		(10,236	)
Total property and equipment, net	$	10,120		$	7,694

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Subsequent Events

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

23. Subsequent Events

We have evaluated subsequent events through May 6, 2020, the date these consolidated financial statements were available for issuance.

COVID-19 Pandemic

Beginning in March 2020, the global pandemic associated with novel coronavirus COVID-19 (“COVID-19”) and related economic conditions began to impact the Company's results. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company’s underwriting results were impacted by reduced net premiums earned in our non-standard auto segment. The Company also incurred net unrealized investment losses driven by the impact of changes in fair value on the Company’s equity investments, attributable to the recent disruption in global financial markets. The actual long-term impact of the pandemic on the property and casualty industry is highly uncertain and will not be known for some time. In the short-term, we expect decreased economic activity to pressure overall top-line growth while negatively impacting investment results, dependent on the extent and duration of the economic contraction.

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Investments, All Other Investments [Abstract]

Schedule of Financial Instruments at Fair Value Measured on a Recurring Basis

The following tables set forth our assets which are measured on a recurring basis by the level within the fair value hierarchy in which fair value measurements fall:

	March 31, 2020
	Total		Level I		Level II		Level III
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	19,767	$	—	$	19,767	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		62,206		—		62,206		—
Corporate securities		118,103		—		118,103		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities		50,642		—		50,642		—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		27,589		—		27,589		—
Asset-backed securities		32,312		—		32,312		—
Total fixed income securities		310,619		—		310,619		—
Equity securities:
Basic materials		1,079		1,079		—		—
Communications		5,468		5,468		—		—
Consumer, cyclical		6,045		6,045		—		—
Consumer, non-cyclical		10,798		10,798		—		—
Energy		1,569		1,569		—		—
Financial		4,780		4,780		—		—
Industrial		7,216		7,216		—		—
Technology		10,155		10,155
Utility		32		32		—		—
Total equity securities		47,142		47,142		—		—
Cash and cash equivalents		56,637		56,637		—		—
Total assets at fair value	$	414,398	$	103,779	$	310,619	$	—

	December 31, 2019
	Total		Level I		Level II		Level III
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	17,546	$	—	$	17,546	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		56,652		—		56,652		—
Corporate securities		113,213		—		113,213		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities		51,486		—		51,486		—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		27,057		—		27,057		—
Asset-backed securities		29,991		—		29,991		—
Total fixed income securities		295,945		—		295,945		—
Equity securities:
Basic materials		1,210		1,210		—		—
Communications		6,996		6,996		—		—
Consumer, cyclical		9,612		9,612		—		—
Consumer, non-cyclical		12,567		12,567		—		—
Energy		2,456		2,456		—		—
Financial		5,929		5,929		—		—
Industrial		9,299		9,299		—		—
Technology		11,863		11,863		—		—
Total equity securities		59,932		59,932		—		—
Cash and cash equivalents		62,132		62,132		—		—
Total assets at fair value	$	418,009	$	122,064	$	295,945	$	—

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Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Activity in Liability [Abstract]

Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

10. Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Activity in the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses is summarized as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Balance at beginning of period:
Liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	93,250	$	87,121
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		4,045		2,232
Net balance at beginning of period		89,205		84,889
Acquired unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to:
Current year		—		—
Prior years		8,568		—
Total incurred		8,568		—
Incurred related to:
Current year		29,912		31,203
Prior years		510		(4,969	)
Total incurred		30,422		26,234
Paid related to:
Current year		12,532		11,064
Prior years		26,330		17,642
Total paid		38,862		28,706
Balance at end of period:
Liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		97,400		85,560
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		8,067		3,143
Net balance at end of period	$	89,333	$	82,417

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company’s reported losses and LAE included $510 of net unfavorable development on prior accident years, compared to $4,969 of net favorable development on prior accident years during the three months ended March 31, 2019. Increases and decreases are generally the result of ongoing analysis of loss development trends. As

additional information becomes known regarding individual claims, original estimates are increased or decreased accordingly. The net unfavorable development reported for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was attributable to our multi-peril crop insurance business from the 2019 crop year, partially offset by net favorable development in other segments.

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Investments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Marketable Securities [Abstract]

Investments

6. Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, were as follows:

	March 31, 2020
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	18,594	$	1,173	$	—		$	19,767
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		61,010		1,498		(302	)		62,206
Corporate securities		118,213		2,454		(2,564	)		118,103
Residential mortgage-backed securities		48,954		1,908		(220	)		50,642
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		26,817		820		(48	)		27,589
Asset-backed securities		34,394		59		(2,141	)		32,312
Total fixed income securities		307,982		7,912		(5,275	)		310,619
Equity securities:
Basic materials		1,331		5		(257	)		1,079
Communications		4,761		1,439		(732	)		5,468
Consumer, cyclical		5,818		1,481		(1,254	)		6,045
Consumer, non-cyclical		8,723		2,837		(762	)		10,798
Energy		2,517		9		(957	)		1,569
Financial		5,948		82		(1,250	)		4,780
Industrial		5,634		2,142		(560	)		7,216
Technology		6,411		4,148		(404	)		10,155
Utility		37		—		(5	)		32
Total equity securities		41,180		12,143		(6,181	)		47,142
Total investments	$	349,162	$	20,055	$	(11,456	)	$	357,761

	December 31, 2019
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	17,078	$	472	$	(4	)	$	17,546
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		55,232		1,511		(91	)		56,652
Corporate securities		109,457		3,772		(16	)		113,213
Residential mortgage-backed securities		50,458		1,050		(22	)		51,486
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		26,450		658		(51	)		27,057
Asset-backed securities		30,029		132		(170	)		29,991
Total fixed income securities		288,704		7,595		(354	)		295,945
Equity securities:
Basic materials		1,062		155		(7	)		1,210
Communications		4,823		2,342		(169	)		6,996
Consumer, cyclical		5,477		4,207		(72	)		9,612
Consumer, non-cyclical		7,483		5,255		(171	)		12,567
Energy		2,817		124		(485	)		2,456
Financial		5,059		905		(35	)		5,929
Industrial		5,293		4,023		(17	)		9,299
Technology		6,022		5,867		(26	)		11,863
Total equity securities		38,036		22,878		(982	)		59,932
Total investments	$	326,740	$	30,473	$	(1,336	)	$	355,877

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed income securities by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities could differ from contractual maturities because issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay certain obligations, which may or may not include call or prepayment penalties.

	March 31, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due to mature:
One year or less	$	14,920	$	14,933
After one year through five years		96,793		98,330
After five years through ten years		54,366		55,110
After ten years		31,738		31,703
Mortgage / asset-backed securities		110,165		110,543
Total fixed income securities	$	307,982	$	310,619

	December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due to mature:
One year or less	$	19,567	$	19,663
After one year through five years		84,937		87,134
After five years through ten years		55,927		58,466
After ten years		21,336		22,148
Mortgage / asset-backed securities		106,937		108,534
Total fixed income securities	$	288,704	$	295,945

Fixed income securities with a fair value of $6,028 at March 31, 2020 and $5,585 at December 31, 2019, were deposited with various state regulatory agencies as required by law. The Company has not pledged any assets to secure any obligations.

The investment category and duration of the Company’s gross unrealized losses on fixed income securities and equity securities were as follows:

	March 31, 2020
	Less than 12 Months					Greater than 12 months					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	12,239	$	(302	)	$	—	$	—		$	12,239	$	(302	)
Corporate securities		37,453		(2,564	)		—		—			37,453		(2,564	)
Residential mortgage-backed securities		1,884		(220	)		—		—			1,884		(220	)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		3,522		(48	)		—		—			3,522		(48	)
Asset-backed securities		21,643		(1,634	)		4,292		(507	)		25,935		(2,141	)
Total fixed income securities		76,741		(4,768	)		4,292		(507	)		81,033		(5,275	)
Equity securities:
Basic materials		532		(257	)		—		—			532		(257	)
Communications		2,129		(553	)		649		(179	)		2,778		(732	)
Consumer, cyclical		3,371		(1,139	)		114		(115	)		3,485		(1,254	)
Consumer, non-cyclical		3,439		(762	)		—		—			3,439		(762	)
Energy		647		(902	)		4		(55	)		651		(957	)
Financial		3,846		(1,250	)		—		—			3,846		(1,250	)
Industrial		2,558		(560	)		—		—			2,558		(560	)
Technology		1,666		(404	)		—		—			1,666		(404	)
Utility		37		(5	)		—		—			37		(5	)
Total equity securities		18,225		(5,832	)		767		(349	)		18,992		(6,181	)
Total investments	$	94,966	$	(10,600	)	$	5,059	$	(856	)	$	100,025	$	(11,456	)

	December 31, 2019
	Less than 12 Months					Greater than 12 months					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	494	$	(4	)	$	—	$	—		$	494	$	(4	)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		8,018		(91	)		—		—			8,018		(91	)
Corporate securities		2,066		(15	)		650		(1	)		2,716		(16	)
Residential mortgage-backed securities		2,911		(9	)		2,583		(13	)		5,494		(22	)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		4,841		(35	)		653		(16	)		5,494		(51	)
Asset-backed securities		8,511		(96	)		7,686		(74	)		16,197		(170	)
Total fixed income securities		26,841		(250	)		11,572		(104	)		38,413		(354	)
Equity securities:
Basic materials		258		(7	)		—		—			258		(7	)
Communications		506		(—	)		658		(169	)		1,164		(169	)
Consumer, cyclical		595		(30	)		146		(42	)		741		(72	)
Consumer, non-cyclical		1,033		(171	)		—		—			1,033		(171	)
Energy		823		(432	)		6		(53	)		829		(485	)
Financial		393		(35	)		—		—			393		(35	)
Industrial		620		(17	)		—		—			620		(17	)
Technology		575		(26	)		—		—			575		(26	)
Total equity securities		4,803		(718	)		810		(264	)		5,613		(982	)
Total investments	$	31,644	$	(968	)	$	12,382	$	(368	)	$	44,026	$	(1,336	)

Investments with unrealized losses are categorized with a duration of greater than 12 months when all positions of a security have continually been in a loss position for at least 12 months.

We frequently review our investment portfolio for declines in fair value. Our process for identifying declines in the fair value of investments that are other than temporary involves consideration of several factors. These factors include (i) the time period in which there has been a significant decline in value, (ii) an analysis of the liquidity, business prospects, and overall financial condition of the issuer, (iii) the significance of the decline, and (iv) our intent and ability to hold the investment for a sufficient period of time for the value to recover. When our analysis of the above factors results in the conclusion that declines in fair values are other than temporary, the cost of the securities is written down to fair value and the previously unrealized loss is therefore reflected as a realized capital loss on investment.

The Company did not record any impairments during the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

As of March 31, 2020, we held 214 fixed income securities with unrealized losses. As of December 31, 2019, we held 88 fixed income securities with unrealized losses. In conjunction with our outside investment advisors, we analyzed the credit ratings of the securities as well as the historical monthly amortized cost to fair value ratio of securities in an unrealized loss position. This analysis yielded no fixed income securities which had fair values less than 80% of amortized cost for the preceding 12-month period.

Net investment income consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Fixed income securities	$	2,309	$	1,976
Equity securities		325		224
Real estate		146		91
Cash and cash equivalents		20		17
Total gross investment income		2,800		2,308
Investment expenses		829		565
Net investment income	$	1,971	$	1,743

Net capital gain (loss) on investments consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Gross realized gains:
Fixed income securities	$	85		$	3
Equity securities		1,515			698
Total gross realized gains		1,600			701
Gross realized losses, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses:
Fixed income securities		(23	)		(30	)
Equity securities		(562	)		(112	)
Total gross realized losses, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses		(585	)		(142	)
Net realized gain on investments		1,015			559
Change in net unrealized gain on equity securities		(15,934	)		7,300
Net capital gain (loss) on investments	$	(14,919	)	$	7,859

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Operating Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Operating lease expenses	$ 89	$ 75
Primero Subsidiary Lease [Member]
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Lease expiration date	Dec. 31, 2023
Direct Auto Subsidiary Lease [Member]
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Lease expiration date	Dec. 31, 2029

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Earnings per Share (Schedule of Calculations of Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Basic earnings (loss) per common share:
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.	$ (3,587)	$ 13,773
Weighted average shares outstanding	22,218,073	22,228,630
Basic earnings (loss) per common share	$ (0.16)	$ 0.62
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.	$ (3,587)	$ 13,773
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation	22,218,073	22,228,630
Weighted average effect of dilutive securities
Add: Restricted stock units and performance share units	121,251	50,149
Number of shares used in diluted computation	22,339,324	22,278,779
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share	$ (0.16)	$ 0.62

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Stock Based Compensation (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
All award [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share issued	500,000
Shares granted	100,000
Outstanding, Aggregate Intrinsic Value	$ 1,000
All award [Member] | Director [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share granted not exceed	$ 100
Restricted Stock [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares granted	42,600	57,100
Vesting period	5 years
Total unrecognized compensation cost	$ 962
Total unrecognized compensation cost, weighted average period	2 years 6 months 14 days
Percentage of RSU granted to employees per year	20.00%
Percentage of RSU granted to non-employee directors per year	100.00%
Performance Stock Units [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares granted	63,600	62,400
Total unrecognized compensation cost	$ 1,834
Total unrecognized compensation cost, weighted average period	2 years 26 days

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Investments (Schedule of aggregate fair value and unrealized loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Less than 12 months Fair Value	$ 94,966	$ 31,644
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(10,600)	(968)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value	5,059	12,382
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(856)	(368)
Fair Value, Total	100,025	44,026
Unrealized Losses, Total	(11,456)	(1,336)
Fixed income securities [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	76,741	26,841
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(4,768)	(250)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value	4,292	11,572
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(507)	(104)
Fair Value, Total	81,033	38,413
Unrealized Losses, Total	(5,275)	(354)
Fixed income securities [Member] | Obligations of states and political subdivisions [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	12,239	8,018
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(302)	(91)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses
Fair Value, Total	12,239	8,018
Unrealized Losses, Total	(302)	(91)
Fixed income securities [Member] | Corporate securities [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	37,453	2,066
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(2,564)	(15)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value		650
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses		(1)
Fair Value, Total	37,453	2,716
Unrealized Losses, Total	(2,564)	(16)
Fixed income securities [Member] | Residential mortgage-backed securities [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	1,884	2,911
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(220)	(9)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value		2,583
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses		(13)
Fair Value, Total	1,884	5,494
Unrealized Losses, Total	(220)	(22)
Fixed income securities [Member] | Commercial mortgage-backed securities [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	3,522	4,841
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(48)	(35)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value		653
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses		(16)
Fair Value, Total	3,522	5,494
Unrealized Losses, Total	(48)	(51)
Fixed income securities [Member] | Asset backed securities [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	21,643	8,511
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(1,634)	(96)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value	4,292	7,686
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(407)	(74)
Fair Value, Total	25,935	16,197
Unrealized Losses, Total	(2,141)	(170)
Fixed income securities [Member] | U.S. Government and agencies [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value		494
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses		(4)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses
Fair Value, Total		494
Unrealized Losses, Total		(4)
Equity Securities [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	18,225	4,803
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(5,832)	(718)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value	767	810
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(349)	(264)
Fair Value, Total	18,992	5,613
Unrealized Losses, Total	(6,181)	(982)
Equity Securities [Member] | Basic materials [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	532	258
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(257)	(7)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses
Fair Value, Total	532	258
Unrealized Losses, Total	(257)	(7)
Equity Securities [Member] | Communications [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	2,129	506
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(553)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value	649	658
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(179)	(169)
Fair Value, Total	2,778	1,164
Unrealized Losses, Total	(732)	(169)
Equity Securities [Member] | Consumer, cyclical [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	3,371	595
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(1,139)	(30)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value	114	146
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(115)	(42)
Fair Value, Total	3,485	741
Unrealized Losses, Total	(1,254)	(72)
Equity Securities [Member] | Consumer, non-cyclical [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	3,439	1,033
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(762)	(171)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses
Fair Value, Total	3,439	1,033
Unrealized Losses, Total	(762)	(171)
Equity Securities [Member] | Energy [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	647	823
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(902)	(432)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value	4	6
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(55)	(53)
Fair Value, Total	651	829
Unrealized Losses, Total	(957)	(485)
Equity Securities [Member] | Financial [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	3,846	393
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(1,250)	(35)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses
Fair Value, Total	3,846	393
Unrealized Losses, Total	(1,250)	(35)
Equity Securities [Member] | Industrial [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	2,558	620
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(560)	(17)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses
Fair Value, Total	2,558	620
Unrealized Losses, Total	(560)	(17)
Equity Securities [Member] | Technology [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	1,666	575
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(404)	(26)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses
Fair Value, Total	1,666	575
Unrealized Losses, Total	(404)	$ (26)
Equity Securities [Member] | Utility [Member]
Less than 12 months Fair Value	37
Less than 12 months Unrealized Losses	(5)
Greater than 12 months Fair Value
Greater than 12 months Unrealized Losses
Fair Value, Total	37
Unrealized Losses, Total	$ (5)

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements (Narrative) (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Narrative
Pre-tax unrealized net capital gains	$ 8,184

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Reinsurance (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]
Reinsurance Retention Policy, Amount Retained	$ 10,000	$ 10,000
Reinsurance Retention Policy, Excess Retention, Amount Reinsured	97,000	78,600
Retained risk amount	$ 10,000	$ 10,000
Ceded reinsurance commission percentage	100.00%	100.00%

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates:

In preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements, management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the periods then ended. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

We make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our Consolidated Financial Statements. The most significant estimates relate to our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, earned premiums for crop insurance, valuation of investments, determination of other-than-temporary impairments, valuation allowances for deferred income tax assets, deferred policy acquisition costs, and the valuations used to establish intangible assets acquired related to business combinations. While we believe our estimates are appropriate, the ultimate amounts may differ from the estimates provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates as well as the continuing appropriateness of the estimated amounts, and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our current results of operations.

Variable-Interest Entities

Variable-Interest Entities:

Any company deemed to be a variable interest entity (“VIE”) is required to be consolidated by the primary beneficiary of the VIE.

We assess our investments in other entities at inception to determine if any meet the qualifications of a VIE. We consider an investment in another company to be a VIE if (a) the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, (b) the characteristics of a controlling financial interest are missing (either the ability to make decisions through voting or other rights, the obligation to absorb expected losses of the entity or the right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity), or (c) the voting rights of the equity holders are not proportional to their obligations to absorb the expected losses of the entity and/or the rights to receive the expected residual returns of the entity, and substantially all of the entity’s activities either involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights. Upon the occurrence of certain events, we would reassess our initial determination of whether the investment is a VIE.

We evaluate whether we are the primary beneficiary of each VIE and we consolidate the VIE if we have both (1) the power to direct the economically significant activities of the entity and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity. We consider the contractual agreements that define the ownership structure, distribution of profits and losses, risks, responsibilities, indebtedness, voting rights, and board representation of the respective parties in determining whether we qualify as the primary beneficiary. Our assessment of whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE is performed at least annually.

We control Battle Creek via a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement between Nodak Insurance and Battle Creek, as well as the ability to control a majority of the Board of Directors of Battle Creek. Through the effects of the 100% quota-share agreement with Battle Creek, we are considered the primary beneficiary of Battle Creek’s operating results excluding net investment income, bad

debt expense, and income taxes. Therefore, we consolidate the financial statements of Battle Creek, and Battle Creek’s policyholders’ interest in Battle Creek is reflected as a non-controlling interest in shareholders’ equity in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents:

Cash and cash equivalents include certain investments in highly liquid debt instruments with original maturities of three months or less. Cost approximates fair value for these short-term investments.

Investments

Investments:

We have categorized our investment portfolio as “available-for-sale” and have reported the portfolio at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on fixed income securities, and on equity securities prior to January 1, 2019, net of income taxes, are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. Effective January 1, 2019, in accordance with a change in accounting principle, changes in unrealized gains and losses on equity securities are reported as a component of net capital gain on investments in our operating results.

Fair values are based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes, if available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar securities. Amortization of premium and accretion of discount are computed using an effective interest method. Net investment income includes interest and dividend income together with amortization of purchase premiums and discounts, and is net of investment management and custody fees. Realized gains and losses on investments are determined using the specific identification method and are included in net capital gain (loss) on investments, along with the change in unrealized gains and losses on equity securities after January 1, 2019.

We review our investments each quarter to determine whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis is other than temporary. Accordingly, we assess whether we intend to sell or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. For fixed income securities that are considered other-than-temporarily impaired and that we do not intend to sell and will not be required to sell prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis, we separate the amount of the impairment into the amount that is credit related (credit loss component) and the amount due to all other factors. The credit loss component is recognized in earnings and is the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash flows discounted at the security’s effective yield. The remaining difference between the security’s fair value and the present value of future expected cash flows is due to factors that are not credit related and, therefore, is not required to be recognized as losses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations, but is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss).

We classify each fair value measurement at the appropriate level in the fair value hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted market price in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level I measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level III measurements). An asset’s or liability’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of significant input to its valuation.

Level I – Quoted price in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

Level II – Quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly. Level II inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities other than quoted in prices in Level I, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level III – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Unobservable inputs reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Level III assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments:

Our other financial instruments, aside from investments, are cash and cash equivalents, premiums and agents’ balances receivable, and accrued expenses and accounts payable. The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, premiums and agents’ balances receivable, and accrued expenses and accounts payable approximate their fair value based on their short-term nature. Other invested assets that do not have observable inputs and little or no market activity are carried on a cost basis. All other invested assets have been assessed for impairment. The carrying value of these other invested assets was $2,583 at March 31, 2020 and $1,914 at December 31, 2019.

Reclassification of Segment Information

Reclassification of Segment Information:

Effective first quarter 2020, the Company’s results are being reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements in the following five primary operating segments – private passenger auto insurance, non-standard auto insurance, home and farm insurance, crop insurance, and commercial insurance. A sixth “all other” segment captures all other insurance business, including our assumed reinsurance lines of business.

Commercial insurance was previously reported within the all other segment. All prior periods presented have been reclassified to conform to this presentation.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition:

We record premiums written at policy inception and recognize them as revenue on a pro rata basis over the policy term or, in the case of crop insurance, over the period of risk. The portion of premiums that could be earned in the future is deferred and reported as unearned premiums. When policies lapse, the Company reverses the unearned portion of the written premium and removes the applicable unearned premium. Policy-related fee income is recognized when collected.

The Company uses the direct write-off method for recognizing bad debts. Accounts billed directly to the policyholder are provided grace payment and cancellation notice periods per state insurance regulations. Any earned but uncollected premiums are written off within 90 days after the effective date of policy cancellation.

Direct Auto also provides for agency billing for a portion of their agents. Accounts billed to agents are due within 60 days of the statement date. The balances are carried as agents’ balances receivable until it is determined the amount is not collectible from the agent. At that time, the balance is written off as uncollectible. The agent is responsible for all past due balances. As part of its agent appointment, Direct Auto requires a personal guarantee for all balances due to Direct Auto from the principal of the contracted agency.

Policy Acquisition Costs

Policy Acquisition Costs:

We defer our policy acquisition costs, consisting primarily of commissions, state premium taxes and certain other underwriting costs, reduced by ceding commissions, which vary with and relate directly to the production of business. We amortize these deferred policy acquisition costs over the period in which we earn the premiums. The method we follow in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value, which gives effect to the premium to be earned, related investment income, losses and loss adjustment expenses, and certain other costs we expect to incur as we earn the premium.

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment:

We report property and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets.

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses:

Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts we expect to pay with respect to policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances then known. At the time of establishing our estimates, we recognize that our ultimate liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. We base our estimates of liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability, and other factors. During the loss adjustment period, we may learn additional facts regarding certain claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for us to refine and adjust our estimates of the liability. We reflect any adjustments to our liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses in our operating results in the period in which we determine the need for a change in the estimates.

We maintain liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. We establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. We base the amount of our liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim, and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss our policyholder incurred. We determine the amount of our liability for unreported losses and loss adjustment expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Inflation is not explicitly selected in the loss reserve analysis. However, historical

inflation is embedded in the estimated loss development factors. We closely monitor our liabilities and update them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. We do not discount our liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expense.

Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions as to our internal operations. Assumptions related to our external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment which may impact liability exposure, the trends in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions, and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodologies, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business, and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent we determine that underlying factors impacting our assumptions have changed, we attempt to make appropriate adjustments for such changes in our reserves. Accordingly, our ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes:

With the exception of Battle Creek, which files a stand-alone federal income tax return, we currently file a consolidated federal income tax return which includes NI Holdings and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Direct Auto and Westminster became part of the consolidated federal income tax return as of their acquisition dates.

Insurance companies typically pay state premium taxes rather than state income taxes. However, Direct Auto is subject to state income taxes in the state of Illinois, in addition to state premium taxes. Additionally, NI Holdings, on a stand-alone basis, pays state income taxes to the state of North Dakota for income or losses generated as a separate financial entity. While state premium taxes are included as a part of amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, state income taxes are combined with federal income taxes within the financial reporting category labeled income taxes.

The Company reports tax-related interest and penalties, if any, as part of income tax expense in the year such amounts are determinable.

We account for deferred income taxes using the asset and liability method. The objective of the asset and liability method is to establish deferred income tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the income tax basis of our assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when we realize or settle such amounts.

Accounting guidance requires that companies re-measure existing deferred income tax assets (including loss carryforwards) and liabilities when a change in tax rate occurs, and record an offset for the net amount of the change as a component of income tax expense from continuing operations in the period of enactment. The guidance also requires any change to a previously recorded valuation allowance as a result of re-measuring existing temporary differences and loss carryforwards to be reflected as a component of income tax expense from continuing operations.

The Company has elected to reclassify any tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of a change in income tax rates to retained earnings.

Credit Risk

Credit Risk:

Our primary investment objective is to earn competitive returns by investing in a diversified portfolio of securities. Our portfolio of fixed income securities and, to a lesser extent, short-term investments, is subject to credit risk. We define this risk as the potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower’s ability to repay the debt. We manage this risk by performing an analysis of prospective investments and through regular reviews of our portfolio by our management team and investment advisors. We also limit the amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in any one security.

Property and liability insurance coverages are marketed through captive agents in North Dakota and through independent insurance agencies located throughout all other operating areas. All business, except for the majority of Direct Auto’s business, is billed directly to the policyholders.

We maintain cash balances primarily at one bank, which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250. During the normal course of business, balances are maintained above the FDIC insurance limit. The Company maintains short-term investment balances in investment grade money market accounts that are insured by the Securities Investor Protection

Corporation (“SIPC”) up to $500. On occasion, balances for these accounts are maintained in excess of the SIPC insurance limit.

Reinsurance

Reinsurance:

The Company limits the maximum net loss that can arise from large risks or risks in concentrated areas of exposure by reinsuring (ceding) certain levels of risks to other insurers or reinsurers, either on an automatic basis under general reinsurance contracts knows as “treaties” or by negotiation on substantial individual risks. Ceded reinsurance is treated as the risk and liability of the assuming companies.

Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the Company from its obligations to policyholders. In the event that all or any of the reinsuring companies might be unable to meet their obligations under existing reinsurance agreements, the Company would be liable for such defaulted amounts.

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill and Other Intangibles:

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the underlying fair value of acquired entities. When completing acquisitions, we seek also to identify separately identifiable intangible assets that we have acquired. We assess goodwill and other intangibles with an indefinite useful life for impairment annually. We also assess goodwill and other intangibles for impairment upon the occurrence of certain events. In making our assessment, we consider a number of factors including operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows, and current market data. Inherent uncertainties exist with respect to these factors and to our judgment in applying them when we make our assessment. Impairment of goodwill and other intangibles could result from changes in economic and operating conditions in future periods. We did not record any impairments of goodwill or other intangibles during the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

Goodwill arising from the acquisition of Primero in 2014 represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. The purchase price in excess of the fair value of net assets acquired was negotiated at arms-length with an unrelated party and was based upon the strategic decision by Company management to expand both the geographic footprint and product lines of the Company. The nature of the business acquired was such that there were limited intangibles not reflected in the net assets acquired. The purchase price was paid with a combination of cash and cancellation of obligations owed to the acquired company by the sellers. The goodwill which arose from this transaction is included in the basis of the net assets acquired and is not deductible for income tax purposes.

Intangible assets arising from the acquisition of Direct Auto in 2018 represent the estimated fair values of certain intangible assets, including a favorable lease contract, a state insurance license, the value of the Direct Auto trade name, and the value of business acquired (“VOBA”). The state insurance license asset has an indefinite life, while the favorable lease contract, Direct Auto trade name, and VOBA assets will be amortized over eighteen months, five years, and twelve months, respectively, from the August 31, 2018 acquisition/valuation date.

Intangible assets arising from the acquisition of Westminster in January 2020 represent the estimated fair values of certain intangible assets, including state insurance licenses, the value of Westminster’s distribution network, the value of the Westminster trade name, and the VOBA. The state insurance license asset has an indefinite life, while the distribution networks asset, Westminster trade name, and VOBA assets will be amortized over twenty years, ten years, and twelve months, respectively, from the January 1, 2020 acquisition/valuation date. 

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Reinsurance (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of reconciliation of direct to net premiums on both a written and an earned basis

A reconciliation of direct to net premiums on both a written and an earned basis is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	Premiums Written			Premiums Earned
Direct premium	$	62,972		$	62,393
Assumed premium		1,600			1,600
Ceded premium		(5,170	)		(5,221	)
Net premiums	$	59,402		$	58,772
Percentage of assumed earned premium to direct earned premium					2.6%

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Premiums Written			Premiums Earned
Direct premium	$	55,653		$	52,253
Assumed premium		1,029			1,026
Ceded premium		(2,773	)		(2,773	)
Net premiums	$	53,909		$	50,506
Percentage of assumed earned premium to direct earned premium					2.0%

Schedule of reconciliation of direct to net losses and loss adjustment expenses

A reconciliation of direct to net losses and loss adjustment expenses is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Direct losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	33,892		$	26,631
Assumed losses and loss adjustment expenses		308			443
Ceded losses and loss adjustment expenses		(3,778	)		(840	)
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	30,422		$	26,234

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Goodwill and Other Intangibles (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Carrying Amount of Goodwill by Segment

The following table presents the carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill by segment:

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Non-standard auto from acquisition of Primero	$	2,628	$	2,628
Commercial from acquisition of Westminster		7,044		—
Total	$	9,672	$	2,628

Schedule of Carrying Amount of Other Intangible Assets

The following table presents the carrying amount of the Company’s other intangible assets:

March 31, 2020	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Subject to amortization:
Trade names	$	748	$	91	$	657
Distribution network		6,700		93		6,607
Value of business acquired		4,177		1,762		2,415
Total subject to amortization		11,625		1,946		9,679
Not subject to amortization – state insurance licenses		1,900		—		1,900
Total	$	13,525	$	1,946	$	11,579

December 31, 2019	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Subject to amortization:
Trade names	$	248	$	66	$	182
Other		20		18		2
Total subject to amortization		268		84		184
Not subject to amortization – state insurance license		100		—		100
Total	$	368	$	84	$	284

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Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Disclosures [Abstract]

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

9. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

Activity with regards to our deferred policy acquisition costs was as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Balance, beginning of period	$	15,399		$	12,866
Deferral of policy acquisition costs		13,152			11,147
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		(9,387	)		(9,222	)
Balance, end of period	$	19,164		$	14,791

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

5. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

As an emerging growth company, we have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. The following discussion includes effective dates for both public business entities and emerging growth companies, as well as whether specific guidance may be adopted early.

Adopted

In January 2019, the Company adopted amended guidance from the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) that generally requires entities to measure equity securities at fair value and recognize changes in fair value in their results of operations. The FASB issued other impairment, disclosure, and presentation improvements related to financial instruments within the guidance. Effective January 1, 2019, we applied this guidance, which resulted in a cumulative-effect reclassification of after-tax unrealized net capital gains aggregating $8,184, from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. This reclassification had no

impact to the Company’s results of operations at the date of adoption. The after-tax change in accounting for equity securities did not affect the Company’s total shareholders’ equity; however, the unrealized net capital gains reclassified at the transition date to retained earnings will never be recognized in net income. Prior year financial statements were not restated. Going forward, the accounting used for equity securities will record the market fluctuations attributed to equity securities through our results of operations rather than as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), which will add a level of volatility to our net income.

In December 2019, the Company adopted guidance from the FASB that establishes the manner in which an entity recognizes the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. While the guidance replaces most existing GAAP revenue recognition guidance, the scope of the guidance excludes insurance contracts. The Company has reviewed its sources of revenues, and has determined that no material revenues are derived from non-insurance contracts and thus subject to the new revenue recognition guidance. As a result, there was no impact to the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In December 2019, the Company adopted amended guidance from the FASB that addressed diversity in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, and the presentation of restricted cash in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The amendments provided clarity on the treatment of eight specifically defined types of cash inflows and outflows, and requires entities to explain the changes during a reporting period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. There was no impact to the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Not Yet Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued new guidance that requires lessees to recognize leases, including operating leases, on the lessee’s Consolidated Balance Sheet, unless a lease is considered a short-term lease. The new guidance also requires entities to make new judgments to identify leases. In July 2018, the FASB issued additional guidance to allow an optional transition method. An entity may apply the new leases guidance at the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements, or at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The new guidance, which replaces the current lease guidance, is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 for public business entities. For private companies and emerging growth companies, this guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. We do not expect the adoption of this new guidance to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In June 2016, the FASB issued a new standard that will require timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. The guidance will require the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better form their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. Organizations will continue to use judgment to determine which loss estimation method is appropriate for their circumstances. Additionally, the guidance requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization’s portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. Finally, the guidance amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale fixed income securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 for filers with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) excluding smaller reporting companies, and emerging growth companies that did not relinquish private company relief. For all other entities, this guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities as of the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We are evaluating the impact this new guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

In March 2017, the FASB issued amended guidance to shorten the amortization period of premiums on certain purchased callable fixed income securities to the earliest call date. The amended guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, for public business entities. For private companies and emerging growth companies, this amended guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. An entity should apply the amendments on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment

directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. We are evaluating the requirements of this guidance and the potential impact to our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

In August 2018, the FASB issued modified disclosure requirements relating to the fair value of assets and liabilities. The amended requirements are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect these modified requirements will have a material impact on our financial statement disclosures.

In December 2019, the FASB issued amended guidance to simplify the accounting for income taxes. The amended guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years, for public business entities. For private companies and emerging growth companies, this amended guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. We are evaluating the impact this new guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

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Operating Leases (Schedule of Minimum Future Commitments Under Non-Cancellable Leases) (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Leases, Operating [Abstract]
2020	$ 281
2021	249
2022	319
2023	358
2024	320
Thereafter	$ 1,353

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Segment Information (Schedule of revenue by insurance product line) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Direct premiums earned	$ 62,393	$ 52,253
Assumed premiums earned	1,600	1,026
Ceded premiums earned	(5,221)	(2,773)
Net premiums earned	58,772	50,506
Direct losses and LAE	33,892	26,631
Assumed losses and LAE	308	443
Ceded losses and LAE	(3,778)	(840)
Net losses and LAE	30,422	26,234
Gross margin	28,350	24,272
Underwriting and general expenses	20,159	16,694
Underwriting gain (loss)	8,191	7,578
Fee and other income	362	464
Net investment income	1,971	1,743
Net capital gain on investments	(14,919)	7,859
Loss before income taxes	(4,395)	17,644
Income taxes	(840)	3,848
Net loss	(3,555)	13,796
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest	32	23
Net loss attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.	$ (3,587)	$ 13,773
Non-GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio	51.80%	51.90%
Expense ratio	34.30%	33.10%
Combined ratio	86.10%	85.00%
Premiums and agents' balances receivable	$ 48,283	$ 38,502	$ 36,691
Deferred policy acquisition costs	19,164	14,791	15,399	$ 12,866
Reinsurance recoverables	8,067	3,143	4,045
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation	5,240	14,282	14,230
Goodwill and other intangibles	21,251	3,488	2,912
Unpaid losses and LAE	97,400	85,560	93,250
Unearned premiums	106,410	88,171	$ 89,276
Private Passenger Auto [Member]
Direct premiums earned	18,397	16,944
Assumed premiums earned		4
Ceded premiums earned	(1,098)	(856)
Net premiums earned	17,299	16,092
Direct losses and LAE	11,129	10,102
Assumed losses and LAE		49
Ceded losses and LAE		(46)
Net losses and LAE	11,129	10,105
Gross margin	6,170	5,987
Underwriting and general expenses	4,810	4,750
Underwriting gain (loss)	$ 1,360	$ 1,237
Non-GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio	64.30%	62.80%
Expense ratio	27.80%	29.50%
Combined ratio	92.10%	92.30%
Premiums and agents' balances receivable	$ 18,657	$ 17,561
Deferred policy acquisition costs	5,175	3,925
Reinsurance recoverables	500	177
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
Goodwill and other intangibles
Unpaid losses and LAE	19,952	17,737
Unearned premiums	28,426	27,110
Non Standard Auto [Member]
Direct premiums earned	13,194	14,591
Assumed premiums earned
Ceded premiums earned	(43)
Net premiums earned	13,151	14,591
Direct losses and LAE	5,940	7,156
Assumed losses and LAE
Ceded losses and LAE
Net losses and LAE	5,940	7,156
Gross margin	7,211	7,435
Underwriting and general expenses	5,197	5,478
Underwriting gain (loss)	2,014	1,957
Fee and other income	329	470
Other income net	$ 2,343	$ 2,427
Non-GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio	45.20%	49.00%
Expense ratio	39.50%	37.50%
Combined ratio	84.70%	86.60%
Premiums and agents' balances receivable	$ 10,557	$ 9,978
Deferred policy acquisition costs	4,952	4,816
Reinsurance recoverables
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
Goodwill and other intangibles	2,897	3,488
Unpaid losses and LAE	42,000	46,641
Unearned premiums	17,260	18,845
Home and Farm [Member]
Direct premiums earned	20,158	18,533
Assumed premiums earned		4
Ceded premiums earned	(2,537)	(1,740)
Net premiums earned	17,621	16,789
Direct losses and LAE	7,668	8,256
Assumed losses and LAE		254
Ceded losses and LAE	(1,130)	(8,002)
Net losses and LAE	6,538	8,787
Gross margin	11,083	5,202
Underwriting and general expenses	4,889	3,585
Underwriting gain (loss)	$ 6,194
Non-GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio	37.10%	47.70%
Expense ratio	27.70%	31.00%
Combined ratio	64.80%	78.60%
Premiums and agents' balances receivable	$ 9,204	$ 9,424
Deferred policy acquisition costs	7,124	5,452
Reinsurance recoverables	2,060	916
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
Goodwill and other intangibles
Unpaid losses and LAE	10,401	12,061
Unearned premiums	39,542	37,476
Crop [Member]
Direct premiums earned	5	12
Assumed premiums earned
Ceded premiums earned	(184)	(1)
Net premiums earned	179	11
Direct losses and LAE	2,811	486
Assumed losses and LAE
Ceded losses and LAE	(444)	(460)
Net losses and LAE	2,367	26
Gross margin	(2,188)	37
Underwriting and general expenses	702	331
Underwriting gain (loss)	$ (2,890)	$ (294)
Non-GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio
Expense ratio
Combined ratio
Premiums and agents' balances receivable		$ 12
Deferred policy acquisition costs
Reinsurance recoverables	600	108
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation	5,240	14,282
Goodwill and other intangibles
Unpaid losses and LAE	3,945	621
Unearned premiums
Commercial [Member]
Direct premiums earned	9,505	1,107
Assumed premiums earned
Ceded premiums earned	(1,652)	(118)
Net premiums earned	7,853	989
Direct losses and LAE	5,919	320
Assumed losses and LAE
Ceded losses and LAE	(2,204)
Net losses and LAE	3,715	320
Gross margin	4,138	669
Underwriting and general expenses	3,929	314
Underwriting gain (loss)	$ 209	$ 355
Non-GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio	47.30%	32.40%
Expense ratio	50.00%	31.70%
Combined ratio	97.30%	64.10%
Premiums and agents' balances receivable	$ 9,254	$ 964
Deferred policy acquisition costs	1,504
Reinsurance recoverables	3,434	28
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
Goodwill and other intangibles	18,354
Unpaid losses and LAE	12,248	852
Unearned premiums	18,444	2,141
All Other [Member]
Direct premiums earned	1,144	1,066
Assumed premiums earned	1,600	1,026
Ceded premiums earned	(75)	(58)
Net premiums earned	2,669	2,034
Direct losses and LAE	425	1,283
Assumed losses and LAE	308	394
Ceded losses and LAE		(1,000)
Net losses and LAE	733	677
Gross margin	1,936	1,357
Underwriting and general expenses	632	619
Underwriting gain (loss)	$ 1,304	$ 738
Non-GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio	27.50%	33.30%
Expense ratio	23.70%	30.40%
Combined ratio	51.10%	63.70%
Premiums and agents' balances receivable	$ 611	$ 563
Deferred policy acquisition costs	409	598
Reinsurance recoverables	1,473	1,970
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
Goodwill and other intangibles
Unpaid losses and LAE	8,854	7,648
Unearned premiums	$ 2,738	$ 2,599

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Stock Based Compensation (Schedule of Restricted Stock Outstanding) (Details) - Restricted Stock [Member] - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Shares
Units outstanding at Begning	96,540	73,880
RSUs granted during 2019	42,600	57,100
RSUs earned during 2019	(31,260)	(34,440)
Units outstanding at Ending	107,880	96,540
Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Share
Units outstanding at Begning	$ 16.47	$ 16.87
RSUs granted during 2020	14.26	15.81
RSUs earned during 2020	15.79	16.24
Units outstanding at Ending	$ 15.79	$ 16.47

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Fair Value Measurements (Schedule of assets, which are measured on a recurring basis) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Total fixed income securities	$ 310,619	$ 295,945
Total equity securities	47,142	59,932
Cash and cash equivalents	56,637	62,132	$ 70,127	$ 68,950
Total assets at fair value	414,398	418,009
U.S. Government and agencies [Member]
Total fixed income securities	19,767	17,546
Obligations of states and political subdivisions [Member]
Total fixed income securities	62,206	56,652
Corporate securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities	118,103	113,213
Residential mortgage-backed securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities	50,642	51,486
Commercial mortgage-backed securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities	27,589	27,057
Asset backed securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities	32,312	29,991
Basic materials [Member]
Total equity securities	1,079	1,210
Communications [Member]
Total equity securities	5,468	6,996
Consumer, cyclical [Member]
Total equity securities	6,045	9,612
Consumer, non-cyclical [Member]
Total equity securities	10,798	12,567
Energy [Member]
Total equity securities	1,569	2,456
Financial [Member]
Total equity securities	4,780	5,929
Industrial [Member]
Total equity securities	7,216	9,299
Technology [Member]
Total equity securities	10,155	11,863
Utility [Member]
Total equity securities	32
Level I [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Total equity securities	47,142	59,932
Cash and cash equivalents	56,637	62,132
Total assets at fair value	103,779	122,064
Level I [Member] | U.S. Government and agencies [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Level I [Member] | Obligations of states and political subdivisions [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Level I [Member] | Corporate securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Level I [Member] | Residential mortgage-backed securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Level I [Member] | Commercial mortgage-backed securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Level I [Member] | Asset backed securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Level I [Member] | Basic materials [Member]
Total equity securities	1,079	1,210
Level I [Member] | Communications [Member]
Total equity securities	5,468	6,996
Level I [Member] | Consumer, cyclical [Member]
Total equity securities	6,045	9,612
Level I [Member] | Consumer, non-cyclical [Member]
Total equity securities	10,798	12,567
Level I [Member] | Energy [Member]
Total equity securities	1,569	2,456
Level I [Member] | Financial [Member]
Total equity securities	4,780	5,929
Level I [Member] | Industrial [Member]
Total equity securities	7,216	9,299
Level I [Member] | Technology [Member]
Total equity securities	10,155	11,863
Level I [Member] | Utility [Member]
Total equity securities	32
Level II [Member]
Total fixed income securities	310,619	295,945
Total equity securities
Cash and cash equivalents
Total assets at fair value	310,619	295,945
Level II [Member] | U.S. Government and agencies [Member]
Total fixed income securities	19,767	17,546
Level II [Member] | Obligations of states and political subdivisions [Member]
Total fixed income securities	62,206	56,652
Level II [Member] | Corporate securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities	118,103	113,213
Level II [Member] | Residential mortgage-backed securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities	50,642	51,486
Level II [Member] | Commercial mortgage-backed securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities	27,589	27,057
Level II [Member] | Asset backed securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities	32,312	29,991
Level II [Member] | Basic materials [Member]
Total equity securities
Level II [Member] | Communications [Member]
Total equity securities
Level II [Member] | Consumer, cyclical [Member]
Total equity securities
Level II [Member] | Consumer, non-cyclical [Member]
Total equity securities
Level II [Member] | Energy [Member]
Total equity securities
Level II [Member] | Financial [Member]
Total equity securities
Level II [Member] | Industrial [Member]
Total equity securities
Level II [Member] | Technology [Member]
Total equity securities
Level II [Member] | Utility [Member]
Total equity securities
Level III [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Total equity securities
Cash and cash equivalents
Total assets at fair value
Level III [Member] | U.S. Government and agencies [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Level III [Member] | Obligations of states and political subdivisions [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Level III [Member] | Corporate securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Level III [Member] | Residential mortgage-backed securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Level III [Member] | Commercial mortgage-backed securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Level III [Member] | Asset backed securities [Member]
Total fixed income securities
Level III [Member] | Basic materials [Member]
Total equity securities
Level III [Member] | Communications [Member]
Total equity securities
Level III [Member] | Consumer, cyclical [Member]
Total equity securities
Level III [Member] | Consumer, non-cyclical [Member]
Total equity securities
Level III [Member] | Energy [Member]
Total equity securities
Level III [Member] | Financial [Member]
Total equity securities
Level III [Member] | Industrial [Member]
Total equity securities
Level III [Member] | Technology [Member]
Total equity securities
Level III [Member] | Utility [Member]
Total equity securities

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Investments (Schedule of Fixed Maturities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Marketable Securities [Abstract]
Amortized Cost, Due to mature One year or less	$ 14,920	$ 19,567
Amortized Cost, Due to mature After one year through five years	96,793	84,937
Amortized Cost, Due to mature After five years through ten years	54,366	55,927
Amortized Cost, Due to mature After ten years	31,738	21,336
Amortized Cost, Due to mature Mortgage/asset-backed securities	110,165	106,937
Available-for-sale Securities, Debt Maturities, Amortized Cost	307,982	288,704
Fair Value, Due to mature One year or less	14,933	19,663
Fair Value, Due to mature After one year through five years	98,330	87,134
Fair Value, Due to mature After five years through ten years	55,110	58,466
Fair Value, Due to mature After ten years	31,703	22,148
Fair Value, Due to mature Mortgage/asset-backed securities	110,543	108,534
Available-for-sale Securities, Debt Securities, Estimated Fair Value	$ 310,619	$ 295,945

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Acquisition of Westminster American Insurance Company (Schedule of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Identifiable net assets:
Goodwill	$ 9,672	$ 2,628
Westminster American Insurance Company [Member]
Fair Value of Consideration:
Cash consideration transferred	20,000
Present value of future cash consideration	18,787
Total cash consideration transferred	38,787
Identifiable net assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	19,297
Fixed income securities, at fair value	12,353
Equity securities, at fair value	2,705
Other investments	735
Premiums and agents' balances receivable	8,507
Reinsurance recoverables on losses	763
Accrued investment income	70
Property and equipment	2,304
Federal income tax recoverable	138
State insurance licenses (included in goodwill and other intangibles)	1,800
Distribution network (included in goodwill and other intangibles)	6,700
Trade name (included in goodwill and other intangibles)	500
Value of business acquired (included in goodwill and other intangibles)	4,177
Other assets	76
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	(8,568)
Unearned premiums	(16,611)
Deferred income taxes, net	(1,506)
Reinsurance premiums payable	(565)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(1,132)
Total identifiable net assets	31,743
Goodwill	$ 7,044

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Goodwill and Other Intangibles (Schedule of Carrying Amount of Other Intangible Assets) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 13,525		$ 368
Accumulated Amortization	1,946		84
Net	11,579		284
Amortization expense	1,882	$ 1,135
Trade Names [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	748		248
Accumulated Amortization	91		66
Net	657		182
Distribution Network [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	6,700
Accumulated Amortization	93
Net	6,607
Value of Business Acquired [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	4,177
Accumulated Amortization	1,762
Net	2,415
Other [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount			20
Accumulated Amortization			18
Net			2
Subject to Amortization [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	11,625		268
Accumulated Amortization	1,946		84
Net	9,679		184
Not Subject to Amortization - State Insurance Licenses [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	1,900		100
Accumulated Amortization
Net	$ 1,900		$ 100

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Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (Schedule of deferred policy acquisition costs) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Disclosures [Abstract]
Balance, beginning of period	$ 15,399	$ 12,866
Deferral of policy acquisition costs	13,152	11,147
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	(9,387)	(9,222)
Balance, end of period	$ 19,164	$ 14,791

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Operating Leases (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Operating Leases Tables Abstract

Schedule of Minimum Future Commitments Under Non-Cancellable Leases

As of March 31, 2020, we have minimum future commitments under non-cancellable leases as follows:

Year ending December 31,	Estimated Future Minimum Commitments
2020	$	281
2021		249
2022		319
2023		358
2024		320
Thereafter		1,353

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Segment Information (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of revenue by insurance product line

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	Private Passenger Auto			Non-Standard Auto			Home and Farm			Crop			Commercial			All Other			Total
Direct premiums earned	$	18,397		$	13,194		$	20,158		$	(5	)	$	9,505		$	1,144		$	62,393
Assumed premiums earned		—			—			—			—			—			1,600			1,600
Ceded premiums earned		(1,098	)		(43	)		(2,537	)		184			(1,652	)		(75	)		(5,221	)
Net premiums earned		17,299			13,151			17,621			179			7,853			2,669			58,772
Direct losses and LAE		11,129			5,940			7,668			2,811			5,919			425			33,892
Assumed losses and LAE		—			—			—			—			—			308			308
Ceded losses and LAE		—			—			(1,130	)		(444	)		(2,204	)		—			(3,778	)
Net losses and LAE		11,129			5,940			6,538			2,367			3,715			733			30,422
Gross margin		6,170			7,211			11,083			(2,188	)		4,138			1,936			28,350
Underwriting and general expenses		4,810			5,197			4,889			702			3,929			632			20,159
Underwriting gain (loss)		1,360			2,014			6,194			(2,890	)		209			1,304			8,191
Fee and other income					329															362
					2,343
Net investment income																				1,971
Net capital loss on investments																				(14,919	)
Loss before income taxes																				(4,395	)
Income taxes																				(840	)
Net loss																				(3,555	)
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest																				32
Net loss attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.																				(3,587	)
Non-GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio		64.3%			45.2%			37.1%			n/a			47.3%			27.5%			51.8%
Expense ratio		27.8%			39.5%			27.7%			n/a			50.0%			23.7%			34.3%
Combined ratio		92.1%			84.7%			64.8%			n/a			97.3%			51.1%			86.1%
Balances at March 31, 2020:
Premiums and agents’ balances receivable	$	18,657		$	10,557		$	9,204		$	—		$	9,254		$	611		$	48,283
Deferred policy acquisition costs		5,175			4,952			7,124			—			1,504			409			19,164
Reinsurance recoverables		500			—			2,060			600			3,434			1,473			8,067
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation		—			—			—			5,240			—			—			5,240
Goodwill and other intangibles		—			2,897			—			—			18,354			—			21,251
Unpaid losses and LAE		19,952			42,000			10,401			3,945			12,248			8,854			97,400
Unearned premiums		28,426			17,260			39,542			—			18,444			2,738			106,410

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Private Passenger Auto			Non-Standard Auto		Home and Farm			Crop			Commercial			All Other			Total
Direct premiums earned	$	16,944		$	14,591	$	18,533		$	12		$	1,107		$	1,066		$	52,253
Assumed premiums earned		4			—		(4	)		—			—			1,026			1,026
Ceded premiums earned		(856	)		—		(1,740	)		(1	)		(118	)		(58	)		(2,773	)
Net premiums earned		16,092			14,591		16,789			11			989			2,034			50,506
Direct losses and LAE		10,102			7,156		8,256			(486	)		320			1,283			26,631
Assumed losses and LAE		49			—		—			—			—			394			443
Ceded losses and LAE		(46	)		—		(254	)		460			—			(1,000	)		(840	)
Net losses and LAE		10,105			7,156		8,002			(26	)		320			677			26,234
Gross margin		5,987			7,435		8,787			37			669			1,357			24,272
Underwriting and general expenses		4,750			5,478		5,202			331			314			619			16,694
Underwriting gain (loss)		1,237			1,957		3,585			(294	)		355			738			7,578
Fee and other income					470														464
					2,427
Net investment income																			1,743
Net capital gain on investments																			7,859
Loss before income taxes																			17,644
Income taxes																			3,848
Net loss																			13,796
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest																			23
Net loss attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.																			13,773
Non-GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio		62.8%			49.0%		47.7%			n/a			32.4%			33.3%			51.9%
Expense ratio		29.5%			37.5%		31.0%			n/a			31.7%			30.4%			33.1%
Combined ratio		92.3%			86.6%		78.6%			n/a			64.1%			63.7%			85.0%
Balances at March 31, 2019:
Premiums and agents’ balances receivable	$	17,561		$	9,978	$	9,424		$	12		$	964		$	563		$	38,502
Deferred policy acquisition costs		3,925			4,816		5,452			—			—			598			14,791
Reinsurance recoverables		177			—		916			108			(28	)		1,970			3,143
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation		—			—		—			14,282			—			—			14,282
Goodwill and other intangibles		—			3,488		—			—			—			—			3,488
Unpaid losses and LAE		17,737			46,641		12,061			621			852			7,648			85,560
Unearned premiums		27,110			18,845		37,476			—			2,141			2,599			88,171

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Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common stock, par value	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized	25,000,000	25,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	23,000,000	23,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding	22,015,158	22,119,380
Preferred stock, shares authorized	5,000,000	5,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Treasury stock, shares	817,787	713,565

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Acquisition of Westminster American Insurance Company (Schedule of Proforma Information of Business Combination) (Details) - Westminster American Insurance Company [Member] - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 46,186	$ 65,757
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.	$ (2,598)	$ 12,375
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.	$ (0.12)	$ 0.56

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Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income (loss)	$ (3,555)	$ 13,796
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash flows from operating activities:
Net capital (gain) loss on investments	14,919	(7,859)
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)	(2,708)	1,468
Depreciation of property and equipment	187	142
Amortization of intangibles	1,882	1,135
Share-based compensation	713	617
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	9,387	9,222
Deferral of policy acquisition costs	(13,152)	(11,147)
Net amortization of premiums and discounts on investments	282	250
Loss on sale of property and equipment		3
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Premiums and agents' balances receivable	(3,085)	(4,215)
Reinsurance premiums receivable / payable	181	224
Reinsurance recoverables on losses	(3,259)	(911)
Accrued investment income	60	33
Receivable from Federal Crop Insurance Corporation	8,990	1,887
Income tax recoverable / payable	(1,034)	(31)
Other assets	72	1,065
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	(4,418)	(1,561)
Unearned premiums	523	3,404
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(2,369)	(3,291)
Net cash flows from operating activities	3,616	4,231
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from sales of fixed income securities	19,872	12,342
Proceeds from sales of equity securities	6,016	2,024
Purchases of fixed income securities	(27,016)	(14,282)
Purchases of equity securities	(5,503)	(2,746)
Purchases of property and equipment, net	(310)	(410)
Acquisition of Westminster American Insurance Company (cash consideration paid net of cash and cash equivalents acquired)	(703)
Other	66	40
Net cash flows from investing activities	(7,578)	(3,032)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Purchases of treasury stock	(1,502)	(2)
Issuance of restricted stock awards	(31)	(20)
Net cash flows from financing activities	(1,533)	(22)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(5,495)	1,177
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	62,132	68,950
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	56,637	70,127
Non-cash item:
Present value of installment payable issued in connection with acquisition of Westminster American Insurance Company	18,787
Federal income taxes paid	$ 2,900	$ 2,000

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Earnings Per Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

21. Earnings Per Share

As described in Note 1, the conversion of the mutual company to a stock company resulted in the issuance of NI Holdings common shares on March 13, 2017. Earnings per share are computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the same period. The weighted average number of common shares outstanding was 22,218,073 and 22,228,630 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Unearned ESOP shares are not considered outstanding until they are released and allocated to plan participants. Unearned RSU and PSU shares are not considered outstanding until they are earned by award participants.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used in the basic and diluted per share computations for our common stock:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Basic earnings (loss) per common share:
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.	$	(3,587	)	$	13,773
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		22,218,073			22,228,630
Basic earnings (loss) per common share	$	(0.16	)	$	0.62
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share:
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.	$	(3,587	)	$	13,773
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation		22,218,073			22,228,630
Weighted average effect of dilutive securities
Add: RSUs and PSUs		121,251			50,149
Number of shares used in diluted computation		22,339,324			22,278,779
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share	$	(0.16	)	$	0.62

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Operating Leases

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Leases, Operating [Abstract]

Operating Leases

17. Operating Leases

Our Primero subsidiary leases a facility in Spearfish, South Dakota under a non-cancellable operating lease expiring in 2023. Our Direct Auto subsidiary leases a facility in Chicago, Illinois under a non-cancellable operating lease expiring in 2029. Our Nodak Insurance subsidiary leases a facility in Fargo, North Dakota under a non-cancellable operating lease expiring in 2024. There were expenses of $89 and $75 related to these leases during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

As of March 31, 2020, we have minimum future commitments under non-cancellable leases as follows:

Year ending December 31,	Estimated Future Minimum Commitments
2020	$	281
2021		249
2022		319
2023		358
2024		320
Thereafter		1,353

We also sub-lease portions of our home office building under non-cancellable operating leases.

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Related Party Transactions

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related Party Transactions

13. Related Party Transactions

We were organized by the NDFB to provide insurance protection for its members. We have a royalty agreement with the NDFB that recognizes the use of their trademark and provides royalties to the NDFB based on the premiums written on Nodak Insurance’s insurance policies. Royalties paid to the NDFB were $336 and $324 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Royalty amounts payable of $124 and $115 were accrued as a liability to the NDFB at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

State insurance laws require our insurance subsidiaries to maintain certain minimum capital and surplus amounts on a statutory basis. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict the payment of dividends from statutory surplus and may require prior approval from their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities. Our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements that may further affect their ability to pay dividends. Our insurance subsidiaries statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2019 exceeded the amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements, including the RBC requirements, by a significant margin.

The amount available for payment of dividends from Nodak Insurance to NI Holdings during 2020 without the prior approval of the North Dakota Insurance Department is $18,984 based upon the policyholders’ surplus of Nodak Insurance at December 31, 2019. Prior to its payment of any extraordinary dividend, Nodak Insurance will be required to provide notice of the dividend to the North Dakota Insurance Department. This notice must be provided to the North Dakota Insurance Department 30 days prior to the payment of an extraordinary dividend and 10 days prior to the payment of an ordinary dividend. The North Dakota Insurance Department has the power to limit or prohibit dividend payments if Nodak Insurance is in violation of any law or regulation. These restrictions or any subsequently imposed restrictions may affect our future liquidity. No dividends were declared or paid by Nodak Insurance during the three months ended March 31, 2020 or the year ended December 31, 2019.

The amount available for payment of dividends from Direct Auto to NI Holdings during 2020 without the prior approval of the Illinois Department of Insurance is $6,881 based upon the statutory net income of Direct Auto for the year ended December 31, 2019. Prior to its payment of any dividend, Direct Auto will be required to provide notice of the dividend to the Illinois Department of Insurance. This notice must be provided to the Illinois Department of Insurance within five business days following declaration of any dividend and no less than 30 days prior to the payment of an extraordinary dividend or 10 days prior to the payment of an ordinary dividend. The Illinois Department of Insurance has the power to limit or prohibit dividend payments if Direct Auto is in violation of any law or regulation. These restrictions or any subsequently imposed restrictions may affect our future liquidity. No dividends were declared or paid by Direct Auto during the three months ended March 31, 2020 or the year ended December 31, 2019.

The amount available for payment of dividends from Westminster to NI Holdings during 2020 without the prior approval of the Maryland Insurance Administration is $636 based upon the statutory net investment income of Westminster for the year ended December 31, 2019 and the three preceding years. Prior to its payment of any dividend, Westminster will be required to provide notice of the dividend to the Maryland Insurance Administration. This notice must be provided to the Maryland Insurance Administration within five business days following declaration of any dividend and no less than 30 days prior to the payment of an extraordinary dividend or 10 days prior to the payment of an ordinary dividend. The Maryland Insurance Administration has the power to limit or prohibit dividend payments if Westminster is in violation of any law or regulation. These restrictions or any subsequently imposed restrictions may affect our future liquidity. No dividends were declared or paid by Westminster during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

The following table illustrates the impact of including Battle Creek in our Consolidated Balance Sheets prior to intercompany eliminations:

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents (overdraft)	$	1,280	$	(716	)
Investments		4,602		4,661
Premiums and agents’ balances receivable		4,608		4,801
Reinsurance recoverables on losses (1)		26,907		26,330
Accrued investment income		35		33
Deferred income tax asset, net		352		343
Property and equipment		346		348
Other assets		45		45
Total assets	$	38,175	$	35,845
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	11,221	$	10,622
Unearned premiums		15,686		15,708
Notes payable (1)		3,000		3,000
Reinsurance premiums payable (1)		824		1,706
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		3,985		1,310
Total liabilities		34,716		32,346
Equity:
Non-controlling interest		3,459		3,499
Total equity		3,459		3,499
Total liabilities and equity	$	38,175	$	35,845

(1)     Amount eliminated in consolidation.      

Total statutory revenues of Battle Creek, after intercompany eliminations, which is limited to net investment income and other income, were $42 and $31, respectively, during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. There were no statutory-basis expenses reported, after intercompany eliminations, during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

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Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Investments, All Other Investments [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

7. Fair Value Measurements

We maximize the use of observable inputs in our valuation techniques and apply unobservable inputs only to the extent that observable inputs are unavailable. The largest class of assets and liabilities carried at fair value by the Company at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were fixed income securities.

Prices provided by independent pricing services and independent broker quotes can vary widely, even for the same security.

Our available-for-sale investments are comprised of a variety of different securities, which are classified into levels based on the valuation technique and inputs used in their valuation. The valuation of cash equivalents and equity securities are generally based on Level I inputs, which use the market approach valuation technique. The valuation of fixed income securities generally incorporates significant Level II inputs using the market and income approach techniques. We may assign a lower level to inputs typically considered to be Level II based on our assessment of liquidity and relative level of uncertainty surrounding inputs. There were no assets or liabilities classified as Level III at March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

The following tables set forth our assets which are measured on a recurring basis by the level within the fair value hierarchy in which fair value measurements fall:

	March 31, 2020
	Total		Level I		Level II		Level III
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	19,767	$	—	$	19,767	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		62,206		—		62,206		—
Corporate securities		118,103		—		118,103		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities		50,642		—		50,642		—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		27,589		—		27,589		—
Asset-backed securities		32,312		—		32,312		—
Total fixed income securities		310,619		—		310,619		—
Equity securities:
Basic materials		1,079		1,079		—		—
Communications		5,468		5,468		—		—
Consumer, cyclical		6,045		6,045		—		—
Consumer, non-cyclical		10,798		10,798		—		—
Energy		1,569		1,569		—		—
Financial		4,780		4,780		—		—
Industrial		7,216		7,216		—		—
Technology		10,155		10,155
Utility		32		32		—		—
Total equity securities		47,142		47,142		—		—
Cash and cash equivalents		56,637		56,637		—		—
Total assets at fair value	$	414,398	$	103,779	$	310,619	$	—

	December 31, 2019
	Total		Level I		Level II		Level III
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	17,546	$	—	$	17,546	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		56,652		—		56,652		—
Corporate securities		113,213		—		113,213		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities		51,486		—		51,486		—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		27,057		—		27,057		—
Asset-backed securities		29,991		—		29,991		—
Total fixed income securities		295,945		—		295,945		—
Equity securities:
Basic materials		1,210		1,210		—		—
Communications		6,996		6,996		—		—
Consumer, cyclical		9,612		9,612		—		—
Consumer, non-cyclical		12,567		12,567		—		—
Energy		2,456		2,456		—		—
Financial		5,929		5,929		—		—
Industrial		9,299		9,299		—		—
Technology		11,863		11,863		—		—
Total equity securities		59,932		59,932		—		—
Cash and cash equivalents		62,132		62,132		—		—
Total assets at fair value	$	418,009	$	122,064	$	295,945	$	—

There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates:

In preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements, management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the periods then ended. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

We make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our Consolidated Financial Statements. The most significant estimates relate to our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, earned premiums for crop insurance, valuation of investments, determination of other-than-temporary impairments, valuation allowances for deferred income tax assets, deferred policy acquisition costs, and the valuations used to establish intangible assets acquired related to business combinations. While we believe our estimates are appropriate, the ultimate amounts may differ from the estimates provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates as well as the continuing appropriateness of the estimated amounts, and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our current results of operations.

Variable-Interest Entities:

Any company deemed to be a variable interest entity (“VIE”) is required to be consolidated by the primary beneficiary of the VIE.

We assess our investments in other entities at inception to determine if any meet the qualifications of a VIE. We consider an investment in another company to be a VIE if (a) the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, (b) the characteristics of a controlling financial interest are missing (either the ability to make decisions through voting or other rights, the obligation to absorb expected losses of the entity or the right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity), or (c) the voting rights of the equity holders are not proportional to their obligations to absorb the expected losses of the entity and/or the rights to receive the expected residual returns of the entity, and substantially all of the entity’s activities either involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights. Upon the occurrence of certain events, we would reassess our initial determination of whether the investment is a VIE.

We evaluate whether we are the primary beneficiary of each VIE and we consolidate the VIE if we have both (1) the power to direct the economically significant activities of the entity and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity. We consider the contractual agreements that define the ownership structure, distribution of profits and losses, risks, responsibilities, indebtedness, voting rights, and board representation of the respective parties in determining whether we qualify as the primary beneficiary. Our assessment of whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE is performed at least annually.

We control Battle Creek via a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement between Nodak Insurance and Battle Creek, as well as the ability to control a majority of the Board of Directors of Battle Creek. Through the effects of the 100% quota-share agreement with Battle Creek, we are considered the primary beneficiary of Battle Creek’s operating results excluding net investment income, bad

debt expense, and income taxes. Therefore, we consolidate the financial statements of Battle Creek, and Battle Creek’s policyholders’ interest in Battle Creek is reflected as a non-controlling interest in shareholders’ equity in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Cash and Cash Equivalents:

Cash and cash equivalents include certain investments in highly liquid debt instruments with original maturities of three months or less. Cost approximates fair value for these short-term investments.

Investments:

We have categorized our investment portfolio as “available-for-sale” and have reported the portfolio at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on fixed income securities, and on equity securities prior to January 1, 2019, net of income taxes, are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. Effective January 1, 2019, in accordance with a change in accounting principle, changes in unrealized gains and losses on equity securities are reported as a component of net capital gain on investments in our operating results.

Fair values are based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes, if available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar securities. Amortization of premium and accretion of discount are computed using an effective interest method. Net investment income includes interest and dividend income together with amortization of purchase premiums and discounts, and is net of investment management and custody fees. Realized gains and losses on investments are determined using the specific identification method and are included in net capital gain (loss) on investments, along with the change in unrealized gains and losses on equity securities after January 1, 2019.

We review our investments each quarter to determine whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis is other than temporary. Accordingly, we assess whether we intend to sell or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. For fixed income securities that are considered other-than-temporarily impaired and that we do not intend to sell and will not be required to sell prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis, we separate the amount of the impairment into the amount that is credit related (credit loss component) and the amount due to all other factors. The credit loss component is recognized in earnings and is the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash flows discounted at the security’s effective yield. The remaining difference between the security’s fair value and the present value of future expected cash flows is due to factors that are not credit related and, therefore, is not required to be recognized as losses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations, but is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss).

We classify each fair value measurement at the appropriate level in the fair value hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted market price in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level I measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level III measurements). An asset’s or liability’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of significant input to its valuation.

Level I – Quoted price in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

Level II – Quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly. Level II inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities other than quoted in prices in Level I, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level III – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Unobservable inputs reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Level III assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments:

Our other financial instruments, aside from investments, are cash and cash equivalents, premiums and agents’ balances receivable, and accrued expenses and accounts payable. The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, premiums and agents’ balances receivable, and accrued expenses and accounts payable approximate their fair value based on their short-term nature. Other invested assets that do not have observable inputs and little or no market activity are carried on a cost basis. All other invested assets have been assessed for impairment. The carrying value of these other invested assets was $2,583 at March 31, 2020 and $1,914 at December 31, 2019.

Reclassification of Segment Information:

Effective first quarter 2020, the Company’s results are being reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements in the following five primary operating segments – private passenger auto insurance, non-standard auto insurance, home and farm insurance, crop insurance, and commercial insurance. A sixth “all other” segment captures all other insurance business, including our assumed reinsurance lines of business.

Commercial insurance was previously reported within the all other segment. All prior periods presented have been reclassified to conform to this presentation.

Revenue Recognition:

We record premiums written at policy inception and recognize them as revenue on a pro rata basis over the policy term or, in the case of crop insurance, over the period of risk. The portion of premiums that could be earned in the future is deferred and reported as unearned premiums. When policies lapse, the Company reverses the unearned portion of the written premium and removes the applicable unearned premium. Policy-related fee income is recognized when collected.

The Company uses the direct write-off method for recognizing bad debts. Accounts billed directly to the policyholder are provided grace payment and cancellation notice periods per state insurance regulations. Any earned but uncollected premiums are written off within 90 days after the effective date of policy cancellation.

Direct Auto also provides for agency billing for a portion of their agents. Accounts billed to agents are due within 60 days of the statement date. The balances are carried as agents’ balances receivable until it is determined the amount is not collectible from the agent. At that time, the balance is written off as uncollectible. The agent is responsible for all past due balances. As part of its agent appointment, Direct Auto requires a personal guarantee for all balances due to Direct Auto from the principal of the contracted agency.

Policy Acquisition Costs:

We defer our policy acquisition costs, consisting primarily of commissions, state premium taxes and certain other underwriting costs, reduced by ceding commissions, which vary with and relate directly to the production of business. We amortize these deferred policy acquisition costs over the period in which we earn the premiums. The method we follow in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value, which gives effect to the premium to be earned, related investment income, losses and loss adjustment expenses, and certain other costs we expect to incur as we earn the premium.

Property and Equipment:

We report property and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets.

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses:

Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts we expect to pay with respect to policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances then known. At the time of establishing our estimates, we recognize that our ultimate liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. We base our estimates of liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability, and other factors. During the loss adjustment period, we may learn additional facts regarding certain claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for us to refine and adjust our estimates of the liability. We reflect any adjustments to our liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses in our operating results in the period in which we determine the need for a change in the estimates.

We maintain liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. We establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. We base the amount of our liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim, and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss our policyholder incurred. We determine the amount of our liability for unreported losses and loss adjustment expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Inflation is not explicitly selected in the loss reserve analysis. However, historical

inflation is embedded in the estimated loss development factors. We closely monitor our liabilities and update them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. We do not discount our liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expense.

Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions as to our internal operations. Assumptions related to our external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment which may impact liability exposure, the trends in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions, and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodologies, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business, and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent we determine that underlying factors impacting our assumptions have changed, we attempt to make appropriate adjustments for such changes in our reserves. Accordingly, our ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded.

Income Taxes:

With the exception of Battle Creek, which files a stand-alone federal income tax return, we currently file a consolidated federal income tax return which includes NI Holdings and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Direct Auto and Westminster became part of the consolidated federal income tax return as of their acquisition dates.

Insurance companies typically pay state premium taxes rather than state income taxes. However, Direct Auto is subject to state income taxes in the state of Illinois, in addition to state premium taxes. Additionally, NI Holdings, on a stand-alone basis, pays state income taxes to the state of North Dakota for income or losses generated as a separate financial entity. While state premium taxes are included as a part of amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, state income taxes are combined with federal income taxes within the financial reporting category labeled income taxes.

The Company reports tax-related interest and penalties, if any, as part of income tax expense in the year such amounts are determinable.

We account for deferred income taxes using the asset and liability method. The objective of the asset and liability method is to establish deferred income tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the income tax basis of our assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when we realize or settle such amounts.

Accounting guidance requires that companies re-measure existing deferred income tax assets (including loss carryforwards) and liabilities when a change in tax rate occurs, and record an offset for the net amount of the change as a component of income tax expense from continuing operations in the period of enactment. The guidance also requires any change to a previously recorded valuation allowance as a result of re-measuring existing temporary differences and loss carryforwards to be reflected as a component of income tax expense from continuing operations.

The Company has elected to reclassify any tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of a change in income tax rates to retained earnings.

Credit Risk:

Our primary investment objective is to earn competitive returns by investing in a diversified portfolio of securities. Our portfolio of fixed income securities and, to a lesser extent, short-term investments, is subject to credit risk. We define this risk as the potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower’s ability to repay the debt. We manage this risk by performing an analysis of prospective investments and through regular reviews of our portfolio by our management team and investment advisors. We also limit the amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in any one security.

Property and liability insurance coverages are marketed through captive agents in North Dakota and through independent insurance agencies located throughout all other operating areas. All business, except for the majority of Direct Auto’s business, is billed directly to the policyholders.

We maintain cash balances primarily at one bank, which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250. During the normal course of business, balances are maintained above the FDIC insurance limit. The Company maintains short-term investment balances in investment grade money market accounts that are insured by the Securities Investor Protection

Corporation (“SIPC”) up to $500. On occasion, balances for these accounts are maintained in excess of the SIPC insurance limit.

Reinsurance:

The Company limits the maximum net loss that can arise from large risks or risks in concentrated areas of exposure by reinsuring (ceding) certain levels of risks to other insurers or reinsurers, either on an automatic basis under general reinsurance contracts knows as “treaties” or by negotiation on substantial individual risks. Ceded reinsurance is treated as the risk and liability of the assuming companies.

Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the Company from its obligations to policyholders. In the event that all or any of the reinsuring companies might be unable to meet their obligations under existing reinsurance agreements, the Company would be liable for such defaulted amounts.

Goodwill and Other Intangibles:

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the underlying fair value of acquired entities. When completing acquisitions, we seek also to identify separately identifiable intangible assets that we have acquired. We assess goodwill and other intangibles with an indefinite useful life for impairment annually. We also assess goodwill and other intangibles for impairment upon the occurrence of certain events. In making our assessment, we consider a number of factors including operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows, and current market data. Inherent uncertainties exist with respect to these factors and to our judgment in applying them when we make our assessment. Impairment of goodwill and other intangibles could result from changes in economic and operating conditions in future periods. We did not record any impairments of goodwill or other intangibles during the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

Goodwill arising from the acquisition of Primero in 2014 represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. The purchase price in excess of the fair value of net assets acquired was negotiated at arms-length with an unrelated party and was based upon the strategic decision by Company management to expand both the geographic footprint and product lines of the Company. The nature of the business acquired was such that there were limited intangibles not reflected in the net assets acquired. The purchase price was paid with a combination of cash and cancellation of obligations owed to the acquired company by the sellers. The goodwill which arose from this transaction is included in the basis of the net assets acquired and is not deductible for income tax purposes.

Intangible assets arising from the acquisition of Direct Auto in 2018 represent the estimated fair values of certain intangible assets, including a favorable lease contract, a state insurance license, the value of the Direct Auto trade name, and the value of business acquired (“VOBA”). The state insurance license asset has an indefinite life, while the favorable lease contract, Direct Auto trade name, and VOBA assets will be amortized over eighteen months, five years, and twelve months, respectively, from the August 31, 2018 acquisition/valuation date.

Intangible assets arising from the acquisition of Westminster in January 2020 represent the estimated fair values of certain intangible assets, including state insurance licenses, the value of Westminster’s distribution network, the value of the Westminster trade name, and the VOBA. The state insurance license asset has an indefinite life, while the distribution networks asset, Westminster trade name, and VOBA assets will be amortized over twenty years, ten years, and twelve months, respectively, from the January 1, 2020 acquisition/valuation date. 

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Property and Equipment

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment

11. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following:

	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019			Estimated Useful Life
Cost:
Real estate	$	15,014		$	12,733		10 - 31 years
Electronic data processing equipment		1,323			1,271		5-7 years
Furniture and fixtures		2,944			2,796		5-7 years
Automobiles		1,263			1,130		2-3 years
Gross cost		20,544			17,930
Accumulated depreciation		(10,424	)		(10,236	)
Total property and equipment, net	$	10,120		$	7,694

Depreciation expense was $187 and $142 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

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Investments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Marketable Securities [Abstract]

Schedule of amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, were as follows:

	March 31, 2020
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	18,594	$	1,173	$	—		$	19,767
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		61,010		1,498		(302	)		62,206
Corporate securities		118,213		2,454		(2,564	)		118,103
Residential mortgage-backed securities		48,954		1,908		(220	)		50,642
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		26,817		820		(48	)		27,589
Asset-backed securities		34,394		59		(2,141	)		32,312
Total fixed income securities		307,982		7,912		(5,275	)		310,619
Equity securities:
Basic materials		1,331		5		(257	)		1,079
Communications		4,761		1,439		(732	)		5,468
Consumer, cyclical		5,818		1,481		(1,254	)		6,045
Consumer, non-cyclical		8,723		2,837		(762	)		10,798
Energy		2,517		9		(957	)		1,569
Financial		5,948		82		(1,250	)		4,780
Industrial		5,634		2,142		(560	)		7,216
Technology		6,411		4,148		(404	)		10,155
Utility		37		—		(5	)		32
Total equity securities		41,180		12,143		(6,181	)		47,142
Total investments	$	349,162	$	20,055	$	(11,456	)	$	357,761

	December 31, 2019
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	17,078	$	472	$	(4	)	$	17,546
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		55,232		1,511		(91	)		56,652
Corporate securities		109,457		3,772		(16	)		113,213
Residential mortgage-backed securities		50,458		1,050		(22	)		51,486
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		26,450		658		(51	)		27,057
Asset-backed securities		30,029		132		(170	)		29,991
Total fixed income securities		288,704		7,595		(354	)		295,945
Equity securities:
Basic materials		1,062		155		(7	)		1,210
Communications		4,823		2,342		(169	)		6,996
Consumer, cyclical		5,477		4,207		(72	)		9,612
Consumer, non-cyclical		7,483		5,255		(171	)		12,567
Energy		2,817		124		(485	)		2,456
Financial		5,059		905		(35	)		5,929
Industrial		5,293		4,023		(17	)		9,299
Technology		6,022		5,867		(26	)		11,863
Total equity securities		38,036		22,878		(982	)		59,932
Total investments	$	326,740	$	30,473	$	(1,336	)	$	355,877

Schedule of amortized cost and fair value of fixed income securities by contractual maturity

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed income securities by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities could differ from contractual maturities because issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay certain obligations, which may or may not include call or prepayment penalties.

	March 31, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due to mature:
One year or less	$	14,920	$	14,933
After one year through five years		96,793		98,330
After five years through ten years		54,366		55,110
After ten years		31,738		31,703
Mortgage / asset-backed securities		110,165		110,543
Total fixed income securities	$	307,982	$	310,619

	December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due to mature:
One year or less	$	19,567	$	19,663
After one year through five years		84,937		87,134
After five years through ten years		55,927		58,466
After ten years		21,336		22,148
Mortgage / asset-backed securities		106,937		108,534
Total fixed income securities	$	288,704	$	295,945

Schedule of unrealized loss of securities

The investment category and duration of the Company’s gross unrealized losses on fixed income securities and equity securities were as follows:

	March 31, 2020
	Less than 12 Months					Greater than 12 months					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	12,239	$	(302	)	$	—	$	—		$	12,239	$	(302	)
Corporate securities		37,453		(2,564	)		—		—			37,453		(2,564	)
Residential mortgage-backed securities		1,884		(220	)		—		—			1,884		(220	)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		3,522		(48	)		—		—			3,522		(48	)
Asset-backed securities		21,643		(1,634	)		4,292		(507	)		25,935		(2,141	)
Total fixed income securities		76,741		(4,768	)		4,292		(507	)		81,033		(5,275	)
Equity securities:
Basic materials		532		(257	)		—		—			532		(257	)
Communications		2,129		(553	)		649		(179	)		2,778		(732	)
Consumer, cyclical		3,371		(1,139	)		114		(115	)		3,485		(1,254	)
Consumer, non-cyclical		3,439		(762	)		—		—			3,439		(762	)
Energy		647		(902	)		4		(55	)		651		(957	)
Financial		3,846		(1,250	)		—		—			3,846		(1,250	)
Industrial		2,558		(560	)		—		—			2,558		(560	)
Technology		1,666		(404	)		—		—			1,666		(404	)
Utility		37		(5	)		—		—			37		(5	)
Total equity securities		18,225		(5,832	)		767		(349	)		18,992		(6,181	)
Total investments	$	94,966	$	(10,600	)	$	5,059	$	(856	)	$	100,025	$	(11,456	)

	December 31, 2019
	Less than 12 Months					Greater than 12 months					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government and agencies	$	494	$	(4	)	$	—	$	—		$	494	$	(4	)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		8,018		(91	)		—		—			8,018		(91	)
Corporate securities		2,066		(15	)		650		(1	)		2,716		(16	)
Residential mortgage-backed securities		2,911		(9	)		2,583		(13	)		5,494		(22	)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		4,841		(35	)		653		(16	)		5,494		(51	)
Asset-backed securities		8,511		(96	)		7,686		(74	)		16,197		(170	)
Total fixed income securities		26,841		(250	)		11,572		(104	)		38,413		(354	)
Equity securities:
Basic materials		258		(7	)		—		—			258		(7	)
Communications		506		(—	)		658		(169	)		1,164		(169	)
Consumer, cyclical		595		(30	)		146		(42	)		741		(72	)
Consumer, non-cyclical		1,033		(171	)		—		—			1,033		(171	)
Energy		823		(432	)		6		(53	)		829		(485	)
Financial		393		(35	)		—		—			393		(35	)
Industrial		620		(17	)		—		—			620		(17	)
Technology		575		(26	)		—		—			575		(26	)
Total equity securities		4,803		(718	)		810		(264	)		5,613		(982	)
Total investments	$	31,644	$	(968	)	$	12,382	$	(368	)	$	44,026	$	(1,336	)

Schedule of net investment income

Net investment income consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Fixed income securities	$	2,309	$	1,976
Equity securities		325		224
Real estate		146		91
Cash and cash equivalents		20		17
Total gross investment income		2,800		2,308
Investment expenses		829		565
Net investment income	$	1,971	$	1,743

Schedule of net realized gain (loss) on investments

Net capital gain (loss) on investments consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Gross realized gains:
Fixed income securities	$	85		$	3
Equity securities		1,515			698
Total gross realized gains		1,600			701
Gross realized losses, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses:
Fixed income securities		(23	)		(30	)
Equity securities		(562	)		(112	)
Total gross realized losses, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses		(585	)		(142	)
Net realized gain on investments		1,015			559
Change in net unrealized gain on equity securities		(15,934	)		7,300
Net capital gain (loss) on investments	$	(14,919	)	$	7,859

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Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Activity in Liability [Abstract]

Schedule of Activity in the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses

Activity in the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses is summarized as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Balance at beginning of period:
Liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	93,250	$	87,121
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		4,045		2,232
Net balance at beginning of period		89,205		84,889
Acquired unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to:
Current year		—		—
Prior years		8,568		—
Total incurred		8,568		—
Incurred related to:
Current year		29,912		31,203
Prior years		510		(4,969	)
Total incurred		30,422		26,234
Paid related to:
Current year		12,532		11,064
Prior years		26,330		17,642
Total paid		38,862		28,706
Balance at end of period:
Liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		97,400		85,560
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		8,067		3,143
Net balance at end of period	$	89,333	$	82,417

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Investments (Schedule of Net Investment Income) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Total gross investment income	$ 2,800	$ 2,308
Investment expenses	829	565
Net investment income	1,971	1,743
Fixed income securities [Member]
Total gross investment income	2,309	1,976
Equity Securities [Member]
Total gross investment income	325	224
Real estate [Member]
Total gross investment income	146	91
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member]
Total gross investment income	$ 20	$ 17

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Investments (Narrative) (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Investments [Abstract]
Fixed income securities with a fair value	$ 6,028	$ 5,585
Percentage of fixed maturities amortized cost values	80.00%
Fixed income securities [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Number of securities	214	88

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Stock Based Compensation (Schedule of Outstanding Performance Stock Units) (Details) - Performance Stock Units [Member] - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Shares
Units outstanding at Begning	111,000	48,600
Grants (at target)	63,600	62,400
Units outstanding at Ending	174,600	111,000
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Units outstanding at Begning	$ 15.27	$ 16.25
Grants (at target)	14.26	15.21
Units outstanding at Ending	$ 15.15	$ 15.27

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Income Taxes (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Unrecognized tax benefits
Interest and penalties
Battle Creek [Member]
Net operating loss carryover		4,652
Expiration date	Dec. 31, 2030
Westminster [Member]
Net operating loss carryover		$ 874
Expiration date	Dec. 31, 2023

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Earnings Per Share (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Weighted average shares outstanding	22,218,073	22,228,630
Net common shares outstanding	22,015,158		22,119,380
Common Stock [Member]
Net common shares outstanding

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Common Stock (Schedule of changes in number of common stock) (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Equity [Abstract]
Shares outstanding, beginning of period	22,119,380	22,192,894	22,192,894
Treasury shares repurchased through stock repurchase authorization	(123,264)	(100)	(116,034)	(191,265)
Issuance of treasury shares for vesting of restricted stock units	19,042	16,705
Shares outstanding, end of period	22,015,158	22,209,499	22,119,380	22,192,894

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Stock Based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Restricted Stock Outstanding

A summary of the Company’s outstanding and unearned restricted stock units is presented below:

	RSUs			Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Share
Units outstanding and unearned at January 1, 2019		73,880		$	16.87
RSUs granted during 2019		57,100			15.81
RSUs earned during 2019		(34,440	)		16.24
Units outstanding and unearned at December 31, 2019		96,540		$	16.47
RSUs granted during 2020		42,600			14.26
RSUs earned during 2020		(31,260	)		15.79
Units outstanding and unearned at March 31, 2020		107,880		$	15.79

Schedule of RSU activity

The following table shows the impact of RSU activity to the Company’s financial results:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
RSU compensation expense	$	420		$	319
Income tax benefit		(88	)		(67	)
RSU compensation expense, net of income taxes	$	332		$	252

Schedule of Performance Stock Outstanding

A summary of the Company’s outstanding performance share units is presented below:

	PSUs		Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Share
Units outstanding at January 1, 2019		48,600	$	16.25
PSUs granted during 2019 (at target)		62,400		15.21
Units outstanding at December 31, 2019		111,000	$	15.27
PSUs granted during 2020 (at target)		63,600		14.26
Units outstanding at March 31, 2020		174,600	$	15.15

Schedule of PSU activity

The following table shows the impact of PSU activity to the Company’s financial results:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
PSU compensation expense	$	293		$	297
Income tax benefit		(62	)		(62	)
PSU compensation expense, net of income taxes	$	231		$	235

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Basis of Presentation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

2. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the interim period ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Our consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, as well as Battle Creek, an entity we control via contract. We have eliminated all significant inter-company accounts and transactions in consolidation. The terms “we”, “us”, “our”, or “the Company” as used herein refer to the consolidated entity.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Other invested assets	$ 2,583	$ 1,914
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation amount	250
Short-term investment balances in investment that are insured by SIPC	$ 500
Nodak Insurance [Member]
Ownership percentage	100.00%
Battle Creek [Member]
Ownership percentage	100.00%

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Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Apr. 30, 2020
Document and Entity Information [Abstract]
Entity Registrant Name	NI Holdings, Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0001681206
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		21,779,260
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2020
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity File Number	001-37973
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	ND
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Entity Shell Company	false

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Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Net income (loss)	$ (3,555)	$ 13,796
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income taxes:
Holding gains (losses) on investments	(4,542)	4,164
Reclassification adjustment for net realized capital (gain) loss included in net income	(62)	27
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income taxes	(4,604)	4,191
Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income	967	(880)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes	(3,637)	3,311
Comprehensive income (loss)	(7,192)	17,107
Attributable to NI Holdings, [Member]
Net income (loss)	(3,587)	13,773
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income taxes:
Holding gains (losses) on investments	(4,456)	4,092
Reclassification adjustment for net realized capital (gain) loss included in net income	(57)	26
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income taxes	(4,513)	4,118
Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income	948	(865)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes	(3,565)	3,253
Comprehensive income (loss)	(7,152)	17,026
Attributable to Non-Controlling Interest [Member]
Net income (loss)	32	23
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income taxes:
Holding gains (losses) on investments	(86)	72
Reclassification adjustment for net realized capital (gain) loss included in net income	(5)	1
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income taxes	(91)	73
Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income	19	(15)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes	(72)	58
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ (40)	$ 81

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Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Cost:	$ 20,544		$ 17,930
Accumulated depreciation	(10,424)		(10,236)
Total property and equipment, net	10,120		7,694
Depreciation expense	187	$ 142
Real estate [Member]
Cost:	$ 15,014		12,733
Real estate [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Estimated Useful Life	10 years
Real estate [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Estimated Useful Life	31 years
Electronic data processing equipment [Member]
Cost:	$ 1,323		1,271
Electronic data processing equipment [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Estimated Useful Life	5 years
Electronic data processing equipment [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Estimated Useful Life	7 years
Furniture and Fixtures [Member]
Cost:	$ 2,944		2,796
Furniture and Fixtures [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Estimated Useful Life	5 years
Furniture and Fixtures [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Estimated Useful Life	7 years
Automobiles [Member]
Cost:	$ 1,263		$ 1,130
Automobiles [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Estimated Useful Life	2 years
Automobiles [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Estimated Useful Life	3 years

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Reinsurance (Schedule of reconciliation of direct to net premiums on both a written and an earned basis) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Premiums Written
Direct premium	$ 62,972	$ 55,653
Assumed premium	1,600	1,029
Ceded premium	(5,170)	(2,773)
Net premiums	59,402	53,909
Premiums Earned
Direct premium	62,393	52,253
Assumed premium	1,600	1,026
Ceded premium	(5,221)	(2,773)
Net premiums	$ 58,772	$ 50,506
Percentage of assumed earned premium to direct earned premium	2.60%	2.00%

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Related Party Transactions (Schedule of impact of consolidating Battle Creek into our consolidated balance sheets) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Assets:
Accrued investment income		$ 2,098	$ 2,089
Property and equipment		10,120	7,694
Other assets		5,180	5,176
Total assets		536,384	508,159
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		97,400	93,250	$ 85,560
Unearned premiums		106,410	89,276	88,171
Reinsurance premiums payable		916	170
Total liabilities		234,593	198,356
Equity:
Non-controlling interest		3,459	3,499
Total shareholders' equity		301,791	309,803	$ 293,455	$ 275,753
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity		536,384	508,159
Battle Creek [Member]
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents (overdraft)		1,280	(716)
Investments		4,602	4,661
Premiums and agents' balances receivable		4,608	4,801
Reinsurance recoverables on losses	[1]	26,907	26,330
Accrued investment income		35	33
Deferred income tax asset, net		352	343
Property and equipment		346	348
Other assets		45	45
Total assets		38,175	35,845
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		11,221	10,622
Unearned premiums		15,686	15,708
Notes payable	[1]	3,000	3,000
Reinsurance premiums payable	[1]	824	1,706
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		3,985	1,310
Total liabilities		34,716	32,346
Equity:
Non-controlling interest		3,459	3,499
Total shareholders' equity		3,459	3,499
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity		$ 38,175	$ 35,845

[1] Amount eliminated in consolidation.

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Common Stock

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Equity [Abstract]

Common Stock

19. Common Stock

Changes in the number of common stock shares outstanding are as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Shares outstanding, beginning of period		22,119,380			22,192,894
Treasury shares repurchased through stock repurchase authorization		(123,264	)		(100	)
Issuance of treasury shares for vesting of restricted stock units		19,042			16,705
Shares outstanding, end of period		22,015,158			22,209,499

On February 28, 2018, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of up to approximately $10 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock. We completed the repurchase of 191,265 shares of our common stock for $2,966 during 2018, and an additional 116,034 shares for $2,006 during 2019. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we completed the repurchase of 123,264 shares of our common stock for $1,502. The cost of this treasury stock is a reduction of shareholders’ equity within our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

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Line of Credit

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Line of Credit

15. Line of Credit

Nodak Insurance has a $5,000 line of credit with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., of which there were no outstanding amounts during the three months ended March 31, 2020, or the year ended December 31, 2019. This line of credit is scheduled to expire on October 31, 2020.

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Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$ 58,772	$ 50,506
Fee and other income	362	464
Net investment income	1,971	1,743
Net capital gain (loss) on investments	(14,919)	7,859
Total revenues	46,186	60,572
Expenses:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	30,422	26,234
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	9,387	9,222
Other underwriting and general expenses	10,772	7,472
Total expenses	50,581	42,928
Income (loss) before income taxes	(4,395)	17,644
Income tax expense (benefit)	(840)	3,848
Net income (loss)	(3,555)	13,796
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest	32	23
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.	$ (3,587)	$ 13,773
Basic earnings (loss) per common share	$ (0.16)	$ 0.62
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share	$ (0.16)	$ 0.62

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Common Stock (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Common Stock Tables Abstract

Schedule of number of common stock shares

Changes in the number of common stock shares outstanding are as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Shares outstanding, beginning of period		22,119,380			22,192,894
Treasury shares repurchased through stock repurchase authorization		(123,264	)		(100	)
Issuance of treasury shares for vesting of restricted stock units		19,042			16,705
Shares outstanding, end of period		22,015,158			22,209,499

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Organization

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Organization

1. Organization

NI Holdings, Inc. (“NI Holdings”) is a North Dakota business corporation that is the stock holding company of Nodak Insurance Company and became such in connection with the conversion of Nodak Mutual Insurance Company from a mutual to stock form of organization and the creation of a mutual holding company. The conversion was consummated on March 13, 2017. Immediately following the conversion, all of the outstanding shares of common stock of Nodak Insurance Company (the successor to Nodak Mutual Insurance Company) were issued to Nodak Mutual Group, Inc., which then contributed the shares to NI Holdings in exchange for 55% of the outstanding shares of common stock of NI Holdings. Nodak Insurance Company then became a wholly-owned stock subsidiary of NI Holdings. Prior to completion of the conversion, NI Holdings conducted no business and had no assets or liabilities. As a result of the conversion, NI Holdings became the holding company for Nodak Insurance Company and its existing subsidiaries. The newly issued shares of NI Holdings were available for public trading on March 16, 2017.

These consolidated financial statements of NI Holdings include the financial position and results of NI Holdings and seven other entities:

· Nodak Insurance Company (“Nodak Insurance”, formerly Nodak Mutual Insurance Company prior to the conversion);

· Nodak Agency, Inc. (“Nodak Agency”);

· American West Insurance Company (“American West”);

· Primero Insurance Company (“Primero”);

· Battle Creek Mutual Insurance Company (“Battle Creek”, an affiliated company with Nodak Insurance);

· Direct Auto Insurance Company (“Direct Auto”); and

· Westminster American Insurance Company (“Westminster”).

Nodak Insurance is the largest domestic property and casualty insurance company in North Dakota. Nodak Insurance was incorporated on April 15, 1946 under the laws of North Dakota, and benefits from a strong marketing affiliation with the North Dakota Farm Bureau Federation (“NDFB”). Nodak Insurance specializes in providing private passenger auto, homeowners, farmowners, commercial, crop hail, and Federal multi-peril crop insurance coverages.

Nodak Agency, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance, is an inactive shell corporation.

American West, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance, is a property and casualty insurance company licensed in eight states in the Midwest and Western regions of the United States. American West began writing policies in 2002 and primarily writes personal auto, homeowners, and farm coverages in South Dakota. American West also writes personal auto coverage in North Dakota, as well as crop hail and Federal multi-peril crop insurance coverages in Minnesota and South Dakota.

Primero is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Tri-State, Ltd. Tri-State, Ltd. is an inactive shell corporation 100% owned by Nodak Insurance. Primero is a property and casualty insurance company writing non-standard automobile coverage in the states of Nevada, Arizona, North Dakota and South Dakota.

Battle Creek is controlled by Nodak Insurance via a surplus note and 100% quota-share agreement. The terms of the surplus note and quota-share agreement allow Nodak Insurance to appoint two-thirds of the Battle Creek Board of Directors. Battle Creek is a property and casualty insurance company writing personal auto, homeowners, and farm coverages solely in the state of Nebraska.

Direct Auto, a wholly-owned subsidiary of NI Holdings, is a property and casualty company licensed in Illinois. Direct Auto began writing non-standard automobile coverage in 2007, and was acquired by NI Holdings on August 31, 2018 via a stock purchase agreement.

Westminster, a wholly-owned subsidiary of NI Holdings, is a property and casualty insurance company licensed in seventeen states and the District of Columbia. Westminster is headquartered in Owings Mills, Maryland and underwrites multi-peril commercial insurance in the states of Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Westminster was acquired by NI Holdings on January 1, 2020 via a stock purchase agreement. The financial results of Westminster have been included in the Consolidated Financial Statements herein since January 1, 2020. See Note 4.

The same executive management team provides oversight and strategic direction for the entire organization. Nodak Insurance provides common product oversight, pricing practices, and underwriting standards, as well as underwriting and claims administration, to itself, American West, and Battle Creek. Primero, Direct Auto, and Westminster personnel manage the day-to-day operations of their respective companies. The insurance companies share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. Distinctions within the products of the insurance companies generally relate to the states in which the risk is located and specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business.

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Organization (Details) - Nodak Insurance [Member]	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020
Percentage of shares exchanged	55.00%
Percentage of quota share agreement	100.00%

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Benefit Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2017	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Company's Total contribution to the profit sharing plan		$ 219	$ 199
Company's total contributions to the 401(k) plan		144	139
Compensation expense		$ 89	94
ESOP shares were released and allocated		72,945		72,945
ESOP shares in suspense		167,055		167,055
Market price		$ 13.56
Fair value of unearned ESOP shares		$ 2,265
Debt from ESOP	$ 2,400
Debt term	10 years
Interest rate	2.79%
Percentage of ESOP in authorized shares	1.00%
Per share price	$ 10.00
Deferred compensation plan expenses		$ 14	$ 13
Minimum [Member]
Employee contribution in percentage		3.00%
Maximum [Member]
Employee contribution in percentage		50.00%

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Goodwill and Other Intangibles (Schedule of Carrying Amount of Goodwill by Segment) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Goodwill [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 9,672	$ 2,628
Primero Insurance Company [Member]
Goodwill [Line Items]
Goodwill	2,628	2,628
Westminster American Insurance Company [Member]
Goodwill [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 7,044

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Reinsurance (Schedule of reconciliation of direct to net losses and loss adjustment expenses) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]
Direct losses and loss adjustment expenses	$ 33,892	$ 26,631
Assumed losses and loss adjustment expenses	308	443
Ceded losses and loss adjustment expenses	(3,778)	(840)
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	$ 30,422	$ 26,234

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Stock Based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock Based Compensation

20. Stock Based Compensation

At its 2017 Annual Shareholders’ Meeting, the NI Holdings, Inc. 2017 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) was approved by shareholders. The purpose of the Plan is to promote the interests of the Company and its shareholders by aiding the Company in attracting and retaining employees, officers, consultants, advisors, and non-employee directors capable of assuring the future success of the Company, to offer such persons incentives to put forth maximum efforts for the success of the Company’s business, to compensate such persons through various stock and cash-based arrangements, and to provide them with opportunities for stock ownership in the Company, thereby aligning the interests of such persons with the Company’s shareholders.

The Plan provides for the grant of nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, dividend equivalents, and performance share units (“PSUs”) to employees, officers, consultants, advisors, non-employee directors, and independent contractors designated by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”). Awards made under the Plan are based upon, among other things, a participant’s level of responsibility and performance within the Company.

The total aggregate number of shares of common stock that awards may be issued under all awards made under the Plan shall not exceed 500,000 shares of common stock, subject to adjustments as provided in the Plan. No eligible participant may be granted more than 100,000 shares from any stock options, stock appreciation rights, or performance awards denominated in shares, in the aggregate in any calendar year, subject to adjustment in accordance with the Plan. The aggregate amount payable pursuant to all performance awards denominated in cash to any eligible person in any calendar year is limited to $1,000 in value. Directors who are not also employees of the Company may not be granted awards denominated in shares that exceed $100 in any calendar year.

Restricted Stock Units

The Compensation Committee has awarded RSUs to non-employee directors and select executives. RSUs are promises to issue actual shares of common stock at the end of a vesting period. The RSUs granted to executives under the Plan were based on salary and vest 20% per year over a five-year period, while RSUs granted to non-employee directors vest 100% on the date of the next annual meeting of shareholders following the grant date. Dividend equivalents on RSUs are accrued during the vesting period and paid in cash at the end of the vesting period, but are subject to forfeiture until the underlying shares become vested. Participants do not have voting rights with respect to RSUs.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation costs based on the grant date fair value. The compensation costs are normally expensed over the vesting periods to each vesting date; however, the cost of RSUs granted to executives are expensed immediately if the executive has met certain retirement criteria and the RSUs become non-forfeitable. Estimated forfeitures are included in the determination of compensation costs. No forfeitures are currently estimated.

A summary of the Company’s outstanding and unearned restricted stock units is presented below:

	RSUs			Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Share
Units outstanding and unearned at January 1, 2019		73,880		$	16.87
RSUs granted during 2019		57,100			15.81
RSUs earned during 2019		(34,440	)		16.24
Units outstanding and unearned at December 31, 2019		96,540		$	16.47
RSUs granted during 2020		42,600			14.26
RSUs earned during 2020		(31,260	)		15.79
Units outstanding and unearned at March 31, 2020		107,880		$	15.79

The following table shows the impact of RSU activity to the Company’s financial results:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
RSU compensation expense	$	420		$	319
Income tax benefit		(88	)		(67	)
RSU compensation expense, net of income taxes	$	332		$	252

At March 31, 2020, there was $962 of unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding RSUs. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.54 years.

Performance Stock Units

The Compensation Committee has awarded PSUs to select executives. PSUs are promises to issue actual shares of common stock at the end of a vesting period, if certain performance conditions are met. The PSUs granted to employees under the Plan were based on salary and include a three-year book value cumulative growth target with threshold and stretch goals. They will vest on the third anniversary of the grant date, subject to the participant’s continuous employment through the vesting date and the level of performance achieved. Dividend equivalents on PSUs are accrued and paid in cash at the end of the performance period in accordance with the level of performance achieved, but are subject to forfeiture until the underlying shares become vested. Participants do not have voting rights with respect to PSUs.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation costs based on the grant date fair value over the performance period of the awards. Estimated forfeitures are included in the determination of compensation costs. No forfeitures are currently estimated. The current cost estimate assumes that the cumulative growth target will be achieved.

A summary of the Company’s outstanding performance share units is presented below:

	PSUs		Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Share
Units outstanding at January 1, 2019		48,600	$	16.25
PSUs granted during 2019 (at target)		62,400		15.21
Units outstanding at December 31, 2019		111,000	$	15.27
PSUs granted during 2020 (at target)		63,600		14.26
Units outstanding at March 31, 2020		174,600	$	15.15

The following table shows the impact of PSU activity to the Company’s financial results:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
PSU compensation expense	$	293		$	297
Income tax benefit		(62	)		(62	)
PSU compensation expense, net of income taxes	$	231		$	235

The PSU grants above represent initial target awards and do not reflect potential increases or decreases resulting from financial performance objectives to be determined at the end of the performance period. The actual number of shares to be issued at the end of the performance period will range from 0% to 150% of the initial target awards.

At March 31, 2020, there was $1,834 of unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding PSUs. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.07 years.

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Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

16. Income Taxes

At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had no unrecognized tax benefits, no accrued interest and penalties, and no significant uncertain tax positions. No interest and penalties were recognized during the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 or 2019.

At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company, other than Battle Creek and Westminster, had no income tax related carryovers for net operating losses, alternative minimum tax credits, or capital losses.

Battle Creek, which files its income tax returns on a stand-alone basis, had $4,652 of net operating loss carryover at December 31, 2019. The net operating loss carryforward expires beginning in 2021 through 2030.

Westminster, which became part of the Company’s consolidated federal income tax return beginning in 2020, had $874 of net operating loss carryover at December 31, 2019. This net operating loss carryforward expires in 2023.

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Goodwill and Other Intangibles

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

12. Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill

The following table presents the carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill by segment:

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Non-standard auto from acquisition of Primero	$	2,628	$	2,628
Commercial from acquisition of Westminster		7,044		—
Total	$	9,672	$	2,628

Other Intangible Assets

The following table presents the carrying amount of the Company’s other intangible assets:

March 31, 2020	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Subject to amortization:
Trade names	$	748	$	91	$	657
Distribution network		6,700		93		6,607
Value of business acquired		4,177		1,762		2,415
Total subject to amortization		11,625		1,946		9,679
Not subject to amortization – state insurance licenses		1,900		—		1,900
Total	$	13,525	$	1,946	$	11,579

December 31, 2019	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Subject to amortization:
Trade names	$	248	$	66	$	182
Other		20		18		2
Total subject to amortization		268		84		184
Not subject to amortization – state insurance license		100		—		100
Total	$	368	$	84	$	284

Amortization expense was $1,882 and $1,135 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

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Reinsurance

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]

Reinsurance

8. Reinsurance

The Company will assume and cede certain premiums and losses to and from various companies and associations under various reinsurance agreements. The Company seeks to limit the maximum net loss that can arise from large risks or risks in concentrated areas of exposure through use of these agreements, either on an automatic basis under general reinsurance contracts known as treaties or by negotiation on substantial individual risks.

Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the Company from its obligation to policyholders. Additionally, failure of reinsurers to honor their obligations could result in significant losses to us. There can be no assurance that reinsurance will continue to be available to us at the same extent, and at the same cost, as it has in the past. The Company may choose in the future to reevaluate the use of reinsurance to increase or decrease the amounts of risk ceded to reinsurers.

As a group, during the three month period ended March 31, 2020, the Company retained the first $10,000 of weather-related losses from catastrophic events and had reinsurance under various reinsurance agreements up to $97,000 in excess of its $10,000 retained risk. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company retained the first $10,000 of weather-related losses from catastrophic events and had reinsurance under various reinsurance agreements up to $78,600 in excess of its $10,000 retained risk.

The Company actively monitors and evaluates the financial condition of the reinsurers and develops estimates of the uncollectible amounts due from reinsurers. Such estimates are made based on periodic evaluation of balances due from reinsurers, judgments regarding reinsurers’ solvency, known disputes, reporting characteristics of the underlying reinsured business, historical experience, current economic conditions, and the state of reinsurer relations in general. Collection risk is mitigated from reinsurers by entering into reinsurance arrangements only with reinsurers that have strong credit ratings and statutory surplus above certain levels. The Company’s largest reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid losses were due from reinsurance companies with A.M. Best ratings of “A-” or higher.

A reconciliation of direct to net premiums on both a written and an earned basis is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	Premiums Written			Premiums Earned
Direct premium	$	62,972		$	62,393
Assumed premium		1,600			1,600
Ceded premium		(5,170	)		(5,221	)
Net premiums	$	59,402		$	58,772
Percentage of assumed earned premium to direct earned premium					2.6%

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Premiums Written			Premiums Earned
Direct premium	$	55,653		$	52,253
Assumed premium		1,029			1,026
Ceded premium		(2,773	)		(2,773	)
Net premiums	$	53,909		$	50,506
Percentage of assumed earned premium to direct earned premium					2.0%

A reconciliation of direct to net losses and loss adjustment expenses is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Direct losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	33,892		$	26,631
Assumed losses and loss adjustment expenses		308			443
Ceded losses and loss adjustment expenses		(3,778	)		(840	)
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	30,422		$	26,234

If 100% of our ceded reinsurance was cancelled as of March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019, no ceded commissions would need to be returned to the reinsurers. Reinsurance contracts are typically effective from January 1 through December 31 each year.

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Acquisition of Westminster American Insurance Company

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Acquisition of Westminster American Insurance Company

4. Acquisition of Westminster American Insurance Company

On January 1, 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the common stock of Westminster from the private shareholder of Westminster, and Westminster became a consolidated subsidiary of the Company. Westminster is a property and casualty insurance company specializing in multi-peril commercial insurance in nine states and the District of Columbia.

Westminster remains headquartered in Owings Mills, Maryland, and the current president of Westminster continues to manage the Westminster insurance operations along with the staff and management team in place at the time of the acquisition. The results of Westminster are included as part of the Company’s commercial business segment following the closing date.

We account for business acquisitions in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, which requires, among other things, that most assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and contingent consideration be recognized at their fair values as of the acquisition date, which is the closing date for the Westminster transaction. During the measurement period, adjustments to provisional purchase price allocations are recognized if new information is obtained about the facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that, if known, would have resulted in the recognition of those assets and liabilities as of that date. The measurement period ends as soon as it is determined that no more information is obtainable, but in no case shall the measurement period exceed one year from the acquisition date. The Company did not make any adjustments during this period.

The acquired Westminster business contributed revenues of $6,329 and net loss of $158 to the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The following unaudited pro forma summary presents consolidated information of the Company as if the business combination had occurred on January 1, 2019:

	Pro forma Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Revenues	$	46,186		$	65,757
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.		(2,598	)		12,375
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.		(0.12	)		0.56

The Company did not reflect any material, nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the business combination in the above pro forma revenue and earnings.

These pro forma amounts have been calculated after applying the Company’s accounting policies and adjusting the results of Westminster to reflect the deferral and amortization of policy acquisition costs and the additional amortization that would have been charged assuming the fair value adjustments to intangible assets had been applied from January 1, 2019, with the related income tax effects.

The Company incurred acquisition-related costs of $828 during the three months ended March 31, 2020, and $83 during the third and fourth quarters of 2019, respectively. These expenses were reclassified to occur in first quarter 2019 in the pro forma amounts presented above.

The Company paid $20,000 in cash consideration to the private shareholder of Westminster as of the closing date, and will pay an additional $20,000 in three equal annual installments. The acquisition of Westminster did not include any contingent consideration other than a provision regarding future changes to federal income tax rates. The following table summarizes the consideration transferred to acquire Westminster and the amounts of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

Fair Value of Consideration:
Cash consideration transferred	$	20,000
Present value of future cash consideration		18,787
Total cash consideration	$	38,787
Recognized Amounts of Identifiable Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed:
Identifiable net assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	19,297
Fixed income securities, at fair value		12,353
Equity securities, at fair value		2,705
Other investments		735
Premiums and agents' balances receivable		8,507
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		763
Accrued investment income		70
Property and equipment		2,304
Federal income tax recoverable		138
State insurance licenses (included in goodwill and other intangibles)		1,800
Distribution network (included in goodwill and other intangibles)		6,700
Trade name (included in goodwill and other intangibles)		500
Value of business acquired (included in goodwill and other intangibles)		4,177
Other assets		76
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		(8,568	)
Unearned premiums		(16,611	)
Deferred income taxes, net		(1,506	)
Reinsurance premiums payable		(565	)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(1,132	)
Total identifiable net assets	$	31,743
Goodwill	$	7,044

The fair value of the assets acquired includes premiums and agents’ balances receivable of $8,507 and reinsurance recoverables on losses of $763. These are the gross amounts due from policyholders and reinsurers, respectively, none of which is anticipated to be uncollectible. The Company did not acquire any other material class of receivable as a result of the acquisition of Westminster.

The fair values of the acquired distribution network, state insurance licenses, Westminster trade name, and VOBA intangible assets of $6,700, $1,800, $500, and $4,177, respectively, are provisional pending receipt of the final valuation for those assets. The state insurance license intangible has an indefinite life, while the other intangible assets will be amortized over useful lives of up to twenty years.

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Acquisition of Westminster American Insurance Company (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Schedule of Proforma Information of Business Combination

The following unaudited pro forma summary presents consolidated information of the Company as if the business combination had occurred on January 1, 2019:

	Pro forma Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Revenues	$	46,186		$	65,757
Net income (loss) attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.		(2,598	)		12,375
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to NI Holdings, Inc.		(0.12	)		0.56

Schedule of Identified Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed

The following table summarizes the consideration transferred to acquire Westminster and the amounts of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

Fair Value of Consideration:
Cash consideration transferred	$	20,000
Present value of future cash consideration		18,787
Total cash consideration	$	38,787
Recognized Amounts of Identifiable Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed:
Identifiable net assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	19,297
Fixed income securities, at fair value		12,353
Equity securities, at fair value		2,705
Other investments		735
Premiums and agents' balances receivable		8,507
Reinsurance recoverables on losses		763
Accrued investment income		70
Property and equipment		2,304
Federal income tax recoverable		138
State insurance licenses (included in goodwill and other intangibles)		1,800
Distribution network (included in goodwill and other intangibles)		6,700
Trade name (included in goodwill and other intangibles)		500
Value of business acquired (included in goodwill and other intangibles)		4,177
Other assets		76
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		(8,568	)
Unearned premiums		(16,611	)
Deferred income taxes, net		(1,506	)
Reinsurance premiums payable		(565	)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(1,132	)
Total identifiable net assets	$	31,743
Goodwill	$	7,044

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Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of deferred policy acquisition costs

Activity with regards to our deferred policy acquisition costs was as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Balance, beginning of period	$	15,399		$	12,866
Deferral of policy acquisition costs		13,152			11,147
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		(9,387	)		(9,222	)
Balance, end of period	$	19,164		$	14,791

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Investments (Schedule of components of Net realized capital gains on investments) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Gross realized gains	$ 1,600	$ 701
Gross realized losses, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses	(585)	(142)
Net realized gain on investments	1,015	559
Change in net unrealized gain on equity securities	(15,934)	7,300
Net capital gain (loss) on investments	(14,919)	7,859
Fixed income securities [Member]
Gross realized gains	85	3
Gross realized losses, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses	(23)	(30)
Equity Securities [Member]
Gross realized gains	1,515	698
Gross realized losses, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses	$ (562)	$ (112)

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Investments (Schedule of amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Cost or Amortized Cost	$ 349,162	$ 326,740
Gross Unrealized Gains	20,055	30,473
Gross Unrealized Losses	(11,456)	(1,336)
Fair Value	357,761	355,877
Fixed income securities [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	307,982	288,704
Gross Unrealized Gains	7,912	7,595
Gross Unrealized Losses	(5,275)	(354)
Fair Value	310,619	295,945
Fixed income securities [Member] | U.S. Government and agencies [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	18,594	17,078
Gross Unrealized Gains	1,173	472
Gross Unrealized Losses		(4)
Fair Value	19,767	17,546
Fixed income securities [Member] | Obligations of states and political subdivisions [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	61,010	55,232
Gross Unrealized Gains	1,498	1,511
Gross Unrealized Losses	(302)	(91)
Fair Value	62,206	56,652
Fixed income securities [Member] | Corporate securities [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	118,213	109,457
Gross Unrealized Gains	2,454	3,772
Gross Unrealized Losses	(2,564)	(16)
Fair Value	118,103	113,213
Fixed income securities [Member] | Residential mortgage-backed securities [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	48,954	50,458
Gross Unrealized Gains	1,908	1,050
Gross Unrealized Losses	(220)	(22)
Fair Value	50,642	51,486
Fixed income securities [Member] | Commercial mortgage-backed securities [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	26,817	26,450
Gross Unrealized Gains	820	658
Gross Unrealized Losses	(48)	(51)
Fair Value	27,589	27,057
Fixed income securities [Member] | Asset backed securities [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	34,394	30,029
Gross Unrealized Gains	59	132
Gross Unrealized Losses	(2,141)	(170)
Fair Value	32,312	29,991
Equity Securities [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	41,180	38,036
Gross Unrealized Gains	12,143	22,878
Gross Unrealized Losses	(6,181)	(982)
Fair Value	47,142	59,932
Equity Securities [Member] | Basic materials [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	1,331	1,062
Gross Unrealized Gains	5	155
Gross Unrealized Losses	(257)	(7)
Fair Value	1,079	1,210
Equity Securities [Member] | Communications [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	4,761	4,823
Gross Unrealized Gains	1,439	2,342
Gross Unrealized Losses	(732)	(169)
Fair Value	5,468	6,996
Equity Securities [Member] | Consumer, cyclical [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	5,818	5,477
Gross Unrealized Gains	1,481	4,207
Gross Unrealized Losses	(1,254)	(72)
Fair Value	6,045	9,612
Equity Securities [Member] | Consumer, non-cyclical [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	8,723	7,483
Gross Unrealized Gains	2,837	5,255
Gross Unrealized Losses	(762)	(171)
Fair Value	10,798	12,567
Equity Securities [Member] | Energy [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	2,517	2,817
Gross Unrealized Gains	9	124
Gross Unrealized Losses	(957)	(485)
Fair Value	1,569	2,456
Equity Securities [Member] | Financial [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	5,948	5,059
Gross Unrealized Gains	82	905
Gross Unrealized Losses	(1,250)	(35)
Fair Value	4,780	5,929
Equity Securities [Member] | Industrial [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	5,634	5,293
Gross Unrealized Gains	2,142	4,023
Gross Unrealized Losses	(560)	(17)
Fair Value	7,216	9,299
Equity Securities [Member] | Technology [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	6,411	6,022
Gross Unrealized Gains	4,148	5,867
Gross Unrealized Losses	(404)	(26)
Fair Value	10,155	$ 11,863
Equity Securities [Member] | Utility [Member]
Cost or Amortized Cost	37
Gross Unrealized Gains
Gross Unrealized Losses	(5)
Fair Value	$ 32

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Line of Credit (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Line of credit with Wells Fargo	$ 5,000
Line of credit expiration date	Oct. 31, 2020

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Stock Based Compensation (Schedule of PSU Activity) (Details) - Performance Stock Units [Member] - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
PSU compensation expense	$ 293	$ 297
Income tax benefit	(62)	(62)
PSU compensation expense, net of income taxes	$ 231	$ 235

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Common Stock (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Feb. 28, 2018
Equity [Abstract]
Authorization for repurchase of shares value					$ 10,000
Shares repurchased	123,264	100	116,034	191,265
Shares repurchased, value	$ 1,502	$ 2	$ 2,006	$ 2,966

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Stock Based Compensation (Schedule of RSU activity) (Details) - Restricted Stock [Member] - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
RSU compensation expense	$ 420	$ 319
Income tax benefit	(88)	(67)
RSU compensation expense, net of income taxes	$ 332	$ 252