DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

ACM Research, Inc. (“ACM”) and its subsidiaries (collectively with ACM, the “Company”) develop, manufacture and sell single-wafer wet-cleaning equipment used to improve the manufacturing process and yield for advanced integrated chips. The Company markets and sells its single-wafer wet-cleaning equipment, under the brand name "Ultra C,"which are based on the Company’s proprietary Space Alternated Phase Shift (“SAPS”) and Timely Energized Bubble Oscillation (“TEBO”) technologies. These tools are designed to remove random defects from a wafer surface efficiently, without damaging the wafer or its features, even at increasingly advanced process nodes.

ACM was incorporated in California in 1998, and it initially focused on developing tools for manufacturing process steps involving the integration of ultra low-K materials and copper. The Company’s early efforts focused on stress-free copper-polishing technology, and it sold tools based on that technology in the early 2000s.

In 2006, the Company established its operational center in Shanghai in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”), where it operates through ACM’s subsidiary, ACM Research (Shanghai), Inc. (“ACM Shanghai”). ACM Shanghai was formed to help establish and build relationships with integrated circuit manufacturers in the PRC, and the Company initially financed its Shanghai operations in part through sales of non-controlling equity interests in ACM Shanghai.

In 2007, the Company began to focus its development efforts on single-wafer wet-cleaning solutions for the front-end chip fabrication process. The Company introduced its SAPS megasonic technology, which can be applied in wet wafer cleaning at numerous steps during the chip fabrication process, in 2009. It introduced its TEBO technology, which can be applied at numerous steps during the fabrication of small node two-dimensional conventional and three-dimensional patterned wafers, in March 2016. The Company has designed its equipment models for SAPS and TEBO solutions using a modular configuration that enables it to create a wet-cleaning tool meeting the specific requirements of a customer, while using pre-existing designs for chamber, electrical, chemical delivery and other modules. In August 2018, the Company introduced its Ultra-C Tahoe wafer cleaning tool, which can deliver high cleaning performance with significantly less sulfuric acid than typically consumed by conventional high-temperature single-wafer cleaning tools. Based on its electro-chemical plating (“ECP”) technology, the Company introduced in March 2019 its Ultra ECP AP, or “Advanced Packaging,” tool for bumping, or applying copper, tin and nickel to semiconductor wafers at the die-level, and its Ultra ECP MAP, or “Multi-Anode Partial Plating,” tool to deliver advanced electrochemical copper plating for copper interconnect applications in front-end wafer fabrication processes. In 2022, the Company added two major new product categories with the introduction of the Ultra Pmax™ PECVD and Ultra Track tools. The Company also offers a range of custom-made equipment, including cleaners, coaters and developers, to back-end wafer assembly and packaging factories, principally in the PRC.

In 2011, ACM Shanghai formed a wholly-owned subsidiary in the PRC, ACM Research (Wuxi), Inc. (“ACM Wuxi”), to manage sales and service operations.

In November 2016, ACM re-domesticated from California to Delaware pursuant to a merger in which ACM Research, Inc., a California corporation, was merged into a newly formed, wholly-owned Delaware subsidiary, also named ACM Research, Inc.

In June 2017, ACM formed a wholly-owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, CleanChip Technologies Limited (“CleanChip”), to act on the Company’s behalf in Asian markets outside the PRC by, for example, serving as a trading partner between ACM Shanghai and its customers, procuring raw materials and components, performing sales and marketing activities, and making strategic investments.

In August 2017, ACM purchased 18.77% of ACM Shanghai’s equity interests held by Shanghai Science and Technology Venture Capital Co., Ltd. On November 8, 2017, ACM purchased the remaining 18.36% of ACM Shanghai’s equity interests held by third parties, Shanghai Pudong High-Tech Investment Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Zhangjiang Science & Technology Venture Capital Co., Ltd. At December 31, 2017, ACM owned all of the outstanding equity interests of ACM Shanghai, and indirectly through ACM Shanghai, owned all of the outstanding equity interests of ACM Wuxi.

In December 2017, ACM formed a wholly-owned subsidiary in the Republic of Korea, ACM Research Korea CO., LTD. (“ACM Korea”), to serve customers based in Republic of Korea and perform sales and marketing and research and development (“R&D”) activities for new products and solutions.

In March 2019, ACM Shanghai formed a wholly-owned subsidiary in the PRC, ACM Research (Lingang), Inc. ("ACM Lingang") to manage activities related to the addition of future long-term production capacity. ACM Lingang is the English name referred to by its Chinese language name Shengwei Research (Shanghai), Inc. ("ACM Shengwei") in prior filings. ACM Shengwei and ACM Lingang refer to the same entity.

In June 2019, CleanChip formed a wholly-owned subsidiary in California, ACM Research (CA), Inc. (“ACM California”), to provide procurement services on behalf of ACM Shanghai. In June 2019, ACM Korea was reorganized as a wholly-owned subsidiary of CleanChip.

In June 2019, ACM announced plans to complete a listing (the “STAR Listing”) of shares of ACM Shanghai on the Shanghai Stock Exchange’s Sci-Tech innovAtion boaRd, known as the STAR Market, and a concurrent initial public offering (the “STAR IPO”) of ACM Shanghai shares in the PRC. ACM Shanghai is currently ACM’s primary operating subsidiary, and at the time of announcement, was wholly-owned by ACM. To meet a STAR Listing requirement that it have multiple independent stockholders in the PRC, ACM Shanghai completed private placements of its shares in June and November 2019, following which, as of September 30, 2020, the private placement investors held a total of 8.3% of the outstanding shares of ACM Shanghai and ACM Research held the remaining 91.7%. As part of the STAR Listing process, in June 2020 the ownership interests held by the private investors were reclassified from redeemable non-controlling interests to non-controlling interests as the redemption feature was terminated.

In preparation for the STAR IPO, ACM completed a reorganization in December 2019 that included the sale of all of the shares of CleanChip by ACM to ACM Shanghai for $3,500. The reorganization and sale had no impact on ACM’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2021, ACM formed a wholly-owned subsidiary in Singapore, ACM Research (Singapore) PTE, Ltd. (“ACM Singapore”), to perform sales, marketing, and other business development activities.

In November 2021, ACM Shanghai completed its STAR Listing and STAR IPO and its shares began trading on the STAR Market. In the STAR IPO, ACM Shanghai issued 43,355,753 shares, representing 10% of the total 433,557,100 shares outstanding after the issuance. The shares were issued at a public offering price of RMB 85.00 per share, and the net proceeds of the STAR IPO, after issuance costs, totaled $545,512. Upon completion of the STAR IPO, ACM owned 82.5% of the outstanding ACM Shanghai shares.

In February 2022, ACM Shanghai formed a wholly-owned subsidiary in China, ACM Research (Beijing), Inc. (“ACM Beijing”) to perform sales, marketing and other business development activities.

In March 2022, ACM formed a wholly-owned subsidiary in South Korea, Hanguk ACM CO., LTD, to perform business development and other related activities.

In March 2022, the Board of Directors of ACM declared a 3-for-1 stock split of Class A and Class B common stock effected in the form of a stock dividend (the “Stock Split”). Each stockholder of record at the close of business on March 16, 2022, received a dividend of two additional shares of Class A common stock for each then-held share of Class A common stock and two additional shares of Class B common stock for each then-held share of Class B common stock, which were distributed after the close of trading on March 23, 2022. Unless otherwise indicated, all share numbers, per share amount, share prices, exercise prices and conversion rates set forth in these notes and the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements reflect the Stock Split.

The Company has direct or indirect interests in the following subsidiaries:


		Effective interest held as at
Name of subsidiaries	Place and date of incorporation	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
ACM Research (Shanghai), Inc.	PRC, May 2005	82.5	%	82.5	%
ACM Research (Wuxi), Inc.	PRC, July 2011	82.5	%	82.5	%
CleanChip Technologies Limited	Hong Kong, June 2017	82.5	%	82.5	%
ACM Research Korea CO., LTD.	Korea, December 2017	82.5	%	82.5	%
ACM Research (Lingang), Inc. (1)	PRC, March 2019	82.5	%	82.5	%
ACM Research (CA), Inc.	USA, April 2019	82.5	%	82.5	%
ACM Research (Cayman), Inc.	Cayman Islands, April 2019	100.0	%	100.0	%
ACM Research (Singapore) PTE. Ltd.	Singapore, August 2021	100.0	%	100.0	%
ACM Research (Beijing), Inc.	PRC, February 2022	82.5	%	82.5	%
Hanguk ACM CO., LTD.	Korea, March 2022	100.0	%	100.0	%
(1) ACM Research (Lingang) Inc., or ACM Lingang, is the English name referred to by its Chinese language name Shengwei Research (Shanghai), Inc. in prior filings. ACM Research (Lingang), Inc. and Shengwei Research (Shanghai), Inc. refer to the same entity.