Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies of the Company are described below.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The portions of equity, net income or loss and other comprehensive income or loss of consolidated subsidiaries that are not attributable to the parent are presented separately as amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests in the consolidated financial statements. Noncontrolling interests represents predominantly carried interest allocation to certain senior executives of the Company, limited partners of consolidated funds, and membership interests in OP primarily held by certain current and former employees of the Company.

To the extent the Company consolidates a subsidiary that is subject to industry-specific guidance, such as investment company accounting applied by the Company's sponsored funds that are consolidated, the Company retains the industry-specific guidance applied by that subsidiary in its consolidated financial statements.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.

Principles of Consolidation

The Company consolidates entities in which it has a controlling financial interest by first considering if an entity meets the definition of a variable interest entity ("VIE") for which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, or if the Company has the power to control an entity through a majority of voting interest or through other arrangements.

Variable Interest Entities—A VIE is an entity that either (i) lacks sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; (ii) whose equity holders lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest; and/or (iii) is established with non-substantive voting rights. A VIE is consolidated by its primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party who has a controlling financial interest in the VIE through (a) power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance, and (b) obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. This assessment may involve subjectivity in the determination of which activities most significantly affect the VIE’s performance, and estimates about current and future fair value of the assets held by the VIE and financial performance of the VIE. In assessing its interests in the VIE, the Company also considers interests held by its related parties, including de facto agents. Additionally, the Company assesses whether it is a member of a related party group that collectively meets the power and benefits criteria and, if so, whether the Company is most closely associated with the VIE. In performing the related party analysis, the Company considers both qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: the characteristics and size of its investment relative to the related party; the Company’s and the related party's ability to control or significantly influence key decisions of the VIE including consideration of involvement by de facto agents; the obligation or likelihood for the Company or the related party to fund operating losses of the VIE; and the similarity and significance of the VIE’s business activities to those of the Company and the related party. The determination of whether an entity is a VIE, and whether the Company is the primary beneficiary, may involve significant judgment, and depends upon facts and circumstances specific to an entity at the time of the assessment.

Voting Interest Entities—Unlike VIEs, voting interest entities have sufficient equity to finance their activities and equity investors exhibit the characteristics of a controlling financial interest through their voting rights. The Company consolidates such entities when it has the power to control these entities through ownership of a majority of the entities' voting interests or through other arrangements.

At each reporting period, the Company reassesses whether changes in facts and circumstances cause a change in the status of an entity as a VIE or voting interest entity, and/or a change in the Company's consolidation assessment. Changes in consolidation status are applied prospectively. An entity may be consolidated as a result of this reassessment, in which case, the assets, liabilities and noncontrolling interest in the entity are recorded at fair value upon initial consolidation. Any existing equity interest held by the Company in the entity prior to the Company obtaining control will be remeasured at fair value, which may result in a gain or loss recognized upon initial consolidation. However, if the consolidation represents an asset acquisition of a voting interest entity, the Company's existing interest in the acquired assets, if any, is not remeasured to fair value but continues to be carried at historical cost. The Company may also deconsolidate a subsidiary as a result of this reassessment, which may result in a gain or loss recognized upon deconsolidation depending on the carrying values of deconsolidated assets and liabilities compared to the fair value of any interests retained.

Noncontrolling Interests

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests—This represents noncontrolling interests in sponsored open-end funds in the Liquid Strategies that are consolidated by the Company. The limited partners of these funds have the ability to withdraw all or a portion of their interests from the funds in cash with advance notice.

Redeemable noncontrolling interests is presented outside of permanent equity. Allocation of net income or loss to redeemable noncontrolling interests is based upon their ownership percentage during the period. The carrying amount of redeemable noncontrolling interests is adjusted to its redemption value at the end of each reporting period to an amount not less than its initial carrying value, except for amounts contingently redeemable which will be adjusted to redemption value only when redemption is probable. Such adjustments will be recognized in additional paid-in capital.

Noncontrolling Interests in Investment Entities—This represents (i) carried interest allocations to certain senior executives of the Company (Note 15) and a third party participation interest; (ii) equity interests held by current and former employees and a third party participation interest in general partner entities of the Company's sponsored funds; and (iii) limited partners of consolidated closed-end funds. Excluding carried interest, allocation of net income or loss is generally based upon relative ownership interests.

Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Company—This represents membership interests in OP held by certain current and former employees of the Company. Noncontrolling interests in OP are allocated a share of net income or loss in OP

based upon their weighted average ownership interest in OP during the period. Noncontrolling interests in OP have the right to require OP to redeem part or all of such member’s membership units in OP ("OP units") for cash based on the market value of an equivalent number of shares of class A common stock of the Company at the time of redemption, or at the Company's election as managing member of OP, through issuance of shares of class A common stock (registered or unregistered) on a one-for-one basis. At the end of each reporting period, noncontrolling interests in OP is adjusted to reflect their ownership percentage in OP at the end of the period, through a reallocation between controlling and noncontrolling interests in OP, as applicable.

Foreign Currency

Assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency for which the functional currency is a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date and the corresponding results of operations for such entities are translated using the average exchange rate in effect during the period. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in stockholders’ equity. Upon sale, complete or substantially complete liquidation of a foreign subsidiary, or upon partial sale of a foreign equity method investment, the translation adjustment associated with the foreign subsidiary or investment, or a proportionate share related to the portion of equity method investment sold, is reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss into earnings.

Financial assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency for which the functional currency is the U.S. dollar are remeasured using the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date, whereas non-financial assets and liabilities are remeasured using the exchange rate on the date the item was initially recognized (i.e., the historical rate), and the corresponding results of operations for such entities are remeasured using the average exchange rate in effect during the period. The resulting foreign currency remeasurement adjustments are recorded in other gain (loss) on the consolidated statements of operations. Disclosures of non-U.S. dollar amounts to be recorded in the future are translated using exchange rates in effect at the date of the most recent balance sheet presented.

Fair Value Measurement

Fair value is based on an exit price, defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Where appropriate, the Company makes adjustments to estimated fair values to appropriately reflect counterparty credit risk as well as the Company's own credit-worthiness.

The estimated fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities are categorized into a three tier hierarchy, prioritized based on the level of transparency in inputs used in the valuation techniques, as follows:

Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in non-active markets, or valuation techniques utilizing inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable data directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

Level 3—At least one assumption or input is unobservable and it is significant to the fair value measurement, requiring significant management judgment or estimate.

Where the inputs used to measure the fair value of a financial instrument falls into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the financial instrument is categorized within the hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to its fair value measurement.

Due to the inherently judgmental nature of Level 3 fair value, changes in assumptions or inputs applied as of reporting date could result in a higher or lower fair value, and realized value may differ from the estimated unrealized fair value.

Fair Value Option

The fair value option provides an option to elect fair value as a measurement alternative for selected financial instruments. The fair value option may be elected only upon the occurrence of certain specified events, including when the Company enters into an eligible firm commitment, at initial recognition of the financial instrument, as well as upon a business combination or consolidation of a subsidiary. The election is irrevocable unless a new election event occurs.

The Company has elected fair value option to account for certain equity method investments.

Business Combinations

Definition of a Business—The Company evaluates each purchase transaction to determine whether the acquired assets meet the definition of a business. If substantially all of the fair value of gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, then the set of transferred assets and activities is not a business. For an acquisition to be considered a business, it would have to include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs (i.e., there is a continuation of revenue before and after the transaction). A substantive process is not ancillary or minor, cannot be replaced without significant costs, effort or delay or is otherwise considered unique or scarce. To qualify as a business without outputs, the acquired assets would require an organized workforce with the necessary skills, knowledge and experience to perform a substantive process.

Business Combinations—The Company accounts for acquisitions that qualify as business combinations by applying the acquisition method. Transaction costs related to acquisition of a business are expensed as incurred and excluded from the fair value of consideration transferred. The identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests in an acquired entity are recognized and measured at their estimated fair values, except for contract assets and contract liabilities as discussed below. The excess of the consideration transferred over the value of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests in an acquired entity, net of fair value of any previously held interest in the acquired entity, is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions.

With respect to contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination, these are not accounted for under the fair value basis at the time of acquisition. Instead, the Company determines the value of these revenue contracts as if it had originated the acquired contracts by evaluating the associated performance obligations, transaction price and relative stand-alone selling price at the original contract inception date or subsequent modification dates.

The estimated fair values and allocation of consideration are subject to adjustments during the measurement period, not to exceed one year, based upon new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed at time of acquisition.

Contingent Consideration—Contingent consideration is classified as a liability or equity, as applicable. Contingent consideration in connection with the acquisition of a business or a VIE is measured at fair value on acquisition date, and unless classified as equity, is remeasured at fair value each reporting period thereafter until the consideration is settled, with changes in fair value included in earnings.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Sale accounting for transfers of financial assets is limited to the transfer of an entire financial asset, a group of financial assets in its entirety, or a component of a financial asset which meets the definition of a participating interest with characteristics that are similar to the original financial asset.

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. If the Company has any continuing involvement, rights or obligations with the transferred financial asset (outside of standard representations and warranties), sale accounting requires that the transfer meets the following conditions: (1) the transferred asset has been legally isolated; (2) the transferee has the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred asset; and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred asset through an agreement that provides for (a) both an entitlement and an obligation by the Company to repurchase or redeem the asset before its maturity, (b) the unilateral ability by the Company to reclaim the asset and a more than trivial benefit attributable to that ability, or (c) the transferee requiring the Company to repurchase the asset at a price so favorable to the transferee that it is probable the repurchase will occur.

If the criteria for sale accounting are met, the transferred financial asset is removed from the balance sheet and a net gain or loss is recognized upon sale, taking into account any retained interests. Transfers of financial assets that do not meet the criteria for sale are accounted for as financing transactions.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less are considered to be cash equivalents. The Company's cash and cash equivalents are held with major financial institutions and may at times exceed federally insured limits.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists predominantly of cash reserves maintained pursuant to the governing agreement of the securitized debt of the Company.

Investments

Equity Investments

A noncontrolling, unconsolidated ownership interest in an entity may be accounted for using one of: (i) equity method where applicable; (ii) fair value option if elected; (iii) fair value through earnings if fair value is readily determinable, including election of net asset value ("NAV") practical expedient where applicable; or (iv) for equity investments without readily determinable fair values, the measurement alternative to measure at cost adjusted for any impairment and observable price changes.

Marketable equity securities are recorded as of trade date. Dividend income is recognized on the ex-dividend date and is included in other income.

The Company's share of earnings (losses) from equity method investments in its sponsored funds and fair value changes of equity method investments under the fair value option are recorded in principal investment income (loss). Fair value changes of other equity investments, including adjustments for observable price changes under the measurement alternative, are recorded in other gain (loss).

Equity Method Investments—The Company accounts for investments under the equity method of accounting if it has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of an entity, but does not have a controlling financial interest. The equity method investment is initially recorded at cost and adjusted each period for capital contributions, distributions and the Company's share of the entity’s net income or loss and where applicable, other comprehensive income or loss. The Company's share of net income or loss may differ from the stated ownership percentage interest in an entity if the governing documents prescribe a substantive non-proportionate earnings allocation formula or a preferred return to certain investors. Distributions of operating profits from equity method investments are reported as operating activities, while distributions in excess of operating profits are reported as investing activities in the statement of cash flows under the cumulative earnings approach.

The Company's equity method investments are composed primarily of its interests in investment vehicles that it sponsors, reported as principal investments, as the Company exerts significant influence in its role as general partner. The Company recognizes earnings based upon its proportionate share of net income (loss) from these investment vehicles, primarily unrealized gain (loss) from changes in fair value of the underlying fund investments, and any distributions of income, including from realization events, recorded in principal investment income on the consolidated statements of operations. Pursuant to the governing documents of the funds, the Company may be required to bear organizational costs of the funds in excess of prescribed thresholds. If such costs are paid by the funds, the Company will contribute additional capital to the funds to settle such costs, with the contributed capital reflected as principal investment loss.

As general partner, the Company is also entitled to a disproportionate allocation of returns based upon the extent to which cumulative performance of the investment vehicles exceed minimum return hurdles pursuant to terms of their respective governing agreements, that is, carried interests, which is discussed further in Note 3.

Impairment—Evaluation of impairment applies to equity method investments for which fair value option has not been elected and equity investments under the measurement alternative. Impairment loss is recorded in other gain (loss).

If indicators of impairment exist, the Company will first estimate the fair value of its investment. In assessing fair value, the Company generally considers, among others, the estimated enterprise value of the investee or fair value of the investee's underlying net assets, including net cash flows to be generated by the investee as applicable.

For investments accounted for under the measurement alternative, if carrying value of the investment exceeds its fair value, an impairment is deemed to have occurred.

For equity method investments, further consideration is made if a decrease in value of the investment is other-than-temporary to determine if impairment loss should be recognized. Assessment of other-than-temporary impairment involves management judgment, including, but not limited to, consideration of the investee’s financial condition, operating results, business prospects and creditworthiness, the Company's ability and intent to hold the investment until recovery of its carrying value, or a significant and prolonged decline in traded price of the investee’s equity security. If management is unable to reasonably assert that an impairment is temporary or believes that the Company may not fully recover the carrying value of its investment, then the impairment is considered to be other-than-temporary. Investments that are other-than-temporarily impaired are written down to their estimated fair value.

With respect to the Company's interests in its sponsored investment vehicles, the carrying value of these equity method investments are deemed to approximate fair value as the Company's share of income (loss) recorded each quarter reflects the fair value changes of the underlying investments held by these vehicles.

Debt Securities

Debt securities are recorded as of the trade date. Debt securities designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) are reported at fair value and subject to impairment assessment, with unrealized gains or losses included as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). Upon disposition of AFS debt securities, the cumulative gains or losses in other comprehensive income (loss) that are realized are recognized in other gain (loss) on the statement of operations based on specific identification.

Interest Income—Interest income from debt securities, including stated coupon interest payments and amortization of purchase premiums or discounts, is recognized using the effective interest method over the expected life of the debt securities.

For beneficial interests in debt securities that are not of high credit quality (generally credit rating below AA) or that can be contractually settled such that the Company would not recover substantially all of its recorded investment, interest income is recognized as the accretable yield over the life of the securities using the effective yield method. The accretable yield is the excess of current expected cash flows to be collected over the net investment in the security, including the yield accreted to date. The Company evaluates estimated future cash flows expected to be collected on a quarterly basis, starting with the first full quarter after acquisition, or earlier if conditions indicating impairment are present. If the cash flows expected to be collected cannot be reasonably estimated, either at acquisition or in subsequent evaluation, the Company may consider placing the securities on nonaccrual, with interest income recognized using the cost recovery method.

Impairment—The Company performs an assessment, at least quarterly, to determine whether its AFS debt securities are considered to be impaired; that is, if their fair value is less than their amortized cost basis.

If the Company intends to sell the impaired debt security or is more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost, the entire impairment amount is recognized in earnings within other gain (loss) as a write-off of the amortized cost basis of the debt security.

If the Company does not intend to sell or is not more likely than not required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost, the credit component of the loss is recognized in earnings within other gain (loss) as an allowance for credit loss, which may be subject to reversal for subsequent recoveries in fair value. The non-credit loss component is recognized in other comprehensive income or loss ("OCI"). The allowance is charged off against the amortized cost basis of the security if in a subsequent period, the Company intends to or more likely than not will be required to sell the security, or if the Company deems the security to be uncollectible.

In assessing impairment and estimating future expected cash flows, factors considered include, but are not limited to, credit rating of the security, financial condition of the issuer, defaults for similar securities, performance and value of assets underlying an asset-backed security.

Goodwill

Goodwill is an unidentifiable intangible asset and is recognized as a residual, generally measured as the excess of consideration transferred in a business combination over the identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests in the acquiree. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination.

Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting units to which it is assigned at least on an annual basis in the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances occur that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value, including goodwill. The assessment of goodwill for impairment may initially be performed based on qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill is assigned is less than its carrying value, including goodwill. If so, a quantitative assessment is performed to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss. The Company may bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing a quantitative assessment to compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying value, including goodwill. Impairment is measured as the excess of carrying value over fair value of the reporting unit, with the loss recognized limited to the amount of goodwill assigned to that reporting unit.

An impairment establishes a new basis for goodwill and any impairment loss recognized is not subject to subsequent reversal. Goodwill impairment tests require judgment, including identification of reporting units, assignment of

assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit.

Identifiable Intangibles

In a business combination or asset acquisition, the Company may recognize identifiable intangibles that meet either or both the contractual legal criterion or the separability criterion. An indefinite-lived intangible is not subject to amortization until such time that its useful life is determined to no longer be indefinite, at which point, it will be assessed for impairment and its adjusted carrying amount amortized over its remaining useful life. Finite-lived intangibles are amortized over their useful life in a manner that reflects the pattern in which the intangible is being consumed if readily determinable, for example, based upon expected cash flows; otherwise they are amortized on a straight-line basis. The useful life of all identified intangibles will be periodically reassessed and if useful life changes, the carrying amount of the intangible will be amortized prospectively over the revised useful life.

The Company's identifiable intangible assets are generally valued under the income approach, using an estimate of future net cash flows, discounted based upon risk-adjusted returns for similar underlying assets.

Identifiable intangibles recognized in acquisition of an investment management business generally include management contracts and investor relationships. Management contracts represent contractual rights to future fee revenue from in-place management contracts that are amortized based upon expected cash flows over the remaining term of the contracts. Investor relationships represent potential fee revenue generated from future reinvestment by existing investors that is amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life.

Other intangible assets include trade names, which are recognized as a separate identifiable intangible asset to the extent the Company intends to continue using the trade name post-acquisition. Trade names are valued as the savings from royalty fees that would have otherwise been incurred, and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life, or not amortized if they are determined to have an indefinite useful life.

Impairment

Identifiable intangible assets are reviewed periodically to determine if circumstances exist which may indicate a potential impairment. If such circumstances are considered to exist, the Company evaluates if carrying value of the intangible asset is recoverable based upon an undiscounted cash flow analysis. Impairment loss is recognized for the excess, if any, of carrying value over estimated fair value of the intangible asset. An impairment establishes a new basis for the intangible asset and any impairment loss recognized is not subject to subsequent reversal.

In evaluating investment management intangibles for impairment, such as management contracts and investor relationships, the Company considers various factors that may affect future fee revenue, including but not limited to, changes in fee basis, amendments to contractual fee terms, and projected capital raising for future investment vehicles. Indefinite life trade names are impaired if the Company determines that it no longer intends to use the trade name.

Accounts Receivable and Related Allowance

Cost Reimbursements and Recoverable Expenses—The Company is entitled to reimbursements and/or recovers certain costs paid on behalf of investment vehicles sponsored by the Company, which include: (i) organization and offering costs associated with the formation and capital raising of the investment vehicles up to specified thresholds; (ii) costs incurred in performing investment due diligence; and (iii) direct and indirect operating costs associated with managing the operations of certain investment vehicles. Indirect operating costs are recorded as expenses of the Company when incurred and amounts allocated and reimbursable are recorded as other income in the consolidated statements of operations on a gross basis to the extent the Company determines that it acts in the capacity of a principal in the incurrence of such costs. The Company facilitates the payment of organization and offering costs, cost of investment due diligence, and direct operating costs, all of which are recorded as due from affiliates on the consolidated balance sheet, until such amounts are repaid. Cost of investment due diligence related to unconsummated investments that are borne by the Company are expensed as transaction-related costs in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company assesses the collectability of such receivables and establishes an allowance for any balances considered not collectable.

Fixed Assets

Fixed assets of the Company are presented within other assets and carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Major replacements and betterments which improve or extend the life of assets are capitalized and depreciated over their useful life. Depreciation and amortization is recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets, which range between 3 and 7 years for furniture, fixtures, equipment and capitalized software, and over the shorter of the lease term or useful life for leasehold improvements.

Leases

The Company's leasing arrangements are composed of operating leases for its corporate offices.

As lessee, the Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease and determines the classification of a leasing arrangement at its inception. A lease is classified as a finance lease, which represents a financed purchase of the leased asset, if the lease meets any of the following criteria: (a) asset ownership is transferred to lessee by end of lease term; (b) option to purchase asset is reasonably certain to be exercised by lessee; (c) the lease term is for a major part of the remaining economic life of the asset; (d) the present value of lease payments equals or exceeds substantially the fair value of the asset; or (e) the asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use at end of lease term. A lease is classified as an operating lease when none of the criteria are met. The Company also made the accounting policy election to treat lease and nonlease components in a lease contract as a single component.

Short-term leases are not recorded on the balance sheet, with lease payments expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Short-term leases are defined as leases which at commencement date, have a lease term of 12 months or less and do not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise.

For leases with terms greater than 12 months, a lessee's rights to use the leased asset and obligation to make future lease payments are recognized on balance sheet at lease commencement date as a right-of-use ("ROU") lease asset and a lease liability, respectively. The lease liability is measured based upon the present value of future lease payments over the lease term, discounted at the incremental borrowing rate. Variable lease payments are excluded and are recognized as lease expense as incurred. Lease renewal or termination options are taken into account only if it is reasonably certain that the option would be exercised. As an implicit rate is not readily determinable in most leases, an estimated incremental borrowing rate is applied, which is the interest rate that the Company or its subsidiary, where applicable, would have to pay to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments, on a collateralized basis over the lease term. In estimating incremental borrowing rates, consideration is given to recent debt financing transactions by the Company or its subsidiaries as well as publicly available data for debt instruments with similar characteristics, adjusted for the lease term. The ROU lease asset is measured based upon the corresponding lease liability, reduced by any lease incentives and adjusted to include capitalized initial direct leasing costs.

The Company's ROU lease asset is presented within other assets and is amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of its useful life or remaining lease term. The Company's lease liability is presented within accrued and other liabilities. The lease liability is (a) reduced by lease payments made during the period; and (b) accreted to the balance as of the beginning of the period based upon the discount rate used at lease commencement. For finance leases, periodic lease payments are allocated between (i) interest expense, calculated based upon the incremental borrowing rate determined at commencement, to produce a constant periodic interest rate on the remaining balance of the lease liability, and (ii) reduction of lease liability. The combination of periodic interest expense and amortization expense on the ROU lease asset effectively reflects installment purchases on the financed leased asset, and results in a front-loaded expense recognition. Higher interest expense is recorded in the early periods as a constant interest rate is applied to the finance lease liability and the liability decreases over the lease term as cash payments are made. For operating leases, fixed lease expense is recognized over the lease term on a straight-line basis and variable lease expense is recognized in the period incurred.

A lease that is terminated before expiration of its lease term would result in a derecognition of the lease liability and ROU lease asset, with the difference recorded in the income statement, reflected as other gain (loss). If a plan has been committed to abandon an ROU lease asset at a future date before the end of its lease term, amortization of the ROU lease asset is accelerated based on its revised useful life. If an ROU lease asset is abandoned with immediate effect and the carrying value of the ROU lease asset is determined to be unrecoverable, an impairment loss is recognized on the ROU lease asset.

Financing Costs

Debt discounts and premiums as well as debt issuance costs (except for revolving credit arrangements) are presented net against the associated debt on the balance sheet and amortized into interest expense using the effective interest method over the contractual term or expected life of the debt instrument. Costs incurred in connection with revolving credit arrangements are recorded as deferred financing costs in other assets, and amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected term of the credit facility.

Fee Revenue

Fee revenue consists primarily of the following:

Management Fees—The Company earns management fees for providing investment management services to its sponsored private funds and other investment vehicles, portfolio companies and managed accounts, which constitute a series of distinct services satisfied over time. In cases where the investment vehicle is determined to be the customer, management fees are recognized over the life of the investment vehicle as services are provided. When the investor is determined to be the customer, management fees are recognized over the investor's expected investment holding period.

The governing documents of the investment vehicles may provide for certain fee credits or offsets to management fees. Such amounts include primarily termination or similar fees paid in connection with unconsummated investments that are reimbursable by the funds, and directors' fees paid by portfolio companies to employees of the Company in their capacity as non-management directors. These fee credits or offsets represent a component of the transaction price for the Company's provision of investment management services and are applied to reduce management fees payable to the Company.

Incentive Fees—The Company is entitled to incentive fees from sub-advisory accounts in its Liquid Strategies. Incentive fees are determined based upon the performance of the respective accounts, subject to the achievement of specified return thresholds in accordance with the terms set out in their respective governing agreements. Incentive fees take the form of a contractual fee arrangement, and unlike carried interests, do not represent an allocation of returns among equity holders of an investment vehicle. Incentive fees are a form of variable consideration and are recognized when it is probable that a significant reversal of the cumulative revenue will not occur, which is generally at the end of the performance measurement period.

Management fees and incentive fees earned from consolidated funds and other investment vehicles are eliminated in consolidation. However, because the fees are funded by and earned from third party investors in these consolidated vehicles who represent noncontrolling interests, the Company's allocated share of net income from the consolidated funds and other vehicles is increased by the amount of fees that are eliminated. Accordingly, the elimination of these fees does not affect net income (loss) attributable to DBRG.

Other Income

Other income includes primarily the following:

Cost Reimbursements from Affiliates—For various services provided to certain affiliates, including managed investment vehicles, the Company is entitled to receive reimbursements of expenses incurred, generally based on expenses that are directly attributable to providing those services and/or a portion of overhead costs. To the extent the Company determines that it acts in the capacity of a principal in the incurrence of such costs on behalf of the managed investment vehicle, the cost reimbursement is presented on a gross basis in other income and the expense in administrative expense in the consolidated statement of operations in the period the costs are incurred. To the extent the Company determines that it acts in the capacity of an agent, the cost reimbursement is presented on a net basis in the consolidated statement of operations.

Compensation

Compensation comprises salaries, bonus including discretionary awards and contractual amounts for certain senior executives, benefits, severance payments, incentive fee and carried interest compensation, and equity-based compensation. Bonus is accrued over the employment period to which it relates.

Incentive Fee and Carried Interest Compensation—This represents a portion of incentive fees and carried interest earned by the Company that are allocated to senior management, investment professionals and certain other employees of the Company. Incentive fees and carried interest compensation is generally recorded as the related incentive fees and carried interest are recognized in earnings. Carried interest compensation amounts may be reversed if there is a decline in the cumulative carried interest amounts previously recognized. Incentive fee and carried interest compensation are generally not paid to management or other employees until the related incentive fees and carried interest amounts are distributed by the investment vehicles to the Company.

If the related carried interest distributions received by the Company are subject to clawback, the previously distributed carried interest to employees would be similarly subject to clawback. The Company withholds a portion of the distribution of carried interest to employees to satisfy their potential clawback obligation. The amount withheld resides in entities outside of the Company.

Equity-Based Compensation—Equity-classified stock awards granted to employees and non-employees that have a service condition and/or a market or performance condition are measured at fair value at date of grant.

A modification in the terms or conditions of an award, unless the change is non-substantive, represents an exchange of the original award for a new award. The modified award is revalued and incremental compensation cost is recognized for the excess, if any, between fair value of the award upon modification and fair value of the award immediately prior to modification. Total compensation cost recognized for a modified award, however, cannot be less than its grant date fair value, unless at the time of modification, the service or performance condition of the original award was not expected to be satisfied. An award that is probable of vesting both before and after modification will result in incremental compensation cost only if terms affecting its estimate of fair value have been modified.

Liability-classified stock awards are remeasured at fair value at the end of each reporting period until the award is fully vested.

Compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of each award, with the amount of compensation expense recognized at the end of a reporting period at least equal the portion of fair value of the respective award at grant date or modification date, as applicable, that has vested through that date. For awards with a performance condition, compensation expense is recognized only if and when it becomes probable that the performance condition will be met, with a cumulative adjustment from service inception date, and conversely, compensation cost is reversed to the extent it is no longer probable that the performance condition will be met. For awards with a market condition, compensation cost is not reversed if a market condition is not met so long as the requisite service has been rendered, as a market condition does not represent a vesting condition. Compensation expense is adjusted for actual forfeitures upon occurrence.

Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes consists of a current and deferred component. Current income taxes represent income tax to be paid or refunded for the current period. The Company uses the asset and liability method to provide for income taxes, which requires that the Company's income tax provision reflect the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets or liabilities for financial reporting versus for income tax purposes. Accordingly, a deferred tax asset or liability for each temporary difference is determined based on enacted tax rates that the Company expects to be in effect upon realization of the underlying amounts when they become deductible or taxable and the differences reverse. A deferred tax asset is also recognized for net operating losses ("NOL"), capital loss and tax credit carryforwards. A valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is established if the Company believes it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized based upon the weight of all available positive and negative evidence. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the adequacy of future expected taxable income from all sources, including reversal of taxable temporary differences, forecasted earnings and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. An established valuation allowance may be reversed in a future period if the Company subsequently determines it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax asset will become realizable.

Uncertain Tax Positions

Income tax benefits are recognized for uncertain tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained based solely on their technical merits. Such uncertain tax positions are measured as the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement. The difference between the benefit recognized and the tax benefit claimed on a tax return results in an unrecognized tax benefit. The Company evaluates on a quarterly basis whether it is more likely than not that its uncertain tax positions would be sustained upon examination by a tax authority for all open tax years, as defined by the statute of limitations. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based upon various factors including, but not limited to, changes in tax law, measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity, and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position.

Income tax related interests and penalties, if any, are included as a component of income tax benefit (expense).

Earnings Per Share

The Company calculates basic earnings per share ("EPS") using the two-class method which defines unvested stock based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends as participating securities. The two-class method is an allocation formula that determines EPS for each share of common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Under this method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common shares and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends. EPS is calculated by dividing earnings allocated to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

Diluted EPS is based upon the weighted-average number of common shares and the effect of potentially dilutive common share equivalents outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive common share equivalents represent the assumed issuance of common shares in settlement of certain arrangements if determined to be dilutive, generally based upon the more dilutive of the two-class method or the treasury stock method, or based upon the if-converted method for the assumed conversion of convertible debt. The earnings allocated to common stockholders is adjusted to add back the income or loss associated with the potentially dilutive instruments that are assumed to result in the issuance of common shares if determined to be dilutive, such as interest expense on convertible debt.

In circumstances where discontinued operations is reported, income from continuing operations is used as the benchmark to determine whether including potential common shares in diluted EPS computation would be antidilutive. Accordingly, if there is a loss from continuing operations and potential common shares would be antidilutive due to the loss, but there is net income after adjusting for discontinued operations, the potential common shares would be excluded from diluted EPS computation even though the effect on net income would be dilutive, because income from continuing operations is used as the benchmark.

Discontinued Operations

If the disposition of a component, being an operating or reportable segment, business unit, subsidiary or asset group, represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results, the operating profits or losses of the component when classified as held for sale, and the gain or loss upon disposition of the component, are presented as discontinued operations in the statements of operations.

A business or asset group acquired in connection with a business combination that meets the criteria to be accounted for as held for sale at the date of acquisition is reported as discontinued operations, regardless of whether it meets the strategic shift criterion.

The Company's discontinued operations in the periods presented herein represent the following:

•In all periods presented, residual activities from the Company's former real estate investments along with an adjacent investment management business, which have predominantly been disposed as part of the Company's transformation into an investment manager with a digital infrastructure focus.

•In 2023, the operations of digital infrastructure portfolio companies that represented the Company's former Operating segment prior to their full deconsolidation and qualification as discontinued operations on December 31, 2023. The Operating segment was previously composed of balance sheet equity interests in two digital infrastructure portfolio companies, DataBank and Vantage SDC, an edge colocation and a stabilized hyperscale data center business, respectively. These portfolio companies directly held and operated data centers, earning rental income from providing use of data center space and/or capacity through leases, services and other tenant arrangements. Prior to deconsolidation and reclassification as discontinued operations, a majority of the assets, liabilities and operating results of DataBank and Vantage SDC were attributed to third party investors, presented as noncontrolling interests in investment entities.

DataBank—During 2023, DataBank was partially recapitalized through multiple sales of equity interest to new investors. The Company received its share of net proceeds from the sale totaling $49.4 million in 2023, including its share of carried interest, net of allocation to employees, totaling $27.9 million. In 2023, the completion of the recapitalization further reduced the Company's ownership interest in DataBank, resulting in a deconsolidation of DataBank. In connection therewith, the Company realized a $3.7 million gain from the sale of its equity interest in the final closing of the recapitalization, and remeasured its then remaining equity interest in DataBank at a fair value of $434.5 million, resulting in an unrealized gain of $275.0 million. The total gain of $278.7 million was recorded in other gain (loss) on the consolidated statement of operations in 2023.

Vantage SDC—The Company and its co-investors had committed to acquire the future build-out and lease-up of the expanded capacity and existing inventory in Vantage SDC, the costs of which were to be borne by the existing owners of Vantage SDC. The cost of the expansion capacity had been funded by Vantage SDC from borrowings or through cash from operations, except for a $122.0 million payment that was deferred in 2023 and treated as a contribution of assets by the existing owners of Vantage SDC that was funded through equity. On December 31, 2023, there was an accelerated settlement of $36.0 million of the deferred payment through a combination of a reallocation of equity from DBRG and its co-investors to the existing owners and issuance of a note payable to an existing owner. This settlement transaction resulted in a dilution of the ownership held by DBRG and its co-investors in Vantage SDC, and in connection therewith, a dilution of the Company's voting rights in Vantage SDC, resulting in a deconsolidation of Vantage SDC. The Company's interest in Vantage SDC at December 31, 2023 was held through two single asset funds that were consolidated, and which were subsequently deconsolidated in the second quarter of 2024 (Note 9).

Following deconsolidation of DataBank in 2023 and the Vantage SDC funds in 2024, the Company's co-investments in DataBank and Vantage SDC are reflected as principal investments under the equity method.

•In March 2023, the Company's equity method investment in BrightSpire Capital, Inc. (NYSE: BRSP) was sold for net proceeds totaling $201.6 million, with impairment loss of $9.7 million recorded in 2023 prior to its disposition. The Company's investment in BRSP qualified as discontinued operations in March 2023.

Income (Loss) from discontinued operations is summarized as follows.

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2025		2024		2023
Revenues	$	5,112	$	7,649	$	783,121
Expenses	(9,536)		(10,669)		(1,089,481)
Other gain (loss)	641		(16,035)		(12,517)
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes	(3,783)		(19,055)		(318,877)
Income tax benefit (expense)	(544)		190		(1,581)
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations	(4,327)		(18,865)		(320,458)
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Investment entities	—		1,199		(260,120)
Operating Company	(223)		(1,372)		(4,339)
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.	$	(4,104)	$	(18,692)	$	(55,999)

Assets of Discontinued Operations

The Company initially measures assets and liabilities of discontinued operations at the lower of their carrying amounts or fair value less disposal costs. For bulk sale transactions, the unit of account is the disposal group, with any excess of the aggregate carrying value over estimated fair value less costs to sell allocated to the individual assets within the group.

Assets of discontinued operations consisted of remaining equity investments excluded from the Company's 2021 bulk sale of its real estate related investments.

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2025

Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which enhances existing annual income tax disclosures, primarily requiring disaggregation of: (i) effective tax rate reconciliation using both percentages and amounts into specific categories, with further disaggregation by nature and/or jurisdiction of certain categories that meet the threshold of 5% of expected tax; and (ii) income taxes paid (net of refunds received) between federal, state/local and foreign, with further disaggregation by jurisdiction if any amount represents 5% or more of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). The ASU also eliminates existing disclosures related to: (a) reasonably possible significant changes in the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits within 12 months of reporting date; and (b) cumulative amount of each type of temporary difference for which deferred tax liability has not been recognized (due to the exception to recognizing deferred taxes related to subsidiaries and corporate joint ventures).

The Company adopted this ASU on a prospective basis for the 2025 fiscal year. The resulting expanded income tax disclosures are reflected in Note 13, in particular the further disaggregation of effective tax rate reconciliation and net income tax payments for 2025.

Future Accounting Standards

Accounting for Internal-Use Software

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software, with limited amendments to better align internal-use software accounting (Topic 350-50) with current software development practices. The ASU changes the cost capitalization threshold by eliminating consideration of discrete project stages that assume a sequential and linear approach to software development. This model is replaced with a principles-based framework that focuses on the remaining two existing criteria to begin capitalizing software development cost, that is, (i) authorization and commitment to funding the software project and (ii) probability of completion and software is used for its intended function. Additional guidance is provided to clarify that the probable-to-complete recognition threshold is not met if there is significant uncertainty surrounding the software development, and until such time, all associated costs are expensed as incurred. The ASU also specifies that capitalized cost is subject to disclosure requirements of Topic 360-10, Property, Plant and Equipment, irrespective of whether the internal-use software is internally developed or third party licensed, or whether it is classified as tangible or intangible asset. The ASU, however, does not change the type of internal-use software costs that can be capitalized (for example, data conversion/migration and software maintenance costs continue to be expensed as incurred), or when capitalization ceases.

The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2028 and can be applied either prospectively, retrospectively or using a modified prospective transition approach. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period, effective as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the effects of this new guidance.

Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, which simplifies the estimation of expected credit losses applied to revenue transactions from contracts with customers (pursuant to Topic 606). The ASU provides for election of a practical expedient to assume that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the current accounts receivable and current contract assets. This would forego the existing requirement to develop forecasts of future economic conditions in estimating expected credit losses.

The ASU applies prospectively to interim and annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2026, with early adoption permitted. The Company intends to elect the practical expedient, which is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Acquisition of a Variable Interest Entity

In May 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-03, Determining the Accounting Acquirer in the Acquisition of a Variable Interest Entity, which modifies the Business Combination (Topic 805) framework for identifying the accounting acquirer in certain business combinations where the legal acquiree is a VIE. This changes existing guidance by replacing the previous requirement that in a business combination in which a VIE is acquired, the primary beneficiary of the VIE is always the accounting acquirer, even if the business combination would otherwise have been a reverse acquisition had the legal acquiree been a voting interest entity. The new standard requires that in a business combination effected primarily through exchange of equity interests, the general factors in Topic 805 are assessed to determine which entity is the accounting acquirer regardless of whether the legal acquiree is a VIE or voting interest entity. The guidance in Topic 805 considers various factors in determining the accounting acquirer, including but not limited to, relative voting rights of the combined entity, composition of the governing body and senior management of the combined entity, and relative sizes of the combining entities prior to the transaction. The new ASU therefore improves comparability in the accounting for business combinations that involve VIEs and voting interest entities. The determination of which entity is the accounting acquirer affects the application of acquisition accounting in which the acquiree's assets and liabilities are remeasured at fair value on acquisition date, and also affects the form and content of current and prior period financial statements included in SEC filings.

The ASU applies prospectively to interim and annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2027, with early adoption permitted.

Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, in response to longstanding investor requests for disaggregated information about expenses by nature to supplement income statement expenses presented by function (for example, cost of sales and administrative expenses). The new standard requires tabular disclosure in a footnote, disaggregating each income statement line item that contains any of the following natural

expenses: (a) purchases of inventory; (b) employee compensation; (c) depreciation; (d) intangible asset amortization; and (e) depletion. If an expense caption that is presented as a natural expense on the income statement includes more than one of the required expense categories, further disaggregation is required. For example, an expense caption consisting of depreciation and intangible asset amortization would need to be disaggregated to separately disclose each category in the footnotes. An expense caption that consists entirely of one of the required natural expense categories is not required to be disaggregated. Further, certain expenses, gains or losses that are required to be disclosed under US GAAP, if they are recorded within the expense line items that contain any of the prescribed expense categories, are to be separately quantified within the same tabular disclosure. Any remaining amounts in expense line items that contain any of the prescribed expense categories that have not been separately quantified are to be included in the tabular disclosure to reconcile to the corresponding amount on the income statement and to be qualitatively described.

The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2027 and interim reporting periods beginning January 1, 2028. Early adoption is permitted. Transition is prospective with the option to apply retrospective application. The Company is currently evaluating the effects of this new guidance.