10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission File Number: 001-37941

SENESTECH, INC. 

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	20-2079805
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
23460 N. 19th Avenue, Suite 110 Phoenix, AZ	85027
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(928) 779-4143

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value	SNES	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (NASDAQ Capital Market)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒   No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes   ☒   No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  ☐ No  ☒

The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of August 13, 2020: 3,398,832

SENESTECH, INC.

FORM 10-Q

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
	PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION	1
Item 1	Financial Statements	1
Item 2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	26
Item 3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	38
Item 4	Controls and Procedures	38
	PART II. OTHER INFORMATION	39
Item 1	Legal Proceedings	39
Item 1A	Risk Factors	39
Item 2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	39
Item 3	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	39
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	39

i

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

SENESTECH, INC.

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

	June 30,			December 31,
	2020			2019
ASSETS	(Unaudited)
Current assets:
Cash	$	4,718		$	1,936
Accounts receivable trade, net		45			26
Accounts receivable-other		-			123
Prepaid expenses		284			257
Inventory		1,135			1,180
Deposits		18			20
Total current assets		6,200			3,542
Right to use asset-operating leases		573			699
Property and equipment, net		564			738
Total assets	$	7,337		$	4,979
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Short-term debt	$	114		$	123
Accounts payable		640			265
Accrued expenses		399			1,193
Total current liabilities		1,153			1,581
Long-term debt, net		714			137
Operating lease liability		577			694
Total liabilities		2,444			2,412
Commitments and contingencies (See note 12)		-			-
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 3,398,832 and 1,414,671 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively		3			1
Additional paid-in capital		105,117			98,433
Accumulated deficit		(100,227	)		(95,867	)
Total stockholders’ equity		4,893			2,567
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	7,337		$	4,979

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

1

SENESTECH, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	For the Three Months						For the Six Months
	Ended June 30,						Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
Revenue:
Sales	$	71		$	24		$	108		$	43
Cost of sales		43			21			65			33
Gross profit		28			3			43			10
Operating expenses:
Research and development		226			463			522			927
Selling, general and administrative		1,427			1,831			3,472			3,735
Total operating expenses		1,653			2,294			3,994			4,662
Net operating loss		(1,625	)		(2,291	)		(3,951	)		(4,652	)
Other income (expense):
Interest income		-			11			2			26
Interest expense		(7	)		(11	)		(15	)		(24	)
Other income (expense)		3			2			18			(3	)
Total other income (expense)		(4	)		2			5			(1	)
Net loss and comprehensive loss		(1,629	)		(2,289	)	$	(3,946	)	$	(4,653	)
Deemed dividend-warrant price protection-revaluation adjustment		-			-			414			-
Net loss attributable to common shareholders	$	(1,629	)	$	(2,289	)	$	(4,360	)	$	(4,653	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and fully diluted		2,760,875			1,227,628			2,186,089			1,201,917
Net loss per common share - basic and fully diluted	$	(0.59	)	$	(1.86	)	$	(1.99	)	$	(3.87	)

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

2

SENESTECH, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

(Unaudited) 

For The Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2020

					Additional						Total
	Common Stock				Paid-In			Accumulated			Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital			Deficit			Equity (Deficit)
Balance, March 31, 2019		1,178,297	$	1	$	92,471		$	(88,202	)	$	4,270
Issuance of common stock for services		4,311		-		2			-			2
Stock-based compensation		-		-		219			-			219
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants		78,694		-		1,747			-			1,747
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options		326		-		-			-			-
Payments for employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards		-		-		(24	)		-			(24	)
Net loss for the three months ended June 30, 2019		-		-		-			(2,289	)		(2,289	)
Balance, June 30, 2019		1,261,628	$	1	$	94,415		$	(90,491	)	$	3,925
Balance, March 31, 2020		1,819,981	$	2	$	100,670		$	(98,598	)	$	2,074
Issuance of common stock for services		4,543		-		-			-			-
Stock-based compensation		-		-		141			-			141
Issuance of common stock, sold for cash, net		1,574,308		1		4,306			-			4,307
Net loss for the three months ended June 30, 2020		-		-		-			(1,629	)		(1,629	)
Balance, June 30, 2020		3,398,832	$	3	$	105,117		$	(100,227	)	$	4,893
For The Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2020
Balance, December 31, 2018		1,173,854	$	1	$	92,151		$	(85,838	)	$	6,314
Issuance of common stock for services		6,240		-		34			-			34
Stock-based compensation		-		-		471			-			471
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants		80,285		-		1,783			-			1,783
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options		1,259		-		-			-			-
Payments for employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards		-		-		(24	)		-			(24	)
Net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2019		-		-		-			(4,653	)		(4,653	)
Balance, June 30, 2019		1,261,638	$	1	$	94,415		$	(90,491	)	$	3,925
Balance, December 31, 2019		1,414,671	$	1	$	98,433		$	(95,867	)	$	2,567
Issuance of common stock for services		4,543		-		-			-			-
Stock-based compensation		-		-		291			-			291
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants		51,414		-		238			-			238
Issuance of common stock, sold for cash, net		1,928,180		2		5,741			-			5,743
Warrant antidilution price protection adjustment						414						414
Issuance of common stock for fractional shares-20-1 reverse split		24
Net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2020		-		-		-			(4,360	)		(4,360	)
Balance, June 30, 2020		3,398,832	$	3	$	105,117		$	(100,227	)	$	4,893

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

3

SENESTECH, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the Six Months
	Ended June 30,
	2020			2019
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss	$	(3,946	)	$	(4,653	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		148			213
Stock-based compensation		291			471
(Gain) loss on sale of equipment		(18	)		2
Loss on change in fair value of derivative		-			1
(Increase) decrease in current assets:
Accounts receivable - trade		(19	)		(17	)
Accounts receivable - other		123			-
Other assets		11			4
Prepaid expenses		(27	)		13
Inventory		45			(70	)
Increase (decrease) in current liabilities:
Accounts payable		375			82
Accrued expenses		(556	)		53
Deferred rent		-			(6	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(3,573	)		(3,907	)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Cash received on sale of property and equipment		44			-
Purchase of property and equipment		-			(47	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		44			(47	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net		5,743			-
Proceeds from the issuance of notes payable		646			-
Repayments of notes payable		(29	)		(112	)
Repayments of finance lease obligations		(49	)		(38	)
Proceeds from the exercise of warrants		-			1,783
Payment of employee withholding taxes relating to share-based awards					(24	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		6,311			1,609
NET CHANGE IN CASH		2,782			(2,345	)
CASH AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD		1,936			4,920
CASH AT END OF PERIOD	$	4,718		$	2,575
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION:
Interest paid	$	15		$	24
Income taxes paid	$	-		$	-
NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Forgiveness of accrual in warrant exercise	$	238
Deemed dividend	$	414		$	-
Common stock issued on accrued bonus	$	-		$	32

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

4

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

Note 1 - Organization and Description of Business

SenesTech, Inc. (referred to in this report as “SenesTech,” the “Company,” “we” or “us”) was formed in July 2004 and incorporated in the state of Nevada. The Company subsequently reincorporated in the state of Delaware in November 2015. Our corporate headquarters is in Phoenix, Arizona. We have developed and are seeking to commercialize a global, proprietary technology for managing animal pest populations, initially rat populations, through fertility control.

Although there are myriad tools available to control rat populations, most rely on some form of lethal method to achieve effectiveness. Each of these solutions is inherently limited by rat species’ resilience and survival mechanisms as well as their extraordinary rate of reproduction. ContraPest®, our initial product, is unique in the pest control industry in attacking the reproductive systems of both male and female rats, which our field data shows will result in a sustained reduction of the rat population.

Rats have plagued humanity throughout history. They pose significant threats to the health and food security of many communities. In addition, rodents cause significant product loss and damage through consumption and contamination. Rats also cause significant damage to critical infrastructure by burrowing beneath foundations and gnawing on electrical wiring, insulation, fire proofing systems, electronics and computer equipment.

The most prevalent solution to rat infestations is the use of increasingly powerful rodenticides. Although these solutions provide short term results, there are growing concerns about secondary exposure and bioaccumulation of rodenticides in the environment, as well as concerns about rodenticides that have no antidotes. The pest management industry and Pest Management Professionals (PMPs) are being asked for new solutions that are both effective and less toxic. Our goal is to provide customers with not only a solution to combat their most difficult rat problems, but also offer a non-lethal option to serve customers that are looking to decrease or remove the amount of rodenticide used in their pest control programs.

ContraPest is a liquid bait containing the active ingredients 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) and triptolide. ContraPest limits reproduction of male and female rats beginning with the first breeding cycle following consumption. ContraPest is being marketed for use in controlling Norway and roof rat populations.

SenesTech began the registration process with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for ContraPest on August 23, 2015. On August 2, 2016, the EPA granted an unconditional registration for ContraPest as a Restricted Use Product (RUP), due to the need for applicator expertise for deployment. On October 18, 2018, the EPA approved the removal of the RUP designation. We believe ContraPest is the first and only non-lethal, fertility control product approved by the EPA for the management of rodent populations.

In addition to the EPA registration of ContraPest in the United States, ContraPest must obtain registration from the various state regulatory agencies prior to selling in each state. We have received registration for ContraPest in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, 47 of which have approved the removal of the RUP designation.

We expect to continue to pursue regulatory approvals and amendments to the existing U.S. registration for ContraPest, and if ContraPest begins to generate sufficient revenue, regulatory approvals for additional jurisdictions beyond the United States. In certain cases, our EPA and state registrations require completion of testing and certifications even though we received approval for the product or its labelling. We continue to seek to comply with these requirements.

The Company also continues to research and develop enhancements to ContraPest that align with our target verticals and other potential fertility control options for additional species. 

5

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 1 - Organization and Description of Business – (continued)

Reverse Stock Split

On February 4, 2020, we amended our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effect a 1-for-20 reverse split of our issued and outstanding shares of our common stock. The accompanying condensed financial statements and notes thereto give retrospective effect to the reverse stock split for all periods presented. All issued and outstanding common stock, options and warrants exercisable for common stock, restricted stock units, preferred stock conversions to common stock and per share amounts contained in our condensed financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted.

Going Concern

Our financial statements as of June 30, 2020 and 2019 have been prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern. Our independent registered public accounting firm included in its opinion for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 an explanatory paragraph referring to our net loss from operations and net capital deficiency and expressing substantial doubt in our ability to continue as a going concern without additional capital becoming available. If we encounter continued issues or delays in the commercialization of ContraPest, our prior losses and expected future losses could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and negatively impact our ability to fund continued operations, obtain additional financing in the future and continue as a going concern. There are no assurances that such financing, if necessary, will be available to us at all or will be available in sufficient amounts or on reasonable terms. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. If we are unable to generate additional funds in the future through additional financings, sales of our products, licensing fees, royalty payments or from other sources or transactions, we will exhaust our resources and will be unable to continue operations.

Need for Additional Capital

Since our inception, we have sustained significant operating losses in the course of our research and development and commercialization activities and expect such losses to continue for the near future. We have generated limited revenue to date from product sales, research grants and licensing fees received under our former license agreement with Neogen. In 2017, we began to prepare and launch commercialization of our first product, ContraPest. We have primarily funded our operations to date through the sale of equity securities, including convertible preferred stock, common stock and warrants to purchase common stock. See “Description of Capital Stock” elsewhere in this filing for a description of our public equity sales.

We have also raised capital through debt financing, consisting primarily of convertible notes and government loan programs; and, to a lesser extent, payments received in connection with product sales, research grants and licensing fees.

Through June 30, 2020, we had received net proceeds of $73.2 million from our sales of common stock, preferred stock and warrant exercises and issuance of convertible and other promissory notes, an aggregate of $1.7 million from licensing fees and an aggregate of $0.7 million in net product sales. As of June 30, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $100.0 million and cash and cash equivalents of $4.7 million.

Our ultimate success depends upon the outcome of a combination of factors, including: (i) successful commercialization of ContraPest and maintaining and obtaining regulatory approvals of our products and product candidates; (ii) market acceptance, commercial viability and profitability of ContraPest and other products; (iii) the ability to market our products and establish an effective sales force and marketing infrastructure to generate significant revenue; (iv) the success of our research and development activities; (v) our ability to retain and attract key personnel to develop, operate and grow our business; and (vi) our ability to meet our working capital needs.

We will need additional funding in order to continue to fund our operations, achieve profitability and become cash flow positive, and will continue to seek additional financing. If such equity or debt financing is not available at adequate levels or on acceptable terms, we may need to delay, limit or terminate commercialization and development efforts or discontinue operations.

6

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 1 - Organization and Description of Business – (continued)

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements of the Company have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial reporting. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. In the Company’s opinion, the unaudited condensed financial statements include all material adjustments, all of which are of a normal and recurring nature, necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2020, the Company’s operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and the Company’s cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. The accompanying financial information as of December 31, 2019 is derived from audited financial statements. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended by Form 10-K/A, for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on March 17, 2020 and April 21, 2020, respectively. All amounts shown in these financial statements and accompanying notes are in thousands, except percentages and per share and share amounts.  

Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and classification of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The significant estimates in the Company’s financial statements include the valuation of preferred stock, if issued, common stock and related warrants, and other stock-based awards. Actual results could differ from such estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no material impact on net earnings, financial position or cash flows.

Accounts Receivable-Trade

Accounts receivable-trade consist primarily of receivables from customers. The Company provides an allowance for doubtful trade receivables equal to the estimated uncollectible amounts. That estimate is based on historical collection experience, current economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of each customer’s trade accounts receivable. The allowance for doubtful trade receivables was $123 at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Accounts Receivable-Other

Accounts receivable-other at June 30, 2020 was $0. Accounts receivable-other at December 31, 2019 consisted primarily of receivables related to insurance reimbursements due the Company. 

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value, using the first-in, first-out convention. Inventories consist of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods. Raw materials are stocked to reduce the risk of impact on manufacturing for potential supply interruptions due to COVID-19 or long lead times on certain ingredients.

Components of inventory are:

	June 30,			December 31,
	2020			2019
Raw materials	$	995		$	1,035
Work in progress		16			—
Finished goods		128			149
Total inventory		1,139			1,184
Less:
Reserve for obsolete		(4	)		(4	)
Total net inventory	$	1,135		$	1,180

7

SENESTECH, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued)

Prepaid Expenses

Prepaid expenses consist primarily of payments made for director and officer insurance, director compensation, rent, legal and inventory purchase deposits and seminar fees to be expensed in the current year.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Equipment held under finance leases are stated at the present value of minimum lease payments less accumulated amortization.

Depreciation on property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. The cost of leasehold improvements is amortized over the life of the improvement or the term of the lease, whichever is shorter. Equipment held under finance leases is amortized over the shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life of the asset. The Company incurs repair and maintenance costs on its major equipment, which are expensed as incurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require long-lived assets or asset groups to be tested for possible impairment, the Company compares the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the asset or asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, such as discounted cash flow models and the use of third-party independent appraisals. The Company has not recorded an impairment of long-lived assets since its inception.

Revenue Recognition

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue from the commercial sales of products, licensing agreements and contracts to perform pilot studies by applying the following steps: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company recognizes revenue when product is shipped at a fixed selling price on payment terms of 30 to 120 days from invoicing. The Company recognizes other revenue earned from pilot studies, consulting and implementation services upon the performance of specific services under the respective service contract.

The Company derives revenue primarily from commercial sales of products, net of discounts and promotions, as well as consulting and implementation services provided in conjunction with our product deployments. 

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses primarily consist of salaries and benefits for research and development employees, stock-based compensation, consulting fees, lab supplies, costs incurred related to conducting scientific trials and field studies, regulatory compliance costs, and manufacturing costs associated with process improvement. Also, included in research and development expenses is an allocation of facilities related costs, including depreciation of research and development equipment.

Stock-based Compensation

Stock based awards, consisting of restricted stock units and stock options expected to be settled in shares of the Company’s common stock, are recorded as equity awards. The grant date fair value of these awards is measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model for stock options and grant date market value for restricted stock units. The Company expenses the grant date fair value of its stock options on a straight-line basis over their respective vesting periods. Performance-based awards are expensed over the performance period when the related performance goals are probable of being achieved.

8

SENESTECH, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued)

The stock-based compensation expense recorded for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Research and development	$	2	$	1	$	5	$	10
General and administrative		138		218		286		461
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	140	$	219	$	291	$	471

See Note 11 for additional discussion on stock-based compensation.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities and net operating loss carryforwards using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent it believes these assets will more likely than not be realized. These deferred tax assets are subject to periodic assessments as to recoverability and if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the benefits will not be realized, valuation allowances are recorded which would increase the provision for income taxes. In making such determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations.

The Company applies a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold for all tax uncertainties. Only those benefits that have a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities are recognized. Based on its evaluation, the Company has concluded there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in its financial statements.

The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. There are no uncertain tax positions as of June 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019 and as such, no interest or penalties were recorded in income tax expense.

Comprehensive Loss

Net loss and comprehensive loss were the same for all periods presented; therefore, a separate statement of comprehensive loss is not included in the accompanying financial statements.

Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock and if-converted methods. For purposes of the computation of diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders, common stock purchase warrants, and common stock options are considered to be potentially dilutive securities but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders because their effect would be anti-dilutive given the net loss reported for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. Therefore, basic and diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders are the same for each period presented.

9

SENESTECH, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued)

The following table sets forth the outstanding potentially dilutive securities that have been excluded in the calculation of diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders (in common stock equivalent shares):

	June 30,
	2020		2019
Common stock purchase warrants		2,504,597		481,056
Restricted stock unit		1,334		5,877
Common stock options		155,489		121,759
Total		2,661,420		608,692

Adoption of New Accounting Standards:

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Updated (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU No. 2016-02”).  Under ASU No. 2016-02, an entity is required to recognize right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities on its balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements.  The Company elected the optional transition method provided by the FASB in ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, and as a result, has not restated its condensed consolidated financial statements for prior periods presented. The Company has elected the practical expedients upon transition to retain the lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to adoption. The Company has also not reassessed whether any contracts entered into prior to adoption are leases. The Company applied the new guidance to all operating leases within the scope of the standard that were in effect on January 1, 2019, or entered into after, the adoption date.  Comparative information for prior periods has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.  The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss).  However, the new standard established $87 of liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets of $87 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet for leases, primarily related to operating leases on rented office properties, that existed as of the January 1, 2019, adoption date. 

At June 30, 2020, the balance in Right to Use Asset-Long Term and Lease Liability-Long Term was $573 and ($577) respectively and at December 31, 2019, the balance in Right to Use Asset-Long Term and Lease Liability-Long Term was $699 and ($694) respectively.

The Company’s leases primarily relate to operating leases of rented office properties.  For contracts entered into on or after January 1, 2019, at the inception of a contract the Company assesses whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. The Company’s assessment is based on: (1) whether the contract involves the use of a distinct identified asset, (2) whether the Company obtains the right to substantially all the economic benefit from the use of the asset throughout the period, and (3) whether the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.  At inception of a lease, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component based on its relative stand-alone price to determine the lease payments.

For leases with terms greater than 12 months, the Company records the related asset and obligation at the present value of lease payments over the term.  The right-of-use lease asset represents the right to use the leased asset for the lease term. The lease liability represents the present value of the lease payments under the lease.

10

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – (continued)

The right-of-use lease asset is initially measured at cost, which primarily comprises the initial amount of the lease liability, plus any initial direct costs incurred.  All right-of-use lease assets are reviewed for impairment.  The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company’s secured incremental borrowing rate for the same term as the underlying lease.

The Company identified and assessed the following significant assumptions in recognizing the right-of-use lease assets and corresponding liabilities.

Expected lease term – The expected lease term includes both contractual lease periods and, when applicable, cancelable option periods.  When determining the lease term, the Company includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option.

Incremental borrowing rate – As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company obtained the incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) based on the remaining term of each lease.  The IBR is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.  

The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a term of 12 months or less.

The Company reports right-of-use lease assets within non-current assets in its consolidated balance sheet.  The Company reports the lease liabilities within long-term liabilities in its consolidated balance sheet.

See Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies, for future minimum lease payments and maturities.

In August 2018, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to address a customer’s accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. This guidance aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The guidance also requires presentation of the capitalized implementation costs in the statement of financial position and in the statement of cash flows in the same line item that a prepayment for the fees of the associated hosting arrangement would be presented, and the expense related to the capitalized implementation costs to be presented in the same line item in the statement of operations as the fees associated with the hosting element (service) of the arrangement. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the guidance and determined there was no applicability to the Company at this time and as such, there was no impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Other than the items noted above, there have been no new accounting pronouncements not yet effective or adopted in the current year that we believe have a significant impact, or potential significant impact, to our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

11

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 3 - Fair Value Measurements

The Company issued common stock warrants to purchase shares of common stock in June of 2015 (see Note 11 — Stock-based Compensation for more details) that contain a cash settlement provision resulting in a common stock warrant liability that is revalued at the end of each reporting period.

We value these warrant derivatives at fair value. The accounting guidance for fair value, among other things, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The framework for measuring fair value consists of a three-level valuation hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based upon whether such inputs are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions made by the reporting entity. The three-level hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques is briefly summarized as follows: 

Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date;

Level 2—Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data.

An asset’s or liability’s fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques used need to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on one or more of the following three valuation techniques:

A. Market approach: Prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities.

B. Cost approach: Amount that would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (replacement cost).

C. Income approach: Techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based upon market expectations, including present value techniques, option-pricing and excess earnings models.

The Company’s common stock warrant liabilities are classified as Level 3 because there is limited activity or less transparency around the inputs to valuation.

12

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 3 - Fair Value Measurements – (continued)

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis 

The following table sets forth the Company’s financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Liabilities:
Common stock warrant liability	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

		December 31, 2019
		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Assets:
Money market funds	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Corporate fixed income debt securities		—		—		—		—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Financial Liabilities:
Common stock warrant liability	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, including accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value due to their short maturities. The estimated fair value of the convertible notes and other notes, not recorded at fair value, are recorded at cost or amortized cost which was deemed to estimate fair value.

Note 4 - Credit Risk

The Company is potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk in its accounts receivable. Credit risk with respect to receivables is limited due to the number of companies comprising the Company’s customer base, however the Company did identify a potentially uncollectable account and at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 maintained a reserve for this receivable balance of $123. The Company does not require collateral or other securities to support its accounts receivable.

13

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 5 - Prepaid Expenses

Prepaid expenses consist of the following:

	June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Director compensation	$	-	$	9
Director, officer and other insurance		129		115
NASDAQ fees		28		-
Legal retainer		25		25
Marketing programs and conferences		42		80
Professional services retainer		25		8
Rent		20		11
Equipment service deposits		2		1
Engineering, software licenses and other		13		8
Total prepaid expenses	$	284	$	257

Note 6 - Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, net consist of the following:

			June 30,			December 31,
		Useful Life	2020			2019
Research and development equipment		5 years	$	1,452		$	1,585
Office and computer equipment	(1)	3 years		733			753
Autos		5 years		54			54
Furniture and fixtures		7 years		41			41
Leasehold improvements		*		283			283
				2,563			2,716
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization				(1,999	)		(1,978	)
Total			$	564		$	738

* Shorter of lease term or estimated useful life

(1) In the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company received net proceeds of $4 and $40 in the sale of research and development equipment and office and computer equipment, respectively, resulting in gains on the sale of these assets of $3 and $18 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively. 

Depreciation and amortization expense was approximately $71 and $102 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $148 and $213 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Note 7 - Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following:

	June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Compensation and related benefits	$	382	$	935
Accrued Litigation		-		238
Board Compensation		-		17
Personal property and franchise tax		13		2
Other		4		1
Total accrued expenses	$	399	$	1,193

14

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 8 - Borrowings

A summary of the Company’s borrowings, including finance lease obligations, is as follows:

	June 30,			December 31,
	2020			2019
Short-term debt:
Current portion of long-term debt		114			123
Total short-term debt	$	114		$	123
Long-term debt:
Finance lease obligations	$	106		$	155
Other promissory notes		722			105
Total		828			260
Less: current portion of long-term debt		(114	)		(123	)
Total long-term debt	$	714		$	137

Finance Lease Obligations 

Finance lease obligations at June 30, 2020 are for computer and lab equipment leased through GreatAmerica Financial Services and ENGS Commercial Finance Co. These finance leases expire at various dates through April 2022 and carry interest rates ranging from 11.4% to 18.3%.

Other Promissory Notes

Also included in the table above are notes payable to Direct Capital, M2 Financing and Fidelity Capital, all for the financing of fixed assets. These notes expire at various dates through June 2022 and carry interest rates ranging from 13.1% to 13.3%.

Also included in the table above is a loan agreement payable to BMO Harris Bank National Association as the lender in an aggregate principal amount of $645,700 pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”) under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). The loan is evidenced by a promissory note dated April 15, 2020 and matures April 15, 2022. The loan bears interest at a rate of 1.00% per annum and contains customary events of default including, among other things, payment defaults. The loan closed and was funded April 20, 2020. Under the terms of the CARES Act, PPP loan recipients can apply for and be granted forgiveness for all or a portion of loans granted under the PPP. The loan is subject to forgiveness to the extent proceeds are used for qualifying expenses, including certain payroll, utility, rent and mortgage interest expenses. No assurance is provided that the Company will obtain forgiveness of the loan in whole or in part.

In the event the PPP loan is not forgiven in whole or in part, repayments begin six months from the date of funding.

15

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 9 - Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability

The table summarizes the common stock warrant activity as of June 30, 2020 as follows:

						Balance									Balance										Balance
Issue Date	Warrant Type	Term Date	Exercise Price			December 31, 2018		Issued		Exercised			Expired		December 31, 2019		Issued		Exercised			Expired			June 30, 2020
2016 and prior	Various	Various-2020/2021		Various			17,059		-		-			-		17,059		-		(9,375	)		(750	)		6,934
November 21, 2017	Common Stock Offering Warrants	November 21, 2022	$	2.1122	(1)		159,092		-		(15,591	)		-		143,501		-					-			143,501
November 21, 2017	Dealer Manager Warrants	November 21, 2022	$	30.00			47,250		-		-			-		47,250		-		(47,250	)		-			-
June 20, 2018	Warrant Reissue	December 20, 2023	$	36.40			56,696		-		-			-		56,696		-		-			-			56,696
August 13, 2018	Rights Offering Warrants	July 25, 2023	$	23.00			267,853		-		(64,910	)		-		202,943		-		-			-			202,943
August 13, 2018	Dealer Manager Warrants	August 13, 2023	$	34.50			13,393		-		-			-		13,393		-		-			-			13,393
July 16, 2019	Dealer Manager Warrants	July 11, 2024	$	33.75			-		8,334		-			-		8,334		-		-			-			8,334
January 28, 2020	Registered Direct Offering	July 28, 2025	$	9.00			-		-		-			-		-		177,500		-			-			177,500
January 28, 2020	Dealer Manager Warrants	July 28, 2025	$	10.00			-		-		-			-		-		13,315		-			-			13,315
March 6, 2020	Registered Direct Offering	September 8, 2025	$	2.88			-		-		-			-		-		176,372		-			-			176,372
March 6, 2020	Dealer Manager Warrants	March 4, 2025	$	3.76			-		-		-			-		-		13,228		-			-			13,228
April 21, 2020	Dealer Manager Warrants	April 21, 2025	$	3.97			-		-		-			-		-		118,073		-			-			118,073
April 24, 2020	Registered Direct Offering	April 24, 2025	$	3.05			-		-		-			-		-		1,574,308		-			-			1,574,308
							561,343									489,176										2,504,597

(1) Pursuant to antidilution price adjustment protection contained within these warrants, the initial exercise price of these warrants was $30.00 per share, which adjusted downward to $29.40 on July 24, 2018, the record date of the Right’s Offering, downward to $19.00 per share on August 13, 2018, the date of the Rights Offering, downward to $7.13 per share on January 28, 2020, the date of a Registered Direct Offering and downward to $2.1122 per share on March 6, 2020, the date of a Registered Direct Offering.

16

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 9 - Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability – (continued)

Outstanding Warrants

As of June 30, 2020, we had 2,504,597 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding common stock warrants, at a weighted-average exercise price of $6.18 per share.

On November 21, 2017, the Company issued a total of 232,875 detachable common stock warrants issued with the second public offering of 293,000 shares of its common stock at $20.00 per share. The common stock warrant is exercisable until five years from the date of grant. The common shares of the Company’s stock and detachable warrants exist independently as separate securities. As such, the Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $30.00 per share, to be $661 using a lattice model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $20.00; comparable company volatility of 73.8%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.87. The initial exercise price of these warrants was $30.00 per share, which adjusted downward to $29.40 on July 24, 2018, the record date of the Right’s Offering and downward to $19.00 per share on August 13, 2018, the date of the Rights Offering, pursuant to antidilution price adjustment protection contained within these warrants. The exercise price of the warrants was adjusted downward to $7.13 on January 28, 2020 in connection with a private placement of common stock. Per guidance of ASC 260, the Company recorded a deemed dividend of $285 on the 143,501 unexercised warrants that contained this antidilution price adjustment protection provision and was calculated as the difference between the fair value of the warrants immediately prior to downward exercise price adjustment and immediately after the adjustment using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: On January 28, 2020, common stock price of $7.90; comparable company volatility of 73.8%; remaining term 2.82 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.45%.

The exercise price of the warrants was adjusted downward to $2.1122 on March 4, 2020 in connection with a private placement of common stock. Per guidance of ASC 260, the Company recorded a deemed dividend of $129 on the 143,501 unexercised warrants that contained this antidilution price adjustment protection provision and was calculated as the difference between the fair value of the warrants immediately prior to downward exercise price adjustment and immediately after the adjustment using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: On March 4, 2020, common stock price of $2.88; comparable company volatility of 74.5%; remaining term 2.71 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 0.68%.

17

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 9 - Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability – (continued)

On June 20, 2018, the Company entered into an agreement with a holder of 56,696 of the November 2017 warrants to exercise its original warrant representing 56,696 shares of common stock for cash at the $30.00 exercise price for gross proceeds of $1.7 million and the Company issued to holder a new warrant to purchase 56,696 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $36.40 per share. The new warrant did not contain the antidilution price adjustment protection that was contained within the exercised warrants. In June 2018, the Company recorded stock compensation expense of $1,700 representing the fair value of the of 56,696 inducement warrants issued. The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $36.40 per share, to be $1,700 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $42.20; comparable company volatility of 72.6%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.8%. Also, in June 2018, an additional 17,088 of the November 8, 2017 warrants that were in the money at the time of exercise, were exercised for gross proceeds of $513.

On August 13, 2018, in connection with a Rights Offering of 267,853 shares of its common stock, the Company issued 267,853 warrants to purchase shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $23.00 per share. The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $23.00 per share, to be $3,600 using a Monte Carlo model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $18.80; comparable company volatility of 159.0%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.77%.

In connection with the closing of the Rights Offering, the Company issued a warrant to purchase 13,393 shares of common stock to Maxim Partners LLC, an affiliate of the dealer-manager of the Rights Offering. The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $34.50 per share, to be $169 using a using a Monte Carlo model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $18.80; comparable company volatility of 159.0%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.77%.

Common Stock Warrant Issued to Underwriter of Common Stock Offering

In July 2019, the Company issued to H.C. Wainwright & Co., as placement agent, a warrant to purchase 8,334 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $33.75 per share as consideration for providing services in connection with a common stock offering in July 2019. The warrant was fully vested and exercisable on the date of issuance. The common stock warrant is exercisable until five years from the date of grant. The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $33.75 per share, to be $127 using a lattice model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $26.80; comparable company volatility of 133.3%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.07%.

University of Arizona Common Stock Warrant

In connection with the June 2015 amended and restated exclusive license agreement with the University of Arizona (“University”), the Company issued to the University a common stock warrant to purchase 750 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $150.00 per share. The warrant was fully vested and exercisable on the date of grant, and expires, if not exercised, five years from the date of grant. In the event of a “terminating change” of the Company, as defined in the warrant agreement, the warrant holder would be paid in cash the aggregate fair market value of the underlying shares immediately prior to the consummation of the terminating change event. Due to the cash settlement provision, the derivative warrant liability was recorded at fair value and is revalued at the end of each reporting period. The changes in fair value are reported in other income (expense) in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The estimated fair value of the derivative warrant liability was $53 at the date of grant. These warrants expired, unexercised, on June 26, 2020.

Common Stock Warrants Issued in January and March 2020 Private Placements

In January and March 2020, in separate private placements concurrent with registered direct offerings (collectively, the “2020 Registered Direct Offerings”) of shares of the Company’s common stock, the Company also issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of up to 353,872 shares of common stock to certain institutional and accredited investors that participated in the 2020 Registered Direct Offerings (the “2020 Warrants”). The warrants were issued in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. Terms used but not otherwise defined herein will have the meanings given them in the warrants, attached as Exhibit 4.1 to our Form 8-K filed on January 28, 2020, and our Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2020.

18

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 9 - Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability – (continued)

The warrants issued in January 2020 to purchase 177,500 shares of common stock have an exercise price of $9.00 per share, are exercisable after July 28, 2020 and will expire July 28, 2025. The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $9.00 per share, to be $813 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $7.90; comparable company volatility of 73.8%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.53%.

The warrants issued in March 2020 to purchase 176,372 shares of common stock have an exercise price of $2.88 per share, are immediately exercisable and will expire September 8, 2025. The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $2.88 per share, to be $242 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $2.35; comparable company volatility of 74.8%; remaining term 5.5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 0.39%.

For so long as the 2020 Warrants remain outstanding, the exercise price and number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants are subject to adjustment as follows: (a) upon payment of a stock dividend or other distribution on a class or series of shares common stock, not including shares issued under this warrant; (b) upon subdivision (by stock spilt, stock dividend, recapitalization, or otherwise) or combination (by reverse stock split or otherwise) of shares of common stock; or (c) upon the issuance of any shares of capital stock by reclassification of shares of the common stock.

In the event that the Company declares or makes any dividend or other distribution of its assets to holders of its common stock, each 2020 Warrant holder will be entitled to participate in such distribution to the same extent that such holder would have participated therein if the holder had held the number of shares of common stock acquirable upon exercise of the 2020 Warrant.

In the event of a Fundamental Transaction, as described in the 2020 Warrants and generally including the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets; our consolidation or merger with or into another person or reorganization; a recapitalization, reorganization or reclassification in which our common stock is converted into other securities, cash or property; or any acquisition of our outstanding common stock that results in any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding common stock, then the holders of the 2020 Warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of such warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash, assets or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the 2020 Warrants immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction. Subject to certain limitations, in the event of a Fundamental Transaction the 2020 Warrant holder may at its option require the Company or any Successor Entity to purchase such warrant from the holder by paying to the holder an amount of cash equal to the Black Scholes Value of the remaining unexercised portion of the 2020 Warrant on the date of the consummation of the Fundamental Transaction.

Any time that the Company grants, issues, or sells any securities pro rata to all of the record holders of the common stock (the “2020 Purchase Right”), each holder of 2020 Warrants will be entitled to acquire the aggregate amount of securities that the holder could have acquired if the holder had held the number of shares of common stock acquirable upon exercise of the applicable 2020 Warrant. However, to the extent that an exercise of a 2020 Purchase Right would exceed the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (defined below), then to such extent the 2020 Purchase Right will be held in abeyance until such time, if ever, that complete exercise of the 2020 Purchase Right would not exceed the Beneficial Ownership Limitation.

After the Initial Exercisability Date, the 2020 Warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of our common stock purchased upon such exercise. If, at the time a holder exercises the 2020 Warrant (but not sooner than six months following the date of such warrant), a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of common stock underlying the 2020 Warrants under the Securities Act is not then effective or available, nor is any current prospectus thereto available, and an exemption from registration under the Securities Act is not available for the issuance of such shares, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the number of shares of common stock determined according to a formula set forth in the 2020 Warrant.

Limitations on Exercise. A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the 2020 Warrants to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% of the outstanding common stock after exercise (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”), except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the Beneficial Ownership Limitation up to 9.99% of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the 2020 Warrants. No fractional shares of common stock will be issued in connection with the exercise of a 2020 Warrant. In lieu of fractional shares, we will either pay the holder an amount in cash equal to the fractional amount multiplied by the exercise price or round up to the next whole share.

19

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 9 - Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability – (continued)

Except as otherwise provided in the 2020 Warrants or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of shares of our common stock, the holders of the 2020 Warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our common stock, including any voting rights, unless and until they exercise such warrants.

Common Stock Warrants Issued in April 2020 Public Offering

On April 24, 2020, in connection with a previously announced public offering of 145,586 Class A Units and 1,428,722 Class B Units, the Company issued warrants to purchase 1,574,308 shares of common stock to the participants in the public offering and have an exercise price of $3.05 per share (the “April 2020 Warrants”). These warrants are immediately exercisable and will expire April 24, 2025.

The Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants sold in this Public Offering were offered and sold pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-236302) initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 7, 2020, as amended (“Registration Statement”), which was declared effective by the SEC on February 14, 2020. The Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC on April 21, 2020.

The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $3.05 per share, to be $2,402 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $2.40; comparable company volatility of 87.9%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 0.18%.

Common Stock Warrants Issued to Placement Agent in 2020 Registered Direct Offerings and Private Placement

In connection with the separate private placements concurrent with registered direct offerings of shares of the Company’s common stock in January and March 2020, the Company issued to H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, as placement agent, a warrant to purchase 13,228 shares of common stock and a warrant to purchase 13,313 shares of common stock. The warrants were issued in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. These warrants have substantially similar terms as the 2020 Warrants described above, except that the placement agent warrant issued in January 2020 has an exercise price of $10.00 per share, and the placement agent warrant issued in March 2020 has an exercise price of $3.7563 per share.

The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants issued in January, with an exercise price of $10.00 per share, to be $58 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $7.90; comparable company volatility of 73.8%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.53%.

The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants issued in March, with an exercise price of $3.7563 per share, to be $17 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $2.35; comparable company volatility of 74.8%; remaining term 5.5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 0.39%.

In connection with the public offering of 145,586 Class A Units and 1,428,722 Class B Units on April 24, 2020, the Company issued to H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, as placement agent, warrants to purchase 118,073 shares of common stock. The warrants were issued in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. These warrants have substantially similar terms as the April 2020 Warrants described above, except that the placement agent warrant issued has an exercise price of $3.97 per share.

The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants issued in April, with an exercise price of $3.97 per share, to be $167 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $2.40; comparable company volatility of 87.9%; remaining term 5.5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 0.18%.

Deemed Dividend Adjustment-Warrant Modified Terms Revaluation

On December 2, 2019, in connection with the settlement of a filed lawsuit against the Company on February 20, 2018 by New Enterprises, Ltd. (“New Enterprises”), the Company agreed to modify the terms of 6,934 common stock warrants that were originally issued to New Enterprises between September 2015 and February 2016. Specifically, the original strike price was reduced to $20.00 per warrant from $150.00 per warrant and the expiration date of these warrants was extended one year to December 13, 2020.

Per guidance of ASC 260, the Company recorded a deemed dividend of $11 on the 6,934 unexercised warrants that were affected by the modification of terms. The dividend was calculated as the difference between the fair value of the warrants immediately prior to modification of terms and immediately after the adjustment using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: On December 2, 2019: common stock price of $12.00; comparable company volatility of 73.2%; remaining term 0.01 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.63. As adjusted, common stock price of $12.00; comparable company volatility of 73.2%; remaining term 1.01 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.63. 

On March 3, 2020, the Company issued an aggregate of 51,414 common shares in a cashless exercise of 56,625 warrants issued in December 2016 and November 2017. Consideration for the exercise of these warrants was the full settlement of an outstanding litigation reserve of $238.

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SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 10 - Stockholders’ Deficit

Capital Stock

The Company was organized under the laws of the state of Nevada on July 27, 2004 and was subsequently reincorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware on November 10, 2015. In connection with the reincorporation, as approved by the stockholders, the Company changed its authorized capital stock to consist of (i) 100 million shares of common stock, $.001 par value, and (ii) 2 million shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value, designated as Series A convertible preferred stock. In December 2015, the Company amended its Certificate of Incorporation to change its authorized capital stock to provide for 15 million authorized shares of preferred stock of which 7,515,000 was designated as Series B convertible preferred stock, par value $.001 per share.

Prior to November 10, 2015, the Company’s authorized capital stock consisted of 100 million shares of common stock, $.001 par value, and 10 million shares of preferred stock, $.001 par value.

Common Stock

The Company had 3,398,832 and 1,414,671 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company issued 1,984,161 shares of common stock as follows:

● an aggregate of 177,500 shares in connection with a registered direct offering generating net proceeds to the Company in January 2020 of approximately $1,200, as further described below; 

● an aggregate of 176,372 shares in connection with a registered direct offering generating net proceeds to the Company in March 2020 of approximately $500, as further described below; 

● an aggregate of 1,574,308 shares in connection with a public offering and exercise of pre-funded warrants issued in connection with said public offering, generating net proceeds to the Company in April 2020 of approximately $4,334, as further described below;

● an aggregate of 51,414 shares for the exercise of outstanding warrants in settlement of an outstanding litigation reserve of $238 (see Note 9 — Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability for further details); 

● an aggregate of 4,543 shares for service as a result of the vesting of restricted stock units; and 

● an aggregate of 24 shares for true up of shares as a result of the 1-for-20 reverse stock split effected in February 2020. 

Public Offerings and Registered Direct Offerings

On April 24, 2020, the Company closed a public offering of 145,586 Class A Units and 1,428,722 Class B Units. Each unit is comprised of one share of common stock, par value $0.001 per share or common stock equivalent in the form of a pre-funded warrant and one warrant to purchase one share of common stock. The Class A Units were offered at a public offering price of $3.176 per unit, and the Class B Units were offered at a public offering price of $3.175 per unit priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules, generating net proceeds of approximately $4,300, including the full exercise of the pre-funded warrants sold in this offering and after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and other estimated transaction expenses.

Also, in connection with the public offering noted above, the Company issued warrants to purchase 1,574,308 shares of common stock to the participants in the public offering, with an exercise price of $3.05 per share. These warrants are immediately exercisable and will expire April 24, 2025.

On March 6, 2020, the Company closed a registered direct offering of an aggregate of 176,372 shares of our common Stock at a purchase price of $3.005 per share for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $500, before deducting fees payable to the placement agent and other estimated offering expenses payable by us. In addition, we also issued warrants exercisable for an aggregate of up to 176,372 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $2.88 per share. In addition, in connection with the offering, we issued the placement agent five-year warrants to purchase up to 13,228 shares of our common Stock at an exercise price of $3.7563 per share.

On January 28, 2020, the Company closed a registered direct offering of an aggregate of 177,500 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $8.00 per share for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $1,200, before deducting fees payable to the placement agent and other estimated offering expenses payable by us. In addition, in a concurrent private placement, we also issued and sold warrants exercisable for an aggregate of up to 177,500 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $9.00 per share. In connection with the offering, we issued the placement agent five-year warrants to purchase up to 13,312 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $10.00 per share.

21

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 11 - Stock-based Compensation

On June 12, 2018, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) to replace the Company’s 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”). As of June 30, 2020, the 2018 Plan authorizes the issuance of 50,000 shares of our common stock. In addition, up to 122,279 shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under the 2015 Plan became available for issuance under the 2018 Plan to the extent such shares were available for issuance under the 2015 Plan as of June 12, 2018 or cease to be subject to awards outstanding under the 2015 Plan, such as by expiration, cancellation, or forfeiture of such awards.

Stock options are generally issued with a per share exercise price equal to no less than fair market value of our common stock at the date of grant. Options granted under the 2018 Plan generally vest immediately, or ratably over a two- to 36-month period coinciding with their respective service periods. Options under the 2018 Plan generally have a term of five years. Certain stock option awards provide for accelerated vesting upon a change in control.

As of June 30, 2020, the Company had 6,757 shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2018 Plan. Subsequently, on July 8, 2020, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the 2018 Plan to increase the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2018 Plan by 800,000 shares.

The Company measures the fair value of stock options with service-based and performance-based vesting criteria to employees, directors and consultants on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes valuation model requires the Company to make certain estimates and assumptions, including assumptions related to the expected price volatility of the Company’s stock, the period under which the options will be outstanding, the rate of return on risk-free investments, and the expected dividend yield for the Company’s stock.

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SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 11 - Stock-based Compensation – (continued)

The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model used to calculate the fair value of options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2020 were as follows:

	Employee			Non-Employee
Expected volatility		88.1	%		N/A
Expected dividend yield		—			N/A
Expected term (in years)		5			N/A
Risk-free interest rate		0.26	%		N/A

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $1.65 per share, as per the table below.

Due to the Company’s limited operating history and lack of company-specific historical or implied volatility, the expected volatility assumption was determined based on historical volatilities from traded options of biotech companies of comparable size and stability, whose share prices are publicly available. The expected term of options granted to employees is calculated based on the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term according to the simplified method as described in SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 110 because the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term due to the limited period of time its awards have been outstanding. For non-employee options, the expected term of options granted is the contractual term of the options. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the implied yields of U.S. Treasury securities with a remaining term equal to the expected term assumed at the time of grant. The expected dividend assumption is based on the Company’s history and expectation of dividend payouts. The Company has not paid and does not intend to pay dividends.

The following table summarizes the stock option activity, for both equity plans, for the periods indicated as follows: 

	Number of Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019		136,489		$	28.00		3.9	$	—
Granted		25,000		$	2.44		4.8	$	—
Exercised		—		$	—		—	$	—
Forfeited		(6,000	)	$	—		—	$	—
Expired		—		$	—		—	$	—
Outstanding at June 30, 2020		155,489		$	24.83		3.9	$	—
Exercisable at June 30, 2020		99,573		$	28.22		2.5	$	—

(1) The aggregate intrinsic value in the table was calculated based on the difference between the estimated fair market value of the Company’s stock and the exercise price of the underlying options. The estimated stock values used in the calculation were $2.00 and $11.00 per share for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity for the six months ended June 30, 2020:

	Number of Units			Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Unit
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019		5,877		$	30.28
Granted		—		$	—
Vested		(4,543	)	$	1.42
Forfeited		—		$	—
Outstanding as of June 30, 2020		1,334		$	1.80

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SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 11 - Stock-based Compensation – (continued)

The stock-based compensation expense was recorded as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Research and development	$	2	$	1	$	5	$	10
General and administrative		138		218		286		461
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	140	$	219	$	291	$	471

The allocation between research and development and selling, general and administrative expense was based on the department and services performed by the employee or non-employee.

At June 30, 2020, the total compensation cost related to restricted stock units and unvested options not yet recognized was $719, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 33 months, assuming the employees and non-employees complete their service period required for vesting.

Note 12 - Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings 

The Company may be subject to legal proceedings and claims arising from contracts or other matters from time to time in the ordinary course of business. Management is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation where the ultimate disposition or resolution could have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Lease Commitments

The Company is obligated under finance leases for certain research and computer equipment that expire on various dates through April 2022. At June 30, 2020, the gross amount of office and computer equipment, and research equipment and the related accumulated amortization recorded under the finance leases was $478 and $313, respectively.

In February 2012, the Company entered into an operating lease for its then corporate headquarters in Flagstaff, Arizona. The lease was originally due to expire in January 2015. In December 2013, the Company amended its lease to expand into the remaining area in the building and extended the term to December 31, 2019. In February 2014, the Company further amended the lease to expand into an adjacent building. The lease requires escalating rental payments over the lease term. Minimum rental payments under the operating lease are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and accordingly, the Company records the difference between the cash rent payments and the recognition of rent expense as a deferred rent liability. The lease is guaranteed by the former President of the Company. In December 2019, we extended the current lease for only our manufacturing facilities located in Flagstaff, Arizona, occupying a total of 7,632 square feet of space. The lease for our manufacturing facilities expires in December 2020.

The Company has been seeking alternate manufacturing and warehousing space in anticipation of the December 2020 Flagstaff, Arizona lease expiration and, on June 22, 2020, the Company entered into a lease in Phoenix, Arizona for approximately 5,103 square feet of office/warehouse space. The lease will commence on August 1, 2020 and expires on November 30, 2024.

24

SENESTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 12 - Commitments and Contingencies – (continued)

On December 1, 2019, we entered into a lease for our corporate headquarters in Phoenix, Arizona where we lease and occupy approximately 5,529 square feet of office space. This lease expires in November 2024.

We believe that our existing facilities are adequate and meet our current needs for business, manufacturing and research.

Rent expense was $132 and $127 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating lease and future minimum finance lease payments as of June 30, 2020 are follows:

	Finance Leases		Operating Lease
Years Ending December 31,
2020		32		116
2021		58		136
2022		28		138
2023		-		141
2024		-		132
Total minimum lease payments	$	118	$	663

	Finance Leases
Less: amounts representing interest (ranging from 11.43% to 18.32%)	$	12
Present value of minimum lease payments		106
Less: current installments under finance lease obligations		53
Total long-term portion	$	53

Note 13 - Subsequent Events

The travel and other restrictions that began in March 2020 in response to the COVID-19 global pandemic have resulted in a significant slowdown in our field studies and sales efforts.  We were able to resume some projects by late-April 2020, however, we still have delays on certain projects that might remain on hold until certain government restrictions are lifted.  These delays have impacted our results of operations and could impact our results in future quarters. In addition, stay at home orders and other social distancing initiatives continue to severely limit our ability to communicate with current and potential commercial customers. COVID-19 is also placing a significant burden on federal, state and local governments, which may impede or delay our ability to sell our products to them.

To facilitate the relocation of manufacturing and warehousing operations from Flagstaff, Arizona to Phoenix, Arizona, on June 22, 2020, the Company entered into a lease in Phoenix, Arizona for approximately 5,103 square feet of office/warehouse space. The lease will commence on August 1, 2020 and expires on November 30, 2024 with an initial base rent of $4 per month and operating expenses of $1 per month.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, “SenesTech,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refer to SenesTech, Inc., a Delaware corporation.  

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes.

Forward-Looking Statements

Some statements and information contained in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements and elsewhere in this report are not historical facts but are forward- looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In some cases, readers can   identify forward- looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “forecast,” “anticipate,” “believe,”   “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, which when used are meant to signify the statement as forward-looking. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

● The impacts and implications of the COVID-19 pandemic;

● Our commercialization and promotion strategy and plans, including key elements to our business strategy, how we commercialize, our sales approach, our hiring and retention strategy; our areas and markets of focus, our pricing strategy, our strategic relationships and which geographic markets we target;

● Our seeking, obtaining or maintaining regulatory approvals for our product candidates;

● Our expectations regarding the potential market size for our products and how the market may develop;

● Our estimates or expectations related to our revenue, cash flow, expenses, capital requirements and need for additional financing;

● Our ability, and the time require, to improve our cost structure and gross margins, and limit our cash burn;

● Our plans for our business, including for research and development;

● Our ability to enter into strategic arrangements and to achieve the expected results from such arrangements;

● The initiation, timing, progress and results of field studies and other studies and trials and our research and development programs;

● Our financial performance, including our ability to fund operations;

● Developments and projections relating to our projects, competitors and our industry;

● Other risks and uncertainties, including those described or incorporated by reference under the caption “Risk Factors” in our 2019 Annual Report.

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These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and situations that are difficult to predict and that may cause our own, or   our industry’s actual results, to be materially different from the future results that are expressed or implied by these statements. Accordingly, actual results may differ materially from those anticipated or expressed in such statements as a result of a variety of factors, including those discussed in Item 1A of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended by Form 10-K/A, for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on March 17, 2020 and April 21, 2020, respectively, (collectively, the “2019 Annual Report”), and Item 1A of Part II of this Form 10-Q, in each case entitled “Risk Factors,” and those contained from time to time in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Overview

Since our inception, we have sustained significant operating losses in the course of our research and development activities and expect such losses to continue for the near future. We have generated limited revenue to date from product sales, research grants and licensing fees received under our former license agreement with Neogen. In 2017, we began to prepare and launch commercialization of our first product, ContraPest. We have primarily funded our operations to date through the sale of equity securities, including convertible preferred stock, common stock and warrants to purchase common stock.

We have also raised capital through debt financing, consisting primarily of convertible notes; and, to a lesser extent, payments received in connection with product sales, research grants and licensing fees.

Through June 30, 2020, we had received net proceeds of $73.2 million from our sales of common stock, preferred stock and warrant exercises and issuance of convertible and other promissory notes, an aggregate of $1.7 million from licensing fees and an aggregate of $0.7 million in net product sales. At June 30, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $100.0 million and cash and cash equivalents of $4.7 million.

We have incurred significant operating losses every year since our inception. Our net losses were $1.6 million and $4.4 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, and $2.3 million and $4.7 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and generate operating losses for at least the next 12 months.

We have historically utilized, and intend to continue to utilize, various forms of stock-based awards in order to hire, retain and motivate talented employees, consultants and directors and encourage them to devote their best efforts to our business and financial success. In addition, we believe that our ability to grant stock-based awards is a valuable and necessary compensation tool that aligns the long-term financial interests of our employees, consultants and directors with the financial interests of our stockholders.

As a result, a significant portion of our operating expenses includes stock-based compensation expense. Stock-based compensation expense has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a significant recurring expense in our business and an important part of our compensation strategy. Specifically, our stock-based compensation expense was $140,000 and $291,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, which represented 8.5% and 7.3%, respectively, of our total operating expenses for those periods and $219,000 and $471,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, which represented 9.5% and 10.1%, respectively, of our total operating expenses for those periods.

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We will need additional funding in order to continue to fund our operations and achieve profitability and become cash flow positive and will continue to seek additional financing. If such equity or debt financing is not available at adequate levels or on acceptable terms, we may need to delay, limit or terminate commercialization and development efforts or discontinue operations.

While the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant impact on revenue during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the travel and other restrictions that started in March resulted in a significant slowdown in our proof of concept field studies and sales efforts. We were able to resume field studies in some important projects by late-April and initially believed that we would re-start all our most significant field studies as we obtained limited waivers of certain travel bans; however, we still have delays on certain projects that might remain on hold until the lifting of government restrictions. These delays could impact our results in future quarters. Initially, we believed that pest control would continue through the pandemic as a necessity and we were and have been able to maintain our manufacturing with cautionary, best practices put in place. However, we have concerns over distributor, pest control operator and individual consumer spending as restrictive measures related to the pandemic continue. Stay at home orders across the world have impeded our ability to communicate with current and prospective customers, potentially reducing sales until the orders are lifted. In addition, federal, state and municipal budgets are under severe strain as a result of the pandemic. This may delay or impede their ability to make near term purchases of our products. While we have stocked certain long lead time inventory raw material ingredients, any prolonged impact on the suppliers we rely on for the purchase of these items by the COVID-19 pandemic could impact future manufacturing operations.

Components of our Results of Operations

Net Sales

Net sales are comprised primarily of sales, net of discounts and promotions, of ContraPest and related components, to our distributors and customers, as well as consulting and implementation services provided in conjunction with ContraPest deployments. 

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in connection with the research and development of ContraPest and our other product candidates, which costs include:

● Employee related expenses, including salaries, related benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense for employees engaged in research and development functions;

● Expenses incurred in connection with the development of our product candidates; and

● Facilities, depreciation and other expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, insurance and supplies.

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We expense research and development costs as incurred.

We continue to investigate other applications of our core technology to other product candidates, which includes laboratory tests and academic collaborations. We also continue to develop our supply chain, particularly identifying and improving our sourcing of triptolide, a key active ingredient for our product candidates. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate the costs for further development of ContraPest or the cost associated with the development of any of our other product candidates.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in executive, finance, sales, marketing and administrative functions. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include direct and allocated facility-related costs as well as professional fees for legal, consulting, accounting and audit services.

We continue to focus on improving our cost structure, with the goals of shifting resources to commercialization, significantly reducing our year-over-year burn rate and achieving a 50% or greater gross margin. Steps have included relocating to more cost-efficient space, organizational restructuring, and improving our manufacturing and supply processes and reducing staffing. We expect to realize the benefits from these steps in the coming quarters.

We plan to continue to utilize various forms of stock-based compensation awards in order to attract and retain qualified employees. As a result, we anticipate that stock-based compensation expense will continue to represent a significant portion of our selling, general and administrative expenses for the foreseeable future.

Interest Income

Interest income consists primarily of interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of interest accrued on our finance lease and note commitments.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net, consists primarily of recognized change in value of short-term investments, income (expense) related to the year-over-year fair market value adjustment of our derivative warrant and any recognized gains or losses related to the sale of fixed assets.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities, as well as a consideration of net operating loss and credit carry forwards, using enacted tax rates in effect for the period in which the differences are expected to impact taxable income. A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The Company’s effective tax rate has been affected by the full valuation allowance recorded since inception on the Company’s deferred tax assets.

Since our inception, we have not recorded any U.S. federal or state income tax benefits for the net operating losses we have incurred in each year in our history or for our generated research and development tax credits, due to the uncertainty regarding our ability to realize a benefit from these tax attributes. At June 30, 2020, the Company has federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $61.3 million and $47.8 million, respectively, not considering any potential IRC Section 382 annual limitation discussed below. The federal loss carryforwards begin to expire in 2023, unless previously utilized. Included in the $61.3 million of federal loss carryforwards are approximately $16.8 million of net operating losses that do not expire due to the tax law changes promulgated in conjunction with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.

Additionally, the utilization of the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards could be subject to annual limitations under sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and similar state tax provisions, due to ownership change limitations that may have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes limit the amount of net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets that can be utilized to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. In general, an ownership change, as defined by section 382, results from transactions increasing ownership of certain stockholders or public groups in the stock of the corporation by more than 50 percentage points over a three-year period. The Company has not conducted an analysis of an ownership change under section 382. To the extent that a study is completed and an ownership change is deemed to have occurred, the Company’s net operating losses could be limited.

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Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019:

	For the Three Months						For the Six Months
	Ended June 30,						Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
Revenue:
Sales	$	71		$	24		$	108		$	43
Cost of sales		43			21			65			33
Gross profit		28			3			43			10
Operating expenses:
Research and development		226			463			522			927
Selling, general and administrative		1,427			1,831			3,472			3,735
Total operating expenses		1,653			2,294			3,994			4,662
Net operating loss		(1,625	)		(2,291	)		(3,951	)		(4,652	)
Other income (expense):
Interest income		-			11			2			26
Interest expense		(7	)		(11	)		(15	)		(24	)
Other income (expense)		3			2			18			(3	)
Total other income (expense)		(4	)		2			5			(1	)
Net loss and comprehensive loss		(1,629	)		(2,289	)	$	(3,946	)	$	(4,653	)
Deemed dividend-warrant price protection-revaluation adjustment		-			-			414			-
Net loss attributable to common shareholders	$	(1,629	)	$	(2,289	)	$	(4,360	)	$	(4,653	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and fully diluted		2,760,875			1,227,628			2,186,089			1,201,917
Net loss per common share - basic and fully diluted	$	(0.59	)	$	(1.86	)	$	(1.99	)	$	(3.87	)

Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2019:

Net Sales

Net sales were $71,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and $24,000 for the same period in 2019. Sales increased $47,000 due, in part, to our implementation of an internet sales capability, augmenting our existing pull through sales strategy, where demand from the consumer market encourages, or pulls, resellers and pest management professionals to offer our products, as well as billings of $17,700 for customer product implementation services. These initiatives have shown initial promise. However, we believe the benefit has been offset by reduced sales, reflecting reduced spending by customers due to COVID-19.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales was $43,000 or 60.6% of net sales for the three months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $21,000 or 87.5% of net sales for the three months ended June 30, 2019. The increase in cost of goods sold of $22,000 in 2020 is primarily due to higher sales volume. The decrease in cost of sales as a percentage of net sales was due to reduced scrap expense and continued process improvement and efficiencies. We anticipate cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales will improve in the future due to manufacturing efficiencies as a result of scale-up activities.

Gross Profit

Gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2020 was $28,000 or 39.4% of net sales, compared to a gross profit of $3,000 or 12.5% of net sales, for the same period in 2019. The increase in gross profit was a direct result of decreased scrap related to scale-up activities as well as continued process improvement and efficiencies.

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Research and Development Expenses

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Increase
	2020		2019		(Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Direct research and development expenses:
Personnel related (including stock-based compensation)	$	82	$	245	$	(163	)
Facility-related		55		61		(6	)
Other		89		157		(68	)
Total research and development expenses	$	226	$	463	$	(237	)

Research and development expenses were $226,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $463,000 for the same period in 2019. The $237,000 decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to a decrease of $163,000 in personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, due to the classification of certain field support employees to sales and marketing and option grants fully vesting resulting in lower expense. With more focus on the commercialization of ContraPest, it was determined that these certain field support employees previously classified as research and development are now refocused on sales and marketing efforts.

Facility-related expense decreased $6,000 due primarily to the cancellation of a facility lease of 1,954 square feet of research and development space in Flagstaff, Arizona at December 31, 2019.

The decrease in other research and development expenses of $68,000 was primarily due to a reclass of other expenses related to certain field support employees to sales and marketing as described above.

We also continue to develop our supply chain, particularly identifying and improving our sourcing of key ingredients for our product candidates.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses were approximately $1.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020, as compared to approximately $1.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019. The decrease of $400,000 in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to a decrease of $275,000 in net salary costs, a decrease of $91,000 in travel expenses, a $53,000 decrease in professional service fees and $17,000 in office supplies and dues and subscription expenses, offset by an increase in expenses related to restricted use field projects. The decrease in net salary costs of $275,000 was due primarily to a decrease in stock compensation expenses as well as the impact of temporary salary reductions by management to control expenses during the COVID-19 pandemic. The decrease in professional services expenses was primarily due to reduced legal expenses and reduced Board of Director compensation expense as a result of voluntary reductions in compensation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Legal expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2019 included expenses related to a litigation settlement that were not incurred in 2020. The decrease in travel expenses was a direct result of COVID-19 travel restrictions put in place in March 2020. Likewise, the pandemic restricted access to facilities resulting in reduced office supplies and subscriptions.

Interest Income/Expense, Net

We recorded interest expense, net of $7,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020, as compared to interest expense, net of $0 for the same period in 2019. The $7,000 increase in interest expense, net for the period was a result of decreased interest income as a result of significantly lower interest rates, offset by higher average daily cash balances.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income, net, for the three months ended June 30, 2020, was $3,000, virtually unchanged compared to $2,000 of other income for the same period in 2019. The slight increase was due to increased gains on sale of fixed assets in the three months ended June 30, 2020.  

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Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2019:

Net Sales

Net sales were $108,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $43,000 for the same period in 2019. Sales were $65,000 higher, in part due to our implementation of an internet sales capability, augmenting our existing pull through sales strategy, where demand from the consumer market encourages, or pulls, resellers and pest management professionals to offer our products, as well as due to billings of $17,700 for customer product implementation services. This strategy has shown initial promise. However, we believe the benefit of this strategy has been offset by reduced sales, reflecting reduced spending by customers due to COVID-19.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales was $65,000 or 60.2% of net sales for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $33,000 or 76.7% of net sales for the six months ended June 30, 2019. The increase in cost of goods sold of $22,000 in 2020 is primarily due to higher sales volume. The decrease in cost of sales as a % of net sales was due to reduced scrap expense and continued process improvement and efficiencies. We anticipate cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales will improve for the foreseeable future due to manufacturing efficiencies as a result of the scale up activities.

Gross Profit

Gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $43,000 or 39.8% of net sales, compared to a gross profit of $10,000 or 23.3% of net sales, for the same period in 2019. The increase in gross profit was a direct result of decreased scrap related to scale-up activities as well as continued process improvement and efficiencies noted above.

Research and Development Expenses

	Six Months Ended June 30,				Increase
	2020		2019		(Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Direct research and development expenses:
Personnel related (including stock-based compensation)	$	221	$	462	$	(241	)
Facility-related		79		124		(45	)
Other		222		341		(119	)
Total research and development expenses	$	522	$	927	$	(405	)

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Research and development expenses were $522,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $927,000 for the six months ended June 39, 2019. The $405,000 decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to a decrease of $241,000 in personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, due to the reclassification of certain field support employees to sales and marketing, decreased facility related expenses of $45,000 and decreased other research and development expenses of $119,000.

With more focus on commercialization of ContraPest, it was determined that these certain field support employees previously classified as research and development are now refocused on sales and marketing efforts and were reclassified as such.

Facility-related expense decreased $45,000 during the six months ended June 30, 2020 over the same period in 2019 due primarily to the cancellation of a facility lease of 1,954 square feet of research and development space in Flagstaff, Arizona at December 31, 2019

The decrease in other research and development expenses of $119,000 was primarily due to a reclass of other expenses related to certain field support employees to sales and marketing as described above.

We also continue to develop our supply chain, particularly identifying and improving our sourcing of key ingredients for our product candidates.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses were approximately $3.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, as compared to approximately $3.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. The decrease of $200,000 in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to lower salaries and wages of $386,000, including stock compensation expenses and reduced travel related expenses of $123,000 offset by increased professional service expenses of $90,000, increased shareholder relations expenses of $55,000, increased insurance expense of $50,000 and increased facilities expense of $42,000.

Net salaries and wages were lower due primarily to a decrease in stock compensation expenses related to option grants fully vesting and resulting in lower stock compensation expense as well as the impact of temporary salary reductions by management to control expenses during the COVID-19 pandemic, offset by an increase in salaries and wages due to the reclassification of certain field support employees to sales and marketing, as noted above. The decrease in travel expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019, was a direct result of COVID-19 travel restrictions put in place in March 2020.

The increase in $90,000 professional services in the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2019, was a result of increased legal expenses related to a litigation settlement and the 1-for-20 reverse stock split in March 2020, offset by lower Board of Director compensation expense as a result of voluntary reductions in compensation to control costs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Shareholder relations expenses increased $55,000 primarily due to expenses and costs associated with the 1-for-20 reverse stock split effected in the first quarter of 2020, noted above. Insurance costs for the six months ended June 30, 2020 were $50,000 higher than the same period in 2019 due to higher premiums for director’s and officer’s liability coverage as well as certain key employee policies in 2020. Facilities expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2020 were $42,000 higher than the same period in 2019 due to the allocation of rent expense for corporate headquarters in Phoenix to selling and marketing.

Interest Income/Expense, Net

We recorded interest expense of $13,000, net, for the six months ended June 30, 2020, as compared to interest income, net of $2,000 for the same period in 2019. The $15,000 decrease in interest income, net, was a result of decreased interest income as a result of significantly lower interest rates, offset by higher average daily cash balances and reduced interest expense as a result of finance leases and promissory notes that expired during the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Other Income (Expense)

We recorded $18,000 of other income, net, for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $3,000 of other expense, net, for the same period in 2019. The $21,000 net increase in other income was primarily due to gains on the sale of certain fixed assets during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and decreased, year-over-year fair market value adjustment of our derivative warrant in the same period.  

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have sustained significant operating losses in the course of our research and development activities and commercialization efforts and expect such losses to continue for the near future. We have generated limited revenue to date from product sales, research grants and licensing fees received under our former license agreement with Neogen. We have funded our operations to date through the sale of equity securities, including convertible preferred stock, common stock and warrants to purchase common stock; debt financing, consisting primarily of convertible notes; and, to a lesser extent, payments received in connection with product sales, research grants and licensing fees. 

Through June 30, 2020, we had received net proceeds of $73.2 million from our sales of common stock, preferred stock and warrant exercises and issuance of convertible and other promissory notes, and an aggregate of $1.7 million from licensing fees and an aggregate of $0.7 million from product sales. At June 30, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $100.0 million and cash and cash equivalents of $4.7 million.

As discussed in Note 8, Borrowings, of our Notes to Condensed Financial Statements, the Company also received cash proceeds of $645,700 as it relates to the Paycheck Protection Program (or “PPP”) of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). We are using the proceeds from the PPP Loan to retain employees, maintain payroll and make lease, interest and utility payments.

Our ultimate success depends upon the outcome of a combination of factors, including: (i) successful commercialization of ContraPest and maintaining and obtaining regulatory approval of our products and product candidates; (ii) market acceptance, commercial viability and profitability of ContraPest and other products; (iii) the ability to market our products and establish an effective sales force and marketing infrastructure to generate significant revenue; (iv) the success of our research and development; (v) the ability to retain and attract key personnel to develop, operate and grow our business; and (vi) our ability to meet our working capital needs.

We will need additional funding in order to continue to fund our operations and achieve profitability and become cash flow positive and will continue to seek additional financing. If such equity or debt financing is not available at adequate levels or on acceptable terms, we may need to delay, limit or terminate commercialization and development efforts or discontinue operations.

Additional Funding Requirements

We expect our expenses to continue or increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we focus on marketing and sales of ContraPest. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic will likely delay completion of field studies and achievement of sales, which will further increase our need for financing. In addition, we will continue to incur costs associated with operating as a public company.

In particular, we expect to incur substantial and increased expenses as we:

● Work to maximize market acceptance for, and generate sales of, our products;

● Manage the infrastructure for the sales, marketing and distribution of ContraPest and any other product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval;

● Continue the development of ContraPest and our other product candidates, including engaging in any necessary field studies;

● Seek additional regulatory approvals for ContraPest and our other product candidates;

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● Scale up manufacturing processes and quantities to meet future demand of ContraPest and any other product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval;

● Continue product development of ContraPest and advance our research and development activities and advance the research and development programs for other product candidates;

● Maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; and

● Add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development and commercialization efforts and operations as a public company.

● We are also increasing our expenses to expand regulatory approvals for ContraPest, with an effort to make the product more user friendly and available for use in an increased number of applications.

We believe we will need additional financing to fund these continuing and additional expenses.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019
Cash used in operating activities	$	(3,573	)	$	(3,907	)
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities		44			(47	)
Cash provided by financing activities		6,311			1,609
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	2,782		$	(2,345	)

Operating Activities.

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, operating activities used $3.5 million of cash, primarily resulting from our net loss of $3.9 million and by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $48,000, offset by non-cash charges of $421,000, consisting primarily of stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization. Our net loss was primarily attributable to research and development activities and our selling, general and administrative expenses, as we generated limited product revenue during the period. Net cash used by changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2020, consisted primarily of a net decrease in accrued expenses and accounts payable of $181,000 and an increase in prepaid expenses of $27,000 offset by a decrease in inventory of $45,000, a decrease in receivables of $104,000 and a decrease in other assets of $11,000.

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During the six months ended June 30, 2019, operating activities used $3.9 million of cash, primarily resulting from our net loss of $4.7 million offset by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $59,000 and by non-cash charges of $687,000, consisting primarily of stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization. Our net loss was primarily attributable to research and development activities and our selling, general and administrative expenses, as we generated limited product revenue during the period. Net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2019 consisted primarily of a net increase in accrued expenses and accounts payable of $135,000, a decrease in prepaid expenses of $13,000 and a decrease in deposits of $4,000 offset by an increase in inventory of $70,000, an increase in receivables of $17,000 and a decrease in deferred rent of $6,000.

Investing Activities.

For the six months ended June 30, 2020, net cash provided by investing activities was $44,000 due to the sale of property and equipment.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, we used $47,000 in net cash related to investing activities due to purchases of property and equipment. 

Financing Activities.

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, net cash provided by financing activities was $6.3 million as a result of $5.7 million in net proceeds from the issuance of common stock and net proceeds of $646,000 from the issuance of a note pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program, offset by $29,000 of repayments related to notes payable and $49,000 in repayments of finance lease obligations.

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, net cash provided by financing activities was $1.6 million as a result of proceeds from the exercise of warrants of $1.8 million offset by payments of $112,000 related to notes payable, $38,000 in payments of capital lease obligations and $24,000 of payments for employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

None.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we believe that the following accounting policies are those most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

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Revenue Recognition

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue from the commercial sales of products, licensing agreements and contracts to perform pilot studies by applying the following steps: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied. For the comparative periods, revenue has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under ASC 605 — Revenue Recognition (“ASC 605”). Under ASC 605, revenue is recognized when the following criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (2) the performance of service has been rendered to a customer or delivery has occurred; (3) the amount of the fee to be paid by a customer is fixed and determinable; and (4) the collectability of the fee is reasonably assured. The performance obligations identified by the Company under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue From Contracts With Customers, are straightforward and similar to the unit of account and performance obligation determination under ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition.

Stock-Based Compensation

We recognize compensation costs related to stock options granted to employees based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant, net of estimated forfeitures, in accordance with ASC Topic 718 — Stock Compensation. We estimate the grant date fair value of the awards, and the resulting stock-based compensation expense, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The grant date fair value of stock-based awards is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the respective award.

We recorded stock-based compensation expense of approximately $140,000 and $291,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, and $219,000 and $471,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. We expect to continue to grant stock options and other equity-based awards in the future and continue to recognize stock-based compensation expense in future periods.

The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of highly subjective and complex assumptions, which determine the fair value of stock-based awards. If we had made different assumptions, our stock-based compensation expense, net loss and loss per share of common stock could have been significantly different. Our assumptions are as follows:

● Expected term. The expected term represents the period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. Our historical share option exercise experience does not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate an expected term because of a lack of sufficient data. Therefore, we estimate the expected term by using the simplified method, which calculates the expected term as the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the options.

● Expected volatility. Expected volatility is derived from the average historical volatilities of publicly traded companies within our industry that we consider to be comparable to our business over a period approximately equal to the expected term. We intend to continue to consistently apply this process using the same or similar public companies unless circumstances change such that the identified companies are no longer similar to us, in which case, more suitable companies whose share prices are publicly available would be utilized in the calculation.

● Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant for zero coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term.

● Expected dividend. The expected dividend is assumed to be zero as we have never paid dividends and have no current plans to pay any dividends on our common stock.

● Expected forfeitures. We use historical data to estimate pre-vesting option forfeitures and record stock-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest. To the extent actual forfeitures differ from the estimates, the difference will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period that the estimates are revised.

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Significant Factors, Assumptions and Methodologies Used in Determining Fair Value of Our Common Stock

As noted above, we are required to estimate the fair value of the common stock underlying our stock-based awards when performing the fair value calculations using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. In the absence of an active market for our common stock, we utilized methodologies in accordance with the framework of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Technical Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, to estimate the fair value of our common stock. In addition, we have conducted periodic assessments of the valuation of our common stock.

The assumptions underlying these valuations represent management’s best estimates, which involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. If we had made different assumptions than those used, the amount of our stock-based compensation expense, net income and net income per share amounts could have been significantly different. The fair value per share of our common stock for purposes of determining stock-based compensation expense is the closing price of our common stock as reported on the applicable grant date. The compensation cost that has been included in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss for all stock-based compensation arrangements is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Research and development	$	2	$	1	$	5	$	10
General and administrative		138		218		286		461
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	140	$	219	$	291	$	471

The intrinsic value of stock options outstanding as of June 30, 2020 was $0.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, permits an “emerging growth company” such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected to “opt out” of this provision and, as a result, we intend to comply with new or revised accounting standards when they are required to be adopted by public companies that are not emerging growth companies.  

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Not applicable.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We conducted an evaluation (pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act), under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this report.

These disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports that are filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Our disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that this information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based on the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2020, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

For information regarding legal proceedings in which we are involved, see Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies under the subsection titled “Legal Proceedings” in our Notes to Condensed Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Except as discussed below, there have been no material changes in the risk factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our 2019 Annual Report.

The impacts of the coronavirus pandemic could adversely affect our business, and other similar crises could result in similar or other harms.

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in widespread travel and transportation restrictions and closures of commercial spaces, industrial facilities and other spaces and businesses in and across the United States and the world, including in the locations we operate or target sales. As a result, our business has been impacted and we could face continued or more adverse effects. In addition, our results and financial condition may be adversely affected by federal or state legislation, or other similar laws, regulations, orders or other governmental or regulatory actions or best practices, that would impose new restrictions on our ability to operate our business or customers to operate their businesses. For example, our sales and technical field forces have been restricted from traveling or limited in travel, which adversely affects our ability to sell our products and complete field studies. While we have implemented cautionary procedures at our manufacturing facility, there may be disruptions to our ability to manufacture due to current and additional workplace controls. Our customers may be less inclined or unable to purchase our products or continue product studies due to restrictions under which they may be operating. Those restrictions are more severe in some jurisdictions, such as California. If financial markets continue to tighten, we may have more limited ability to raise necessary financing. We source some of our critical raw materials from Asia, and the coronavirus has caused supply chain disruptions, which could limit a timely supply of materials. Each of these could have negative effects on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Even if the coronavirus pandemic passes, another crisis with similar effects could develop and harm our business, financial results and liquidity. The degree to which COVID-19 may impact our results of operations and financial condition is unknown at this time and will depend on future developments, including the ultimate severity and the duration of the pandemic, and further actions that may be taken by governmental authorities or businesses or individuals on their own initiatives in response to the pandemic. 

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None

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Item 6.  Exhibits

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit		Filed or Furnished		Incorporated by Reference
Number	Description	Herewith	Form	Filing Date	Exhibit	File No.
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended by the Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation		10-K	3/17/2020	3.1	001-37941
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws		S-1	9/21/2016	3.5	333-213736
10.1	Promissory Note, dated April 15, 2020, by and between the Company and BMO Harris Bank National Association		8-K	4/21/2020	10.1	001-37941
10.2	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 21, 2020, between the Company and the purchaser thereto		8-K	4/24/2020	10.1	001-37941
10.3+	SenesTech, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, and forms of agreement thereunder	X
10.4	Standard Industrial/Commercial Multi-Tenant Lease, between the Company and Duke Go PP, LLC, dated as of June 22, 2020	X
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934	X
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934	X
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	X
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	X
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document	X
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema	X
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase	X
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase	X
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase	X
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase	X

+ Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	SENESTECH, INC. (Registrant)
Dated: August 13, 2020	By:	/s/ Kenneth Siegel
		Kenneth Siegel
		Chief Executive Officer
Dated: August 13, 2020	By:	/s/ Thomas C. Chesterman
		Thomas C. Chesterman
		Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

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EX-10.3

Exhibit 10.3

SENESTECH, INC.

2018 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN 

1. General.

(a) Eligible Stock Award Recipients. Employees, Directors and Consultants are eligible to receive Stock Awards.

(b) Available Stock Awards. The Plan provides for the grant of the following types of Stock Awards: (i) Incentive Stock Options, (ii) Nonstatutory Stock Options, (iii) Stock Appreciation Rights, (iv) Restricted Stock Awards, (v) Restricted Stock Unit Awards and (vi) Other Stock Awards.

(c) Purpose. The Plan, through the granting of Stock Awards, is intended to help the Company secure and retain the services of eligible award recipients, provide incentives for such persons to exert maximum efforts for the success of the Company and any Affiliate and provide a means by which the eligible recipients may benefit from increases in value of the Common Stock.

2. Administration.

(a) Administration by Board. The Board will administer the Plan. The Board may delegate administration of the Plan to a Committee or Committees, as provided in Section 2(c).

(b) Powers of Board. The Board will have the power, subject to, and within the limitations of, the express provisions of the Plan:

(i) To determine (A) who will be granted Stock Awards; (B) when and how each Stock Award will be granted; (C) what type of Stock Award will be granted; (D) the provisions of each Stock Award (which need not be identical), including when a person will be permitted to exercise or otherwise receive cash or Common Stock under the Stock Award; (E) the number of shares of Common Stock subject to a Stock Award; and (F) the Fair Market Value applicable to a Stock Award.

(ii) To construe and interpret the Plan and Stock Awards granted under it, and to establish, amend and revoke rules and regulations for administration of the Plan and Stock Awards. The Board, in the exercise of these powers, may correct any defect, omission or inconsistency in the Plan or in any Stock Award Agreement, in a manner and to the extent it will deem necessary or expedient to make the Plan or Stock Award fully effective.

(iii) To settle all controversies regarding the Plan and Stock Awards granted under it.

(iv) To accelerate, in whole or in part, the time at which a Stock Award may be exercised or vest (or at which cash or shares of Common Stock may be issued).

(v) To suspend or terminate the Plan at any time. Except as otherwise provided in the Plan or a Stock Award Agreement, suspension or termination of the Plan will not impair a Participant’s rights under his or her then-outstanding Stock Award without his or her written consent except as provided in subsection (viii) below.

(vi) To amend the Plan in any respect the Board deems necessary or advisable, including, without limitation, by adopting amendments relating to Incentive Stock Options and certain nonqualified deferred compensation under Section 409A of the Code and/or to make the Plan or Stock Awards granted under the Plan compliant with the requirements for Incentive Stock Options or exempt from or compliant with the requirements for nonqualified deferred compensation under Section 409A of the Code, subject to the limitations, if any, of applicable law. However, if required by applicable law, and except as provided in Section 9(a) relating to Capitalization Adjustments, the Company will seek stockholder approval of any amendment of the Plan that (A) materially increases the number of shares of Common Stock available for issuance under the Plan, (B) materially expands the class of individuals eligible to receive Stock Awards under the Plan, (C) materially increases the benefits accruing to Participants under the Plan, (D) materially reduces the price at which shares of Common Stock may be issued or purchased under the Plan, (E) materially extends the term of the Plan, or (F) materially expands the types of Stock Awards available for issuance under the Plan. Except as provided in the Plan (including subsection (viii) below) or a Stock Award Agreement, no amendment of the Plan will impair a Participant’s rights under an outstanding Stock Award unless (1) the Company requests the consent of the affected Participant, and (2) such Participant consents in writing.

(vii) To submit any amendment to the Plan for stockholder approval, including, but not limited to, amendments to the Plan intended to satisfy the requirements of Section 422 of the Code regarding Incentive Stock Options.

(viii) To approve forms of Stock Award Agreements for use under the Plan and to amend the terms of any one or more Stock Awards, including, but not limited to, amendments to provide terms more favorable to the Participant than previously provided in the Stock Award Agreement, subject to any specified limits in the Plan that are not subject to Board discretion; provided however, that a Participant’s rights under any Stock Award will not be impaired by any such amendment unless (A) the Company requests the consent of the affected Participant, and (B) such Participant consents in writing. Notwithstanding the foregoing, (1) a Participant’s rights will not be deemed to have been impaired by any such amendment if the Board, in its sole discretion, determines that the amendment, taken as a whole, does not materially impair the Participant’s rights, and (2) subject to the limitations of applicable law, if any, the Board may amend the terms of any one or more Stock Awards without the affected Participant’s consent (A) to maintain the qualified status of the Stock Award as an Incentive Stock Option under Section 422 of the Code; (B) to change the terms of an Incentive Stock Option, if such change results in impairment of the Award solely because it impairs the qualified status of the Award as an Incentive Stock Option under Section 422 of the Code; (C) to clarify the manner of exemption from, or to bring the Stock Award into compliance with, Section 409A of the Code; or (D) to comply with other applicable laws.

(ix) Generally, to exercise such powers and to perform such acts as the Board deems necessary or expedient to promote the best interests of the Company and that are not in conflict with the provisions of the Plan or Stock Awards.

(x) To adopt such procedures and sub-plans as are necessary or appropriate to permit participation in the Plan by Employees, Directors or Consultants who are foreign nationals or employed outside the United States (provided that Board approval will not be necessary for immaterial modifications to the Plan or any Stock Award Agreement that are required for compliance with the laws of the relevant foreign jurisdiction).

(xi) To effect, with the consent of any adversely affected Participant, (A) the modification of the exercise, purchase or strike price of any outstanding Stock Award; (B) the cancellation of any outstanding Stock Award and the grant in substitution therefor of a new (1) Option or SAR, (2) Restricted Stock Award, (3) Restricted Stock Unit Award, (4) Other Stock Award, (5) cash and/or (6) other valuable consideration determined by the Board, in its sole discretion, with any such substituted award (x) covering the same or a different number of shares of Common Stock as the cancelled Stock Award and (y) granted under the Plan or another equity or compensatory plan of the Company. In no event, however, shall the Board have the right, without stockholder approval, to (i) lower the exercise or grant price of an Option or SAR after it is granted, except in connection with Capitalization Adjustments provided in Section 9; (ii) cancel an Option or SAR at a time when its exercise or grant price exceeds the Fair Market Value of the underlying stock, in exchange for cash, another option or stock appreciation right, restricted stock, or other equity award; (iii) take any other action that is treated as a repricing under generally accepted accounting principles, or (iv) issue an Option or SAR or amend an outstanding Option or SAR to provide for the grant or issuance of a new Option or SAR on exercise of the original Option or SAR.

(c) Delegation to Committee. The Board may delegate some or all of the administration of the Plan to a Committee or Committees. If administration of the Plan is delegated to a Committee, the Committee will have, in connection with the administration of the Plan, the powers theretofore possessed by the Board that have been delegated to the Committee, including the power to delegate to a subcommittee of the Committee any of the administrative powers the Committee is authorized to exercise (and references in this Plan to the Board will thereafter be to the Committee or subcommittee). Any delegation of administrative powers will be reflected in resolutions, not inconsistent with the provisions of the Plan, adopted from time to time by the Board or Committee (as applicable). The Committee may, at any time, abolish the subcommittee and/or revest in the Committee any powers delegated to the subcommittee. The Board may retain the authority to concurrently administer the Plan with the Committee and may, at any time, revest in the Board some or all of the powers previously delegated.

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(d) Delegation to an Officer. The Board may delegate to one (1) or more Officers the authority to do one or both of the following: (i) designate Employees who are not Officers to be recipients of Options and SARs (and, to the extent permitted by applicable law, other Stock Awards) and, to the extent permitted by applicable law, the terms of such Stock Awards, and (ii) determine the number of shares of Common Stock to be subject to such Stock Awards granted to such Employees; provided, however, that the Board resolutions regarding such delegation will specify the total number of shares of Common Stock that may be subject to the Stock Awards granted by such Officer and that such Officer may not grant a Stock Award to himself or herself. Any such Stock Awards will be granted on the form of Stock Award Agreement most recently approved for use by the Committee or the Board, unless otherwise provided in the resolutions approving the delegation authority. The Board may not delegate authority to an Officer who is acting solely in the capacity of an Officer (and not also as a Director) to determine the Fair Market Value pursuant to Section 13(t) below.

(e) Effect of Board’s Decision. All determinations, interpretations and constructions made by the Board in good faith will not be subject to review by any person and will be final, binding and conclusive on all persons.

3. Shares Subject to the Plan.

(a) Share Reserve.

(i) Subject to Section 9(a) relating to Capitalization Adjustments, the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued pursuant to Stock Awards from and after the Effective Date will not exceed 850,000 shares, plus the following additional shares: (A) any authorized shares of Common Stock available for issuance, and not issued or subject to outstanding Stock Awards, under the Company’s 2015 Incentive Plan (the “Prior Plan”) on the Effective Date shall cease to be set aside or reserved for issuance pursuant to the Prior Plan, effective on the Effective Date, and shall instead be set aside and reserved for issuance pursuant to the Plan; and (B) any shares of Common Stock subject to outstanding Stock Awards under the Prior Plan on the Effective Date that cease to be subject to such awards following the Effective Date (other than by reason of exercise or settlement of the awards to the extent they are exercised for or settled in vested and nonforfeitable shares), shall cease to be set aside or reserved for issuance pursuant to the Prior Plan, effective on the date upon which they cease to be so subject to such awards, and shall instead be set aside and reserved for issuance pursuant to the Plan, up to an aggregate maximum of 143,714 shares pursuant to clauses (A) and (B) of this paragraph (i) (taken all together, the “Share Reserve”).

(ii) For clarity, the Share Reserve in this Section 3(a) is a limitation on the number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued pursuant to the Plan. Accordingly, this Section 3(a) does not limit the granting of Stock Awards except as provided in Section 7(a).

(b) Reversion of Shares to the Share Reserve. If a Stock Award or any portion thereof (i) expires or otherwise terminates without all of the shares covered by such Stock Award having been issued or (ii) is settled in cash (i.e., the Participant receives cash rather than stock), such expiration, termination or settlement will not reduce (or otherwise offset) the number of shares of Common Stock that may be available for issuance under the Plan. If any shares of Common Stock issued pursuant to a Stock Award are forfeited back to or repurchased by the Company because of the failure to meet a contingency or condition required to vest such shares in the Participant, then the shares that are forfeited or repurchased will revert to and again become available for issuance under the Plan. Any shares reacquired by the Company in satisfaction of tax withholding obligations on a Stock Award or as consideration for the exercise or purchase price of a Stock Award will again become available for issuance under the Plan.

(c) Incentive Stock Option Limit. Subject to the Share Reserve and Section 9(a) relating to Capitalization Adjustments, the aggregate maximum number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued pursuant to the exercise of Incentive Stock Options will be a number of shares of Common Stock equal to three (3) multiplied by the Share Reserve.

(d) Source of Shares. The stock issuable under the Plan will be shares of authorized but unissued or reacquired Common Stock, including shares repurchased by the Company on the open market or otherwise.

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4. Eligibility.

(a) Eligibility for Specific Stock Awards. Incentive Stock Options may be granted only to employees of the Company or a “parent corporation” or “subsidiary corporation” thereof (as such terms are defined in Sections 424(e) and 424(f) of the Code). Stock Awards other than Incentive Stock Options may be granted to Employees, Directors and Consultants; provided, however, that Stock Awards may not be granted to Employees, Directors and Consultants who are providing Continuous Service only to any “parent” of the Company, as such term is defined in Rule 405, unless (i) the stock underlying such Stock Awards is treated as “service recipient stock” under Section 409A of the Code (for example, because the Stock Awards are granted pursuant to a corporate transaction such as a spin off transaction), or (ii) the Company, in consultation with its legal counsel, has determined that such Stock Awards are otherwise exempt from or alternatively comply with the distribution requirements of Section 409A of the Code.

(b) Ten Percent Stockholders. A Ten Percent Stockholder will not be granted an Incentive Stock Option unless the exercise price of such Option is at least one hundred ten percent (110%) of the Fair Market Value on the date of grant and the Option is not exercisable after the expiration of five (5) years from the date of grant.

(c) Consultants. A Consultant will not be eligible for the grant of a Stock Award if, at the time of grant, either the offer or sale of the Company’s securities to such Consultant is not exempt under Rule 701 because of the nature of the services that the Consultant is providing to the Company, because the Consultant is not a natural person, or because of any other provision of Rule 701, unless the Company determines that such grant need not comply with the requirements of Rule 701 and will satisfy another exemption under the Securities Act as well as comply with the securities laws of all other relevant jurisdictions.

5. Provisions Relating to Options and Stock Appreciation Rights.

Each Option or SAR will be in such form and will contain such terms and conditions as the Board deems appropriate. All Options will be separately designated Incentive Stock Options or Nonstatutory Stock Options at the time of grant, and, if certificates are issued, a separate certificate or certificates will be issued for shares of Common Stock purchased on exercise of each type of Option. If an Option is not specifically designated as an Incentive Stock Option, or if an Option is designated as an Incentive Stock Option but some portion or all of the Option fails to qualify as an Incentive Stock Option under the applicable rules, then the Option (or portion thereof) will be a Nonstatutory Stock Option. The provisions of separate Options or SARs need not be identical; provided, however, that each Stock Award Agreement will conform to (through incorporation of provisions hereof by reference in the applicable Stock Award Agreement or otherwise) the substance of each of the following provisions:

(a) Term. Subject to the provisions of Section 4(b) regarding Ten Percent Stockholders, no Option or SAR will be exercisable after the expiration of ten (10) years from the date of its grant or such shorter period specified in the Stock Award Agreement.

(b) Exercise Price. Subject to the provisions of Section 4(b) regarding Ten Percent Stockholders, the exercise or strike price of each Option or SAR will be not less than one hundred percent (100%) of the Fair Market Value of the Common Stock subject to the Option or SAR on the date the Stock Award is granted. Notwithstanding the foregoing, an Option or SAR may be granted with an exercise or strike price lower than one hundred percent (100%) of the Fair Market Value of the Common Stock subject to the Stock Award if such Stock Award is granted pursuant to an assumption of or substitution for another option or stock appreciation right pursuant to a Corporate Transaction and in a manner consistent with the provisions of Section 409A of the Code and, if applicable, Section 424(a) of the Code. Each SAR will be denominated in shares of Common Stock equivalents.

(c) Purchase Price for Options. The purchase price of Common Stock acquired pursuant to the exercise of an Option may be paid, to the extent permitted by applicable law and as determined by the Board in its sole discretion, by any combination of the methods of payment set forth below. The Board will have the authority to grant Options that do not permit all of the following methods of payment (or otherwise restrict the ability to use certain methods) and to grant Options that require the consent of the Company to use a particular method of payment. The permitted methods of payment are as follows:

(i) by cash, check, bank draft or money order payable to the Company;

(ii) pursuant to a program developed under Regulation T as promulgated by the Federal Reserve Board that, prior to the issuance of the stock subject to the Option, results in either the receipt of cash (or check) by the Company or the receipt of irrevocable instructions to pay the aggregate exercise price to the Company from the sales proceeds;

(iii) by delivery to the Company (either by actual delivery or attestation) of shares of Common Stock;

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(iv) if an Option is a Nonstatutory Stock Option, by a “net exercise” arrangement pursuant to which the Company will reduce the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise by the largest whole number of shares with a Fair Market Value that does not exceed the aggregate exercise price; provided, however, that the Company will accept a cash or other payment from the Participant to the extent of any remaining balance of the aggregate exercise price not satisfied by such reduction in the number of whole shares to be issued. Shares of Common Stock will no longer be subject to an Option and will not be exercisable thereafter to the extent that (A) shares issuable upon exercise are used to pay the exercise price pursuant to the “net exercise,” (B) shares are delivered to the Participant as a result of such exercise, and (C) shares are withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations;

(v) according to a deferred payment or similar arrangement with the Optionholder; provided, however, that interest will compound at least annually and will be charged at the minimum rate of interest necessary to avoid (A) the imputation of interest income to the Company and compensation income to the Optionholder under any applicable provisions of the Code, and (B) the classification of the Option as a liability for financial accounting purposes; or

(vi) in any other form of legal consideration that may be acceptable to the Board and specified in the applicable Stock Award Agreement.

(d) Exercise and Payment of a SAR. To exercise any outstanding SAR, the Participant must provide written notice of exercise to the Company in compliance with the provisions of the Stock Award Agreement evidencing such SAR. The appreciation distribution payable on the exercise of a SAR will be not greater than an amount equal to the excess of (A) the aggregate Fair Market Value (on the date of the exercise of the SAR) of a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the number of Common Stock equivalents in which the Participant is vested under such SAR, and with respect to which the Participant is exercising the SAR on such date, over (B) the strike price. The appreciation distribution may be paid in Common Stock, in cash, in any combination of the two or in any other form of consideration, as determined by the Board and contained in the Stock Award Agreement evidencing such SAR.

(e) Transferability of Options and SARs. The Board may, in its sole discretion, impose such limitations on the transferability of Options and SARs as the Board will determine. In the absence of such a determination by the Board to the contrary, the following restrictions on the transferability of Options and SARs will apply:

(i) Restrictions on Transfer. An Option or SAR will not be transferable except by will or by the laws of descent and distribution (and pursuant to subsections (ii) and (iii) below), and will be exercisable during the lifetime of the Participant only by the Participant. The Board may permit transfer of the Option or SAR in a manner that is not prohibited by applicable tax and securities laws. Except as explicitly provided herein, neither an Option nor a SAR may be transferred for consideration.

(ii) Domestic Relations Orders. Subject to the approval of the Board or a duly authorized Officer, an Option or SAR may be transferred pursuant to the terms of a domestic relations order, official marital settlement agreement or other divorce or separation instrument as permitted by Treasury Regulation 1.421-1(b)(2). If an Option is an Incentive Stock Option, such Option may be deemed to be a Nonstatutory Stock Option as a result of such transfer.

(iii) Beneficiary Designation. Subject to the approval of the Board or a duly authorized Officer, a Participant may, by delivering written notice to the Company, in a form approved by the Company (or the designated broker), designate a third party who, upon the death of the Participant, will thereafter be entitled to exercise the Option or SAR and receive the Common Stock or other consideration resulting from such exercise. In the absence of such a designation, the executor or administrator of the Participant’s estate will be entitled to exercise the Option or SAR and receive the Common Stock or other consideration resulting from such exercise. However, the Company may prohibit designation of a beneficiary at any time, including due to any conclusion by the Company that such designation would be inconsistent with the provisions of applicable laws.

(f) Vesting Generally. The total number of shares of Common Stock subject to an Option or SAR may vest and therefore become exercisable in periodic installments that may or may not be equal. The Option or SAR may be subject to such other terms and conditions on the time or times when it may or may not be exercised (which may be based on the satisfaction of performance goals or other criteria) as the Board may deem appropriate. The vesting provisions of individual Options or SARs may vary. The provisions of this Section 5(f) are subject to any Option or SAR provisions governing the minimum number of shares of Common Stock as to which an Option or SAR may be exercised.

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(g) Termination of Continuous Service. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable Stock Award Agreement or other agreement between the Participant and the Company, if a Participant’s Continuous Service terminates (other than for Cause and other than upon the Participant’s death or Disability), the Participant may exercise his or her Option or SAR (to the extent that the Participant was entitled to exercise such Stock Award as of the date of termination of Continuous Service) within the period of time ending on the earlier of (i) the date three (3) months following the termination of the Participant’s Continuous Service (or such longer or shorter period specified in the applicable Stock Award Agreement, which period will not be less than thirty (30) days if necessary to comply with applicable laws unless such termination is for Cause) and (ii) the expiration of the term of the Option or SAR as set forth in the Stock Award Agreement. If, after termination of Continuous Service, the Participant does not exercise his or her Option or SAR within the applicable time frame, the Option or SAR (as applicable) will terminate.

(h) Extension of Termination Date. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable Stock Award Agreement or other agreement between the Participant and the Company, if the exercise of an Option or SAR following the termination of the Participant’s Continuous Service (other than for Cause and other than upon the Participant’s death or Disability) would be prohibited at any time solely because the issuance of shares of Common Stock would violate the registration requirements under the Securities Act, then the Option or SAR will terminate on the earlier of (i) the expiration of a total period of three (3) months (that need not be consecutive) after the termination of the Participant’s Continuous Service during which the exercise of the Option or SAR would not be in violation of such registration requirements, or (ii) the expiration of the term of the Option or SAR as set forth in the applicable Stock Award Agreement. In addition, unless otherwise provided in a Participant’s Stock Award Agreement, if the sale of any Common Stock received upon exercise of an Option or SAR following the termination of the Participant’s Continuous Service (other than for Cause) would violate the Company’s insider trading policy, then the Option or SAR will terminate on the earlier of (i) the expiration of a period of time (that need not be consecutive) equal to the applicable post-termination exercise period after the termination of the Participant’s Continuous Service during which the sale of the Common Stock received upon exercise of the Option or SAR would not be in violation of the Company’s insider trading policy, or (ii) the expiration of the term of the Option or SAR as set forth in the applicable Stock Award Agreement.

(i) Disability of Participant. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable Stock Award Agreement or other agreement between the Participant and the Company, if a Participant’s Continuous Service terminates as a result of the Participant’s Disability, the Participant may exercise his or her Option or SAR (to the extent that the Participant was entitled to exercise such Option or SAR as of the date of termination of Continuous Service), but only within such period of time ending on the earlier of (i) the date twelve (12) months following such termination of Continuous Service (or such longer or shorter period specified in the Stock Award Agreement, which period will not be less than six (6) months if necessary to comply with applicable laws), and (ii) the expiration of the term of the Option or SAR as set forth in the Stock Award Agreement. If, after termination of Continuous Service, the Participant does not exercise his or her Option or SAR within the applicable time frame, the Option or SAR (as applicable) will terminate.

(j) Death of Participant. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable Stock Award Agreement or other agreement between the Participant and the Company, if (i) a Participant’s Continuous Service terminates as a result of the Participant’s death, or (ii) the Participant dies within the period (if any) specified in the Stock Award Agreement for exercisability after the termination of the Participant’s Continuous Service (for a reason other than death), then the Option or SAR may be exercised (to the extent the Participant was entitled to exercise such Option or SAR as of the date of death) by the Participant’s estate, by a person who acquired the right to exercise the Option or SAR by bequest or inheritance or by a person designated to exercise the Option or SAR upon the Participant’s death, but only within the period ending on the earlier of (i) the date eighteen (18) months following the date of death (or such longer or shorter period specified in the Stock Award Agreement, which period will not be less than six (6) months if necessary to comply with applicable laws), and (ii) the expiration of the term of such Option or SAR as set forth in the Stock Award Agreement. If, after the Participant’s death, the Option or SAR is not exercised within the applicable time frame, the Option or SAR (as applicable) will terminate.

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(k) Termination for Cause. Except as explicitly provided otherwise in a Participant’s Stock Award Agreement or other individual written agreement between the Company or any Affiliate and the Participant, if a Participant’s Continuous Service is terminated for Cause, the Option or SAR will terminate immediately upon such Participant’s termination of Continuous Service, and the Participant will be prohibited from exercising his or her Option or SAR from and after the time of such termination of Continuous Service.

(l) Non-Exempt Employees. If an Option or SAR is granted to an Employee who is a non-exempt employee for purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended, the Option or SAR will not be first exercisable for any shares of Common Stock until at least six (6) months following the date of grant of the Option or SAR (although the Stock Award may vest prior to such date). Consistent with the provisions of the Worker Economic Opportunity Act, (i) if such non-exempt Employee dies or suffers a Disability, (ii) upon a Corporate Transaction in which such Option or SAR is not assumed, continued, or substituted, (iii) upon a Change in Control, or (iv) upon the Participant’s retirement (as such term may be defined in the Participant’s Stock Award Agreement, in another agreement between the Participant and the Company, or, if no such definition, in accordance with the Company’s then current employment policies and guidelines), the vested portion of any Options and SARs may be exercised earlier than six (6) months following the date of grant. The foregoing provision is intended to operate so that any income derived by a non-exempt employee in connection with the exercise or vesting of an Option or SAR will be exempt from his or her regular rate of pay. To the extent permitted and/or required for compliance with the Worker Economic Opportunity Act to ensure that any income derived by a non-exempt employee in connection with the exercise, vesting or issuance of any shares under any other Stock Award will be exempt from the employee’s regular rate of pay, the provisions of this Section 5(l) will apply to all Stock Awards and are hereby incorporated by reference into such Stock Award Agreements.

(m) Early Exercise of Options. An Option may, but need not, include a provision whereby the Optionholder may elect at any time before the Optionholder’s Continuous Service terminates to exercise the Option as to any part or all of the shares of Common Stock subject to the Option prior to the full vesting of the Option. Subject to the “Repurchase Limitation” in Section 8(m), any unvested shares of Common Stock so purchased may be subject to a repurchase right in favor of the Company or to any other restriction the Board determines to be appropriate. Provided that the “Repurchase Limitation” in Section 8(m) is not violated, the Company will not be required to exercise its repurchase right until at least six (6) months (or such longer or shorter period of time required to avoid classification of the Option as a liability for financial accounting purposes) have elapsed following exercise of the Option unless the Board otherwise specifically provides in the Option Agreement.

(n) Right of Repurchase. Subject to the “Repurchase Limitation” in Section 8(m), the Option or SAR may include a provision whereby the Company may elect to repurchase all or any part of the vested shares of Common Stock acquired by the Participant pursuant to the exercise of the Option or SAR.

(o) Right of First Refusal. The Option or SAR may include a provision whereby the Company may elect to exercise a right of first refusal following receipt of notice from the Participant of the intent to transfer all or any part of the shares of Common Stock received upon the exercise of the Option or SAR. Such right of first refusal will be subject to the “Repurchase Limitation” in Section 8(m). Except as expressly provided in this Section 5(o) or in the Stock Award Agreement, such right of first refusal will otherwise comply with any applicable provisions of the bylaws of the Company.

6. Provisions of Stock Awards Other than Options and SARs.

(a) Restricted Stock Awards. Each Restricted Stock Award Agreement will be in such form and will contain such terms and conditions as the Board deems appropriate. To the extent consistent with the Company’s bylaws, at the Board’s election, shares of Common Stock may be (i) held in book entry form subject to the Company’s instructions until any restrictions relating to the Restricted Stock Award lapse; or (ii) evidenced by a certificate, which certificate will be held in such form and manner as determined by the Board. The terms and conditions of Restricted Stock Award Agreements may change from time to time, and the terms and conditions of separate Restricted Stock Award Agreements need not be identical. Each Restricted Stock Award Agreement will conform to (through incorporation of the provisions hereof by reference in the agreement or otherwise) the substance of each of the following provisions:

(i) Consideration. A Restricted Stock Award may be awarded in consideration for (A) cash, check, bank draft or money order payable to the Company, (B) past services to the Company or an Affiliate, or (C) any other form of legal consideration (including future services) that may be acceptable to the Board, in its sole discretion, and permissible under applicable law.

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(ii) Vesting. Subject to the “Repurchase Limitation” in Section 8(m), shares of Common Stock awarded under the Restricted Stock Award Agreement may be subject to forfeiture to the Company in accordance with a vesting schedule to be determined by the Board.

(iii) Termination of Participant’s Continuous Service. If a Participant’s Continuous Service terminates, the Company may receive through a forfeiture condition or a repurchase right, any or all of the shares of Common Stock held by the Participant that have not vested as of the date of termination of Continuous Service under the terms of the Restricted Stock Award Agreement.

(iv) Transferability. Rights to acquire shares of Common Stock under the Restricted Stock Award Agreement will be transferable by the Participant only upon such terms and conditions as are set forth in the Restricted Stock Award Agreement, as the Board will determine in its sole discretion, so long as Common Stock awarded under the Restricted Stock Award Agreement remains subject to the terms of the Restricted Stock Award Agreement.

(v) Dividends. A Restricted Stock Award Agreement may provide that any dividends paid on Restricted Stock will be subject to the same vesting and forfeiture restrictions as apply to the shares subject to the Restricted Stock Award to which they relate.

(b) Restricted Stock Unit Awards. Each Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement will be in such form and will contain such terms and conditions as the Board deems appropriate. The terms and conditions of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements may change from time to time, and the terms and conditions of separate Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreements need not be identical. Each Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement will conform to (through incorporation of the provisions hereof by reference in the Agreement or otherwise) the substance of each of the following provisions:

(i) Consideration. At the time of grant of a Restricted Stock Unit Award, the Board will determine the consideration, if any, to be paid by the Participant upon delivery of each share of Common Stock subject to the Restricted Stock Unit Award. The consideration to be paid (if any) by the Participant for each share of Common Stock subject to a Restricted Stock Unit Award may be paid in any form of legal consideration that may be acceptable to the Board, in its sole discretion, and permissible under applicable law.

(ii) Vesting. At the time of the grant of a Restricted Stock Unit Award, the Board may impose such restrictions on or conditions to the vesting of the Restricted Stock Unit Award as it, in its sole discretion, deems appropriate.

(iii) Payment. A Restricted Stock Unit Award may be settled by the delivery of shares of Common Stock, their cash equivalent, any combination thereof or in any other form of consideration, as determined by the Board and contained in the Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement.

(iv) Additional Restrictions. At the time of the grant of a Restricted Stock Unit Award, the Board, as it deems appropriate, may impose such restrictions or conditions that delay the delivery of the shares of Common Stock (or their cash equivalent) subject to a Restricted Stock Unit Award to a time after the vesting of such Restricted Stock Unit Award.

(v) Dividend Equivalents. Dividend equivalents may be credited in respect of shares of Common Stock covered by a Restricted Stock Unit Award, as determined by the Board and contained in the Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement. At the sole discretion of the Board, such dividend equivalents may be converted into additional shares of Common Stock covered by the Restricted Stock Unit Award in such manner as determined by the Board. Any additional shares covered by the Restricted Stock Unit Award credited by reason of such dividend equivalents will be subject to all of the same terms and conditions of the underlying Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement to which they relate.

(vi) Termination of Participant’s Continuous Service. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, such portion of the Restricted Stock Unit Award that has not vested will be forfeited upon the Participant’s termination of Continuous Service.

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(vii) Compliance with Section 409A of the Code. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth herein, any Restricted Stock Unit Award granted under the Plan that is not exempt from the requirements of Section 409A of the Code shall contain such provisions so that such Restricted Stock Unit Award will comply with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code. Such restrictions, if any, shall be determined by the Board and contained in the Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement evidencing such Restricted Stock Unit Award. For example, such restrictions may include, without limitation, a requirement that any Common Stock that is to be issued in a year following the year in which the Restricted Stock Unit Award vests must be issued in accordance with a fixed pre-determined schedule.

(c) Other Stock Awards. Other forms of Stock Awards valued in whole or in part by reference to, or otherwise based on, Common Stock, including the appreciation in value thereof (e.g., options or stock rights with an exercise price or strike price less than one hundred percent (100%) of the Fair Market Value of the Common Stock at the time of grant) may be granted either alone or in addition to Stock Awards provided for under Section 5 and the preceding provisions of this Section 6. Subject to the provisions of the Plan, the Board will have sole and complete authority to determine the persons to whom and the time or times at which such Other Stock Awards will be granted, the number of shares of Common Stock (or the cash equivalent thereof) to be granted pursuant to such Other Stock Awards and all other terms and conditions of such Other Stock Awards.

7. Covenants of the Company.

(a) Availability of Shares. The Company will keep available at all times the number of shares of Common Stock reasonably required to satisfy then-outstanding Stock Awards.

(b) Securities Law Compliance. The Company will seek to obtain from each regulatory commission or agency having jurisdiction over the Plan such authority as may be required to grant Stock Awards and to issue and sell shares of Common Stock upon exercise of the Stock Awards; provided, however, that this undertaking will not require the Company to register under the Securities Act the Plan, any Stock Award or any Common Stock issued or issuable pursuant to any such Stock Award. If, after reasonable efforts and at a reasonable cost, the Company is unable to obtain from any such regulatory commission or agency the authority that counsel for the Company deems necessary for the lawful issuance and sale of Common Stock under the Plan, the Company will be relieved from any liability for failure to issue and sell Common Stock upon exercise of such Stock Awards unless and until such authority is obtained. A Participant will not be eligible for the grant of a Stock Award or the subsequent issuance of cash or Common Stock pursuant to the Stock Award if such grant or issuance would be in violation of any applicable securities law.

(c) No Obligation to Notify or Minimize Taxes. The Company will have no duty or obligation to any Participant to advise such holder as to the time or manner of exercising such Stock Award. Furthermore, the Company will have no duty or obligation to warn or otherwise advise such holder of a pending termination or expiration of a Stock Award or a possible period in which the Stock Award may not be exercised. The Company has no duty or obligation to minimize the tax consequences of a Stock Award to the holder of such Stock Award.

8. Miscellaneous.

(a) Use of Proceeds from Sales of Common Stock. Proceeds from the sale of shares of Common Stock pursuant to Stock Awards will constitute general funds of the Company.

(b) Corporate Action Constituting Grant of Stock Awards. Corporate action constituting a grant by the Company of a Stock Award to any Participant will be deemed completed as of the date of such corporate action, unless otherwise determined by the Board, regardless of when the instrument, certificate, or letter evidencing the Stock Award is communicated to, or actually received or accepted by, the Participant. In the event that the corporate records (e.g., Board consents, resolutions or minutes) documenting the corporate action constituting the grant contain terms (e.g., exercise price, vesting schedule or number of shares) that are inconsistent with those in the Stock Award Agreement as a result of a clerical error in the papering of the Stock Award Agreement, the corporate records will control and the Participant will have no legally binding right to the incorrect term in the Stock Award Agreement.

(c) Stockholder Rights. No Participant will be deemed to be the holder of, or to have any of the rights of a holder with respect to, any shares of Common Stock subject to a Stock Award unless and until (i) such Participant has satisfied all requirements for exercise of, or the issuance of shares of Common Stock under, the Stock Award pursuant to its terms, and (ii) the issuance of the Common Stock subject to the Stock Award has been entered into the books and records of the Company.

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(d) No Employment or Other Service Rights. Nothing in the Plan, any Stock Award Agreement or any other instrument executed thereunder or in connection with any Stock Award granted pursuant thereto will confer upon any Participant any right to continue to serve the Company or an Affiliate in the capacity in effect at the time the Stock Award was granted or will affect the right of the Company or an Affiliate to terminate (i) the employment of an Employee with or without notice and with or without cause, (ii) the service of a Consultant pursuant to the terms of such Consultant’s agreement with the Company or an Affiliate, or (iii) the service of a Director pursuant to the bylaws of the Company or an Affiliate, and any applicable provisions of the corporate law of the state in which the Company or the Affiliate is incorporated, as the case may be.

(e) Change in Time Commitment. In the event a Participant’s regular level of time commitment in the performance of his or her services for the Company and any Affiliates is reduced (for example, and without limitation, if the Participant is an Employee of the Company and the Employee has a change in status from a full-time Employee to a part-time Employee) after the date of grant of any Stock Award to the Participant, the Board has the right in its sole discretion to (x) make a corresponding reduction in the number of shares subject to any portion of such Stock Award that is scheduled to vest or become payable after the date of such change in time commitment, and (y) in lieu of or in combination with such a reduction, extend the vesting or payment schedule applicable to such Stock Award. In the event of any such reduction, the Participant will have no right with respect to any portion of the Stock Award that is so reduced or extended.

(f) Incentive Stock Option Limitations. To the extent that the aggregate Fair Market Value (determined at the time of grant) of Common Stock with respect to which Incentive Stock Options are exercisable for the first time by any Optionholder during any calendar year (under all plans of the Company and any Affiliates) exceeds one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) (or such other limit established in the Code) or otherwise does not comply with the rules governing Incentive Stock Options, the Options or portions thereof that exceed such limit (according to the order in which they were granted) or otherwise do not comply with such rules will be treated as Nonstatutory Stock Options, notwithstanding any contrary provision of the applicable Option Agreement(s).

(g) Investment Assurances. The Company may require a Participant, as a condition of exercising or acquiring Common Stock under any Stock Award, (i) to give written assurances satisfactory to the Company as to the Participant’s knowledge and experience in financial and business matters and/or to employ a purchaser representative reasonably satisfactory to the Company who is knowledgeable and experienced in financial and business matters and that he or she is capable of evaluating, alone or together with the purchaser representative, the merits and risks of exercising the Stock Award; and (ii) to give written assurances satisfactory to the Company stating that the Participant is acquiring Common Stock subject to the Stock Award for the Participant’s own account and not with any present intention of selling or otherwise distributing the Common Stock. The foregoing requirements, and any assurances given pursuant to such requirements, will be inoperative if (A) the issuance of the shares upon the exercise or acquisition of Common Stock under the Stock Award has been registered under a then currently effective registration statement under the Securities Act, or (B) as to any particular requirement, a determination is made by counsel for the Company that such requirement need not be met in the circumstances under the then applicable securities laws. The Company may, upon advice of counsel to the Company, place legends on stock certificates issued under the Plan as such counsel deems necessary or appropriate in order to comply with applicable securities laws, including, but not limited to, legends restricting the transfer of the Common Stock.

(h) Withholding Obligations. Unless prohibited by the terms of a Stock Award Agreement, the Company may, in its sole discretion, satisfy any federal, state or local tax withholding obligation relating to a Stock Award by any of the following means or by a combination of such means: (i) causing the Participant to tender a cash payment; (ii) withholding shares of Common Stock from the shares of Common Stock issued or otherwise issuable to the Participant in connection with the Stock Award; provided, however, that no shares of Common Stock are withheld with a value exceeding the minimum amount of tax required to be withheld by law (or such lesser amount as may be necessary to avoid classification of the Stock Award as a liability for financial accounting purposes); (iii) withholding cash from a Stock Award settled in cash; (iv) withholding payment from any amounts otherwise payable to the Participant; or (v) by such other method as may be set forth in the Stock Award Agreement.

(i) Electronic Delivery. Any reference herein to a “written” agreement or document will include any agreement or document delivered electronically or posted on the Company’s intranet (or other shared electronic medium controlled by the Company to which the Participant has access).

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(j) Deferrals. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the Board, in its sole discretion, may determine that the delivery of Common Stock or the payment of cash, upon the exercise, vesting or settlement of all or a portion of any Stock Award may be deferred and may establish programs and procedures for deferral elections to be made by Participants. Deferrals by Participants will be made in accordance with Section 409A of the Code. Consistent with Section 409A of the Code, the Board may provide for distributions while a Participant is still an employee or otherwise providing services to the Company. The Board is authorized to make deferrals of Stock Awards and determine when, and in what annual percentages, Participants may receive payments, including lump sum payments, following the Participant’s termination of Continuous Service, and implement such other terms and conditions consistent with the provisions of the Plan and in accordance with applicable law.

(k) Compliance with Section 409A of the Code. To the extent that the Board determines that any Stock Award granted hereunder is subject to Section 409A of the Code, the Stock Award Agreement evidencing such Stock Award shall incorporate the terms and conditions necessary to avoid the consequences specified in Section 409A(a)(1) of the Code. To the extent applicable, the Plan and Stock Award Agreements shall be interpreted in accordance with Section 409A of the Code.

(l) Compliance with Exemption Provided by Rule 12h-1(f). If at the end of the Company’s most recently completed fiscal year: (i) the aggregate of the number of persons who hold outstanding compensatory employee stock options to purchase shares of Common Stock granted pursuant to the Plan or otherwise (such persons, “Holders of Options”) equals or exceeds five hundred (500), and (ii) the Company’s assets exceed $10 million, then the following restrictions will apply during any period during which the Company does not have a class of its securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act and is not required to file reports under Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act: (A) the Options and, prior to exercise, the shares of Common Stock to be issued on exercise of the Options may not be transferred until the Company is no longer relying on the exemption provided by Rule 12h-1(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act (“Rule 12h-1(f)”), except: (1) as permitted by Rule 701(c) promulgated under the Securities Act, (2) to a guardian upon the disability of the Holder of Options, or (3) to an executor upon the death of the Holder of Options (collectively, the “Permitted Transferees”); provided, however, the following transfers are permitted: (i) transfers by Holders of Options to the Company, and (ii) transfers in connection with a change of control or other acquisition involving the Company, if following such transaction, the Options no longer remain outstanding and the Company is no longer relying on the exemption provided by Rule 12h-1(f); provided further, that any Permitted Transferees may not further transfer the Options; (B) except as otherwise provided in (A) above, the Options and shares of Common Stock issuable on exercise of the Options are restricted as to any pledge, hypothecation, or other transfer, including any short position, any “put equivalent position” as defined by Rule 16a-1(h) promulgated under the Exchange Act, or any “call equivalent position” as defined by Rule 16a-1(b) promulgated under the Exchange Act by Holders of Options prior to exercise of an Option until the Company is no longer relying on the exemption provided by Rule 12h-1(f); and (C) at any time that the Company is relying on the exemption provided by Rule 12h-1(f), the Company will deliver to Holders of Options (whether by physical or electronic delivery or written notice of the availability of the information on an internet site) the information required by Rule 701(e)(3), (4), and (5) promulgated under the Securities Act every six (6) months, including financial statements that are not more than one hundred eighty (180) days old; provided, however, that the Company may condition the delivery of such information upon the Holder of Options’ agreement to maintain its confidentiality.

(m) Repurchase Limitation. The terms of any repurchase right will be specified in the Stock Award Agreement. The repurchase price for vested shares of Common Stock will be the Fair Market Value of the shares of Common Stock on the date of repurchase. The repurchase price for unvested shares of Common Stock will be the lower of (i) the Fair Market Value of the shares of Common Stock on the date of repurchase or (ii) their original purchase price. However, the Company will not exercise its repurchase right until at least six (6) months (or such longer or shorter period of time necessary to avoid classification of the Stock Award as a liability for financial accounting purposes) have elapsed following delivery of shares of Common Stock subject to the Stock Award, unless otherwise specifically provided by the Board.

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9. Adjustments upon Changes in Common Stock; Other Corporate Events.

(a) Capitalization Adjustments. In the event of a Capitalization Adjustment, the Board will appropriately and proportionately adjust: (i) the class(es) and maximum number of securities subject to the Plan pursuant to Section 3(a), (ii) the class(es) and maximum number of securities that may be issued pursuant to the exercise of Incentive Stock Options pursuant to Section 3(c), and (iii) the class(es) and number of securities and price per share of stock subject to outstanding Stock Awards. The Board will make such adjustments, and its determination will be final, binding and conclusive.

(b) Dissolution or Liquidation. Except as otherwise provided in the Stock Award Agreement, in the event of a dissolution or liquidation of the Company, all outstanding Stock Awards (other than Stock Awards consisting of vested and outstanding shares of Common Stock not subject to a forfeiture condition or the Company’s right of repurchase) will terminate immediately prior to the completion of such dissolution or liquidation, and the shares of Common Stock subject to the Company’s repurchase rights or subject to a forfeiture condition may be repurchased or reacquired by the Company notwithstanding the fact that the holder of such Stock Award is providing Continuous Service, provided, however, that the Board may, in its sole discretion, cause some or all Stock Awards to become fully vested, exercisable and/or no longer subject to repurchase or forfeiture (to the extent such Stock Awards have not previously expired or terminated) before the dissolution or liquidation is completed but contingent on its completion.

(c) Corporate Transaction. The following provisions will apply to Stock Awards in the event of a Corporate Transaction unless otherwise provided in the instrument evidencing the Stock Award or any other written agreement between the Company or any Affiliate and the Participant or unless otherwise expressly provided by the Board at the time of grant of a Stock Award. In the event of a Corporate Transaction, then, notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan, the Board may take one or more of the following actions with respect to Stock Awards, contingent upon the closing or completion of the Corporate Transaction:

(i) arrange for the surviving corporation or acquiring corporation (or the surviving or acquiring corporation’s parent company) to assume or continue the Stock Award or to substitute a similar stock award for the Stock Award (including, but not limited to, an award to acquire the same consideration paid to the stockholders of the Company pursuant to the Corporate Transaction);

(ii) arrange for the assignment of any reacquisition or repurchase rights held by the Company in respect of Common Stock issued pursuant to the Stock Award to the surviving corporation or acquiring corporation (or the surviving or acquiring corporation’s parent company);

(iii) accelerate the vesting, in whole or in part, of the Stock Award (and, if applicable, the time at which the Stock Award may be exercised) to a date prior to the effective time of such Corporate Transaction as the Board determines (or, if the Board does not determine such a date, to the date that is five (5) days prior to the effective date of the Corporate Transaction), with such Stock Award terminating if not exercised (if applicable) at or prior to the effective time of the Corporate Transaction; provided, however, that the Board may require Participants to complete and deliver to the Company a notice of exercise before the effective date of a Corporate Transaction, which exercise is contingent upon the effectiveness of such Corporate Transaction;

(iv) arrange for the lapse, in whole or in part, of any reacquisition or repurchase rights held by the Company with respect to the Stock Award;

(v) cancel or arrange for the cancellation of the Stock Award, to the extent not vested or not exercised prior to the effective time of the Corporate Transaction, in exchange for such cash consideration, if any, as the Board, in its sole discretion, may consider appropriate; and

(vi) make a payment, in such form as may be determined by the Board equal to the excess, if any, of (A) the value of the property the Participant would have received upon the exercise of the Stock Award immediately prior to the effective time of the Corporate Transaction, over (B) any exercise price payable by such holder in connection with such exercise. For clarity, this payment may be zero ($0) if the value of the property is equal to or less than the exercise price. Payments under this provision may be delayed to the same extent that payment of consideration to the holders of the Company’s Common Stock in connection with the Corporate Transaction is delayed as a result of escrows, earn outs, holdbacks or any other contingencies.

The Board need not take the same action or actions with respect to all Stock Awards or portions thereof or with respect to all Participants. The Board may take different actions with respect to the vested and unvested portions of a Stock Award.

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(d) Change in Control. A Stock Award may be subject to additional acceleration of vesting and exercisability upon or after a Change in Control as may be provided in the Stock Award Agreement for such Stock Award or as may be provided in any other written agreement between the Company or any Affiliate and the Participant, but in the absence of such provision, no such acceleration will occur.

10. Plan Term; Earlier Termination or Suspension of the Plan.

(a) Plan Term. The Board may suspend or terminate the Plan at any time. Unless terminated sooner by the Board, the Plan will automatically terminate on the day before the tenth (10th) anniversary of the earlier of (i) the date the Plan is adopted by the Board, or (ii) the date the Plan is approved by the stockholders of the Company. No Stock Awards may be granted under the Plan while the Plan is suspended or after it is terminated.

(b) No Impairment of Rights. Suspension or termination of the Plan will not impair rights and obligations under any Stock Award granted while the Plan is in effect except with the written consent of the affected Participant or as otherwise permitted in the Plan.

11. Effective Date of Plan.

This Plan will become effective on the Effective Date.

12. Choice of Law.

The laws of the State of Delaware will govern all questions concerning the construction, validity and interpretation of this Plan, without regard to that state’s conflict of laws rules.

13. Definitions. As used in the Plan, the following definitions will apply to the capitalized terms indicated below:

(a) “Affiliate” means, at the time of determination, any “parent” or “majority-owned subsidiary” of the Company, as such terms are defined in Rule 405. The Board will have the authority to determine the time or times at which “parent” or “majority-owned subsidiary” status is determined within the foregoing definition.

(b) “Board” means the Board of Directors of the Company.

(c) “Capitalization Adjustment” means any change that is made in, or other events that occur with respect to, the Common Stock subject to the Plan or subject to any Stock Award after the Effective Date without the receipt of consideration by the Company through merger, consolidation, reorganization, recapitalization, reincorporation, stock dividend, dividend in property other than cash, large nonrecurring cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split, liquidating dividend, combination of shares, exchange of shares, change in corporate structure, or any similar equity restructuring transaction, as that term is used in Statement of Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718 (or any successor thereto). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the conversion of any convertible securities of the Company will not be treated as a Capitalization Adjustment.

(d) “Cause” will have the meaning ascribed to such term in any written agreement between the Participant and the Company defining such term and, in the absence of such agreement, such term means, with respect to a Participant, the occurrence of any of the following events: (i) such Participant’s commission of any felony or any crime involving fraud, dishonesty or moral turpitude under the laws of the United States or any state thereof; (ii) such Participant’s attempted commission of, or participation in, a fraud or act of dishonesty against the Company; (iii) such Participant’s intentional, material violation of any contract or agreement between the Participant and the Company or of any statutory duty owed to the Company; (iv) such Participant’s unauthorized use or disclosure of the Company’s confidential information or trade secrets; or (v) such Participant’s gross misconduct. The determination that a termination of the Participant’s Continuous Service is either for Cause or without Cause will be made by the Company, in its sole discretion. Any determination by the Company that the Continuous Service of a Participant was terminated with or without Cause for the purposes of outstanding Stock Awards held by such Participant will have no effect upon any determination of the rights or obligations of the Company or such Participant for any other purpose.

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(e) “Change in Control” means the occurrence, in a single transaction or in a series of related transactions, of any one or more of the following events:

(i) any Exchange Act Person becomes the Owner, directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing more than fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power of the Company’s then outstanding securities other than by virtue of a merger, consolidation or similar transaction. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Change in Control will not be deemed to occur (A) on account of the acquisition of securities of the Company directly from the Company, (B) on account of the acquisition of securities of the Company by an investor, any affiliate thereof or any other Exchange Act Person that acquires the Company’s securities in a transaction or series of related transactions the primary purpose of which is to obtain financing for the Company through the issuance of equity securities or (C) solely because the level of Ownership held by any Exchange Act Person (the “Subject Person”) exceeds the designated percentage threshold of the outstanding voting securities as a result of a repurchase or other acquisition of voting securities by the Company reducing the number of shares outstanding, provided that if a Change in Control would occur (but for the operation of this sentence) as a result of the acquisition of voting securities by the Company, and after such share acquisition, the Subject Person becomes the Owner of any additional voting securities that, assuming the repurchase or other acquisition had not occurred, increases the percentage of the then outstanding voting securities Owned by the Subject Person over the designated percentage threshold, then a Change in Control will be deemed to occur;

(ii) there is consummated a merger, consolidation or similar transaction involving (directly or indirectly) the Company and, immediately after the consummation of such merger, consolidation or similar transaction, the stockholders of the Company immediately prior thereto do not Own, directly or indirectly, either (A) outstanding voting securities representing more than fifty percent (50%) of the combined outstanding voting power of the surviving Entity in such merger, consolidation or similar transaction or (B) more than fifty percent (50%) of the combined outstanding voting power of the parent of the surviving Entity in such merger, consolidation or similar transaction, in each case in substantially the same proportions as their Ownership of the outstanding voting securities of the Company immediately prior to such transaction;

(iii) the stockholders of the Company approve or the Board approves a plan of complete dissolution or liquidation of the Company, or a complete dissolution or liquidation of the Company will otherwise occur, except for a liquidation into a parent corporation;

(iv) there is consummated a sale, lease, exclusive license or other disposition of all or substantially all of the consolidated assets of the Company and its Subsidiaries, other than a sale, lease, license or other disposition of all or substantially all of the consolidated assets of the Company and its Subsidiaries to an Entity, more than fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power of the voting securities of which are Owned by stockholders of the Company in substantially the same proportions as their Ownership of the outstanding voting securities of the Company immediately prior to such sale, lease, license or other disposition; or

(v) individuals who, on the date the Plan is adopted by the Board, are members of the Board (the “Incumbent Board”) cease for any reason to constitute at least a majority of the members of the Board; provided, however, that if the appointment or election (or nomination for election) of any new Board member was approved or recommended by a majority vote of the members of the Incumbent Board then still in office, such new member will, for purposes of this Plan, be considered as a member of the Incumbent Board.

Notwithstanding the foregoing definition or any other provision of this Plan, (A) the term Change in Control will not include a sale of assets, merger or other transaction effected exclusively for the purpose of changing the domicile of the Company, and (B) the definition of Change in Control (or any analogous term) in an individual written agreement between the Company or any Affiliate and the Participant will supersede the foregoing definition with respect to Stock Awards subject to such agreement; provided, however, that if no definition of Change in Control or any analogous term is set forth in such an individual written agreement, the foregoing definition will apply.

(f) “Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, including any applicable regulations and guidance thereunder.

(g) “Committee” means a committee of one or more Directors to whom authority has been delegated by the Board in accordance with Section 2(c).

(h) “Common Stock” means the common stock of the Company.

(i) “Company” means Senestech, Inc., a Nevada corporation.

(j) “Consultant” means any person, including an advisor, who is (i) engaged by the Company or an Affiliate to render consulting or advisory services and is compensated for such services, or (ii) serving as a member of the board of directors of an Affiliate and is compensated for such services. However, service solely as a Director, or payment of a fee for such service, will not cause a Director to be considered a “Consultant” for purposes of the Plan.

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(k) “Continuous Service” means that the Participant’s service with the Company or an Affiliate, whether as an Employee, Director or Consultant, is not interrupted or terminated. A change in the capacity in which the Participant renders service to the Company or an Affiliate as an Employee, Director or Consultant or a change in the Entity for which the Participant renders such service, provided that there is no interruption or termination of the Participant’s service with the Company or an Affiliate, will not terminate a Participant’s Continuous Service; provided, however, that if the Entity for which a Participant is rendering services ceases to qualify as an Affiliate, as determined by the Board in its sole discretion, such Participant’s Continuous Service will be considered to have terminated on the date such Entity ceases to qualify as an Affiliate. For example, a change in status from an Employee of the Company to a Consultant of an Affiliate or to a Director will not constitute an interruption of Continuous Service. To the extent permitted by law, the Board or the chief executive officer of the Company, in that party’s sole discretion, may determine whether Continuous Service will be considered interrupted in the case of (i) any leave of absence approved by the Board or chief executive officer, including sick leave, military leave or any other personal leave, or (ii) transfers between the Company, an Affiliate, or their successors. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a leave of absence will be treated as Continuous Service for purposes of vesting in a Stock Award only to such extent as may be provided in the Company’s leave of absence policy, in the written terms of any leave of absence agreement or policy applicable to the Participant, or as otherwise required by law.

(l) “Corporate Transaction” means the consummation, in a single transaction or in a series of related transactions, of any one or more of the following events:

(i) a sale or other disposition of all or substantially all, as determined by the Board in its sole discretion, of the consolidated assets of the Company and its Subsidiaries;

(ii) a sale or other disposition of at least ninety percent (90%) of the outstanding securities of the Company;

(iii) a merger, consolidation or similar transaction following which the Company is not the surviving corporation; or

(iv) a merger, consolidation or similar transaction following which the Company is the surviving corporation but the shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately preceding the merger, consolidation or similar transaction are converted or exchanged by virtue of the merger, consolidation or similar transaction into other property, whether in the form of securities, cash or otherwise.

(m) “Director” means a member of the Board.

(n) “Disability” means, with respect to a Participant, the inability of such Participant to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment that can be expected to result in death or that has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve (12) months as provided in Sections 22(e)(3) and 409A(a)(2)(c)(i) of the Code, and will be determined by the Board on the basis of such medical evidence as the Board deems warranted under the circumstances.

(o) “Effective Date” means the effective date of this Plan, which is the earlier of (i) the date that this Plan is first approved by the Company’s stockholders, and (ii) the date this Plan is adopted by the Board.

(p) “Employee” means any person employed by the Company or an Affiliate. However, service solely as a Director, or payment of a fee for such services, will not cause a Director to be considered an “Employee” for purposes of the Plan.

(q) “Entity” means a corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity.

(r) “Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

(s) “Exchange Act Person” means any natural person, Entity or “group” (within the meaning of Section 13(d) or 14(d) of the Exchange Act), except that “Exchange Act Person” will not include (i) the Company or any Subsidiary of the Company, (ii) any employee benefit plan of the Company or any Subsidiary of the Company or any trustee or other fiduciary holding securities under an employee benefit plan of the Company or any Subsidiary of the Company, (iii) an underwriter temporarily holding securities pursuant to an offering of such securities, (iv) an Entity Owned, directly or indirectly, by the stockholders of the Company in substantially the same proportions as their Ownership of stock of the Company; or (v) any natural person, Entity or “group” (within the meaning of Section 13(d) or 14(d) of the Exchange Act) that, as of the Effective Date, is the Owner, directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing more than fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power of the Company’s then outstanding securities.

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(t) “Fair Market Value” means, as of any date, the value of the Common Stock determined by the Board in compliance with Section 409A of the Code or, in the case of an Incentive Stock Option, in compliance with Section 422 of the Code.

(u) “Incentive Stock Option” means an option granted pursuant to Section 5 of the Plan that is intended to be, and that qualifies as, an “incentive stock option” within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code.

(v) “Nonstatutory Stock Option” means any option granted pursuant to Section 5 of the Plan that does not qualify as an Incentive Stock Option.

(w) “Officer” means any person designated by the Company as an officer.

(x) “Option” means an Incentive Stock Option or a Nonstatutory Stock Option to purchase shares of Common Stock granted pursuant to the Plan.

(y) “Option Agreement” means a written agreement between the Company and an Optionholder evidencing the terms and conditions of an Option grant. Each Option Agreement will be subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan.

(z) “Optionholder” means a person to whom an Option is granted pursuant to the Plan or, if applicable, such other person who holds an outstanding Option.

(aa) “Other Stock Award” means an award based in whole or in part by reference to the Common Stock which is granted pursuant to the terms and conditions of Section 6(c).

(bb) “Other Stock Award Agreement” means a written agreement between the Company and a holder of an Other Stock Award evidencing the terms and conditions of an Other Stock Award grant. Each Other Stock Award Agreement will be subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan.

(cc) “Own,” “Owned,” “Owner,” “Ownership” A person or Entity will be deemed to “Own,” to have “Owned,” to be the “Owner” of, or to have acquired “Ownership” of securities if such person or Entity, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, has or shares voting power, which includes the power to vote or to direct the voting, with respect to such securities.

(dd) “Participant” means a person to whom a Stock Award is granted pursuant to the Plan or, if applicable, such other person who holds an outstanding Stock Award.

(ee) “Plan” means this Senestech, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan.

(ff) “Restricted Stock Award” means an award of shares of Common Stock which is granted pursuant to the terms and conditions of Section 6(a).

(gg) “Restricted Stock Award Agreement” means a written agreement between the Company and a holder of a Restricted Stock Award evidencing the terms and conditions of a Restricted Stock Award grant. Each Restricted Stock Award Agreement will be subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan.

(hh) “Restricted Stock Unit Award” means a right to receive shares of Common Stock which is granted pursuant to the terms and conditions of Section 6(b).

(ii) “Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement” means a written agreement between the Company and a holder of a Restricted Stock Unit Award evidencing the terms and conditions of a Restricted Stock Unit Award grant. Each Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement will be subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan.

(jj) “Rule 405” means Rule 405 promulgated under the Securities Act.

(kk) “Rule 701” means Rule 701 promulgated under the Securities Act.

(ll) “Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

(mm) “Stock Appreciation Right” or “SAR” means a right to receive the appreciation on Common Stock that is granted pursuant to the terms and conditions of Section 5.

(nn) “Stock Appreciation Right Agreement” means a written agreement between the Company and a holder of a Stock Appreciation Right evidencing the terms and conditions of a Stock Appreciation Right grant. Each Stock Appreciation Right Agreement will be subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan.

(oo) “Stock Award” means any right to receive Common Stock granted under the Plan, including an Incentive Stock Option, a Nonstatutory Stock Option, a Restricted Stock Award, a Restricted Stock Unit Award, a Stock Appreciation Right or any Other Stock Award.

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(pp) “Stock Award Agreement” means a written agreement between the Company and a Participant evidencing the terms and conditions of a Stock Award grant. Each Stock Award Agreement will be subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan.

(qq) “Subsidiary” means, with respect to the Company, (i) any corporation of which more than fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding capital stock having ordinary voting power to elect a majority of the board of directors of such corporation (irrespective of whether, at the time, stock of any other class or classes of such corporation will have or might have voting power by reason of the happening of any contingency) is at the time, directly or indirectly, Owned by the Company, and (ii) any partnership, limited liability company or other entity in which the Company has a direct or indirect interest (whether in the form of voting or participation in profits or capital contribution) of more than fifty percent (50%) .

(rr) “Ten Percent Stockholder” means a person who Owns (or is deemed to Own pursuant to Section 424(d) of the Code) stock possessing more than ten percent (10%) of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or any Affiliate.

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SENESTECH, INC.

STOCK OPTION GRANT NOTICE

(2018 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN)

Senestech, Inc. (the “Company”), pursuant to its 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), hereby grants to Optionholder an option to purchase the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock set forth below. This option is subject to all of the terms and conditions as set forth in this notice, in the Option Agreement, the Plan and the Notice of Exercise, all of which are attached hereto and incorporated herein in their entirety. Capitalized terms not explicitly defined herein but defined in the Plan or the Option Agreement will have the same definitions as in the Plan or the Option Agreement. If there is any conflict between the terms in this notice and the Plan, the terms of the Plan will control.

Optionholder:

Date of Grant:

Vesting Commencement Date:

Number of Shares Subject to Option:

Exercise Price (Per Share):

Total Exercise Price:

Expiration Date:

Type of Grant:	☐	Incentive Stock Option1	☐	Nonstatutory Stock Option
Exercise Schedule:	☐	Same as Vesting Schedule	☐	Early Exercise Permitted

Vesting Schedule:	[Sample of standard vesting. One-fourth (1/4th) of the shares vest one year after the Vesting Commencement Date; the balance of the shares vest in a series of thirty-six (36) successive equal monthly installments measured from the first anniversary of the Vesting Commencement Date, subject to Optionholder’s Continuous Service as of each such date.]
Payment:	By one or a combination of the following items (described in the Option Agreement):
	☐ By cash, check, bank draft or money order payable to the Company
	☐ Pursuant to a Regulation T Program if the shares are publicly traded
	☐ By delivery of already-owned shares if the shares are publicly traded
	☐ By deferred payment
	☐ If and only to the extent this option is a Nonstatutory Stock Option, and subject to the Company’s consent at the time of exercise, by a “net exercise” arrangement

¹ If this is an Incentive Stock Option, it (plus other outstanding Incentive Stock Options) cannot be first exercisable for more than $100,000 in value (measured by exercise price) in any calendar year. Any excess over $100,000 is a Nonstatutory Stock Option.

Additional Terms/Acknowledgements: Optionholder acknowledges receipt of, and understands and agrees to, this Stock Option Grant Notice, the Option Agreement and the Plan. Optionholder acknowledges and agrees that this Stock Option Grant Notice and the Option Agreement may not be modified, amended or revised except as provided in the Plan. Optionholder further acknowledges that as of the Date of Grant, this Stock Option Grant Notice, the Option Agreement, and the Plan set forth the entire understanding between Optionholder and the Company regarding this option award and supersede all prior oral and written agreements, promises and/or representations on that subject with the exception of (i) options previously granted and delivered to Optionholder, and (ii) the following agreements only. By accepting this option, you consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and to participate in the Plan through an on-line or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or another third party designated by the Company.

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Other Agreements:

Senestech, Inc.	Optionholder:
By:	By:
Signature	Signature
Title:	Date:
Date:

Attachments: Option Agreement, 2018 Equity Incentive Plan and Notice of Exercise

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ATTACHMENT I

SENESTECH, INC.

2018 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN

OPTION AGREEMENT

(INCENTIVE STOCK OPTION OR NONSTATUTORY STOCK OPTION)

Pursuant to your Stock Option Grant Notice (“Grant Notice”) and this Option Agreement, Senestech, Inc. (the “Company”) has granted you an option under its 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) to purchase the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock indicated in your Grant Notice at the exercise price indicated in your Grant Notice. The option is granted to you effective as of the date of grant set forth in the Grant Notice (the “Date of Grant”). If there is any conflict between the terms in this Option Agreement and the Plan, the terms of the Plan will control. Capitalized terms not explicitly defined in this Option Agreement or in the Grant Notice but defined in the Plan will have the same definitions as in the Plan.

The details of your option, in addition to those set forth in the Grant Notice and the Plan, are as follows:

1. Vesting. Your option will vest as provided in your Grant Notice. Vesting will cease upon the termination of your Continuous Service.

2. Number of Shares and Exercise Price. The number of shares of Common Stock subject to your option and your exercise price per share in your Grant Notice will be adjusted for Capitalization Adjustments.

3. Exercise Restriction for Non-Exempt Employees. If you are an Employee eligible for overtime compensation under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended (that is, a “Non-Exempt Employee”), and except as otherwise provided in the Plan, you may not exercise your option until you have completed at least six (6) months of Continuous Service measured from the Date of Grant, even if you have already been an employee for more than six (6) months. Consistent with the provisions of the Worker Economic Opportunity Act, you may exercise your option as to any vested portion prior to such six (6) month anniversary in the case of (i) your death or disability, (ii) a Corporate Transaction in which your option is not assumed, continued or substituted, (iii) a Change in Control or (iv) your termination of Continuous Service on your “retirement” (as defined in the Company’s benefit plans).

4. Exercise prior to Vesting (“Early Exercise”). If permitted in your Grant Notice (i.e., the “Exercise Schedule” indicates “Early Exercise Permitted”) and subject to the provisions of your option, you may elect at any time that is both (i) during the period of your Continuous Service and (ii) during the term of your option, to exercise all or part of your option, including the unvested portion of your option; provided, however, that:

(a) a partial exercise of your option will be deemed to cover first vested shares of Common Stock and then the earliest vesting installment of unvested shares of Common Stock;

(b) any shares of Common Stock so purchased from installments that have not vested as of the date of exercise will be subject to the purchase option in favor of the Company as described in the Company’s form of Early Exercise Stock Purchase Agreement;

(c) you will enter into the Company’s form of Early Exercise Stock Purchase Agreement with a vesting schedule that will result in the same vesting as if no early exercise had occurred; and

(d) if your option is an Incentive Stock Option, then, to the extent that the aggregate Fair Market Value (determined at the Date of Grant) of the shares of Common Stock with respect to which your option plus all other Incentive Stock Options you hold are exercisable for the first time by you during any calendar year (under all plans of the Company and its Affiliates) exceeds one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), your option(s) or portions thereof that exceed such limit (according to the order in which they were granted) will be treated as Nonstatutory Stock Options.

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5. Method of Payment. You must pay the full amount of the exercise price for the shares you wish to exercise. You may pay the exercise price in cash or by check, bank draft or money order payable to the Company or in any other manner permitted by your Grant Notice, which may include one or more of the following: 

(a) Provided that at the time of exercise the Common Stock is publicly traded, pursuant to a program developed under Regulation T as promulgated by the Federal Reserve Board that, prior to the issuance of Common Stock, results in either the receipt of cash (or check) by the Company or the receipt of irrevocable instructions to pay the aggregate exercise price to the Company from the sales proceeds. This manner of payment is also known as a “broker-assisted exercise”, “same day sale”, or “sell to cover”.

(b) Provided that at the time of exercise the Common Stock is publicly traded, by delivery to the Company (either by actual delivery or attestation) of already-owned shares of Common Stock that are owned free and clear of any liens, claims, encumbrances or security interests, and that are valued at Fair Market Value on the date of exercise. “Delivery” for these purposes, in the sole discretion of the Company at the time you exercise your option, will include delivery to the Company of your attestation of ownership of such shares of Common Stock in a form approved by the Company. You may not exercise your option by delivery to the Company of Common Stock if doing so would violate the provisions of any law, regulation or agreement restricting the redemption of the Company’s stock.

(c) If this option is a Nonstatutory Stock Option, subject to the consent of the Company at the time of exercise, by a “net exercise” arrangement pursuant to which the Company will reduce the number of shares of Common Stock issued upon exercise of your option by the largest whole number of shares with a Fair Market Value that does not exceed the aggregate exercise price. You must pay any remaining balance of the aggregate exercise price not satisfied by the “net exercise” in cash or other permitted form of payment. Shares of Common Stock will no longer be outstanding under your option and will not be exercisable thereafter if those shares (i) are used to pay the exercise price pursuant to the “net exercise,” (ii) are delivered to you as a result of such exercise, and (iii) are withheld to satisfy your tax withholding obligations.

(d) Pursuant to the following deferred payment alternative:

(i) Not less than one hundred percent (100%) of the aggregate exercise price, plus accrued interest, will be due four (4) years from date of exercise or, at the Company’s election, upon termination of your Continuous Service.

(ii) Interest will be compounded at least annually and will be charged at the minimum rate of interest necessary to avoid (1) the treatment as interest, under any applicable provisions of the Code, of any amounts other than amounts stated to be interest under the deferred payment arrangement and (2) the classification of your option as a liability for financial accounting purposes.

(iii) In order to elect the deferred payment alternative, you must, as a part of your written notice of exercise, give notice of the election of this payment alternative and, in order to secure the payment of the deferred exercise price to the Company hereunder, if the Company so requests, you must tender to the Company a promissory note and a pledge agreement covering the purchased shares of Common Stock, both in form and substance satisfactory to the Company, or such other or additional documentation as the Company may request.

6. Whole Shares. You may exercise your option only for whole shares of Common Stock.

7. Securities Law Compliance. In no event may you exercise your option unless the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise are then registered under the Securities Act or, if not registered, the Company has determined that your exercise and the issuance of the shares would be exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. The exercise of your option also must comply with all other applicable laws and regulations governing your option, and you may not exercise your option if the Company determines that such exercise would not be in material compliance with such laws and regulations (including any restrictions on exercise required for compliance with Treas. Reg. 1.401(k)-1(d)(3), if applicable).

8. Term. You may not exercise your option before the Date of Grant or after the expiration of the option’s term. The term of your option expires, subject to the provisions of Section 5(h) of the Plan, upon the earliest of the following:

(a) immediately upon the termination of your Continuous Service for Cause;

(b) three (3) months after the termination of your Continuous Service for any reason other than Cause, your Disability or your death (except as otherwise provided in Section 8(d) below); provided, however, that if during any part of such three (3) month period your option is not exercisable solely because of the condition set forth in the section above relating to “Securities Law Compliance,” your option will not expire until the earlier of the Expiration Date or until it has been exercisable for an aggregate period of three (3) months after the termination of your Continuous Service; provided further, that if (i) you are a Non-Exempt Employee, (ii) your Continuous Service terminates within six (6) months after the Date of Grant, and (iii) you have vested in a portion of your option at the time of your termination of Continuous Service, your option will not expire until the earlier of (x) the later of (A) the date that is seven (7) months after the Date of Grant, and (B) the date that is three (3) months after the termination of your Continuous Service, and (y) the Expiration Date;

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(c) twelve (12) months after the termination of your Continuous Service due to your Disability (except as otherwise provided in Section 8(d)) below;

(d) eighteen (18) months after your death if you die either during your Continuous Service or within three (3) months after your Continuous Service terminates for any reason other than Cause;

(e) the Expiration Date indicated in your Grant Notice; or

(f) the day before the tenth (10th) anniversary of the Date of Grant.

If your option is an Incentive Stock Option, note that to obtain the federal income tax advantages associated with an Incentive Stock Option, the Code requires that at all times beginning on the Date of Grant and ending on the day three (3) months before the date of your option’s exercise, you must be an employee of the Company or an Affiliate, except in the event of your death or your permanent and total disability, as defined in Section 22(e)(3) of the Code. (The definition of disability in Section 22(e)(3) of the Code. The Company has provided for extended exercisability of your option under certain circumstances for your benefit but cannot guarantee that your option will necessarily be treated as an Incentive Stock Option if you continue to provide services to the Company or an Affiliate as a Consultant or Director after your employment terminates or if you otherwise exercise your option more than three (3) months after the date your employment with the Company or an Affiliate terminates.

9. Exercise.

(a) You may exercise the vested portion of your option (and the unvested portion of your option if your Grant Notice so permits) during its term by (i) delivering a Notice of Exercise (in a form designated by the Company) or completing such other documents and/or procedures designated by the Company for exercise and (ii) paying the exercise price and any applicable withholding taxes to the Company’s Secretary, stock plan administrator, or such other person as the Company may designate, together with such additional documents as the Company may then require.

(b) By exercising your option you agree that, as a condition to any exercise of your option, the Company may require you to enter into an arrangement providing for the payment by you to the Company of any tax withholding obligation of the Company arising by reason of (i) the exercise of your option, (ii) the lapse of any substantial risk of forfeiture to which the shares of Common Stock are subject at the time of exercise, or (iii) the disposition of shares of Common Stock acquired upon such exercise.

(c) If your option is an Incentive Stock Option, by exercising your option you agree that you will notify the Company in writing within fifteen (15) days after the date of any disposition of any of the shares of the Common Stock issued upon exercise of your option that occurs within two (2) years after the Date of Grant or within one (1) year after such shares of Common Stock are transferred upon exercise of your option.

(d) By exercising your option you agree that you will not sell, dispose of, transfer, make any short sale of, grant any option for the purchase of, or enter into any hedging or similar transaction with the same economic effect as a sale with respect to any shares of Common Stock or other securities of the Company held by you, for a period of one hundred eighty (180) days following the effective date of a registration statement of the Company filed under the Securities Act or such longer period as the underwriters or the Company will request to facilitate compliance with FINRA Rule 2241 or any successor or similar rule or regulation (the “Lock-Up Period”); provided, however, that nothing contained in this section will prevent the exercise of a repurchase option, if any, in favor of the Company during the Lock-Up Period. You further agree to execute and deliver such other agreements as may be reasonably requested by the Company or the underwriters that are consistent with the foregoing or that are necessary to give further effect thereto. In order to enforce the foregoing covenant, the Company may impose stop-transfer instructions with respect to your shares of Common Stock until the end of such period. You also agree that any transferee of any shares of Common Stock (or other securities) of the Company held by you will be bound by this Section 9(d). The underwriters of the Company’s stock are intended third party beneficiaries of this Section 9(d) and will have the right, power and authority to enforce the provisions hereof as though they were a party hereto.

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10. Transferability. Except as otherwise provided in this Section 10, your option is not transferable, except by will or by the laws of descent and distribution, and is exercisable during your life only by you.

(a) Certain Trusts. Upon receiving written permission from the Board or its duly authorized designee, you may transfer your option to a trust if you are considered to be the sole beneficial owner (determined under Section 671 of the Code and applicable state law) while the option is held in the trust. You and the trustee must enter into transfer and other agreements required by the Company.

(b) Domestic Relations Orders. Upon receiving written permission from the Board or its duly authorized designee, and provided that you and the designated transferee enter into transfer and other agreements required by the Company, you may transfer your option pursuant to the terms of a domestic relations order, official marital settlement agreement or other divorce or separation instrument as permitted by Treasury Regulation 1.421-1(b)(2) that contains the information required by the Company to effectuate the transfer. You are encouraged to discuss the proposed terms of any division of this option with the Company prior to finalizing the domestic relations order or marital settlement agreement to help ensure the required information is contained within the domestic relations order or marital settlement agreement. If this option is an Incentive Stock Option, this option may be deemed to be a Nonstatutory Stock Option as a result of such transfer.

(c) Beneficiary Designation. Upon receiving written permission from the Board or its duly authorized designee, you may, by delivering written notice to the Company, in a form approved by the Company and any broker designated by the Company to handle option exercises, designate a third party who, on your death, will thereafter be entitled to exercise this option and receive the Common Stock or other consideration resulting from such exercise. In the absence of such a designation, your executor or administrator of your estate will be entitled to exercise this option and receive, on behalf of your estate, the Common Stock or other consideration resulting from such exercise.

11. Right of First Refusal. Shares of Common Stock that you acquire upon exercise of your option are subject to any right of first refusal that may be described in the Company’s bylaws in effect at such time the Company elects to exercise its right; provided, however, that if there is no right of first refusal described in the Company’s bylaws at such time, the right of first refusal described below will apply. The Company’s right of first refusal will expire on the first date upon which any security of the Company is listed (or approved for listing) upon notice of issuance on a national securities exchange or quotation system (the “Listing Date”).

(a) Prior to the Listing Date, you may not validly Transfer (as defined below) any shares of Common Stock acquired upon exercise of your option, or any interest in such shares, unless such Transfer is made in compliance with the following provisions:

(i) Before there can be a valid Transfer of any shares of Common Stock or any interest therein, the record holder of the shares of Common Stock to be transferred (the “Offered Shares”) will give written notice (by registered or certified mail) to the Company. Such notice will specify the identity of the proposed transferee, the cash price offered for the Offered Shares by the proposed transferee (or, if the proposed Transfer is one in which the holder will not receive cash, such as an involuntary transfer, gift, donation or pledge, the holder will state that no purchase price is being proposed), and the other terms and conditions of the proposed Transfer. The date such notice is mailed will be hereinafter referred to as the “Notice Date” and the record holder of the Offered Shares will be hereinafter referred to as the “Offeror.” If, from time to time, there is any stock dividend, stock split or other change in the character or amount of any of the outstanding Common Stock which is subject to the provisions of your option, then in such event any and all new, substituted or additional securities to which you are entitled by reason of your ownership of the shares of Common Stock acquired upon exercise of your option will be immediately subject to the Company’s Right of First Refusal (as defined below) with the same force and effect as the shares subject to the Right of First Refusal immediately before such event.

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(ii) For a period of thirty (30) calendar days after the Notice Date, or such longer period as may be required to avoid the classification of your option as a liability for financial accounting purposes, the Company will have the option to purchase all (but not less than all) of the Offered Shares at the purchase price and on the terms set forth in Section 11(a)(iii) (the Company’s “Right of First Refusal”). In the event that the proposed Transfer is one involving no payment of a purchase price, the purchase price will be deemed to be the Fair Market Value of the Offered Shares as determined in good faith by the Board in its discretion. The Company may exercise its Right of First Refusal by mailing (by registered or certified mail) written notice of exercise of its Right of First Refusal to the Offeror prior to the end of said thirty (30) days (including any extension required to avoid classification of the option as a liability for financial accounting purposes).

(iii) The price at which the Company may purchase the Offered Shares pursuant to the exercise of its Right of First Refusal will be the cash price offered for the Offered Shares by the proposed transferee (as set forth in the notice required under Section 11(a)(i)), or the Fair Market Value as determined by the Board in the event no purchase price is involved. To the extent consideration other than cash is offered by the proposed transferee, the Company will not be required to pay any additional amounts to the Offeror other than the cash price offered (or the Fair Market Value, if applicable). The Company’s notice of exercise of its Right of First Refusal will be accompanied by full payment for the Offered Shares and, upon such payment by the Company, the Company will acquire full right, title and interest to all of the Offered Shares.

(iv) If, and only if, the option given pursuant to Section 11(a)(ii) is not exercised, the Transfer proposed in the notice given pursuant to Section 11(a)(i) may take place; provided, however, that such Transfer must, in all respects, be exactly as proposed in said notice except that such Transfer may not take place either before the tenth (10^th) calendar day after the expiration of the thirty (30) day option exercise period or after the ninetieth (90^th) calendar day after the expiration of the thirty (30) day option exercise period, and if such Transfer has not taken place prior to said ninetieth (90^th) day, such Transfer may not take place without once again complying with this Section 11(a). The option exercise periods in this Section 11(a)(iv) will be adjusted to include any extension required to avoid the classification of your option as a liability for financial accounting purposes.

(b) As used in this Section 11, the term “Transfer” means any sale, encumbrance, pledge, gift or other form of disposition or transfer of shares of Common Stock or any legal or equitable interest therein; provided, however, that the term Transfer does not include a transfer of such shares or interests by will or intestacy to your Immediate Family (as defined below). In such case, the transferee or other recipient will receive and hold the shares of Common Stock so transferred subject to the provisions of this Section, and there will be no further transfer of such shares except in accordance with the terms of this Section 11. As used herein, the term “Immediate Family” will mean your spouse, the lineal descendant or antecedent, father, mother, brother or sister, child, adopted child, grandchild or adopted grandchild of you or your spouse, or the spouse of any child, adopted child, grandchild or adopted grandchild of you or your spouse.

(c) None of the shares of Common Stock purchased on exercise of your option will be transferred on the Company’s books nor will the Company recognize any such Transfer of any such shares or any interest therein unless and until all applicable provisions of this Section 11 have been complied with in all respects. The certificates of stock evidencing shares of Common Stock purchased on exercise of your option will bear an appropriate legend referring to the transfer restrictions imposed by this Section 11.

(d) To ensure that the shares subject to the Company’s Right of First Refusal will be available for repurchase by the Company, the Company may require you to deposit the certificates evidencing the shares that you purchase upon exercise of your option with an escrow agent designated by the Company under the terms and conditions of an escrow agreement approved by the Company. If the Company does not require such deposit as a condition of exercise of your option, the Company reserves the right at any time to require you to so deposit the certificates in escrow. As soon as practicable after the expiration of the Company’s Right of First Refusal, the agent will deliver to you the shares and any other property no longer subject to such restriction. In the event the shares and any other property held in escrow are subject to the Company’s exercise of its Right of First Refusal, the notices required to be given to you will be given to the escrow agent, and any payment required to be given to you will be given to the escrow agent. Within thirty (30) days after payment by the Company for the Offered Shares, the escrow agent will deliver the Offered Shares that the Company has repurchased to the Company and will deliver the payment received from the Company to you.

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12. Right of Repurchase. To the extent provided in the Company’s bylaws in effect at such time the Company elects to exercise its right, the Company will have the right to repurchase all or any part of the shares of Common Stock you acquire pursuant to the exercise of your option.

13. Option not a Service Contract. Your option is not an employment or service contract, and nothing in your option will be deemed to create in any way whatsoever any obligation on your part to continue in the employ of the Company or an Affiliate, or of the Company or an Affiliate to continue your employment. In addition, nothing in your option will obligate the Company or an Affiliate, their respective stockholders, boards of directors, officers or employees to continue any relationship that you might have as a Director or Consultant for the Company or an Affiliate.

14. Withholding Obligations.

(a) At the time you exercise your option, in whole or in part, and at any time thereafter as requested by the Company, you hereby authorize withholding from payroll and any other amounts payable to you, and otherwise agree to make adequate provision for (including by means of a “same day sale” pursuant to a program developed under Regulation T as promulgated by the Federal Reserve Board to the extent permitted by the Company), any sums required to satisfy the federal, state, local and foreign tax withholding obligations of the Company or an Affiliate, if any, which arise in connection with the exercise of your option.

(b) If this option is a Nonstatutory Stock Option, then upon your request and subject to approval by the Company, and compliance with any applicable legal conditions or restrictions, the Company may withhold from fully vested shares of Common Stock otherwise issuable to you upon the exercise of your option a number of whole shares of Common Stock having a Fair Market Value, determined by the Company as of the date of exercise, not in excess of the minimum amount of tax required to be withheld by law (or such lower amount as may be necessary to avoid classification of your option as a liability for financial accounting purposes). If the date of determination of any tax withholding obligation is deferred to a date later than the date of exercise of your option, share withholding pursuant to the preceding sentence shall not be permitted unless you make a proper and timely election under Section 83(b) of the Code, covering the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock acquired upon such exercise with respect to which such determination is otherwise deferred, to accelerate the determination of such tax withholding obligation to the date of exercise of your option. Notwithstanding the filing of such election, shares of Common Stock shall be withheld solely from fully vested shares of Common Stock determined as of the date of exercise of your option that are otherwise issuable to you upon such exercise. Any adverse consequences to you arising in connection with such share withholding procedure shall be your sole responsibility.

(c) You may not exercise your option unless the tax withholding obligations of the Company and/or any Affiliate are satisfied. Accordingly, you may not be able to exercise your option when desired even though your option is vested, and the Company will have no obligation to issue a certificate for such shares of Common Stock or release such shares of Common Stock from any escrow provided for herein, if applicable, unless such obligations are satisfied.

15. Tax Consequences. You hereby agree that the Company does not have a duty to design or administer the Plan or its other compensation programs in a manner that minimizes your tax liabilities. You will not make any claim against the Company, or any of its Officers, Directors, Employees or Affiliates related to tax liabilities arising from your option or your other compensation. In particular, you acknowledge that this option is exempt from Section 409A of the Code only if the exercise price per share specified in the Grant Notice is at least equal to the “fair market value” per share of the Common Stock on the Date of Grant and there is no other impermissible deferral of compensation associated with the option. Because the Common Stock is not traded on an established securities market, the Fair Market Value is determined by the Board, perhaps in consultation with an independent valuation firm retained by the Company. You acknowledge that there is no guarantee that the Internal Revenue Service will agree with the valuation as determined by the Board, and you will not make any claim against the Company, or any of its Officers, Directors, Employees or Affiliates in the event that the Internal Revenue Service asserts that the valuation determined by the Board is less than the “fair market value” as subsequently determined by the Internal Revenue Service.

25

16. Notices. Any notices provided for in your option or the Plan will be given in writing (including electronically) and will be deemed effectively given upon receipt or, in the case of notices delivered by mail by the Company to you, five (5) days after deposit in the United States mail, postage prepaid, addressed to you at the last address you provided to the Company. The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to participation in the Plan and this option by electronic means or to request your consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. By accepting this option, you consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and to participate in the Plan through an on-line or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or another third party designated by the Company.

17. Governing Plan Document. Your option is subject to all the provisions of the Plan, the provisions of which are hereby made a part of your option, and is further subject to all interpretations, amendments, rules and regulations, which may from time to time be promulgated and adopted pursuant to the Plan. If there is any conflict between the provisions of your option and those of the Plan, the provisions of the Plan will control.

26

ATTACHMENT II

2018 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN

27

ATTACHMENT III

SENESTECH, INC.
NOTICE OF EXERCISE

SenesTech, Inc.
23460 N 19th Ave., Suite 110
Phoenix, Arizona 85027	Date of Exercise:

This constitutes notice to Senestech, Inc. (the “Company”) under my stock option that I elect to purchase the below number of shares of Common Stock of the Company (the “Shares”) for the price set forth below.

Type of option (check one):	Incentive ☐	Nonstatutory ☐
Stock option dated:
Number of Shares as to which option is exercised:
Certificates to be issued in name of:
Total exercise price:	$	$
Cash payment delivered herewith:	$	$

By this exercise, I agree (i) to provide such additional documents as you may require pursuant to the terms of the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, (ii) to provide for the payment by me to you (in the manner designated by you) of your withholding obligation, if any, relating to the exercise of this option, and (iii) if this exercise relates to an incentive stock option, to notify you in writing within fifteen (15) days after the date of any disposition of any of the Shares issued upon exercise of this option that occurs within two (2) years after the date of grant of this option or within one (1) year after such Shares are issued upon exercise of this option.

I further agree that, if required by the Company (or a representative of the underwriters) in connection with the first underwritten registration of the offering of any securities of the Company under the Securities Act, I will not sell, dispose of, transfer, make any short sale of, grant any option for the purchase of, or enter into any hedging or similar transaction with the same economic effect as a sale with respect to any shares of Common Stock or other securities of the Company for a period of one hundred eighty (180) days following the effective date of a registration statement of the Company filed under the Securities Act (or such longer period as the underwriters or the Company shall request to facilitate compliance with FINRA Rule 2241 or any successor or similar rule or regulation) (the “Lock-Up Period”). I further agree to execute and deliver such other agreements as may be reasonably requested by the Company or the underwriters that are consistent with the foregoing or that are necessary to give further effect thereto. In order to enforce the foregoing covenant, the Company may impose stop-transfer instructions with respect to securities subject to the foregoing restrictions until the end of such period.

EX-10.4

Exhibit 10.4

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO 

 RULE 13(a)-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

I, Kenneth Siegel, certify that: 

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of SenesTech, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: August 13, 2020	/s/ Kenneth Siegel
	Kenneth Siegel
	Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 

 RULE 13(a)-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

I, Thomas C. Chesterman, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of SenesTech, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: August 13, 2020	/s/ Thomas C. Chesterman
	Thomas C. Chesterman
	Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, I, Kenneth Siegel, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Scientific Officer of SenesTech, Inc., certify that:

1. To my knowledge, this report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. To my knowledge, the information contained in this report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of SenesTech, Inc.

Dated: August 13, 2020	/s/ Kenneth Siegel
	Kenneth Siegel
	Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, I, Thomas C. Chesterman, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of SenesTech, Inc., certify that:

1. To my knowledge, this report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. To my knowledge, the information contained in this report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of SenesTech, Inc.

Dated: August 13, 2020	/s/ Thomas C. Chesterman
	Thomas C. Chesterman
	Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Aug. 13, 2020
Document and Entity Information [Abstract]
Entity Registrant Name	SenesTech, Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0001680378
Document Type	10-Q
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2020
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity File Number	001-37941
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	true
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		3,398,832
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020

XML

Condensed Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current assets:
Cash	$ 4,718	$ 1,936
Accounts receivable trade, net	45	26
Accounts receivable-other		123
Prepaid expenses	284	257
Inventory	1,135	1,180
Deposits	18	20
Total current assets	6,200	3,542
Right to use asset-operating leases	573	699
Property and equipment, net	564	738
Total assets	7,337	4,979
Current liabilities:
Short-term debt	114	123
Accounts payable	640	265
Accrued expenses	399	1,193
Total current liabilities	1,153	1,581
Long-term debt, net	714	137
Operating lease liability	577	694
Total liabilities	2,444	2,412
Commitments and contingencies (See note 12)
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 3,398,832 and 1,414,671 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	3	1
Additional paid-in capital	105,117	98,433
Accumulated deficit	(100,227)	(95,867)
Total stockholders' equity	4,893	2,567
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 7,337	$ 4,979

XML

Condensed Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, authorized	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, issued	3,398,832	1,414,671
Common stock, outstanding	3,398,832	1,414,671

XML

Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Revenue:
Sales	$ 71	$ 24	$ 108	$ 43
Cost of sales	43	21	65	33
Gross profit	28	3	43	10
Operating expenses:
Research and development	226	463	522	927
Selling, general and administrative	1,427	1,831	3,472	3,735
Total operating expenses	1,653	2,294	3,994	4,662
Net operating loss	(1,625)	(2,291)	(3,951)	(4,652)
Other income (expense):
Interest income		11	2	26
Interest expense	(7)	(11)	(15)	(24)
Other income (expense)	3	2	18	(3)
Total other income (expense)	(4)	2	5	(1)
Net loss and comprehensive loss	(1,629)	(2,289)	(3,946)	(4,653)
Deemed dividend-warrant price protection-revaluation adjustment			414
Net loss attributable to common shareholders	$ (1,629)	$ (2,289)	$ (4,360)	$ (4,653)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and fully diluted	2,760,875	1,227,628	2,186,089	1,201,917
Net loss per common share - basic and fully diluted	$ (0.59)	$ (1.86)	$ (1.99)	$ (3.87)

XML

Condensed Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Total
Balance at beginning at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 1	$ 92,151	$ (85,838)	$ 6,314
Balance at beginning, shares at Dec. 31, 2018	1,173,854
Issuance of common stock for services		34		34
Issuance of common stock for services, shares	6,240
Stock-based compensation		471		471
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants		1,783		1,783
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants, in shares	80,285
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options, shares	1,259
Payments for employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards		(24)		(24)
Net loss			(4,653)	(4,653)
Balance at ending at Jun. 30, 2019	$ 1	94,415	(90,491)	3,925
Balance at ending, shares at Jun. 30, 2019	1,261,638
Balance at beginning at Mar. 31, 2019	$ 1	92,471	(88,202)	4,270
Balance at beginning, shares at Mar. 31, 2019	1,178,297
Issuance of common stock for services		2		2
Issuance of common stock for services, shares	4,311
Stock-based compensation		219		219
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants		1,747		1,747
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants, in shares	78,694
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options, shares	326
Payments for employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards		(24)		(24)
Net loss			(2,289)	(2,289)
Balance at ending at Jun. 30, 2019	$ 1	94,415	(90,491)	3,925
Balance at ending, shares at Jun. 30, 2019	1,261,638
Balance at beginning at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 1	98,433	(95,867)	2,567
Balance at beginning, shares at Dec. 31, 2019	1,414,671
Issuance of common stock for services
Issuance of common stock for services, shares	4,543
Stock-based compensation		291		291
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants		238		238
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants, in shares	51,414
Issuance of common stock, sold for cash, net	$ 2	5,741		5,743
Issuance of common stock, sold for cash, net, in shares	1,928,180
Warrant antidilution price protection adjustment		414		414
Issuance of common stock for fractional shares-20-1 reverse split
Issuance of common stock for fractional shares-20-1 reverse split, shares	24
Net loss			(4,360)	(3,946)
Balance at ending at Jun. 30, 2020	$ 3	105,117	(100,227)	4,893
Balance at ending, shares at Jun. 30, 2020	3,398,832
Balance at beginning at Mar. 31, 2020	$ 2	100,670	(98,598)	2,074
Balance at beginning, shares at Mar. 31, 2020	1,819,981
Issuance of common stock for services
Issuance of common stock for services, shares	4,543
Stock-based compensation		141		141
Issuance of common stock, sold for cash, net	$ 1	4,306		4,307
Issuance of common stock, sold for cash, net, in shares	1,574,308
Net loss			(1,629)	(1,629)
Balance at ending at Jun. 30, 2020	$ 3	$ 105,117	$ (100,227)	$ 4,893
Balance at ending, shares at Jun. 30, 2020	3,398,832

XML

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss	$ (3,946)	$ (4,653)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	148	213
Stock-based compensation	291	471
Gain on sale of equipment	(18)	2
Loss on change in fair value of derivative		1
(Increase) decrease in current assets:
Accounts receivable - trade	(19)	(17)
Accounts receivable - other	123
Other assets	11	4
Prepaid expenses	(27)	13
Inventory	45	(70)
Increase (decrease) in current liabilities:
Accounts payable	375	82
Accrued expenses	(556)	53
Deferred rent		(6)
Net cash used in operating activities	(3,573)	(3,907)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Cash received on sale of property and equipment	44
Purchase of property and equipment		(47)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	44	(47)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net	5,743
Proceeds from the issuance of notes payable	646
Repayments of notes payable	(29)	(112)
Repayments of finance lease obligations	(49)	(38)
Proceeds from the exercise of warrants		1,783
Payment of employee withholding taxes relating to share-based awards		(24)
Net cash provided by financing activities	6,311	1,609
NET CHANGE IN CASH	2,782	(2,345)
CASH AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD	1,936	4,920
CASH AT END OF PERIOD	4,718	2,575
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION:
Interest paid	15	24
Income taxes paid
NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Forgiveness of accrual in warrant exercise	238
Deemed dividend	414
Common stock issued on accrued bonus		$ 32

XML

Organization and Description of Business

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Organization and Description of Business

Note 1 - Organization and Description of Business

SenesTech, Inc. (referred to in this report as “SenesTech,” the “Company,” “we” or “us”) was formed in July 2004 and incorporated in the state of Nevada. The Company subsequently reincorporated in the state of Delaware in November 2015. Our corporate headquarters is in Phoenix, Arizona. We have developed and are seeking to commercialize a global, proprietary technology for managing animal pest populations, initially rat populations, through fertility control.

Although there are myriad tools available to control rat populations, most rely on some form of lethal method to achieve effectiveness. Each of these solutions is inherently limited by rat species’ resilience and survival mechanisms as well as their extraordinary rate of reproduction. ContraPest®, our initial product, is unique in the pest control industry in attacking the reproductive systems of both male and female rats, which our field data shows will result in a sustained reduction of the rat population.

Rats have plagued humanity throughout history. They pose significant threats to the health and food security of many communities. In addition, rodents cause significant product loss and damage through consumption and contamination. Rats also cause significant damage to critical infrastructure by burrowing beneath foundations and gnawing on electrical wiring, insulation, fire proofing systems, electronics and computer equipment.

The most prevalent solution to rat infestations is the use of increasingly powerful rodenticides. Although these solutions provide short term results, there are growing concerns about secondary exposure and bioaccumulation of rodenticides in the environment, as well as concerns about rodenticides that have no antidotes. The pest management industry and Pest Management Professionals (PMPs) are being asked for new solutions that are both effective and less toxic. Our goal is to provide customers with not only a solution to combat their most difficult rat problems, but also offer a non-lethal option to serve customers that are looking to decrease or remove the amount of rodenticide used in their pest control programs.

ContraPest is a liquid bait containing the active ingredients 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) and triptolide. ContraPest limits reproduction of male and female rats beginning with the first breeding cycle following consumption. ContraPest is being marketed for use in controlling Norway and roof rat populations.

SenesTech began the registration process with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for ContraPest on August 23, 2015. On August 2, 2016, the EPA granted an unconditional registration for ContraPest as a Restricted Use Product (RUP), due to the need for applicator expertise for deployment. On October 18, 2018, the EPA approved the removal of the RUP designation. We believe ContraPest is the first and only non-lethal, fertility control product approved by the EPA for the management of rodent populations.

In addition to the EPA registration of ContraPest in the United States, ContraPest must obtain registration from the various state regulatory agencies prior to selling in each state. We have received registration for ContraPest in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, 47 of which have approved the removal of the RUP designation.

We expect to continue to pursue regulatory approvals and amendments to the existing U.S. registration for ContraPest, and if ContraPest begins to generate sufficient revenue, regulatory approvals for additional jurisdictions beyond the United States. In certain cases, our EPA and state registrations require completion of testing and certifications even though we received approval for the product or its labelling. We continue to seek to comply with these requirements.

The Company also continues to research and develop enhancements to ContraPest that align with our target verticals and other potential fertility control options for additional species. 

Reverse Stock Split

On February 4, 2020, we amended our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effect a 1-for-20 reverse split of our issued and outstanding shares of our common stock. The accompanying condensed financial statements and notes thereto give retrospective effect to the reverse stock split for all periods presented. All issued and outstanding common stock, options and warrants exercisable for common stock, restricted stock units, preferred stock conversions to common stock and per share amounts contained in our condensed financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted.

Going Concern

Our financial statements as of June 30, 2020 and 2019 have been prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern. Our independent registered public accounting firm included in its opinion for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 an explanatory paragraph referring to our net loss from operations and net capital deficiency and expressing substantial doubt in our ability to continue as a going concern without additional capital becoming available. If we encounter continued issues or delays in the commercialization of ContraPest, our prior losses and expected future losses could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and negatively impact our ability to fund continued operations, obtain additional financing in the future and continue as a going concern. There are no assurances that such financing, if necessary, will be available to us at all or will be available in sufficient amounts or on reasonable terms. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. If we are unable to generate additional funds in the future through additional financings, sales of our products, licensing fees, royalty payments or from other sources or transactions, we will exhaust our resources and will be unable to continue operations.

Need for Additional Capital

Since our inception, we have sustained significant operating losses in the course of our research and development and commercialization activities and expect such losses to continue for the near future. We have generated limited revenue to date from product sales, research grants and licensing fees received under our former license agreement with Neogen. In 2017, we began to prepare and launch commercialization of our first product, ContraPest. We have primarily funded our operations to date through the sale of equity securities, including convertible preferred stock, common stock and warrants to purchase common stock. See “Description of Capital Stock” elsewhere in this filing for a description of our public equity sales.

We have also raised capital through debt financing, consisting primarily of convertible notes and government loan programs; and, to a lesser extent, payments received in connection with product sales, research grants and licensing fees.

Through June 30, 2020, we had received net proceeds of $73.2 million from our sales of common stock, preferred stock and warrant exercises and issuance of convertible and other promissory notes, an aggregate of $1.7 million from licensing fees and an aggregate of $0.7 million in net product sales. As of June 30, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $100.0 million and cash and cash equivalents of $4.7 million.

Our ultimate success depends upon the outcome of a combination of factors, including: (i) successful commercialization of ContraPest and maintaining and obtaining regulatory approvals of our products and product candidates; (ii) market acceptance, commercial viability and profitability of ContraPest and other products; (iii) the ability to market our products and establish an effective sales force and marketing infrastructure to generate significant revenue; (iv) the success of our research and development activities; (v) our ability to retain and attract key personnel to develop, operate and grow our business; and (vi) our ability to meet our working capital needs.

We will need additional funding in order to continue to fund our operations, achieve profitability and become cash flow positive, and will continue to seek additional financing. If such equity or debt financing is not available at adequate levels or on acceptable terms, we may need to delay, limit or terminate commercialization and development efforts or discontinue operations.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements of the Company have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial reporting. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. In the Company’s opinion, the unaudited condensed financial statements include all material adjustments, all of which are of a normal and recurring nature, necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2020, the Company’s operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and the Company’s cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. The accompanying financial information as of December 31, 2019 is derived from audited financial statements. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended by Form 10-K/A, for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on March 17, 2020 and April 21, 2020, respectively. All amounts shown in these financial statements and accompanying notes are in thousands, except percentages and per share and share amounts.  

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and classification of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The significant estimates in the Company’s financial statements include the valuation of preferred stock, if issued, common stock and related warrants, and other stock-based awards. Actual results could differ from such estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no material impact on net earnings, financial position or cash flows.

Accounts Receivable-Trade

Accounts receivable-trade consist primarily of receivables from customers. The Company provides an allowance for doubtful trade receivables equal to the estimated uncollectible amounts. That estimate is based on historical collection experience, current economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of each customer’s trade accounts receivable. The allowance for doubtful trade receivables was $123 at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Accounts Receivable-Other

Accounts receivable-other at June 30, 2020 was $0. Accounts receivable-other at December 31, 2019 consisted primarily of receivables related to insurance reimbursements due the Company. 

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value, using the first-in, first-out convention. Inventories consist of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods. Raw materials are stocked to reduce the risk of impact on manufacturing for potential supply interruptions due to COVID-19 or long lead times on certain ingredients.

Components of inventory are:

	June 30,			December 31,
	2020			2019
Raw materials	$	995		$	1,035
Work in progress		16			—
Finished goods		128			149
Total inventory		1,139			1,184
Less:
Reserve for obsolete		(4	)		(4	)
Total net inventory	$	1,135		$	1,180

Prepaid Expenses

Prepaid expenses consist primarily of payments made for director and officer insurance, director compensation, rent, legal and inventory purchase deposits and seminar fees to be expensed in the current year.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Equipment held under finance leases are stated at the present value of minimum lease payments less accumulated amortization.

Depreciation on property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. The cost of leasehold improvements is amortized over the life of the improvement or the term of the lease, whichever is shorter. Equipment held under finance leases is amortized over the shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life of the asset. The Company incurs repair and maintenance costs on its major equipment, which are expensed as incurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require long-lived assets or asset groups to be tested for possible impairment, the Company compares the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the asset or asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, such as discounted cash flow models and the use of third-party independent appraisals. The Company has not recorded an impairment of long-lived assets since its inception.

Revenue Recognition

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue from the commercial sales of products, licensing agreements and contracts to perform pilot studies by applying the following steps: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company recognizes revenue when product is shipped at a fixed selling price on payment terms of 30 to 120 days from invoicing. The Company recognizes other revenue earned from pilot studies, consulting and implementation services upon the performance of specific services under the respective service contract.

The Company derives revenue primarily from commercial sales of products, net of discounts and promotions, as well as consulting and implementation services provided in conjunction with our product deployments. 

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses primarily consist of salaries and benefits for research and development employees, stock-based compensation, consulting fees, lab supplies, costs incurred related to conducting scientific trials and field studies, regulatory compliance costs, and manufacturing costs associated with process improvement. Also, included in research and development expenses is an allocation of facilities related costs, including depreciation of research and development equipment.

Stock-based Compensation

Stock based awards, consisting of restricted stock units and stock options expected to be settled in shares of the Company’s common stock, are recorded as equity awards. The grant date fair value of these awards is measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model for stock options and grant date market value for restricted stock units. The Company expenses the grant date fair value of its stock options on a straight-line basis over their respective vesting periods. Performance-based awards are expensed over the performance period when the related performance goals are probable of being achieved.

The stock-based compensation expense recorded for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Research and development	$	2	$	1	$	5	$	10
General and administrative		138		218		286		461
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	140	$	219	$	291	$	471

See Note 11 for additional discussion on stock-based compensation.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities and net operating loss carryforwards using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent it believes these assets will more likely than not be realized. These deferred tax assets are subject to periodic assessments as to recoverability and if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the benefits will not be realized, valuation allowances are recorded which would increase the provision for income taxes. In making such determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations.

The Company applies a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold for all tax uncertainties. Only those benefits that have a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities are recognized. Based on its evaluation, the Company has concluded there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in its financial statements.

The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. There are no uncertain tax positions as of June 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019 and as such, no interest or penalties were recorded in income tax expense.

Comprehensive Loss

Net loss and comprehensive loss were the same for all periods presented; therefore, a separate statement of comprehensive loss is not included in the accompanying financial statements.

Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock and if-converted methods. For purposes of the computation of diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders, common stock purchase warrants, and common stock options are considered to be potentially dilutive securities but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders because their effect would be anti-dilutive given the net loss reported for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. Therefore, basic and diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders are the same for each period presented.

The following table sets forth the outstanding potentially dilutive securities that have been excluded in the calculation of diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders (in common stock equivalent shares):

	June 30,
	2020		2019
Common stock purchase warrants		2,504,597		481,056
Restricted stock unit		1,334		5,877
Common stock options		155,489		121,759
Total		2,661,420		608,692

Adoption of New Accounting Standards:

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Updated (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU No. 2016-02”).  Under ASU No. 2016-02, an entity is required to recognize right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities on its balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements.  The Company elected the optional transition method provided by the FASB in ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, and as a result, has not restated its condensed consolidated financial statements for prior periods presented. The Company has elected the practical expedients upon transition to retain the lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to adoption. The Company has also not reassessed whether any contracts entered into prior to adoption are leases. The Company applied the new guidance to all operating leases within the scope of the standard that were in effect on January 1, 2019, or entered into after, the adoption date.  Comparative information for prior periods has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.  The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss).  However, the new standard established $87 of liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets of $87 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet for leases, primarily related to operating leases on rented office properties, that existed as of the January 1, 2019, adoption date. 

At June 30, 2020, the balance in Right to Use Asset-Long Term and Lease Liability-Long Term was $573 and ($577) respectively and at December 31, 2019, the balance in Right to Use Asset-Long Term and Lease Liability-Long Term was $699 and ($694) respectively.

The Company’s leases primarily relate to operating leases of rented office properties.  For contracts entered into on or after January 1, 2019, at the inception of a contract the Company assesses whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. The Company’s assessment is based on: (1) whether the contract involves the use of a distinct identified asset, (2) whether the Company obtains the right to substantially all the economic benefit from the use of the asset throughout the period, and (3) whether the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.  At inception of a lease, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component based on its relative stand-alone price to determine the lease payments.

For leases with terms greater than 12 months, the Company records the related asset and obligation at the present value of lease payments over the term.  The right-of-use lease asset represents the right to use the leased asset for the lease term. The lease liability represents the present value of the lease payments under the lease.

The right-of-use lease asset is initially measured at cost, which primarily comprises the initial amount of the lease liability, plus any initial direct costs incurred.  All right-of-use lease assets are reviewed for impairment.  The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company’s secured incremental borrowing rate for the same term as the underlying lease.

The Company identified and assessed the following significant assumptions in recognizing the right-of-use lease assets and corresponding liabilities.

Expected lease term – The expected lease term includes both contractual lease periods and, when applicable, cancelable option periods.  When determining the lease term, the Company includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option.

Incremental borrowing rate – As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company obtained the incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) based on the remaining term of each lease.  The IBR is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.  

The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a term of 12 months or less.

The Company reports right-of-use lease assets within non-current assets in its consolidated balance sheet.  The Company reports the lease liabilities within long-term liabilities in its consolidated balance sheet.

See Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies, for future minimum lease payments and maturities.

In August 2018, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to address a customer’s accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. This guidance aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The guidance also requires presentation of the capitalized implementation costs in the statement of financial position and in the statement of cash flows in the same line item that a prepayment for the fees of the associated hosting arrangement would be presented, and the expense related to the capitalized implementation costs to be presented in the same line item in the statement of operations as the fees associated with the hosting element (service) of the arrangement. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the guidance and determined there was no applicability to the Company at this time and as such, there was no impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Other than the items noted above, there have been no new accounting pronouncements not yet effective or adopted in the current year that we believe have a significant impact, or potential significant impact, to our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

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Fair Value Measurements

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

Note 3 - Fair Value Measurements

The Company issued common stock warrants to purchase shares of common stock in June of 2015 (see Note 11 — Stock-based Compensation for more details) that contain a cash settlement provision resulting in a common stock warrant liability that is revalued at the end of each reporting period.

We value these warrant derivatives at fair value. The accounting guidance for fair value, among other things, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The framework for measuring fair value consists of a three-level valuation hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based upon whether such inputs are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions made by the reporting entity. The three-level hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques is briefly summarized as follows: 

Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date;

Level 2—Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data.

An asset's or liability's fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques used need to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on one or more of the following three valuation techniques:

A. Market approach: Prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities.

B. Cost approach: Amount that would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (replacement cost).

C. Income approach: Techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based upon market expectations, including present value techniques, option-pricing and excess earnings models.

The Company's common stock warrant liabilities are classified as Level 3 because there is limited activity or less transparency around the inputs to valuation.

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis 

The following table sets forth the Company's financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Liabilities:
Common stock warrant liability	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

		December 31, 2019
		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Assets:
Money market funds	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Corporate fixed income debt securities		—		—		—		—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Financial Liabilities:
Common stock warrant liability	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

The carrying amounts of the Company's financial instruments, including accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value due to their short maturities. The estimated fair value of the convertible notes and other notes, not recorded at fair value, are recorded at cost or amortized cost which was deemed to estimate fair value.

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Credit Risk

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Risks and Uncertainties [Abstract]

Credit Risk

Note 4 - Credit Risk

The Company is potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk in its accounts receivable. Credit risk with respect to receivables is limited due to the number of companies comprising the Company's customer base, however the Company did identify a potentially uncollectable account and at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 maintained a reserve for this receivable balance of $123.

The Company does not require collateral or other securities to support its accounts receivable.

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Prepaid Expenses

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Prepaid Expenses

Note 5 - Prepaid Expenses

Prepaid expenses consist of the following:

	June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Director compensation	$	-	$	9
Director, officer and other insurance		129		115
NASDAQ fees		28		-
Legal retainer		25		25
Marketing programs and conferences		42		80
Professional services retainer		25		8
Rent		20		11
Equipment service deposits		2		1
Engineering, software licenses and other		13		8
Total prepaid expenses	$	284	$	257

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Property and Equipment

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment

Note 6 - Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, net consist of the following:

			June 30,			December 31,
		Useful Life	2020			2019
Research and development equipment		5 years	$	1,452		$	1,585
Office and computer equipment	(1)	3 years		733			753
Autos		5 years		54			54
Furniture and fixtures		7 years		41			41
Leasehold improvements		*		283			283
				2,563			2,716
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization				(1,999	)		(1,978	)
Total			$	564		$	738

* Shorter of lease term or estimated useful life

(1) In the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company received net proceeds of $4 and $40 in the sale of research and development equipment and office and computer equipment, respectively, resulting in gains on the sale of these assets of $3 and $18 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively. 

Depreciation and amortization expense was approximately $71 and $102 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $148 and $213 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

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Accrued Expenses

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses

Note 7 - Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following:

	June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Compensation and related benefits	$	382	$	935
Accrued Litigation		-		238
Board Compensation		-		17
Personal property and franchise tax		13		2
Other		4		1
Total accrued expenses	$	399	$	1,193

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Borrowings

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Borrowings

Note 8 - Borrowings

A summary of the Company's borrowings, including finance lease obligations, is as follows:

	June 30,			December 31,
	2020			2019
Short-term debt:
Current portion of long-term debt		114			123
Total short-term debt	$	114		$	123
Long-term debt:
Finance lease obligations	$	106		$	155
Other promissory notes		722			105
Total		828			260
Less: current portion of long-term debt		(114	)		(123	)
Total long-term debt	$	714		$	137

Finance Lease Obligations 

Finance lease obligations at June 30, 2020 are for computer and lab equipment leased through GreatAmerica Financial Services and ENGS Commercial Finance Co. These finance leases expire at various dates through April 2022 and carry interest rates ranging from 11.4% to 18.3%.

Other Promissory Notes

Also included in the table above are notes payable to Direct Capital, M2 Financing and Fidelity Capital, all for the financing of fixed assets. These notes expire at various dates through June 2022 and carry interest rates ranging from 13.1% to 13.3%.

Also included in the table above is a loan agreement payable to BMO Harris Bank National Association as the lender in an aggregate principal amount of $645,700 pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program (the "PPP") under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"). The loan is evidenced by a promissory note dated April 15, 2020 and matures April 15, 2022. The loan bears interest at a rate of 1.00% per annum and contains customary events of default including, among other things, payment defaults. The loan closed and was funded April 20, 2020. Under the terms of the CARES Act, PPP loan recipients can apply for and be granted forgiveness for all or a portion of loans granted under the PPP. The loan is subject to forgiveness to the extent proceeds are used for qualifying expenses, including certain payroll, utility, rent and mortgage interest expenses. No assurance is provided that the Company will obtain forgiveness of the loan in whole or in part.

In the event the PPP loan is not forgiven in whole or in part, repayments begin six months from the date of funding.

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Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Warrants and Rights Note Disclosure [Abstract]

Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability

Note 9 - Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability

The table summarizes the common stock warrant activity as of June 30, 2020 as follows:

						Balance									Balance										Balance
Issue Date	Warrant Type	Term Date	Exercise Price			December 31, 2018		Issued		Exercised			Expired		December 31, 2019		Issued		Exercised			Expired			June 30, 2020
2016 and prior	Various	Various-2020/2021		Various			17,059		-		-			-		17,059		-		(9,375	)		(750	)		6,934
November 21, 2017	Common Stock Offering Warrants	November 21, 2022	$	2.1122	(1)		159,092		-		(15,591	)		-		143,501		-					-			143,501
November 21, 2017	Dealer Manager Warrants	November 21, 2022	$	30.00			47,250		-		-			-		47,250		-		(47,250	)		-			-
June 20, 2018	Warrant Reissue	December 20, 2023	$	36.40			56,696		-		-			-		56,696		-		-			-			56,696
August 13, 2018	Rights Offering Warrants	July 25, 2023	$	23.00			267,853		-		(64,910	)		-		202,943		-		-			-			202,943
August 13, 2018	Dealer Manager Warrants	August 13, 2023	$	34.50			13,393		-		-			-		13,393		-		-			-			13,393
July 16, 2019	Dealer Manager Warrants	July 11, 2024	$	33.75			-		8,334		-			-		8,334		-		-			-			8,334
January 28, 2020	Registered Direct Offering	July 28, 2025	$	9.00			-		-		-			-		-		177,500		-			-			177,500
January 28, 2020	Dealer Manager Warrants	July 28, 2025	$	10.00			-		-		-			-		-		13,315		-			-			13,315
March 6, 2020	Registered Direct Offering	September 8, 2025	$	2.88			-		-		-			-		-		176,372		-			-			176,372
March 6, 2020	Dealer Manager Warrants	March 4, 2025	$	3.76			-		-		-			-		-		13,228		-			-			13,228
April 21, 2020	Dealer Manager Warrants	April 21, 2025	$	3.97			-		-		-			-		-		118,073		-			-			118,073
April 24, 2020	Registered Direct Offering	April 24, 2025	$	3.05			-		-		-			-		-		1,574,308		-			-			1,574,308
							561,343									489,176										2,504,597

(1) Pursuant to antidilution price adjustment protection contained within these warrants, the initial exercise price of these warrants was $30.00 per share, which adjusted downward to $29.40 on July 24, 2018, the record date of the Right’s Offering, downward to $19.00 per share on August 13, 2018, the date of the Rights Offering, downward to $7.13 per share on January 28, 2020, the date of a Registered Direct Offering and downward to $2.1122 per share on March 6, 2020, the date of a Registered Direct Offering.

Outstanding Warrants

As of June 30, 2020, we had 2,504,597 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding common stock warrants, at a weighted-average exercise price of $6.18 per share.

On November 21, 2017, the Company issued a total of 232,875 detachable common stock warrants issued with the second public offering of 293,000 shares of its common stock at $20.00 per share. The common stock warrant is exercisable until five years from the date of grant. The common shares of the Company’s stock and detachable warrants exist independently as separate securities. As such, the Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $30.00 per share, to be $661 using a lattice model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $20.00; comparable company volatility of 73.8%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.87. The initial exercise price of these warrants was $30.00 per share, which adjusted downward to $29.40 on July 24, 2018, the record date of the Right’s Offering and downward to $19.00 per share on August 13, 2018, the date of the Rights Offering, pursuant to antidilution price adjustment protection contained within these warrants. The exercise price of the warrants was adjusted downward to $7.13 on January 28, 2020 in connection with a private placement of common stock. Per guidance of ASC 260, the Company recorded a deemed dividend of $285 on the 143,501 unexercised warrants that contained this antidilution price adjustment protection provision and was calculated as the difference between the fair value of the warrants immediately prior to downward exercise price adjustment and immediately after the adjustment using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: On January 28, 2020, common stock price of $7.90; comparable company volatility of 73.8%; remaining term 2.82 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.45%.

The exercise price of the warrants was adjusted downward to $2.1122 on March 4, 2020 in connection with a private placement of common stock. Per guidance of ASC 260, the Company recorded a deemed dividend of $129 on the 143,501 unexercised warrants that contained this antidilution price adjustment protection provision and was calculated as the difference between the fair value of the warrants immediately prior to downward exercise price adjustment and immediately after the adjustment using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: On March 4, 2020, common stock price of $2.88; comparable company volatility of 74.5%; remaining term 2.71 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 0.68%.

On June 20, 2018, the Company entered into an agreement with a holder of 56,696 of the November 2017 warrants to exercise its original warrant representing 56,696 shares of common stock for cash at the $30.00 exercise price for gross proceeds of $1.7 million and the Company issued to holder a new warrant to purchase 56,696 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $36.40 per share. The new warrant did not contain the antidilution price adjustment protection that was contained within the exercised warrants. In June 2018, the Company recorded stock compensation expense of $1,700 representing the fair value of the of 56,696 inducement warrants issued. The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $36.40 per share, to be $1,700 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $42.20; comparable company volatility of 72.6%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.8%. Also, in June 2018, an additional 17,088 of the November 8, 2017 warrants that were in the money at the time of exercise, were exercised for gross proceeds of $513.

On August 13, 2018, in connection with a Rights Offering of 267,853 shares of its common stock, the Company issued 267,853 warrants to purchase shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $23.00 per share. The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $23.00 per share, to be $3,600 using a Monte Carlo model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $18.80; comparable company volatility of 159.0%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.77%.

In connection with the closing of the Rights Offering, the Company issued a warrant to purchase 13,393 shares of common stock to Maxim Partners LLC, an affiliate of the dealer-manager of the Rights Offering. The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $34.50 per share, to be $169 using a using a Monte Carlo model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $18.80; comparable company volatility of 159.0%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.77%.

Common Stock Warrant Issued to Underwriter of Common Stock Offering

In July 2019, the Company issued to H.C. Wainwright & Co., as placement agent, a warrant to purchase 8,334 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $33.75 per share as consideration for providing services in connection with a common stock offering in July 2019. The warrant was fully vested and exercisable on the date of issuance. The common stock warrant is exercisable until five years from the date of grant. The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $33.75 per share, to be $127 using a lattice model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $26.80; comparable company volatility of 133.3%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 2.07%.

University of Arizona Common Stock Warrant

In connection with the June 2015 amended and restated exclusive license agreement with the University of Arizona (“University”), the Company issued to the University a common stock warrant to purchase 750 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $150.00 per share. The warrant was fully vested and exercisable on the date of grant, and expires, if not exercised, five years from the date of grant. In the event of a “terminating change” of the Company, as defined in the warrant agreement, the warrant holder would be paid in cash the aggregate fair market value of the underlying shares immediately prior to the consummation of the terminating change event. Due to the cash settlement provision, the derivative warrant liability was recorded at fair value and is revalued at the end of each reporting period. The changes in fair value are reported in other income (expense) in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The estimated fair value of the derivative warrant liability was $53 at the date of grant. These warrants expired, unexercised, on June 26, 2020.

Common Stock Warrants Issued in January and March 2020 Private Placements

In January and March 2020, in separate private placements concurrent with registered direct offerings (collectively, the “2020 Registered Direct Offerings”) of shares of the Company’s common stock, the Company also issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of up to 353,872 shares of common stock to certain institutional and accredited investors that participated in the 2020 Registered Direct Offerings (the “2020 Warrants”). The warrants were issued in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. Terms used but not otherwise defined herein will have the meanings given them in the warrants, attached as Exhibit 4.1 to our Form 8-K filed on January 28, 2020, and our Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2020.

The warrants issued in January 2020 to purchase 177,500 shares of common stock have an exercise price of $9.00 per share, are exercisable after July 28, 2020 and will expire July 28, 2025. The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $9.00 per share, to be $813 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $7.90; comparable company volatility of 73.8%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.53%.

The warrants issued in March 2020 to purchase 176,372 shares of common stock have an exercise price of $2.88 per share, are immediately exercisable and will expire September 8, 2025. The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $2.88 per share, to be $242 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $2.35; comparable company volatility of 74.8%; remaining term 5.5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 0.39%.

For so long as the 2020 Warrants remain outstanding, the exercise price and number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants are subject to adjustment as follows: (a) upon payment of a stock dividend or other distribution on a class or series of shares common stock, not including shares issued under this warrant; (b) upon subdivision (by stock spilt, stock dividend, recapitalization, or otherwise) or combination (by reverse stock split or otherwise) of shares of common stock; or (c) upon the issuance of any shares of capital stock by reclassification of shares of the common stock.

In the event that the Company declares or makes any dividend or other distribution of its assets to holders of its common stock, each 2020 Warrant holder will be entitled to participate in such distribution to the same extent that such holder would have participated therein if the holder had held the number of shares of common stock acquirable upon exercise of the 2020 Warrant.

In the event of a Fundamental Transaction, as described in the 2020 Warrants and generally including the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets; our consolidation or merger with or into another person or reorganization; a recapitalization, reorganization or reclassification in which our common stock is converted into other securities, cash or property; or any acquisition of our outstanding common stock that results in any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding common stock, then the holders of the 2020 Warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of such warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash, assets or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the 2020 Warrants immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction. Subject to certain limitations, in the event of a Fundamental Transaction the 2020 Warrant holder may at its option require the Company or any Successor Entity to purchase such warrant from the holder by paying to the holder an amount of cash equal to the Black Scholes Value of the remaining unexercised portion of the 2020 Warrant on the date of the consummation of the Fundamental Transaction.

Any time that the Company grants, issues, or sells any securities pro rata to all of the record holders of the common stock (the “2020 Purchase Right”), each holder of 2020 Warrants will be entitled to acquire the aggregate amount of securities that the holder could have acquired if the holder had held the number of shares of common stock acquirable upon exercise of the applicable 2020 Warrant. However, to the extent that an exercise of a 2020 Purchase Right would exceed the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (defined below), then to such extent the 2020 Purchase Right will be held in abeyance until such time, if ever, that complete exercise of the 2020 Purchase Right would not exceed the Beneficial Ownership Limitation.

After the Initial Exercisability Date, the 2020 Warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of our common stock purchased upon such exercise. If, at the time a holder exercises the 2020 Warrant (but not sooner than six months following the date of such warrant), a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of common stock underlying the 2020 Warrants under the Securities Act is not then effective or available, nor is any current prospectus thereto available, and an exemption from registration under the Securities Act is not available for the issuance of such shares, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the number of shares of common stock determined according to a formula set forth in the 2020 Warrant.

Limitations on Exercise. A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the 2020 Warrants to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% of the outstanding common stock after exercise (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”), except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the Beneficial Ownership Limitation up to 9.99% of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the 2020 Warrants. No fractional shares of common stock will be issued in connection with the exercise of a 2020 Warrant. In lieu of fractional shares, we will either pay the holder an amount in cash equal to the fractional amount multiplied by the exercise price or round up to the next whole share.

Except as otherwise provided in the 2020 Warrants or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of shares of our common stock, the holders of the 2020 Warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our common stock, including any voting rights, unless and until they exercise such warrants.

Common Stock Warrants Issued in April 2020 Public Offering

On April 24, 2020, in connection with a previously announced public offering of 145,586 Class A Units and 1,428,722 Class B Units, the Company issued warrants to purchase 1,574,308 shares of common stock to the participants in the public offering and have an exercise price of $3.05 per share (the “April 2020 Warrants”). These warrants are immediately exercisable and will expire April 24, 2025.

The Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants sold in this Public Offering were offered and sold pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-236302) initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 7, 2020, as amended (“Registration Statement”), which was declared effective by the SEC on February 14, 2020. The Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC on April 21, 2020.

The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $3.05 per share, to be $2,402 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $2.40; comparable company volatility of 87.9%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 0.18%.

Common Stock Warrants Issued to Placement Agent in 2020 Registered Direct Offerings and Private Placement

In connection with the separate private placements concurrent with registered direct offerings of shares of the Company’s common stock in January and March 2020, the Company issued to H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, as placement agent, a warrant to purchase 13,228 shares of common stock and a warrant to purchase 13,313 shares of common stock. The warrants were issued in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. These warrants have substantially similar terms as the 2020 Warrants described above, except that the placement agent warrant issued in January 2020 has an exercise price of $10.00 per share, and the placement agent warrant issued in March 2020 has an exercise price of $3.7563 per share.

The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants issued in January, with an exercise price of $10.00 per share, to be $58 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $7.90; comparable company volatility of 73.8%; remaining term 5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.53%.

The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants issued in March, with an exercise price of $3.7563 per share, to be $17 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $2.35; comparable company volatility of 74.8%; remaining term 5.5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 0.39%.

In connection with the public offering of 145,586 Class A Units and 1,428,722 Class B Units on April 24, 2020, the Company issued to H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, as placement agent, warrants to purchase 118,073 shares of common stock. The warrants were issued in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. These warrants have substantially similar terms as the April 2020 Warrants described above, except that the placement agent warrant issued has an exercise price of $3.97 per share.

The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants issued in April, with an exercise price of $3.97 per share, to be $167 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $2.40; comparable company volatility of 87.9%; remaining term 5.5 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 0.18%.

Deemed Dividend Adjustment-Warrant Modified Terms Revaluation

On December 2, 2019, in connection with the settlement of a filed lawsuit against the Company on February 20, 2018 by New Enterprises, Ltd. (“New Enterprises”), the Company agreed to modify the terms of 6,934 common stock warrants that were originally issued to New Enterprises between September 2015 and February 2016. Specifically, the original strike price was reduced to $20.00 per warrant from $150.00 per warrant and the expiration date of these warrants was extended one year to December 13, 2020.

Per guidance of ASC 260, the Company recorded a deemed dividend of $11 on the 6,934 unexercised warrants that were affected by the modification of terms. The dividend was calculated as the difference between the fair value of the warrants immediately prior to modification of terms and immediately after the adjustment using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: On December 2, 2019: common stock price of $12.00; comparable company volatility of 73.2%; remaining term 0.01 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.63. As adjusted, common stock price of $12.00; comparable company volatility of 73.2%; remaining term 1.01 years; dividend yield of 0% and risk-free interest rate of 1.63. 

On March 3, 2020, the Company issued an aggregate of 51,414 common shares in a cashless exercise of 56,625 warrants issued in December 2016 and November 2017. Consideration for the exercise of these warrants was the full settlement of an outstanding litigation reserve of $238.

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Stockholders' Deficit

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Equity [Abstract]

Stockholders' Deficit

Note 10 - Stockholders’ Deficit

Capital Stock

The Company was organized under the laws of the state of Nevada on July 27, 2004 and was subsequently reincorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware on November 10, 2015. In connection with the reincorporation, as approved by the stockholders, the Company changed its authorized capital stock to consist of (i) 100 million shares of common stock, $.001 par value, and (ii) 2 million shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value, designated as Series A convertible preferred stock. In December 2015, the Company amended its Certificate of Incorporation to change its authorized capital stock to provide for 15 million authorized shares of preferred stock of which 7,515,000 was designated as Series B convertible preferred stock, par value $.001 per share.

Prior to November 10, 2015, the Company’s authorized capital stock consisted of 100 million shares of common stock, $.001 par value, and 10 million shares of preferred stock, $.001 par value.

Common Stock

The Company had 3,398,832 and 1,414,671 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company issued 1,984,161 shares of common stock as follows:

● an aggregate of 177,500 shares in connection with a registered direct offering generating net proceeds to the Company in January 2020 of approximately $1,200, as further described below; 

● an aggregate of 176,372 shares in connection with a registered direct offering generating net proceeds to the Company in March 2020 of approximately $500, as further described below; 

● an aggregate of 1,574,308 shares in connection with a public offering and exercise of pre-funded warrants issued in connection with said public offering, generating net proceeds to the Company in April 2020 of approximately $4,334, as further described below;

● an aggregate of 51,414 shares for the exercise of outstanding warrants in settlement of an outstanding litigation reserve of $238 (see Note 9 — Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability for further details); 

● an aggregate of 4,543 shares for service as a result of the vesting of restricted stock units; and 

● an aggregate of 24 shares for true up of shares as a result of the 1-for-20 reverse stock split effected in February 2020. 

Public Offerings and Registered Direct Offerings

On April 24, 2020, the Company closed a public offering of 145,586 Class A Units and 1,428,722 Class B Units. Each unit is comprised of one share of common stock, par value $0.001 per share or common stock equivalent in the form of a pre-funded warrant and one warrant to purchase one share of common stock. The Class A Units were offered at a public offering price of $3.176 per unit, and the Class B Units were offered at a public offering price of $3.175 per unit priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules, generating net proceeds of approximately $4,300, including the full exercise of the pre-funded warrants sold in this offering and after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and other estimated transaction expenses.

Also, in connection with the public offering noted above, the Company issued warrants to purchase 1,574,308 shares of common stock to the participants in the public offering, with an exercise price of $3.05 per share. These warrants are immediately exercisable and will expire April 24, 2025.

On March 6, 2020, the Company closed a registered direct offering of an aggregate of 176,372 shares of our common Stock at a purchase price of $3.005 per share for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $500, before deducting fees payable to the placement agent and other estimated offering expenses payable by us. In addition, we also issued warrants exercisable for an aggregate of up to 176,372 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $2.88 per share. In addition, in connection with the offering, we issued the placement agent five-year warrants to purchase up to 13,228 shares of our common Stock at an exercise price of $3.7563 per share.

On January 28, 2020, the Company closed a registered direct offering of an aggregate of 177,500 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $8.00 per share for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $1,200, before deducting fees payable to the placement agent and other estimated offering expenses payable by us. In addition, in a concurrent private placement, we also issued and sold warrants exercisable for an aggregate of up to 177,500 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $9.00 per share. In connection with the offering, we issued the placement agent five-year warrants to purchase up to 13,312 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $10.00 per share.

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Stock-based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-based Compensation

Note 11 - Stock-based Compensation

On June 12, 2018, the Company's stockholders approved the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan") to replace the Company's 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2015 Plan"). As of June 30, 2020, the 2018 Plan authorizes the issuance of 50,000 shares of our common stock. In addition, up to 122,279 shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under the 2015 Plan became available for issuance under the 2018 Plan to the extent such shares were available for issuance under the 2015 Plan as of June 12, 2018 or cease to be subject to awards outstanding under the 2015 Plan, such as by expiration, cancellation, or forfeiture of such awards.

Stock options are generally issued with a per share exercise price equal to no less than fair market value of our common stock at the date of grant. Options granted under the 2018 Plan generally vest immediately, or ratably over a two- to 36-month period coinciding with their respective service periods. Options under the 2018 Plan generally have a term of five years. Certain stock option awards provide for accelerated vesting upon a change in control.

As of June 30, 2020, the Company had 6,757 shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2018 Plan. Subsequently, on July 8, 2020, the Company's stockholders approved an amendment to the 2018 Plan to increase the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2018 Plan by 800,000 shares.

The Company measures the fair value of stock options with service-based and performance-based vesting criteria to employees, directors and consultants on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes valuation model requires the Company to make certain estimates and assumptions, including assumptions related to the expected price volatility of the Company's stock, the period under which the options will be outstanding, the rate of return on risk-free investments, and the expected dividend yield for the Company's stock.

The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model used to calculate the fair value of options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2020 were as follows:

	Employee			Non-Employee
Expected volatility		88.1	%		N/A
Expected dividend yield		—			N/A
Expected term (in years)		5			N/A
Risk-free interest rate		0.26	%		N/A

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $1.65 per share, as per the table below.

Due to the Company's limited operating history and lack of company-specific historical or implied volatility, the expected volatility assumption was determined based on historical volatilities from traded options of biotech companies of comparable size and stability, whose share prices are publicly available. The expected term of options granted to employees is calculated based on the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term according to the simplified method as described in SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 110 because the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term due to the limited period of time its awards have been outstanding. For non-employee options, the expected term of options granted is the contractual term of the options. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the implied yields of U.S. Treasury securities with a remaining term equal to the expected term assumed at the time of grant. The expected dividend assumption is based on the Company's history and expectation of dividend payouts. The Company has not paid and does not intend to pay dividends.

The following table summarizes the stock option activity, for both equity plans, for the periods indicated as follows: 

	Number of Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019		136,489		$	28.00		3.9	$	—
Granted		25,000		$	2.44		4.8	$	—
Exercised		—		$	—		—	$	—
Forfeited		(6,000	)	$	—		—	$	—
Expired		—		$	—		—	$	—
Outstanding at June 30, 2020		155,489		$	24.83		3.9	$	—
Exercisable at June 30, 2020		99,573		$	28.22		2.5	$	—

(1) The aggregate intrinsic value in the table was calculated based on the difference between the estimated fair market value of the Company's stock and the exercise price of the underlying options. The estimated stock values used in the calculation were $2.00 and $11.00 per share for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity for the six months ended June 30, 2020:

	Number of Units			Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Unit
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019		5,877		$	30.28
Granted		—		$	—
Vested		(4,543	)	$	1.42
Forfeited		—		$	—
Outstanding as of June 30, 2020		1,334		$	1.80

The stock-based compensation expense was recorded as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Research and development	$	2	$	1	$	5	$	10
General and administrative		138		218		286		461
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	140	$	219	$	291	$	471

The allocation between research and development and selling, general and administrative expense was based on the department and services performed by the employee or non-employee.

At June 30, 2020, the total compensation cost related to restricted stock units and unvested options not yet recognized was $719, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 33 months, assuming the employees and non-employees complete their service period required for vesting.

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Commitments and Contingencies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Note 12 - Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings 

The Company may be subject to legal proceedings and claims arising from contracts or other matters from time to time in the ordinary course of business. Management is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation where the ultimate disposition or resolution could have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Lease Commitments

The Company is obligated under finance leases for certain research and computer equipment that expire on various dates through April 2022. At June 30, 2020, the gross amount of office and computer equipment, and research equipment and the related accumulated amortization recorded under the finance leases was $478 and $313, respectively.

In February 2012, the Company entered into an operating lease for its then corporate headquarters in Flagstaff, Arizona. The lease was originally due to expire in January 2015. In December 2013, the Company amended its lease to expand into the remaining area in the building and extended the term to December 31, 2019. In February 2014, the Company further amended the lease to expand into an adjacent building. The lease requires escalating rental payments over the lease term. Minimum rental payments under the operating lease are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and accordingly, the Company records the difference between the cash rent payments and the recognition of rent expense as a deferred rent liability. The lease is guaranteed by the former President of the Company. In December 2019, we extended the current lease for only our manufacturing facilities located in Flagstaff, Arizona, occupying a total of 7,632 square feet of space. The lease for our manufacturing facilities expires in December 2020.

The Company has been seeking alternate manufacturing and warehousing space in anticipation of the December 2020 Flagstaff, Arizona lease expiration and, on June 22, 2020, the Company entered into a lease in Phoenix, Arizona for approximately 5,103 square feet of office/warehouse space. The lease will commence on August 1, 2020 and expires on November 30, 2024.

On December 1, 2019, we entered into a lease for our corporate headquarters in Phoenix, Arizona where we lease and occupy approximately 5,529 square feet of office space. This lease expires in November 2024.

We believe that our existing facilities are adequate and meet our current needs for business, manufacturing and research.

Rent expense was $132 and $127 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating lease and future minimum finance lease payments as of June 30, 2020 are follows:

	Finance Leases		Operating Lease
Years Ending December 31,
2020		32		116
2021		58		136
2022		28		138
2023		-		141
2024		-		132
Total minimum lease payments	$	118	$	663

	Finance Leases
Less: amounts representing interest (ranging from 11.43% to 18.32%)	$	12
Present value of minimum lease payments		106
Less: current installments under finance lease obligations		53
Total long-term portion	$	53

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Subsequent Events

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

Note 13 - Subsequent Events

The travel and other restrictions that began in March 2020 in response to the COVID-19 global pandemic have resulted in a significant slowdown in our field studies and sales efforts.  We were able to resume some projects by late-April 2020, however, we still have delays on certain projects that might remain on hold until certain government restrictions are lifted.  These delays have impacted our results of operations and could impact our results in future quarters. In addition, stay at home orders and other social distancing initiatives continue to severely limit our ability to communicate with current and potential commercial customers. COVID-19 is also placing a significant burden on federal, state and local governments, which may impede or delay our ability to sell our products to them.

To facilitate the relocation of manufacturing and warehousing operations from Flagstaff, Arizona to Phoenix, Arizona, on June 22, 2020, the Company entered into a lease in Phoenix, Arizona for approximately 5,103 square feet of office/warehouse space. The lease will commence on August 1, 2020 and expires on November 30, 2024 with an initial base rent of $4 per month and operating expenses of $1 per month.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and classification of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The significant estimates in the Company’s financial statements include the valuation of preferred stock, if issued, common stock and related warrants, and other stock-based awards. Actual results could differ from such estimates.

Reclassifications

Reclassifications

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no material impact on net earnings, financial position or cash flows.

Accounts Receivable-Trade

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable-trade consist primarily of receivables from customers. The Company provides an allowance for doubtful trade receivables equal to the estimated uncollectible amounts. That estimate is based on historical collection experience, current economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of each customer's trade accounts receivable. The allowance for doubtful trade receivables was $123 at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Accounts Receivable-Other

Accounts Receivable-Other

Accounts receivable-other at June 30, 2020 was $0. Accounts receivable-other at December 31, 2019 consisted primarily of receivables related to insurance reimbursements due the Company. 

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value, using the first-in, first-out convention. Inventories consist of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods. Raw materials are stocked to reduce the risk of impact on manufacturing for potential supply interruptions due to COVID-19 or long lead times on certain ingredients.

Components of inventory are:

	June 30,			December 31,
	2020			2019
Raw materials	$	995		$	1,035
Work in progress		16			—
Finished goods		128			149
Total inventory		1,139			1,184
Less:
Reserve for obsolete		(4	)		(4	)
Total net inventory	$	1,135		$	1,180

Prepaid Expenses

Prepaid Expenses

Prepaid expenses consist primarily of payments made for director and officer insurance, director compensation, rent, legal and inventory purchase deposits and seminar fees to be expensed in the current year.

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Equipment held under finance leases are stated at the present value of minimum lease payments less accumulated amortization.

Depreciation on property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. The cost of leasehold improvements is amortized over the life of the improvement or the term of the lease, whichever is shorter. Equipment held under finance leases is amortized over the shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life of the asset. The Company incurs repair and maintenance costs on its major equipment, which are expensed as incurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require long-lived assets or asset groups to be tested for possible impairment, the Company compares the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the asset or asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, such as discounted cash flow models and the use of third-party independent appraisals. The Company has not recorded an impairment of long-lived assets since its inception.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"). Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue from the commercial sales of products, licensing agreements and contracts to perform pilot studies by applying the following steps: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company recognizes revenue when product is shipped at a fixed selling price on payment terms of 30 to 120 days from invoicing. The Company recognizes other revenue earned from pilot studies, consulting and implementation services upon the performance of specific services under the respective service contract.

The Company derives revenue primarily from commercial sales of products, net of discounts and promotions, as well as consulting and implementation services provided in conjunction with our product deployments. 

Research and Development

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses primarily consist of salaries and benefits for research and development employees, stock-based compensation, consulting fees, lab supplies, costs incurred related to conducting scientific trials and field studies, regulatory compliance costs, and manufacturing costs associated with process improvement. Also, included in research and development expenses is an allocation of facilities related costs, including depreciation of research and development equipment.

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based Compensation

Stock based awards, consisting of restricted stock units and stock options expected to be settled in shares of the Company's common stock, are recorded as equity awards. The grant date fair value of these awards is measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model for stock options and grant date market value for restricted stock units. The Company expenses the grant date fair value of its stock options on a straight-line basis over their respective vesting periods. Performance-based awards are expensed over the performance period when the related performance goals are probable of being achieved.

The stock-based compensation expense recorded for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Research and development	$	2	$	1	$	5	$	10
General and administrative		138		218		286		461
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	140	$	219	$	291	$	471

See Note 11 for additional discussion on stock-based compensation.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities and net operating loss carryforwards using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent it believes these assets will more likely than not be realized. These deferred tax assets are subject to periodic assessments as to recoverability and if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the benefits will not be realized, valuation allowances are recorded which would increase the provision for income taxes. In making such determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations.

The Company applies a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold for all tax uncertainties. Only those benefits that have a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities are recognized. Based on its evaluation, the Company has concluded there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in its financial statements.

The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. There are no uncertain tax positions as of June 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019 and as such, no interest or penalties were recorded in income tax expense.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive Loss

Net loss and comprehensive loss were the same for all periods presented; therefore, a separate statement of comprehensive loss is not included in the accompanying financial statements.

Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock and if-converted methods. For purposes of the computation of diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders, common stock purchase warrants, and common stock options are considered to be potentially dilutive securities but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders because their effect would be anti-dilutive given the net loss reported for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. Therefore, basic and diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders are the same for each period presented.

The following table sets forth the outstanding potentially dilutive securities that have been excluded in the calculation of diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders (in common stock equivalent shares):

	June 30,
	2020		2019
Common stock purchase warrants		2,504,597		481,056
Restricted stock unit		1,334		5,877
Common stock options		155,489		121,759
Total		2,661,420		608,692

Adoption of New Accounting Standards:

Adoption of New Accounting Standards:

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Updated ("ASU") No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASU No. 2016-02").  Under ASU No. 2016-02, an entity is required to recognize right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities on its balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements.  The Company elected the optional transition method provided by the FASB in ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, and as a result, has not restated its condensed consolidated financial statements for prior periods presented. The Company has elected the practical expedients upon transition to retain the lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to adoption. The Company has also not reassessed whether any contracts entered into prior to adoption are leases. The Company applied the new guidance to all operating leases within the scope of the standard that were in effect on January 1, 2019, or entered into after, the adoption date.  Comparative information for prior periods has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.  The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss).  However, the new standard established $87 of liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets of $87 on the Company's consolidated balance sheet for leases, primarily related to operating leases on rented office properties, that existed as of the January 1, 2019, adoption date. 

At June 30, 2020, the balance in Right to Use Asset-Long Term and Lease Liability-Long Term was $573 and ($577) respectively and at December 31, 2019, the balance in Right to Use Asset-Long Term and Lease Liability-Long Term was $699 and ($694) respectively.

The Company's leases primarily relate to operating leases of rented office properties.  For contracts entered into on or after January 1, 2019, at the inception of a contract the Company assesses whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. The Company's assessment is based on: (1) whether the contract involves the use of a distinct identified asset, (2) whether the Company obtains the right to substantially all the economic benefit from the use of the asset throughout the period, and (3) whether the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.  At inception of a lease, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component based on its relative stand-alone price to determine the lease payments.

For leases with terms greater than 12 months, the Company records the related asset and obligation at the present value of lease payments over the term.  The right-of-use lease asset represents the right to use the leased asset for the lease term. The lease liability represents the present value of the lease payments under the lease.

The right-of-use lease asset is initially measured at cost, which primarily comprises the initial amount of the lease liability, plus any initial direct costs incurred.  All right-of-use lease assets are reviewed for impairment.  The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company's secured incremental borrowing rate for the same term as the underlying lease.

The Company identified and assessed the following significant assumptions in recognizing the right-of-use lease assets and corresponding liabilities.

Expected lease term – The expected lease term includes both contractual lease periods and, when applicable, cancelable option periods.  When determining the lease term, the Company includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option.

Incremental borrowing rate – As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company obtained the incremental borrowing rate ("IBR") based on the remaining term of each lease.  The IBR is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.  

The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a term of 12 months or less.

The Company reports right-of-use lease assets within non-current assets in its consolidated balance sheet.  The Company reports the lease liabilities within long-term liabilities in its consolidated balance sheet.

See Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies, for future minimum lease payments and maturities.

In August 2018, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to address a customer's accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. This guidance aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The guidance also requires presentation of the capitalized implementation costs in the statement of financial position and in the statement of cash flows in the same line item that a prepayment for the fees of the associated hosting arrangement would be presented, and the expense related to the capitalized implementation costs to be presented in the same line item in the statement of operations as the fees associated with the hosting element (service) of the arrangement. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the guidance and determined there was no applicability to the Company at this time and as such, there was no impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes ("ASU 2019-12"), which is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Other than the items noted above, there have been no new accounting pronouncements not yet effective or adopted in the current year that we believe have a significant impact, or potential significant impact, to our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of inventory

	June 30,			December 31,
	2020			2019
Raw materials	$	995		$	1,035
Work in progress		16			—
Finished goods		128			149
Total inventory		1,139			1,184
Less:
Reserve for obsolete		(4	)		(4	)
Total net inventory	$	1,135		$	1,180

Schedule of employee stock-based compensation expense

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Research and development	$	2	$	1	$	5	$	10
General and administrative		138		218		286		461
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	140	$	219	$	291	$	471

Schedule of outstanding potentially dilutive securities calculation of diluted loss per share attributable to common stockholders

	June 30,
	2020		2019
Common stock purchase warrants		2,504,597		481,056
Restricted stock unit		1,334		5,877
Common stock options		155,489		121,759
Total		2,661,420		608,692

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of fair value of financial instruments

	June 30, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Liabilities:
Common stock warrant liability	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

		December 31, 2019
		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Assets:
Money market funds	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Corporate fixed income debt securities		—		—		—		—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Financial Liabilities:
Common stock warrant liability	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

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Prepaid Expenses (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of prepaid expenses

	June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Director compensation	$	-	$	9
Director, officer and other insurance		129		115
NASDAQ fees		28		-
Legal retainer		25		25
Marketing programs and conferences		42		80
Professional services retainer		25		8
Rent		20		11
Equipment service deposits		2		1
Engineering, software licenses and other		13		8
Total prepaid expenses	$	284	$	257

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Property and Equipment (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of property and equipment

			June 30,			December 31,
		Useful Life	2020			2019
Research and development equipment		5 years	$	1,452		$	1,585
Office and computer equipment	(1)	3 years		733			753
Autos		5 years		54			54
Furniture and fixtures		7 years		41			41
Leasehold improvements		*		283			283
				2,563			2,716
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization				(1,999	)		(1,978	)
Total			$	564		$	738

* Shorter of lease term or estimated useful life

(1) In the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company received net proceeds of $4 and $40 in the sale of research and development equipment and office and computer equipment, respectively, resulting in gains on the sale of these assets of $3 and $18 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.

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Accrued Expenses (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Schedule of accrued expenses

	June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Compensation and related benefits	$	382	$	935
Accrued Litigation		-		238
Board Compensation		-		17
Personal property and franchise tax		13		2
Other		4		1
Total accrued expenses	$	399	$	1,193

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Borrowings (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of capital lease obligations

	June 30,			December 31,
	2020			2019
Short-term debt:
Current portion of long-term debt		114			123
Total short-term debt	$	114		$	123
Long-term debt:
Finance lease obligations	$	106		$	155
Other promissory notes		722			105
Total		828			260
Less: current portion of long-term debt		(114	)		(123	)
Total long-term debt	$	714		$	137

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Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Warrants and Rights Note Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of common stock warrant activity

The table summarizes the common stock warrant activity as of June 30, 2020 as follows:

						Balance									Balance										Balance
Issue Date	Warrant Type	Term Date	Exercise Price			December 31, 2018		Issued		Exercised			Expired		December 31, 2019		Issued		Exercised			Expired			June 30, 2020
2016 and prior	Various	Various-2020/2021		Various			17,059		-		-			-		17,059		-		(9,375	)		(750	)		6,934
November 21, 2017	Common Stock Offering Warrants	November 21, 2022	$	2.1122	(1)		159,092		-		(15,591	)		-		143,501		-					-			143,501
November 21, 2017	Dealer Manager Warrants	November 21, 2022	$	30.00			47,250		-		-			-		47,250		-		(47,250	)		-			-
June 20, 2018	Warrant Reissue	December 20, 2023	$	36.40			56,696		-		-			-		56,696		-		-			-			56,696
August 13, 2018	Rights Offering Warrants	July 25, 2023	$	23.00			267,853		-		(64,910	)		-		202,943		-		-			-			202,943
August 13, 2018	Dealer Manager Warrants	August 13, 2023	$	34.50			13,393		-		-			-		13,393		-		-			-			13,393
July 16, 2019	Dealer Manager Warrants	July 11, 2024	$	33.75			-		8,334		-			-		8,334		-		-			-			8,334
January 28, 2020	Registered Direct Offering	July 28, 2025	$	9.00			-		-		-			-		-		177,500		-			-			177,500
January 28, 2020	Dealer Manager Warrants	July 28, 2025	$	10.00			-		-		-			-		-		13,315		-			-			13,315
March 6, 2020	Registered Direct Offering	September 8, 2025	$	2.88			-		-		-			-		-		176,372		-			-			176,372
March 6, 2020	Dealer Manager Warrants	March 4, 2025	$	3.76			-		-		-			-		-		13,228		-			-			13,228
April 21, 2020	Dealer Manager Warrants	April 21, 2025	$	3.97			-		-		-			-		-		118,073		-			-			118,073
April 24, 2020	Registered Direct Offering	April 24, 2025	$	3.05			-		-		-			-		-		1,574,308		-			-			1,574,308
							561,343									489,176										2,504,597

(1) Pursuant to antidilution price adjustment protection contained within these warrants, the initial exercise price of these warrants was $30.00 per share, which adjusted downward to $29.40 on July 24, 2018, the record date of the Right's Offering, downward to $19.00 per share on August 13, 2018, the date of the Rights Offering, downward to $7.13 per share on January 28, 2020, the date of a Registered Direct Offering and downward to $2.1122 per share on March 6, 2020, the date of a Registered Direct Offering.

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Stock-based Compensation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of fair value of options granted

	Employee			Non-Employee
Expected volatility		88.1	%		N/A
Expected dividend yield		—			N/A
Expected term (in years)		5			N/A
Risk-free interest rate		0.26	%		N/A

Schedule of stock option activity

	Number of Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019		136,489		$	28.00		3.9	$	—
Granted		25,000		$	2.44		4.8	$	—
Exercised		—		$	—		—	$	—
Forfeited		(6,000	)	$	—		—	$	—
Expired		—		$	—		—	$	—
Outstanding at June 30, 2020		155,489		$	24.83		3.9	$	—
Exercisable at June 30, 2020		99,573		$	28.22		2.5	$	—

(1) The aggregate intrinsic value in the table was calculated based on the difference between the estimated fair market value of the Company's stock and the exercise price of the underlying options. The estimated stock values used in the calculation were $2.00 and $11.00 per share for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019, respectively.

Schedule of summarizes restricted stock unit activity

	Number of Units			Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Unit
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019		5,877		$	30.28
Granted		—		$	—
Vested		(4,543	)	$	1.42
Forfeited		—		$	—
Outstanding as of June 30, 2020		1,334		$	1.80

Schedule of stock-based compensation expense

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Research and development	$	2	$	1	$	5	$	10
General and administrative		138		218		286		461
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	140	$	219	$	291	$	471

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of the future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating lease and future minimum capital lease payments

	Finance Leases		Operating Lease
Years Ending December 31,
2020		32		116
2021		58		136
2022		28		138
2023		-		141
2024		-		132
Total minimum lease payments	$	118	$	663

	Finance Leases
Less: amounts representing interest (ranging from 11.43% to 18.32%)	$	12
Present value of minimum lease payments		106
Less: current installments under finance lease obligations		53
Total long-term portion	$	53

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Organization and Description of Business (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		6 Months Ended
	Feb. 04, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Net proceeds received		$ 73,200
Proceeds from licensing fees		1,700
Proceeds from product sales		700
Accumulated deficit		(100,227)	$ (95,867)
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments		$ 4,700
Reverse stock split, description	1-for-20 reverse split

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Raw materials	$ 995	$ 1,035
Work in progress	16
Finished goods	128	149
Total inventory	1,139	1,184
Less: reserve for obsolete	(4)	(4)
Total net inventory	$ 1,135	$ 1,180

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details 1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 140	$ 219	$ 291	$ 471
Research and Development [Member]
Total stock-based compensation expense	2	1	5	10
General and administrative [Member]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 138	$ 218	$ 286	$ 461

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details 2) - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Total	2,661,420	608,692
Common Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Total	2,504,597	481,056
Restricted Stock Units [Member]
Total	1,334	5,877
Common Stock Options [Member]
Total	155,489	121,759

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Textual)
Right to Use Asset - Long Term	$ 573	$ 699
Lease Liability - Long Term	(577)	(694)
Liabilities	2,444	2,412
Accounts receivable-other		123
Allowance for doubtful trade receivables	$ 123	123
Office Properties [Member]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Textual)
Right to Use Asset - Long Term		87
Liabilities		$ 87

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Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Financial Liabilities:
Common stock warrant liability
Total
Fair Value Measurements, Recurring [Member]
Financial Assets:
Total
Financial Liabilities:
Common stock warrant liability
Total
Fair Value Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Money Market Funds [Member]
Financial Assets:
Held-to-maturity Securities, Fair Value
Total
Fair Value Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Corporate Fixed Income Debt Securities [Member]
Financial Assets:
Held-to-maturity Securities, Fair Value
Total
Fair Value Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Fair Value Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Financial Assets:
Held-to-maturity Securities, Fair Value
Total
Financial Liabilities:
Common stock warrant liability
Total
Fair Value Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Fair Value Inputs, Level 1 [Member] | Money Market Funds [Member]
Financial Assets:
Held-to-maturity Securities, Fair Value
Total
Fair Value Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Fair Value Inputs, Level 1 [Member] | Corporate Fixed Income Debt Securities [Member]
Financial Assets:
Held-to-maturity Securities, Fair Value
Total
Fair Value Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Fair Value Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Financial Assets:
Held-to-maturity Securities, Fair Value
Total
Financial Liabilities:
Common stock warrant liability
Total
Fair Value Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Fair Value Inputs, Level 2 [Member] | Money Market Funds [Member]
Financial Assets:
Held-to-maturity Securities, Fair Value
Total
Fair Value Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Fair Value Inputs, Level 2 [Member] | Corporate Fixed Income Debt Securities [Member]
Financial Assets:
Held-to-maturity Securities, Fair Value
Total
Fair Value Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Fair Value Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Financial Assets:
Held-to-maturity Securities, Fair Value
Total
Financial Liabilities:
Common stock warrant liability
Total
Fair Value Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Fair Value Inputs, Level 3 [Member] | Money Market Funds [Member]
Financial Assets:
Held-to-maturity Securities, Fair Value
Total
Fair Value Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Fair Value Inputs, Level 3 [Member] | Corporate Fixed Income Debt Securities [Member]
Financial Assets:
Held-to-maturity Securities, Fair Value
Total

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Credit Risk (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Risks and Uncertainties [Abstract]
Reserve for receivable balance	$ 123	$ 123

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Prepaid Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Director compensation		$ 9
Director, officer and other insurance	129	115
NASDAQ fees	28
Legal retainer	25	25
Marketing programs and conferences	42	80
Professional services retainer	25	8
Rent	20	11
Equipment service deposits	2	1
Engineering, software licenses and other	13	8
Total prepaid expenses	$ 284	$ 257

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Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		6 Months Ended
		Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross		$ 2,563	$ 2,716
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization		(1,999)	(1,978)
Total		564	738
Research and Development Equipment [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross		$ 1,452	1,585
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life		5 years
Office and Computer Equipment [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross	[1]	$ 733	753
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	[1]	3 years
Autos [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross		$ 54	54
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life		5 years
Furniture and Fixtures [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross		$ 41	41
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life		7 years
Leasehold Improvements [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross	[2]	$ 283	$ 283
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	[2]

[1] In the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company received net proceeds of $4 and 40 in the sale of research and development equipment and office and computer equipment, respectively, resulting in gains on the sale of these assets of $3 and $18 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.

[2] Shorter of lease term or estimated useful life

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Property and Equipment (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Property and Equipment (Textual)
Depreciation and amortization expense	$ 71	$ 102	$ 148	$ 213
Net proceeds of sale properties	4		40
Gain on sale of assets	$ 3		$ 18

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Accrued Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Compensation and related benefits	$ 382	$ 935
Accrued Litigation		238
Board Compensation		17
Personal property and franchise tax	13	2
Other	4	1
Total accrued expenses	$ 399	$ 1,193

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Borrowings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Short-term debt:
Current portion of long-term debt	$ 114	$ 123
Total short-term debt	114	123
Long-term debt:
Finance lease obligations	106	155
Other promissory notes	722	105
Total	828	260
Less: current portion of long-term debt	(114)	(123)
Total long-term debt	$ 714	$ 137

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Borrowings (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		6 Months Ended
	Apr. 15, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020
Borrowings (Textual)
Interest rate on borrowings	1.00%
Principal amount		$ 645,700
Mature date	Apr. 15, 2022
Finance Lease Obligations [Member]
Borrowings (Textual)
Description of borrowings expiration period		Various dates through April 2022
Finance Lease Obligations [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Borrowings (Textual)
Interest rate on borrowings		11.40%
Finance Lease Obligations [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Borrowings (Textual)
Interest rate on borrowings		18.30%
Other Promissory Notes [Member]
Borrowings (Textual)
Description of borrowings expiration period		Various dates through June 2022
Other Promissory Notes [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Borrowings (Textual)
Interest rate on borrowings		13.10%
Other Promissory Notes [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Borrowings (Textual)
Interest rate on borrowings		13.30%

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Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Details) - $ / shares		6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
		Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Outstanding at beginning		489,176	561,343
Warrants issued
Outstanding at ending		2,504,597	489,176
Various [Member]
Issue Date		2016 and prior
Term Date		Various-2020/2021
Outstanding at beginning		17,059	17,059
Warrants issued
Warrants Exercised		(9,375)
Warrants Expired		(750)
Outstanding at ending		6,934	17,059
Common Stock Offering Warrants [Member]
Issue Date		November 21, 2017
Term Date		November 21, 2022
Exercise Price	[1]	$ 2.1122
Outstanding at beginning		143,501	159,092
Warrants issued
Warrants Exercised			(15,591)
Warrants Expired
Outstanding at ending		143,501	143,501
Dealer Manager Warrants [Member]
Issue Date		November 21, 2017
Term Date		November 21, 2022
Exercise Price		$ 30.00
Outstanding at beginning		47,250	47,250
Warrants issued
Warrants Exercised		(47,250)
Warrants Expired
Outstanding at ending			47,250
Warrant Reissue [Member]
Issue Date		June 20, 2018
Term Date		December 20, 2023
Exercise Price		$ 36.40
Outstanding at beginning		56,696	56,696
Warrants issued
Warrants Exercised
Warrants Expired
Outstanding at ending		56,696	56,696
Rights Offering Warrants [Member]
Issue Date		August 13, 2018
Term Date		July 25, 2023
Exercise Price		$ 23.00
Outstanding at beginning		202,943	267,853
Warrants issued
Warrants Exercised			(64,910)
Warrants Expired
Outstanding at ending		202,943	202,943
Dealer Manager Warrants [Member]
Issue Date		August 13, 2018
Term Date		August 13, 2023
Exercise Price		$ 34.50
Outstanding at beginning		13,393	13,393
Warrants issued
Warrants Exercised
Warrants Expired
Outstanding at ending		13,393	13,393
Dealer Manager Warrants [Member]
Issue Date		July 16, 2019
Term Date		July 11, 2024
Exercise Price		$ 33.75
Outstanding at beginning		8,334	8,334
Warrants issued
Warrants Exercised
Warrants Expired
Outstanding at ending		8,334	8,334
Registered Direct Offering [Member]
Issue Date		January 28, 2020
Term Date		July 28, 2025
Exercise Price		$ 9.00
Warrants issued		$ 177,500
Warrants Exercised
Warrants Expired
Outstanding at ending		177,500
Dealer Manager Warrants [Member]
Issue Date		January 28, 2020
Term Date		July 28, 2025
Exercise Price		$ 10.00
Warrants issued		$ 13,315
Warrants Exercised
Warrants Expired
Outstanding at ending		13,315
Registered Direct Offering [Member]
Issue Date		March 6, 2020
Term Date		September 8, 2025
Exercise Price		$ 2.88
Warrants issued		$ 176,372
Warrants Exercised
Warrants Expired
Outstanding at ending		176,372
Dealer Manager Warrants [Member]
Issue Date		March 6, 2020
Term Date		March 4, 2025
Exercise Price		$ 3.76
Warrants issued		$ 13,228
Warrants Exercised
Warrants Expired
Outstanding at ending		13,228
Dealer Manager Warrants [Member]
Issue Date		April 21, 2020
Term Date		April 21, 2025
Exercise Price		$ 3.97
Warrants issued		$ 118,073
Warrants Exercised
Warrants Expired
Outstanding at ending		118,073
Registered Direct Offering [Member]
Issue Date		April 24, 2020
Term Date		April 24, 2025
Exercise Price		$ 3.05
Warrants issued		$ 1,574,308
Warrants Exercised
Warrants Expired
Outstanding at ending		1,574,308

[1] Pursuant to antidilution price adjustment protection contained within these warrants, the initial exercise price of these warrants was $30.00 per share, which adjusted downward to $29.40 on July 24, 2018, the record date of the Right's Offering, downward to $19.00 per share on August 13, 2018, the date of the Rights Offering, downward to $7.13 per share on January 28, 2020, the date of a Registered Direct Offering and downward to $2.1122 per share on March 6, 2020, the date of a Registered Direct Offering.

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Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands								1 Months Ended							3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2020	Apr. 24, 2020	Dec. 03, 2019	Jul. 31, 2019	Aug. 13, 2018	Nov. 21, 2017	Jun. 15, 2015	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 04, 2020	Jan. 31, 2020	Jan. 31, 2020	Jan. 28, 2020	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 20, 2018	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued																	2,504,597
Share price (in dollars per share)												$ 7.90			$ 2.00		$ 2.00		$ 11.00
Change in fair value of the derivative warrant liability															$ 3	$ 2	$ 18	$ (3)
Warrants, description																	The initial exercise price of these warrants was $30.00 per share, which adjusted downward to $29.40 on July 24, 2018, the record date of the Right's Offering, downward to $19.00 per share on August 13, 2018, the date of the Rights Offering, downward to $7.13 per share on January 28, 2020, the date of a Registered Direct Offering and downward to $2.1122 per share on March 6, 2020, the date of a Registered Direct Offering.
Stock compensation expense																	$ 291	$ 471
Deemed dividend																	$ 285
Weighted-average exercise price																	$ 6.18
Right Offering [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued					267,853
Exercise price (in dollars per share)					$ 23.00
Share price (in dollars per share)					$ 23.00
Fair value of common stock warrant					$ 3,600
Number of share issued in transaction					267,853
Right Offering [Member] | Common Stock Purchase Warrants [Member] | Maxim Partners LLC [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued					13,393
Exercise price (in dollars per share)					$ 34.50
Share price (in dollars per share)					$ 18.80
Fair value of common stock warrant					$ 169
Expected volatility rate					159.00%
Expected term					5 years
Expected dividend rate					0.00%
Risk free interest rate					2.77%
Right Offering [Member] | Common Stock Purchase Warrants [Member] | Monte Carlo Model [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued					267,853
Share price (in dollars per share)					$ 18.80
Expected volatility rate					159.00%
Expected term					5 years
Expected dividend rate					0.00%
Risk free interest rate					2.77%
Public Offering [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Number of warrant purchased						293,000
Common Stock warrants issued [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued														56,696
Number of warrant purchased						232,875									56,696		56,696
Exercise price (in dollars per share)						$ 30.00									$ 36.40		$ 36.40
Warrant term						5 years
Description of method used						Lattice model
Share price (in dollars per share)						$ 26.80								$ 42.20
Fair value of common stock warrant						$ 661
Expected volatility rate						73.80%							72.60%	72.60%
Expected term						5 years							5 years	5 years
Expected dividend rate						0.00%							0.00%
Risk free interest rate						1.87%							2.80%
Proceeds from warrant exercises													$ 1,700	$ 1,700
Stock compensation expense													1,700
Deemed Dividend Adjustment-Warrant Modified Terms Revaluation [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Exercise price (in dollars per share)															12.00		$ 12.00
Expected volatility rate																	73.20%
Expected term																	4 days
Expected dividend rate																	0.00%
Risk free interest rate																	1.63%
Warrants, description			The Company agreed to modify the terms of 6,934 common stock warrants that were originally issued to New Enterprises between September 2015 and February 2016. Specifically, the original strike price was reduced to $20.00 per warrant from $150.00 per warrant and the expiration date of these warrants was extended one year to December 13, 2020.
Deemed dividend																	$ 11
Unexercised warrants																	$ 6,934
Deemed Dividend Adjustment-Warrant Modified Terms Revaluation [Member] | Warrants [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued																	51,414
Cashless exercise																	56,625
Exercise price (in dollars per share)															12.00		$ 12.00
Expected volatility rate																	73.20%
Expected term																	1 year 4 days
Expected dividend rate																	0.00%
Risk free interest rate																	1.63%
Settlement outstanding litigation reserve																	$ 238
University of Arizona Common Stock Warrant [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Warrant term																	5 years
Description of method used																	Monte Carlo model based
University of Arizona Common Stock Warrant [Member] | License Agreement [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Number of warrant purchased							750
Exercise price (in dollars per share)							$ 150.00
Change in fair value of the derivative warrant liability							$ 53
Common Stock Warrant Issued to Underwriter of Common Stock Offering [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Exercise price (in dollars per share)					$ 19.00				$ 2.1122			$ 7.13
Share price (in dollars per share)									$ 2.88
Expected volatility rate									74.50%			73.80%
Expected term									2 years 8 months 16 days			2 years 9 months 25 days
Expected dividend rate									0.00%			0.00%
Risk free interest rate									0.68%			1.45%
Deemed dividend									$ 129
Unexercised warrants									$ 143,501
Common Stock Warrant Issued to Underwriter of Common Stock Offering [Member] | H.C. Wainwright & Co [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Number of warrant purchased				8,334
Exercise price (in dollars per share)				$ 33.75											33.75		$ 33.75
Warrant term				5 years
Share price (in dollars per share)															$ 1		$ 1
Fair value of common stock warrant															$ 127		$ 127
Expected volatility rate																	133.30%
Expected term																	5 years
Expected dividend rate																	0.00%
Risk free interest rate																	2.07%
New Warrants November 8, 2017 [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Number of warrant purchased														56,696
Exercise price (in dollars per share)														$ 36.40
Proceeds from warrant exercises													$ 513
New Warrants November 8, 2017 [Member] | Common Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Number of warrant purchased														17,088
Common Stock Warrants Issued in January and March 2020 Private Placements [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued										177,500							353,872
Number of warrant purchased								176,372
Exercise price (in dollars per share)								$ 2.88		$ 9.00	$ 9.00
Description of method used								The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $2.88 per share, to be $242 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $2.35		The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $9.00 per share, to be $813 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $7.90
Expected volatility rate								74.80%		73.80%
Expected term								5 years 6 months		5 years
Expected dividend rate								0.00%		1.53%
Risk free interest rate								0.39%
Expire date, description										Exercisable after July 28, 2020 and will expire July 28, 2025.							Expire September 8, 2025.
Fundamental Transaction, description																	Any acquisition of our outstanding common stock that results in any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding common stock
Limitations on Exercise, description																	A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the 2020 Warrants to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% of the outstanding common stock after exercise (the "Beneficial Ownership Limitation"), except that upon at least 61 days' prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the Beneficial Ownership Limitation up to 9.99% of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the 2020 Warrants.
Common Stock Warrants Issued to Placement Agent in 2020 Registered Direct Offerings and Private Placement [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued																	13,228
Exercise price (in dollars per share)															$ 10.00		$ 10.00
Description of method used	The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants issued in April, with an exercise price of $3.97 per share, to be $167 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $2.40							The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants issued in March, with an exercise price of $3.7563 per share, to be $17 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $2.35			The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants issued in January, with an exercise price of $10.00 per share, to be $58 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $7.90
Expected volatility rate	87.90%							74.80%			73.80%
Expected term	5 years 6 months							5 years 6 months			5 years
Expected dividend rate	0.00%							0.00%			0.00%
Risk free interest rate	0.18%							0.39%			1.53%
Common Stock Warrants Issued to Placement Agent in 2020 Registered Direct Offerings and Private Placement [Member] | Wainwright & Co., LLC [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued																	13,313
Number of warrant purchased		118,073
Exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 3.97													$ 3.7563		$ 3.7563
Common Stock Warrants Issued to Placement Agent in 2020 Registered Direct Offerings and Private Placement [Member] | Wainwright & Co., LLC [Member] | Common Class A [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued		145,586
Common Stock Warrants Issued to Placement Agent in 2020 Registered Direct Offerings and Private Placement [Member] | Wainwright & Co., LLC [Member] | Common Class B [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued		1,428,722
Common Stock Warrants Issued in April 2020 Public Offering
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Number of warrant purchased		1,574,308
Exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 3.05
Description of method used																	The Company estimated the fair value of the common stock warrants, exercisable at $3.05 per share, to be $2,402 using a Black Scholes model based on the following significant inputs: common stock price of $2.40
Expected volatility rate																	87.90%
Expected term																	5 years
Expected dividend rate																	0.00%
Risk free interest rate																	0.18%
Warrant expire		Apr. 24, 2025
Common Stock Warrants Issued in April 2020 Public Offering | Common Class A [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued		145,586
Common Stock Warrants Issued in April 2020 Public Offering | Common Class B [Member]
Common Stock Warrants and Common Stock Warrant Liability (Textual)
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued		1,428,722

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Stockholders' Deficit (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands			1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Apr. 28, 2020	Mar. 06, 2020	Jan. 28, 2020	Nov. 10, 2015	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Apr. 24, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2015
Stockholders' Deficit (Textual)
Common stock, authorized					100,000,000		100,000,000			100,000,000
Preferred stock, authorized				10,000,000							15,000,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)				$ 0.001
Common stock, shares, issued					3,398,832		3,398,832			1,414,671
Common stock, shares, outstanding					3,398,832		3,398,832			1,414,671
Capital stock, description				The Company's authorized capital stock consisted of 100 million shares of common stock, $.001 par value, and 10 million shares of preferred stock, $.001 par value
Gross proceeds					$ 4,307		$ 5,743
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)					$ 0.001		$ 0.001			$ 0.001
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued							2,504,597
Common stock excerciseprice per share		$ 3.7563	$ 9.00
Number of warrant to purchase		13,228	13,312
Common Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Deficit (Textual)
Aggregate number of stock issued					1,574,308		1,928,180
Gross proceeds					$ 1		$ 2
Warrants exercised							177,500
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)									$ 0.001
Number of shares issued for services					4,543	4,311	4,543	6,240
Net Proceeds							$ 1,200
Common Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Deficit (Textual)
Common stock, authorized				100,000,000
Aggregate number of stock issued							1,984,161
Series A Preferred Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Deficit (Textual)
Preferred stock, authorized				2,000,000							7,515,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)				$ 0.001							$ 0.001
Restricted Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Deficit (Textual)
Aggregate number of stock issued
Number of shares issued in transaction							4,543
Warrants [Member]
Stockholders' Deficit (Textual)
Aggregate number of stock issued							24
Settlement of compensation							$ 238
Warrants exercised							51,414
Public Offering [Member]
Stockholders' Deficit (Textual)
Gross proceeds	$ 4,334	$ 500
Warrants exercised		176,372	177,500
Common Stock Offering Warrants Issued							1,574,308
Common stock excerciseprice per share		$ 2.88	$ 8.00		$ 3.05		$ 3.05
Price per share (in dollars per share)		$ 3.005	$ 10.00
Number of warrant to purchase		176,372	177,500
Warrants expiry date							Apr. 24, 2025
Net Proceeds			$ 1,200
Public Offering [Member] | Common Class A [Member]
Stockholders' Deficit (Textual)
Price per share (in dollars per share)									3.176
Public Offering [Member] | Common Class B [Member]
Stockholders' Deficit (Textual)
Price per share (in dollars per share)									$ 3.175
Number of warrant to purchase									1,574,308

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Stock-based Compensation (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020
Employee [Member]
Expected volatility	88.10%
Expected dividend yield
Expected term (in years)	5 years
Risk-free interest rate	0.26%
Non-Employee [Member]
Expected volatility
Expected dividend yield
Expected term (in years)
Risk-free interest rate

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Stock-based Compensation (Details 1)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at beginning | shares	136,489
Granted | shares	25,000
Forfeited | shares	(6,000)
Expired | shares
Outstanding at ending | shares	155,489
Exercisable at ending | shares	99,573
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at beginning	$ 28.00
Granted	2.44
Exercised
Forfeited
Expired
Outstanding at ending	24.83
Exercisable at ending	$ 28.22
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at beginning	3 years 10 months 25 days
Granted	4 years 9 months 18 days
Outstanding at ending	3 years 10 months 25 days
Exercisable at ending	2 years 6 months
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Aggregate Intrinsic Value [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at beginning | $		[1]
Granted		[1]
Exercised | $		[1]
Forfeited		[1]
Expired		[1]
Outstanding at ending | $		[1]
Exercisable at ending | $		[1]

[1] The aggregate intrinsic value in the table was calculated based on the difference between the estimated fair market value of the Company's stock and the exercise price of the underlying options. The estimated stock values used in the calculation were $2.00 and $11.00 per share for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019, respectively.

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Stock-based Compensation (Details 2) - Restricted Stock Units [Member]	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 $ / shares shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning | shares	5,877
Granted | shares
Vested | shares	(4,543)
Forfeited | shares
Balance at ending | shares	1,334
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning | $ / shares	$ 30.28
Granted | $ / shares
Vested | $ / shares	1.42
Forfeited | $ / shares
Balance at ending | $ / shares	$ 1.80

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Stock-based Compensation (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 140	$ 219	$ 291	$ 471
Research and development [Member]
Total stock-based compensation expense	2	1	5	10
General and administrative [Member]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 138	$ 218	$ 286	$ 461

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Stock-based Compensation (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 12, 2018	Jun. 30, 2020	Jul. 08, 2020	Jan. 28, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Share price		$ 2.00		$ 7.90	$ 11.00
Weighted average grant date fair value of options granted		$ 1.65
Weighted average period		33 months
Restricted Stock Units [Member]
Compensation cost not yet recognized		$ 719
Equity Incentive Plan 2018 [Member]
Number of shares authorized		50,000
Number of additional shares authorized	122,279
Common stock capital shares reserved for future issuance		6,757
Equity Incentive Plan 2018 [Member] | Subsequent Event [Member]
Number of shares authorized			800,000

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Finance Leases
2020	$ 32
2021	58
2022	28
2023
2024
Total minimum lease payments	118
Operating Lease
2020	116
2021	136
2022	138
2023	141
2024	132
Total minimum lease payments	663
Less: amounts representing interest (ranging from 11.43% to 18.32%)	12
Present value of minimum lease payments	106
Less: current installments under finance lease obligations	53
Total long-term portion	$ 53

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details Textual) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jul. 22, 2020 ft²	Dec. 31, 2019 ft²	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)
Rent expense					$ 132	$ 127
Operating expenses			$ 1,653	$ 2,294	3,994	$ 4,662
Lease commitments extended		We entered into a lease for our corporate headquarters in Phoenix, Arizona where we lease and occupy approximately 5,529 square feet of office space. This lease expires in November 2024.
Area square feet | ft²		7,632
Subsequent Event [Member]
Area square feet | ft²	5,103
Lease expiration date	Nov. 30, 2024
Lease commence date	Aug. 01, 2020
Office and Computer Equipment [Member]
Accumulated amortization			478		478
Research and Development Equipment [Member]
Accumulated amortization			$ 313		$ 313

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Subsequent Events (Details) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jul. 22, 2020 ft²	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 ft²
Subsequent Events (Textual)
Rent expense | $				$ 132	$ 127
Operating expenses | $		$ 1,653	$ 2,294	$ 3,994	$ 4,662
Area square feet | ft²						7,632
Subsequent Event [Member]
Subsequent Events (Textual)
Area square feet | ft²	5,103
Lease expiration date	Nov. 30, 2024
Lease commence date	Aug. 01, 2020