UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______ to ________.

Commission File Number: 001-37886

CAPSTAR FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Tennessee	81-1527911
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)
1201 Demonbreun Street, Suite 700 Nashville, Tennessee (Address of principal executive offices)	37203 (zip code)

(615) 732-6400

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $1.00 par value per share	CSTR	Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer	☐	Accelerated Filer	☒
Non-Accelerated Filer	☐	Smaller Reporting Company	☐
		Emerging Growth Company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

	Shares outstanding as of August 4, 2023
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share	20,824,484

CAPSTAR FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Item		Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION			4
Item 1.	Financial Statements	4
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	4
	Consolidated Statements of Income	5
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	6
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity	7
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	33
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	46
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	46
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION			47
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	47
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	47
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	47
Item 6.	Exhibits	48
SIGNATURES			49

2

TERMINOLOGY

The terms “we,” “our,” “us,” “CapStar,” “the Company,” “CSTR” and “CapStar Financial” that appear in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) refer to CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, CapStar Bank, which we sometimes refer to as “CapStar Bank,” “our bank subsidiary,” “the Bank” and “our Bank”.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, statements relating to the Company’s assets, business, cash flows, condition (financial or otherwise), credit quality, financial performance, liquidity, short and long-term performance goals, prospects, results of operations, strategic initiatives, the benefits, cost and synergies of completed acquisitions or dispositions, and the timing, benefits, costs and synergies of future acquisitions, disposition and other growth opportunities. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “predict,” “potential,” “believe,” “will likely result,” “expect,” “continue,” “will,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “aspire,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “projection,” “forecast,” “roadmap,” “goal,” “target,” “would,” and “outlook,” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words of a future or forward-looking nature. Forward-looking statements express only management's beliefs regarding future results or events and are subject to inherent uncertainty, risks and changes in circumstances, many of which are outside of management's control. Uncertainty, risks, changes in circumstances and other factors could cause the Company's actual results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: (1) difficulty attracting and retaining highly-effective employees; (2) our ability to successfully execute our business plan; (3) difficulty growing or sustaining deposit and loan balances; (4) changes in consumer preferences, spending and borrowing habits, and demand for our products and services; (5) negative economic and political conditions that adversely affect the general economy, especially in the communities and markets in which we conduct our business, the banking sector, housing prices, the real estate market, the job market, consumer confidence, the financial condition of our borrowers and consumer spending habits, which may affect, among other things, the levels of non-performing assets, charge-offs and provision expense; (6) credit risk, including the risk that negative credit quality trends may lead to a deterioration of asset quality, risk that our allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to absorb actual losses in our loan portfolio, and risk from concentrations within our loan portfolio; (7) market risk, including interest rate and liquidity risk; (8) operational risk, including cybersecurity risk and risk of fraud, data processing system failures, and network breaches; (9) increased competition, including competition from non-bank financial institutions; (10) changes in regulations, laws, taxes, government policies, monetary policies and accounting policies affecting bank holding companies and their subsidiaries; (11) regulatory enforcement actions and adverse legal actions; and (12) other economic, competitive, technological, operational, governmental, regulatory, and market factors affecting our operations. The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the section entitled “Risk Factors” included in this Report. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from our forward-looking statements. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements made herein reflect management's expectations as of the date such statements are made. The Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances that arise after the date such statements are made.

The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the section entitled “Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”) and in future reports that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from our forward-looking statements. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of this Report, and we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law. New risks and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict their occurrence or how they will affect us.

3

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

CAPSTAR FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC. & SUBSIDIARY

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share data)

	June 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
	(unaudited)
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	29,112		$	25,280
Interest-bearing deposits in financial institutions		139,714			105,558
Federal funds sold		1,883			4,467
Total cash and cash equivalents		170,709			135,305
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value net of allowance for credit losses of $2,000 and $0 at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		373,262			396,416
Securities held-to-maturity, fair value of $0 and $1,240 at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		—			1,240
Loans held for sale, includes $28,121 and $12,636 measured at fair value at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		48,895			44,708
Loans held for investment		2,358,928			2,312,798
Less allowance for credit losses on loans		(25,524	)		(23,806	)
Loans, net		2,333,404			2,288,992
Premises and equipment, net		23,203			24,855
Restricted equity securities		16,130			16,632
Accrued interest receivable		11,117			10,511
Goodwill and other intangibles		45,317			46,069
Other real estate owned, net		11			—
Other assets		156,968			152,441
Total assets	$	3,179,016		$	3,117,169
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing	$	414,828		$	512,076
Interest-bearing		872,882			749,857
Savings and money market accounts		571,117			709,190
Time		851,932			708,696
Total deposits		2,710,759			2,679,819
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		50,000			15,000
Subordinated notes		29,733			29,666
Other liabilities		41,059			38,502
Total liabilities		2,831,551			2,762,987
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock, voting, $1 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized; 20,884,492 and    21,714,380 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31,    2022, respectively		20,884			21,714
Additional paid-in capital		228,705			240,863
Retained earnings		148,036			141,657
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax		(50,160	)		(50,052	)
Total shareholders’ equity		347,465			354,182
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	3,179,016		$	3,117,169

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

4

CAPSTAR FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC. & SUBSIDIARY

Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Interest income:
Loans, including fees	$	34,815		$	23,775		$	66,774		$	44,141
Securities:
Taxable		2,025			1,922			3,976			3,677
Tax-exempt		308			319			622			644
Federal funds sold		68			14			123			24
Restricted equity securities		248			173			488			329
Interest-bearing deposits in financial institutions		1,823			286			3,087			458
Total interest income		39,287			26,489			75,070			49,273
Interest expense:
Interest-bearing deposits		4,474			638			7,420			1,074
Savings and money market accounts		3,254			467			6,513			797
Time deposits		7,363			454			12,936			938
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		1,231			96			1,623			96
Subordinated notes		394			394			788			788
Total interest expense		16,716			2,049			29,280			3,693
Net interest income		22,571			24,440			45,790			45,580
Provision for credit losses:
Provision for credit losses on loans		519			843			570			59
Provision for credit losses on available-for-sale securities		—			—			2,000			—
Recovery of provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments		(497	)		—			(106	)		—
Total provision for credit losses		22			843			2,464			59
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		22,549			23,597			43,326			45,521
Noninterest income:
Deposit service charges		1,264			1,182			2,632			2,324
Interchange and debit card transaction fees		1,060			1,336			2,098			2,558
Mortgage banking		955			1,705			2,248			3,671
Tri-Net		27			(73	)		27			2,098
Wealth management		426			459			800			899
SBA lending		977			273			2,068			494
Net gain on sale of securities		—			—			5			—
Other noninterest income		1,503			994			2,609			2,921
Total noninterest income		6,212			5,876			12,487			14,965
Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits		10,533			9,209			20,874			19,478
Data processing and software		3,294			2,847			6,505			5,494
Occupancy		1,097			1,076			2,290			2,174
Equipment		674			783			1,496			1,492
Professional services		899			506			1,687			1,185
Regulatory fees		419			265			832			545
Amortization of intangibles		368			430			752			876
Other noninterest expense		1,888			1,959			3,790			3,566
Total noninterest expense		19,172			17,075			38,226			34,810
Income before income taxes		9,589			12,398			17,587			25,676
Income tax expense		1,785			2,426			3,337			5,031
Net income	$	7,804		$	9,972		$	14,250		$	20,645
Per share information:
Basic net income per share of common stock	$	0.37		$	0.45		$	0.67		$	0.93
Diluted net income per share of common stock	$	0.37		$	0.45		$	0.67		$	0.93
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		21,065,115			22,022,109			21,311,691			22,109,737
Diluted		21,107,457			22,074,260			21,349,972			22,163,954

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

5

CAPSTAR FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC. & SUBSIDIARY

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Unaudited)

(In thousands)

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Net income	$	7,804		$	9,972		$	14,250		$	20,645
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities available-for-sale:
Unrealized losses arising during the period		(8,530	)		(18,890	)		(149	)		(45,970	)
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in    net income		—			—			(5	)		—
Tax effect		2,221			4,898			46			11,914
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		(6,309	)		(13,992	)		(108	)		(34,056	)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	1,495		$	(4,020	)	$	14,142		$	(13,411	)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

6

CAPSTAR FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC. & SUBSIDIARY

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

	Common Stock, voting						Additional paid-in			Retained			Accumulated other comprehensive			Total shareholders’
	Shares			Amount			capital			earnings			loss			equity
Balance December 31, 2021		22,166,129		$	22,166		$	248,709		$	110,489		$	(1,270	)	$	380,094
Net restricted common stock activity		65,550			66			(153	)		—			—			(87	)
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			388			—			—			388
Repurchase of common stock		(36,608	)		(37	)		(730	)		—			—			(767	)
Common stock dividends declared ($0.06 per share)		—			—			—			(1,320	)		—			(1,320	)
Net income		—			—			—			10,673			—			10,673
Other comprehensive loss		—			—			—			—			(20,064	)		(20,064	)
Balance March 31, 2022		22,195,071			22,195			248,214			119,842			(21,334	)		368,917
Net restricted common stock activity		(3,719	)		(4	)		4			—			—			—
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			325			—			—			325
Net exercise of common stock options		5,800			6			45			—			—			51
Repurchase of common stock		(262,598	)		(263	)		(5,091	)		—			—			(5,354	)
Common stock dividends declared ($0.10 per share)		—			—			—			(2,184	)		—			(2,184	)
Net income		—			—			—			9,972			—			9,972
Other comprehensive loss		—			—			—			—			(13,992	)		(13,992	)
Balance June 30, 2022		21,934,554		$	21,934		$	243,497		$	127,630		$	(35,326	)	$	357,735
Balance December 31, 2022		21,714,380		$	21,714		$	240,863		$	141,657		$	(50,052	)	$	354,182
Net restricted common stock activity		113,068			113			(211	)		—			—			(98	)
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			399			—			—			399
Repurchase of common stock		(465,834	)		(465	)		(7,174	)		—			—			(7,639	)
Common stock dividends declared ($0.10 per share)		—			—			—			(2,136	)		—			(2,136	)
Net income		—			—			—			6,446			—			6,446
Other comprehensive income		—			—			—			—			6,201			6,201
Adoption of new accounting standard, net of tax		—			—			—			(3,444	)		—			(3,444	)
Balance at March 31, 2023		21,361,614			21,362			233,877			142,523			(43,851	)		353,911
Net restricted common stock activity		(30,900	)		(32	)		31			—			—			(1	)
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			361			—			—			361
Net exercise of common stock options		7,600			8			59			—			—			67
Repurchase of common stock		(453,822	)		(454	)		(5,623	)		—			—			(6,077	)
Common stock dividends declared ($0.11 per share)		—			—			—			(2,291	)		—			(2,291	)
Net income		—			—			—			7,804			—			7,804
Other comprehensive loss		—			—			—			—			(6,309	)		(6,309	)
Balance at June 30, 2023		20,884,492		$	20,884		$	228,705		$	148,036		$	(50,160	)	$	347,465

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

7

CAPSTAR FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC. & SUBSIDIARY

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(In thousands)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2023			2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	14,250		$	20,645
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash    provided by (used in) operating activities:
Provision for credit losses		2,464			59
Amortization of discounts on acquired loans and deferred fees, net		298			318
Depreciation and amortization		1,543			1,610
Net amortization of premiums on investment securities		736			1,004
Net gain on sale of securities		(5	)		—
Mortgage banking		(2,248	)		(3,671	)
Tri-Net		(27	)		(2,098	)
SBA lending		(2,068	)		(494	)
Net gain on disposal of premises and equipment		(5	)		(14	)
Net gain on sale of other real estate owned		—			(7	)
Stock-based compensation		760			713
Deferred income tax expense		413			3,353
Origination of loans held for sale		(139,182	)		(533,326	)
Proceeds from loans held for sale		139,338			430,483
Cash payments arising from operating leases		(1,156	)		(1,093	)
Amortization of debt issuance expense		67			67
Net increase in accrued interest receivable and other assets		(2,574	)		(6,502	)
Net decrease in accrued interest payable and other liabilities		(1,264	)		(5,993	)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		11,340			(94,946	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Activities in securities available-for-sale:
Purchases		—			(66,510	)
Sales		2,506			—
Maturities, prepayments and calls		17,773			41,525
Activities in securities held-to-maturity:
Maturities, prepayments and calls		1,230			—
Net redemption (purchase) of restricted equity securities		502			(2,163	)
Net increase in loans		(46,584	)		(162,518	)
Purchase of premises and equipment		(438	)		(301	)
Proceeds from the sale of premises and equipment		1,310			415
Proceeds from sale of other real estate		—			108
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance		—			1,545
Net cash used in investing activities		(23,701	)		(187,899	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net increase (decrease) in deposits		30,940			(53,794	)
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank advances		535,500			135,000
Payments on Federal Home Loan Bank advances		(500,500	)		(90,000	)
Repurchase of common stock		(13,716	)		(6,121	)
Exercise of common stock options, net of repurchase of restricted shares		(32	)		(36	)
Common stock dividends paid		(4,427	)		(3,504	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		47,765			(18,455	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		35,404			(301,300	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		135,305			415,125
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	170,709		$	113,825
Supplemental disclosures of cash paid:
Interest paid	$	26,094		$	3,708
Income taxes paid		6,270			9,648
Supplemental disclosures of noncash transactions:
Loans charged off to the allowance for credit losses on loans	$	533		$	410
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets		576			570
Unrealized losses on securities available for sale, net of tax		(108	)		(34,056	)
Loans transferred from held for sale to held for investment		—			106,937

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

8

CAPSTAR FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements as of and for the period ended June 30, 2023 include CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, CapStar Bank (the “Bank”, together referred to as the “Company”). Significant intercompany transactions and accounts are eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with instructions to Form 10-Q and do not include all information and notes required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for complete financial statements. All adjustments consisting of normally recurring accruals that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations for the periods presented have been included. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing in the 2022 Form 10-K.

Certain amounts, previously reported, have been reclassified to state all periods on a comparable basis and had no effect on shareholders' equity or net income.

Subsequent Events

Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 855, Subsequent Events, establishes general standards of accounting for and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued. The Company evaluated all significant events or transactions that occurred after June 30, 2023 through the date of filing this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and determined that there were no events that required disclosure.

9

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended, which replaced the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss ("CECL") methodology. The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities. It also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures not accounted for as insurance (loan commitments, standby letters of credit, financial guarantees, and other similar instruments) ("unfunded commitments"). In addition, ASC 326 made changes to the accounting for available-for-sale debt securities. One such change is to require credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on available-for-sale debt securities management does not intend to sell or believes that it is more likely than not they will be required to sell.

The Company adopted ASC 326 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and unfunded commitments credit exposures. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under ASC 326 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP ("incurred loss"). The Company recorded a net decrease to retained earnings of $3.4 million as of January 1, 2023 for the cumulative adoption effect of adopting ASC 326. The transition adjustment includes a $1.5 million increase in the allowance for credit losses ("ACL") on loans inclusive of a $0.2 million reclassification of purchased accounting discounts reclassified to the ACL on loans, a $3.4 million increase in the ACL on unfunded commitments credit exposures, and a $1.3 million increase in deferred tax assets.

The Company adopted ASC 326 using the prospective transition approach for financial assets purchased with credit deterioration ("PCD") that were previously classified as purchased credit impaired ("PCI") and accounted for under ASC 310-30. In accordance with the standard, management did not reassess whether PCI assets met the criteria of PCD assets as of the date of adoption. On January 1, 2023, the amortized cost basis of the PCD assets were adjusted to reflect the addition of $0.2 million of the ACL. The remaining noncredit discount (based on the adjusted amortized cost basis) will be accreted into interest income at the effective interest rate as of January 1, 2023. As allowed by ASC 326, the Company elected to maintain pools of loans accounted for under ASC 310-30.

Debt Securities

Debt securities are classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost when management has the positive intent and ability to hold them to maturity. Debt securities not classified as held-to-maturity are classified as available-for-sale. Securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income, net of tax.

Interest income includes amortization of purchase premiums or discounts. Premiums and discounts on securities are generally amortized on the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage-backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Premiums on callable debt securities are amortized to their earliest call date. Gains and losses on sale are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method.

A debt security is placed on non-accrual status at the time any principal or interest payments become over 90 days delinquent. Interest accrued but not received for a security placed on non-accrual is reversed against interest income.

ACL - Held-to-Maturity Securities

Management measures expected credit losses on held-to-maturity debt securities on a collective basis by major security type. Accrued interest receivable on held-to-maturity debt securities at June 30, 2023 totaled $0 and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

The estimate of current expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Management classifies the held-to-maturity portfolio into one major security type, state and municipal securities, which are highly rated by major rating agencies.

ACL - Available-for-Sale Securities

For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For debt securities available-for sale that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluated whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considered the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Changes in the ACL are recorded as credit loss expense (or reversal). Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an available-for-sale security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale debt securities totaled $1.6 million at June 30, 2023 and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

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Loans

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost, net of the ACL. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts, and deferred loan fees and costs. Accrued interest receivable totaled $9.5 million at June 30, 2023 and was reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments.

Interest income on mortgage and commercial loans is discontinued and placed on non-accrual status at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the loan is well secured and in process of collection. Mortgage loans are charged off at 180 days past due, and commercial loans are charged off to the extent principal or interest is deemed uncollected. Consumer and credit card loans continue to accrue interest until they are charged off no later than 120 days past due unless the loan is in the process of collection. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on non-accrual or charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.

All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on non-accrual is reversed against interest income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Under the cost-recovery method, interest income is not recognized until the loan balance is reduced to zero. Under the cash-basis method, interest income is not recognized until the loan balance is reduced to zero. Under the cash-basis method, interest income is recorded when the payment is received in cash. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Purchase Credit Deteriorated ("PCD") Loans

The Company has purchased loans, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. PCD loans are recorded at the amount paid. An ACL is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The initial ACL determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan's purchase price and ACL becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The differences between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent change to the ACL are recorded through credit loss expense.

Upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company elected to maintain pools of loans that were previously accounted for under ASC 310-30 and will continue to account for these pools as a unit of account. Loans are only removed from the existing pools if they are written off, paid off, or sold. Upon adoption of ASC 326, the ACL was determined for each pool and added to the pool's carrying amount to establish a new amortized cost basis. The difference between the unpaid principal balance of the pool and the new amortized cost basis is the noncredit premium or discount which will be amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the pool. Changes to the ACL after adoption are recorded through credit loss expense.

ACL - Loans

The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the ACL when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

Management estimates the ACL balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values, or other relevant factors.

The ACL is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments and measures the ACL for each using a discounted cash flow methodology at the loan level, with loss rates, prepayment assumptions and curtailment assumptions driven by each loan’s collateral type.

Owner occupied commercial real estate - Loans in this category are susceptible to business failure and general economic conditions.

Non owner occupied commercial real estate - Common risks for this loan category are declines in general economic conditions, declines in real estate value, declines in occupancy rates, and lack of suitable alternative use for the property.

Commercial & industrial - Risks to this loan category include the inability to monitor the condition of the collateral, which often consists of inventory, accounts receivable and other non-real estate assets. Equipment and inventory obsolescence can also pose a risk. Declines in general economic conditions and other events can cause cash flows to fall to levels insufficient to service debt.

Commercial construction - Risks common to commercial construction loans are cost overruns, changes in market demand for property, inadequate long-term financing arrangements and declines in real estate values.

Residential mortgage - Residential mortgage loans are susceptible to weakening general economic conditions, increases in unemployment rates and declining real estate values.

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Home equity lines of credit - Risks common to home equity lines of credit are general economic conditions, including an increase in unemployment rates, and declining real estate values that reduce or eliminate the borrower’s home equity.

Residential construction - Residential construction loans are susceptible to the same risks as residential mortgage loans. Changes in market demand for property lead to longer marketing times resulting in higher carrying costs and declining values.

Consumer - Risks common to consumer direct loans include unemployment and changes in local economic conditions as well as the inability to monitor collateral consisting of personal property.
 

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the collective evaluation. When management determines that foreclosure is probable expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate.

Discounted Cash Flow Method

The Company uses the discounted cash flow method to estimate expected credit losses for all loan segments. The Company generates cash flow projections at the instrument level and adjusts payment expectations for estimated prepayment speed, curtailments, time to recovery, probability of default, and loss given default. The modeling of expected prepayment speeds and curtailment rates are based on historical internal data. The prepayment speeds additionally use peer data to backfill a complete time series and utilizes a forward-looking third-party prepayment model, which considers current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions.

The Company uses regression analysis of historical internal and peer data to determine suitable loss drivers to utilize when modeling lifetime probability of default and loss given default. This analysis also determines how expected probability of default and loss given default will react to forecasted levels of the loss drivers.

For all discounted cash flow models, management has determined that four quarters represents a reasonable and supportable forecast period and reverts back to a historical loss rate over four quarters on a straight-line basis. Management leverages economic projections around unemployment rates from the Federal Open Market Committee to inform its loss driver forecasts over the four-quarter forecast period.

The combination of adjustments for credit expectations (default and loss) and timing expectations (prepayment, curtailment, and time to recovery) produces an expected cash flow stream at the instrument level. Instrument effective yield is calculated, net of the impacts of prepayment assumptions, and the instrument expected cash flows are then discounted at that effective yield to produce an instrument-level net present value of expected cash flows (“NPV”). An ACL is established for the difference between the instrument’s NPV and amortized cost basis.

Qualitative Factors

The Company uses qualitative factors for model limitations and risk uncertainty as well as for loan segment specific risks that cannot be addressed in the quantitative methods. Any additional qualitative factor reserves needed will be approved by the Allowance Committee quarterly.

Individually Evaluated Assets

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. When the Company has determined that foreclosure on a collateral dependent loan is probable, or when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the Company expects repayment of the loan to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the ACL is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. When repayment is expected to be from the operation of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the loan exceeds the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral. The Company may, in the alternative, measure the expected credit loss as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the loan exceeds the estimated fair value of the collateral. When repayment is expected to be from the sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized costs basis of the loan exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated cost to sell. The ACL may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of the loan.

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Determining the Contractual Term: Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a modification will be executed with an individual borrower or the extension or renewal options included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

ACL - Unfunded commitments

The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The ACL on unfunded commitments is adjusted through credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. The ACL is calculated using the same aggregate reserve rates calculated for the funded portion of loans at the portfolio level applied to the amount of commitments expected to fund. The Company has identified pools of unfunded commitments which align with loans held for investment. The ACL on unfunded commitments is recorded on the other liabilities line item of the balance sheet.

ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, which eliminates the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors in ASC 310-40, Receivables – Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings involving borrowings that are experiencing financial difficulty. Specifically, rather than applying the troubled debt restructuring recognition and measurement guidance, creditors will evaluate all loan modifications to determine if they result in a new loan or a continuation of the existing loan. Losses associated with troubled debt restructurings should be incorporated in a creditor’s estimate of its ACL. Additionally, public business entities are required to disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for loan financing receivables and net investment in leases. The Company has adopted the standard as of January 1, 2023 with little to no impact to its accounting, and has included the additional required disclosures herein.

NOTE 2 – SECURITIES

The amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023									December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized (losses)			Estimated fair value		Amortized Cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized (losses)			Estimated fair value
Securities available-for-sale:
U. S. government agency securities	$	13,545	$	—	$	(1,689	)	$	11,856	$	14,537	$	—	$	(1,635	)	$	12,902
State and municipal securities		76,818		148		(8,137	)		68,829		77,562		129		(9,379	)		68,312
Mortgage-backed securities		285,138		—		(53,709	)		231,429		300,488		—		(55,660	)		244,828
Asset-backed securities		3,186		—		(78	)		3,108		3,332		—		(62	)		3,270
Other debt securities		64,774		36		(6,770	)		58,040		70,542		3		(3,441	)		67,104
Total	$	443,461	$	184	$	(70,383	)	$	373,262	$	466,461	$	132	$	(70,177	)	$	396,416
Securities held-to-maturity:
State and municipal securities	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	1,240	$	—	$	—		$	1,240
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	1,240	$	—	$	—		$	1,240

*Amortized cost of other debt securities is net of ACL totaling $2.0 million at June 30, 2023.

Results from sales, maturities, prepayments and calls of securities available for sale were as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2023		June 30, 2022		June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022
Proceeds	$	9,434	$	20,672	$	20,279		$	41,525
Gross gains		—		—		6			—
Gross losses		—		—		(1	)		—

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The amortized cost and fair value of securities at June 30, 2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below (in thousands). Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.

	Available-for-sale
	Amortized cost		Estimated fair value
Due in less than one year	$	5,302	$	5,300
Due one to five years		37,736		35,952
Due five to ten years		94,058		82,908
Due beyond ten years		18,041		14,565
Mortgage-backed securities		285,138		231,429
Asset-backed securities		3,186		3,108
Total	$	443,461	$	373,262

Securities with a market value of $200.5 million at June 30, 2023 were pledged to collateralize public deposits, derivative positions and Federal Home Loan Bank advances.

Securities in an unrealized loss position for which an ACL has not been recorded as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and the length of time they were in continuous loss positions as of such dates are as follows (in thousands):

	Less than 12 months					12 months or more					Total
June 30, 2023	Estimated fair value		Gross unrealized losses			Estimated fair value		Gross unrealized losses			Estimated fair value		Gross unrealized losses
U. S. government agency securities	$	—	$	—		$	11,856	$	(1,689	)	$	11,856	$	(1,689	)
State and municipal securities		5,557		(60	)		48,072		(8,077	)		53,629		(8,137	)
Mortgage-backed securities		8,882		(382	)		222,547		(53,327	)		231,429		(53,709	)
Asset-backed securities		—		—			3,108		(78	)		3,108		(78	)
Other debt securities		14,753		(1,677	)		42,250		(5,093	)		57,003		(6,770	)
Total temporarily impaired securities	$	29,192	$	(2,119	)	$	327,833	$	(68,264	)	$	357,025	$	(70,383	)
December 31, 2022
U. S. government agency securities	$	6,243	$	(836	)	$	6,659	$	(799	)	$	12,902	$	(1,635	)
State and municipal securities		12,952		(422	)		41,779		(8,957	)		54,731		(9,379	)
Mortgage-backed securities		81,751		(7,647	)		161,708		(48,013	)		243,459		(55,660	)
Asset-backed securities		3,270		(62	)		—		—			3,270		(62	)
Other debt securities		41,018		(2,028	)		24,084		(1,413	)		65,102		(3,441	)
Total temporarily impaired securities	$	145,234	$	(10,995	)	$	234,230	$	(59,182	)	$	379,464	$	(70,177	)

At adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2023, calculated credit losses and, thus, the related ACL on held-to-maturity debt securities were not material due to the high credit quality of the portfolio. As a result, no ACL was recorded on the held-to-maturity portfolio at January 1, 2023. There are no held-to-maturity debt securities as of June 30, 2023.

At December 31, 2022, the Company owned certain securities related to Signature Bank ("Signature") which, following the first quarter failure of Signature, were deemed to have significant credit losses and no probable recovery. As such, a $2.0 million provision for credit loss was recorded with a corresponding ACL in the three months ended March 31, 2023. The Company has performed an assessment of its portfolio in an unrealized loss position and has determined no other credit losses present as of June 30, 2023. See Note 1 for additional details on the adoption of ASC 326 as it relates to the securities portfolio.

At June 30, 2023, there were 300 debt securities available-for-sale that were in an unrealized loss position. The Company does not intend to sell nor believes it will be required to sell securities in an unrealized loss position prior to the recovery of their amortized cost basis. Unrealized losses at June 30, 2023 were primarily attributable to the rising interest rate environment. The majority of the investment portfolio was either government guaranteed or an issuance of a government sponsored entity or highly rated by major credit rating agencies.

As of June 30, 2023, the Signature securities for which an ACL has been recorded are on non-accrual. No other securities are past due or on non-accrual.

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The following table shows a rollforward of the ACL on available for sale securities for the six months ended June 30, 2023:

	Other debt securities
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	—
Adoption of CECL		—
Additions for securities for which no previous expected credit losses were recognized		2,000
Total	$	2,000

NOTE 3 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

A summary of the loans held for investment portfolio as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$	275,712		$	246,109
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		802,574			803,611
Consumer real estate		429,517			402,615
Construction and land development		230,859			229,972
Commercial and industrial		518,136			496,347
Consumer		52,759			53,382
Other		49,371			80,762
Total		2,358,928			2,312,798
Allowance for credit losses on loans		(25,524	)		(23,806	)
Total loans, net	$	2,333,404		$	2,288,992

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Non-accrual and Past Due Loans

The following table presents the recorded investment in loans by aging category and accrual status of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 by class of loans (in thousands):

	Accruing
	30 - 59		60 - 89		Greater Than
	Days		Days		89 Days		Total		Loans Not		Non-Accrual
	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Loans		Total
June 30, 2023
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	5	$	270,794	$	4,913	$	275,712
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		—		—		—		—		802,123		451		802,574
Consumer real estate		499		66		92		657		426,883		1,977		429,517
Construction and land development		—		—		—		—		230,853		6		230,859
Commercial and industrial		457		5		696		1,158		513,127		3,851		518,136
Consumer		124		56		144		324		52,417		18		52,759
Other		—		—		—		—		49,370		1		49,371
Total	$	1,080	$	127	$	937	$	2,144	$	2,345,567	$	11,217	$	2,358,928

	Accruing
	30 - 59		60 - 89		Greater Than
	Days		Days		89 Days		Total		Loans Not		Non-Accrual
	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Loans		Total
December 31, 2022
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	239,351	$	4,982	$	244,333
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		—		—		—		—		802,107		—		802,107
Consumer real estate		456		231		87		774		393,893		456		395,123
Construction and land development		—		—		—		—		229,896		8		229,904
Commercial and industrial		76		53		744		873		489,842		4,065		494,780
Consumer		178		39		14		231		52,731		54		53,016
Other		—		—		37		37		80,535		—		80,572
Purchased credit impaired		175		149		143		467		11,347		1,149		12,963
Total	$	885	$	472	$	1,025	$	2,382	$	2,299,702	$	10,714	$	2,312,798

The following table presents the recorded investment in nonaccrual loans as of June 30, 2023 by class of loans (in thousands):

	Non-Accrual loans with no allowance		Non-Accrual loans with allowance		Total Non-Accrual Loans
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$	4,913	$	—	$	4,913
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		451		—		451
Consumer real estate		1,977		—		1,977
Construction and land development		6		—		6
Commercial and industrial		444		3,407		3,851
Consumer		18		—		18
Other		1		—		1
Total	$	7,810	$	3,407	$	11,217

The Company recognized no interest income on nonaccrual loans during the three or six months ended June 30, 2023.

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Risk Ratings

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes all commercial loans individually and assigns each loan a risk rating. This analysis is performed at origination by the relationship manager and credit department personnel. On at least an annual basis, an independent party performs a formal credit risk review of a sample of the loan portfolio. Among other things, this review assesses the appropriateness of the loan’s risk rating. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

•Pass – Loans in this category are considered to have a low probability of default and do not meet the criteria of the risk categories below.

•Special Mention – A special mention asset possesses deficiencies or potential weaknesses deserving of management’s attention. If uncorrected, such weaknesses or deficiencies may expose the Company to an increased risk of loss in the future.

•Substandard – A substandard asset is inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if deficiencies are not corrected. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate amount of substandard assets, does not have to exist in individual assets classified substandard.

•Doubtful – A doubtful asset has all weaknesses inherent in one classified substandard, with the added characteristic that weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. The probability of loss is extremely high, but certain important and reasonable specific pending factors which may work to the advantage and strengthening of the asset exist, therefore, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until a more exact status may be determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral, and refinancing plans.

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The following table provides the risk category of loans by applicable class of loans and vintage year as of June 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	Term Loans by Origination Year
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Revolvers		Revolvers converted to term loans		Total
Commercial real estate - owner occupied
Pass	$	18,429	$	84,447	$	88,266	$	27,450	$	19,337	$	25,191	$	7,524	$	—	$	270,644
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		2,562		—		154		2,352		—		—		5,068
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	18,429	$	84,447	$	90,828	$	27,450	$	19,491	$	27,543	$	7,524	$	—	$	275,712
Current period gross charge-offs		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied
Pass	$	29,710	$	307,369	$	213,493	$	105,927	$	41,304	$	93,486	$	10,648	$	186	$	802,123
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		236		—		—		—		—		215		—		451
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	29,710	$	307,605	$	213,493	$	105,927	$	41,304	$	93,486	$	10,863	$	186	$	802,574
Current period gross charge-offs		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer real estate
Pass	$	24,396	$	94,240	$	38,255	$	16,964	$	14,779	$	45,206	$	190,185	$	2,205	$	426,230
Special Mention		37		—		—		—		264		267		—		12		580
Substandard		89		915		28		40		195		1,232		166		2		2,667
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		40		—		40
Total	$	24,522	$	95,155	$	38,283	$	17,004	$	15,238	$	46,705	$	190,391	$	2,219	$	429,517
Current period gross charge-offs		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Construction and land development
Pass	$	15,457	$	114,910	$	76,293	$	12,064	$	6,209	$	3,375	$	962	$	—	$	229,270
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		1,583		—		—		—		6		—		—		1,589
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	15,457	$	116,493	$	76,293	$	12,064	$	6,209	$	3,381	$	962	$	—	$	230,859
Current period gross charge-offs		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial
Pass	$	46,214	$	148,489	$	82,401	$	47,292	$	17,803	$	11,239	$	140,421	$	2,982	$	496,841
Special Mention		52		14		2,300		3,191		—		—		2,681		—		8,238
Substandard		8		—		88		5,101		—		—		7,434		245		12,876
Doubtful		—		—		—		129		22				30		—		181
Total	$	46,274	$	148,503	$	84,789	$	55,713	$	17,825	$	11,239	$	150,566	$	3,227	$	518,136
Current period gross charge-offs		—		80		9		98		59		—		61		—		307
Consumer
Pass	$	11,381	$	14,420	$	7,332	$	2,379	$	744	$	541	$	15,153	$	734	$	52,684
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		35		28		—		11		—		—		—		74
Doubtful		—		—		1		—		—		—		—		—		1
Total	$	11,381	$	14,455	$	7,361	$	2,379	$	755	$	541	$	15,153	$	734	$	52,759
Current period gross charge-offs		—		18		25		20		12		93		—		—		168
Other
Pass	$	10,636	$	6,555	$	21,686	$	5,031	$	851	$	1,977	$	2,060	$	364	$	49,160
Special Mention		—		155		—		—		—		—		—		—		155
Substandard		—		—		2		53		—		1		—		—		56
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	10,636	$	6,710	$	21,688	$	5,084	$	851	$	1,978	$	2,060	$	364	$	49,371
Current period gross charge-offs		—		—		—		—		—		58		—		—		58
Total Portfolio
Pass	$	156,223	$	770,430	$	527,726	$	217,107	$	101,027	$	181,015	$	366,953	$	6,471	$	2,326,952
Special Mention		89		169		2,300		3,191		264		267		2,681		12		8,973
Substandard		97		2,769		2,708		5,194		360		3,591		7,815		247		22,781
Doubtful		—		—		1		129		22		—		70		—		222
Total	$	156,409	$	773,368	$	532,735	$	225,621	$	101,673	$	184,873	$	377,519	$	6,730	$	2,358,928
Current period gross charge-offs	$	-	$	98	$	34	$	118	$	71	$	151	$	61	$	-	$	533

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The following table provides the risk category of loans by applicable class of loans as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	Non-impaired Loans
December 31, 2022	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total Impaired Loans		Total
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$	234,619	$	4,731	$	440	$	—	$	4,543	$	244,333
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		802,107		—		—		—		—		802,107
Consumer real estate		393,734		555		467		—		367		395,123
Construction and land development		229,897		—		—		—		7		229,904
Commercial and industrial		477,081		516		12,751		127		4,305		494,780
Consumer		52,911		—		84		2		19		53,016
Other		80,504		—		68		—		—		80,572
Purchased credit impaired		11,595		68		1,259		41		—		12,963
Total	$	2,282,448	$	5,870	$	15,069	$	170	$	9,241	$	2,312,798

Modifications

Occasionally, the Company modifies loans to borrowers in financial distress by providing principal forgiveness, term extension, an other-than-insignificant payment delay or interest rate reduction. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of forgiveness is charged-off against the ACL.

In some cases, the Company provides multiple types of concessions on one loan. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as principal forgiveness, may be granted.

The following table represents the loans at June 30, 2023 that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the six months ended June 30, 2023, by class and by type of modification. No modifications were made during the three months ended June 30, 2023. The percentage of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the total loans of each class is also presented below.

	Payment Delay		Term Extension		Total Class of Loans
Commercial and industrial	$	3,670	$	320		0.77	%
Total	$	3,670	$	320		0.17	%

The Company has not committed to lend additional amounts to the borrowers included in the previous table.

The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. Such loans that had been modified in the last 12 months are all current with no loans past due.

The following table presents the financial effect of the loan modifications represented above to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the six months ended June 30, 2023:

	Weighted-Average	Weighted-Average
	Payment	Term
	Delay	Extension
Commercial and industrial	7 mos.	6 mos.
Total	7 mos.	6 mos.

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No loans modified during the three or six months ended June 30, 2023 are in payment default.

Upon the Company's determination that a modified loan has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan is written off. Therefore, the recorded investment of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount.

The following table presents collateral dependent loans, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses, as of June 30, 2023 by class of loan and type of collateral.

	Real Estate	Total
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$5,478	$5,478
Commercial and industrial	317	317
Total	$5,795	$5,795

Allowance for Credit Loss

The following table details the changes in the ACL for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	CECL												Incurred Loss
For the three months ended June 30,	2023												2022
	Beginning Balance		Charge-Offs			Recoveries		Provision			Ending Balance		Beginning Balance		Charge-Offs			Recoveries		Provision			Ending Balance
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$	2,319	$	—		$	—	$	43		$	2,362	$	1,844	$	(12	)	$	226	$	(206	)	$	1,852
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		5,610		—			—		1,297			6,907		5,143		—			—		154			5,297
Consumer real estate		3,808		—			44		(41	)		3,811		2,214		—			1		340			2,555
Construction and land development		3,691		—			—		258			3,949		3,308		—			—		(37	)		3,271
Commercial and industrial		6,773		(159	)		3		(619	)		5,998		7,206		(161	)		23		396			7,464
Consumer		1,567		(67	)		25		(24	)		1,501		381		(66	)		24		159			498
Other		1,421		(32	)		2		(395	)		996		761		(52	)		1		37			747
Total allowance for credit losses - loans	$	25,189	$	(258	)	$	74	$	519		$	25,524	$	20,857	$	(291	)	$	275	$	843		$	21,684
Allowance for credit losses - unfunded commitments		4,060		—			—		(497	)	$	3,563	$	319		—			—		—		$	319

	CECL							Incurred Loss
For the six months ended June 30,	2023							2022
	Beginning Balance	Adoption of CECL	Jan. 1, 2023	Charge-Offs	Recoveries	Provision	Ending Balance	Beginning Balance	Charge-Offs	Recoveries	Provision	Ending Balance
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$1,967	$209	$2,176	$—	$—	$186	$2,362	$1,685	$(12)	$226	$(47)	$1,852
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	5,967	(632)	5,335	—	—	1,572	6,907	5,439	—	—	(142)	5,297
Consumer real estate	3,153	650	3,803	—	44	(36)	3,811	2,412	—	1	142	2,555
Construction and land development	3,830	(266)	3,564	—	—	385	3,949	3,769	—	—	(498)	3,271
Commercial and industrial	7,654	(995)	6,659	(307)	5	(359)	5,998	7,441	(161)	23	161	7,464
Consumer	430	1,127	1,557	(168)	128	(16)	1,501	397	(147)	81	167	498
Other	805	1,404	2,209	(58)	7	(1,162)	996	555	(90)	6	276	747
Total	$23,806	$1,497	$25,303	$(533)	$184	$570	$25,524	$21,698	$(410)	$337	$59	$21,684
Allowance for credit losses - unfunded commitments	$319	3,350	3,669	—	—	(106)	$3,563	$319	—	—	—	$319

As of June 30, 2023, the Company used a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period. The changes in loss rates used as the basis for the estimate of credit losses during this period were modeled using both the Company's own historical data and historical data from peer banks and macroeconomic forecast data obtained from a third party vendor, which were then applied to the Company’s recent default experience as a starting point. At June 30, 2023, the forecast indicated that the markets in which the Company operates will

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experience a decline in economic conditions and an increase in the unemployment rate over the next year, primarily as a result of the interest rate environment. The increase in the ACL compared to January 1, 2023 was primarily attributable to an increase in the loan portfolio, changes in various loan attributes at the instrument level, and qualitative factors. For periods beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period of one year, the Company reverted to historical credit loss information on a straight line basis over two years.

The Company maintains an allowance for unfunded commitments exposures. The allowance for unfunded commitments credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur, which is based on a historical funding study derived from internal information, and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life, which are the same loss rates that are used in computing the allowance for credit losses on loans. The ACL for unfunded loan commitments of $3.6 million and $0.3 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, is separately classified on the balance sheet within Other Liabilities.

Incurred Loss Impairment Methodology

A breakdown of the ALL and the loan portfolio by loan category as previously required by ASC Topic 310 at December 31, 2022 follows (in thousands):

	Commercial real estate - owner occupied		Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		Consumer real estate		Construction and land development		Commercial and industrial		Consumer		Other		Total
December 31, 2022
Allowance for Loan Losses:
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	1,967	$	5,967	$	3,153	$	3,830	$	6,909	$	378	$	805	$	23,009
Individually evaluated for impairment		—		—		—		—		716		—		—		716
Purchased credit impaired		—		—		—		—		29		52		—		81
Balances, end of period	$	1,967	$	5,967	$	3,153	$	3,830	$	7,654	$	430	$	805	$	23,806
Loans:
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	239,790	$	802,107	$	394,756	$	229,897	$	490,475	$	52,997	$	80,572	$	2,290,594
Individually evaluated for impairment		4,543		—		367		7		4,305		19		—		9,241
Purchased credit impaired		1,776		1,504		7,492		68		1,567		366		190		12,963
Balances, end of period	$	246,109	$	803,611	$	402,615	$	229,972	$	496,347	$	53,382	$	80,762	$	2,312,798

The following table presents additional detail on loans individually evaluated for impairment as previously required by ASC Topic 310 as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

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	December 31, 2022
	Recorded investment		Unpaid principal balance		Related allowance
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$	4,543	$	4,551	$	—
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		—		—		—
Consumer real estate		367		393		—
Construction and land development		7		8		—
Commercial and industrial		420		412		—
Consumer		19		19		—
Other		—		—		—
Subtotal		5,356		5,383		—
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		—		—		—
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		—
Consumer real estate		—		—		—
Construction and land development		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		3,885		4,061		716
Consumer		—		—		—
Other		—		—		—
Subtotal		3,885		4,061		716
Total	$	9,241	$	9,444	$	716

The average balances of impaired loans and income recognized on impaired loans while they were considered impaired under Incurred Loss are presented below for the period indicated (in thousands).

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2022				June 30, 2022
	Average recorded investment		Interest income recognized		Average recorded investment		Interest income recognized
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		—		—		—		—
Consumer real estate		203		—		207		—
Construction and land development		9		—		9		—
Commercial and industrial		80		—		81		—
Consumer		10		—		10		—
Other		—		—		—		—
Subtotal		302		—		307		—
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		—		—
Consumer real estate		—		—		—		—
Construction and land development		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		—		—		—		—
Consumer		—		—		—		—
Other		—		—		—		—
Subtotal		—		—		—		—
Total	$	302	$	—	$	307	$	—

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The following table presents changes in the carrying value of PCI loans (in thousands) for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended			Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	17,658		$	19,261
Change due to payments received and accretion		(1,960	)		(3,371	)
Reclassification of discount to allowance for loan losses		111			(81	)
Balance at end of period	$	15,809		$	15,809

The following table presents changes in the accretable yield for PCI loans (in thousands) for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended			Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	5,326		$	5,763
Accretion		(432	)		(869	)
Reclassification from nonaccretable difference		304			304
Other, net		(206	)		(206	)
Balance at end of period	$	4,992		$	4,992

PCI loans had no impact on the ALL for the three or six months ended June 30, 2022.

Loans Held for Sale

A summary of the loans held for sale as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Residential mortgage	$	28,121	$	12,636
Guaranteed portion of SBA loans		20,774		32,072
Total	$	48,895	$	44,708

NOTE 4 – SHORT TERM BORROWINGS AND LONG-TERM DEBT

Short-Term Borrowings

The Company had outstanding advances of $50.0 million and $15.0 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

	June 30, 2023					December 31, 2022
Year	Amount		Interest Rates			Amount		Interest Rates
2023	$	50,000		5.17	%	$	15,000		4.33	%

Advances from the FHLB are collateralized by investment securities with a market value of $18.8 million and certain commercial and residential real estate mortgage loans totaling $755.5 million under a blanket mortgage collateral agreement. At June 30, 2023, the amount of available credit from the FHLB totaled $490.6 million.

Subordinated Notes

The Company issued $30.0 million of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes during the third quarter of 2020, which were recorded net of issuance costs of $0.6 million, that mature June 30, 2030. Beginning on or after June 30, 2025, the Company may redeem the notes, in whole or in part, at their principal amount plus any accrued and unpaid interest. The notes have a fixed interest rate of 5.25% per annum for the first five years. Thereafter, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to a benchmark rate (which is expected to be Three-Month Term SOFR) plus 513 basis points. The carrying value of subordinated notes was $29.7 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

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NOTE 5– ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

The following were changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component, net of tax, for the periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	Unrealized Gains
	and Losses
	on Available
	for Sale
	Securities
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Beginning balance	$	(50,052	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification, net of tax		(104	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax		(4	)
Net current period other comprehensive income		(108	)
Ending Balance	$	(50,160	)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Beginning balance	$	(1,270	)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassification, net of tax		(34,056	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—
Net current period other comprehensive loss		(34,056	)
Ending Balance	$	(35,326	)

The following amounts were reclassified out of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands). No reclassifications occurred in the three months ended June 30, 2023 or 2022.

						Affected Line Item
Details about Accumulated Other	Six Months Ended June 30,					in the Statement Where
Comprehensive Income (Loss) Components	2023			2022		Net Income is Presented
Realized gains on available- for-sale securities	$	5		$	—	Net gain on sale of securities
		(1	)		—	Income tax expense
	$	4		$	—	Net of tax

NOTE 6 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

In the normal course of business, the Company has outstanding commitments and contingent liabilities, such as commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, which are not included in the accompanying financial statements. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instruments for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual or notional amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making such commitments as it does for instruments that are included in the balance sheet.

The following table sets forth outstanding financial instruments whose contract amounts represent credit risk as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	Contract or notional amount
	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Financial instruments whose contract amounts represent    credit risk:
Unused commitments to extend credit	$	1,079,377	$	1,112,950
Standby letters of credit		8,939		7,288
Total	$	1,088,316	$	1,120,238

The Company is party to litigation and claims arising in the normal course of business. Management believes that the liabilities, if any, arising from such litigation and claims as of June 30, 2023, will not have a material impact on the financial statements of the Company.

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NOTE 7 – DERIVATIVES

The Company utilizes interest rate swap agreements as part of its asset liability management strategy to help manage its interest rate risk position. The notional amount of the interest rate swaps does not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. The amount exchanged is determined by reference to the notional amount and the other terms of the individual interest rate swap agreements.

Interest Rate Swaps

The Company enters into swaps to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs. Upon entering into these transactions the Company enters into offsetting positions with large U.S. financial institutions in order to minimize market risk to the Company. A summary of the Company’s customer related interest rate swaps was as follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023					December 31, 2022
	Notional		Estimated			Notional		Estimated
	amount		fair value			amount		fair value
Interest rate swap agreements:
Pay fixed/receive variable swaps	$	38,688	$	2,276		$	35,641	$	(2,343	)
Pay variable/receive fixed swaps		38,688		(2,276	)		35,641		2,343
Total	$	77,376	$	—		$	71,282	$	—

Mortgage Banking Derivatives

The Company enters into various derivative agreements with customers in the form of interest-rate lock commitments, which are commitments to originate mortgage loans whereby the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding and the customers have locked into that interest rate. The derivatives are valued using a model that utilizes market interest rates and other unobservable inputs. Changes in the fair value of these commitments due to fluctuations in interest rates that are to be originated to our loans held for sale portfolio are economically hedged through the use of forward sale commitments of mortgage-backed securities. The gains and losses arising from this derivative activity are reflected in current period earnings under mortgage banking income. Interest rate lock commitments are valued using a model with significant unobservable market parameters. Forward sale commitments are valued based on quoted prices for similar assets in an active market with inputs that are observable.

The net (losses) gains relating to mortgage banking derivative instruments included in mortgage banking income were as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022			June 30, 2023		June 30, 2022
Mortgage loan interest rate lock commitments	$	(256	)	$	401		$	320	$	(70	)
Mortgage-backed securities forward sales commitments		316			(409	)		20		6
Total	$	60		$	(8	)	$	340	$	(64	)

The amount and fair value of mortgage banking derivatives included in the consolidated balance sheets were as follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Notional		Estimated		Notional		Estimated
	amount		fair value		amount		fair value
Included in other assets:
Mortgage loan interest rate lock commitments	$	25,936	$	326	$	19,413	$	6
Mortgage-backed securities forward sales commitments		18,500		47		12,500		27

NOTE 8 – REGULATORY CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS

The Company and the Bank are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve and the Bank is also subject to the regulatory capital requirements of the Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory – and possibly additional discretionary – actions by regulators that could, in that event, have a material adverse effect on the institutions’ financial statements. The relevant regulations require the Company and the Bank to meet specific capital adequacy guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting principles. The capital classifications of the Company and the Bank are also subject to qualitative judgments by their regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors. Those qualitative judgments could also affect the capital status of the Company and the Bank and the amount of dividends the Company and the Bank may distribute. The net unrealized gain or loss

25

on available for sale securities is not included in computing regulatory capital. Management believes as of June 30, 2023, the Company and the Bank met all regulatory capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.

The Company’s and the Bank’s capital amounts and ratios as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are presented in the following table (dollars in thousands).

	Actual					Minimum capital requirement (1)					Minimum to be well-capitalized (2)
	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio
At June 30, 2023:
Total capital to risk-weighted assets:
CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc.	$	409,876		14.37	%	$	228,145		8.0	%	N/A		N/A
CapStar Bank		394,468		13.80			228,599		8.0		$	285,749		10	%
Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets:
CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc.		353,569		12.40			171,109		6.0		N/A		N/A
CapStar Bank		367,894		12.87			171,449		6.0			228,599		8.00
Common equity Tier 1 capital to risk weighted    assets:
CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc.		353,569		12.40			128,332		4.5		N/A		N/A
CapStar Bank		351,394		12.30			128,587		4.5			185,737		6.50
Tier I capital to average assets:
CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc.		353,569		11.05			127,964		4.0		N/A		N/A
CapStar Bank		367,894		11.51			127,901		4.0			159,877		5.00
At December 31, 2022:
Total capital to risk-weighted assets:
CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc.	$	410,704		14.51	%	$	226,491		8.0	%	N/A		N/A
CapStar Bank		402,453		14.22			226,407		8.0		$	283,009		10	%
Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets:
CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc.		356,913		12.61			169,868		6.0		N/A		N/A
CapStar Bank		378,328		13.37			169,805		6.0			226,407		8.00
Common equity Tier 1 capital to risk weighted    assets:
CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc.		356,913		12.61			127,401		4.5		N/A		N/A
CapStar Bank		361,828		12.79			127,354		4.5			183,956		6.50
Tier I capital to average assets:
CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc.		356,913		11.40			125,202		4.0		N/A		N/A
CapStar Bank		378,328		12.10			125,089		4.0			156,361		5.00

(1) For the calendar year 2023, the Company must maintain a capital conservation buffer of Tier 1 common equity capital in excess of minimum risk-based capital ratios by at least 2.5% to avoid limits on capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers and similar employees.

(2) For the Company to be well-capitalized, the Bank must be well-capitalized and the Company must not be subject to any written agreement, order, capital directive, or prompt corrective action directive issued by the Federal Reserve to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure.

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NOTE 9 – EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following is a summary of the basic and diluted earnings per share calculation for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands except share and per share data):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Basic net income per share calculation:
Numerator – Net income	$	7,804	$	9,972	$	14,250	$	20,645
Denominator – Average common shares outstanding		21,065,115		22,022,109		21,311,691		22,109,737
Basic net income per share	$	0.37	$	0.45	$	0.67	$	0.93
Diluted net income per share calculation:
Numerator – Net income	$	7,804	$	9,972	$	14,250	$	20,645
Denominator – Average common shares outstanding		21,065,115		22,022,109		21,311,691		22,109,737
Dilutive shares contingently issuable		42,342		52,151		38,281		54,217
Average diluted common shares outstanding		21,107,457		22,074,260		21,349,972		22,163,954
Diluted net income per share	$	0.37	$	0.45	$	0.67	$	0.93

NOTE 10 – FAIR VALUE

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The Bank used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value:

Investment Securities: The fair values for investment securities are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2), using matrix pricing. Matrix pricing is a mathematical technique commonly used to price debt securities that are not actively traded and values debt securities by relying on quoted prices for the specific securities and the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2 inputs). For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3). See below for additional discussion of Level 3 valuation methodologies and significant inputs. The fair values of all securities are determined from third party pricing services without adjustment.

Derivatives-Interest Rate Swaps: The fair values of derivatives are based on valuation models using observable market data as of the measurement date (Level 2). The Bank’s derivatives are traded in an over-the-counter market where quoted market prices are not always available. Therefore, the fair values of derivatives are determined using quantitative models that utilize multiple market inputs. The inputs will vary based on the type of derivative, but could include interest rates, prices and indices to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, prepayment rates, and volatility factors to value the position. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third-party pricing services. The fair values of all interest rate swaps are determined from third party pricing services without adjustment.

27

Individually Evaluated Loans: The fair value of individually evaluated loans, formerly "impaired" under incurred loss methodology, with specific allocations of the ACL is generally based on recent appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available for similar loans and collateral underlying such loans. Such adjustments result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. Individually evaluated loans are evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted in accordance with the loan policy.

Other Real Estate Owned: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals which are updated no less frequently than annually. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach with data from comparable properties. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Appraisals may be adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and/or management’s expertise and knowledge of the collateral. Such adjustments result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Real estate owned properties are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly. The Company had no other real estate owned carried at fair value at June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Loans Held For Sale: Loans held for sale are carried at either fair value, if elected, or the lower of cost or fair value on a pool-level basis. Origination fees and costs for loans held for sale recorded at lower of cost or market are capitalized in the basis of the loan and are included in the calculation of realized gains and losses upon sale. Origination fees and costs are recognized in earnings at the time of origination for loans held for sale that are recorded at fair value. Fair value is determined using quoted prices for similar assets, adjusted for specific attributes of that loan or other observable market data, such as outstanding commitments from third party investors (Level 2).

Derivatives-Mortgage Loan Interest Rate Lock Commitments: Interest rate lock commitments that relate to the origination of mortgage loans that will be held for sale are recorded at fair value, determined as the amount that would be required to settle each derivative instrument at the balance sheet date. The fair value of the interest rate lock commitment is derived from the fair value of related mortgage loans, which is based on observable market data and includes the expected net future cash flows related to servicing of the loans. In estimating the fair value of an interest rate lock commitment, the Company assigns a probability to the interest rate lock commitment based on an expectation that it will be exercised and the loan will be funded (a “pull through” rate). The expected pull through rates are applied to the fair value of the unclosed mortgage pipeline, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. The pull through rate is a statistical analysis of our actual rate lock fallout history to determine the sensitivity of the residential mortgage loan pipeline compared to interest rate changes and other deterministic values. New market prices are applied based on updated loan characteristics and new fallout ratios (i.e., the inverse of the pull through rate) are applied accordingly. Significant increases (decreases) in the pull through rate in isolation result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. Changes to the fair value of interest rate lock commitments are recognized based on interest rate changes, changes in the probability that the commitment will be exercised, and the passage of time.

Derivatives-Mortgage-Backed Securities Forward Sales Commitments: The Company utilizes mortgage-backed securities forward sales commitments to hedge mortgage loan interest rate lock commitments. Mortgage-backed securities forward sales commitments are recorded at fair value based on quoted prices for similar assets in an active market with inputs that are observable, resulting in a Level 2 fair value classification.

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Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below (in thousands):

	Fair value measurements at June 30, 2023
				Quoted prices
				in active		Significant
				markets for		other			Significant
				identical		observable			unobservable
	Carrying			assets		inputs			inputs
	Value			(Level 1)		(Level 2)			(Level 3)
Assets:
Securities available-for-sale:
U. S. government agency securities	$	11,856		$	—	$	11,856		$	—
State and municipal securities		68,829			—		68,829			—
Mortgage-backed securities		231,429			—		231,429			—
Asset-backed securities		3,108			—		3,108			—
Other debt securities		58,040			—		58,040			—
Loans held for sale		28,121			—		28,121			—
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaps - customer related		2,276			—		2,276			—
Mortgage loan interest rate lock commitments		326			—		—			326
Mortgage-backed securities forward sales commitments		47			—		47			—
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate swaps - customer related		(2,276	)		—		(2,276	)		—

	Fair value measurements at December 31, 2022
				Quoted prices
				in active		Significant
				markets for		other			Significant
				identical		observable			unobservable
	Carrying			assets		inputs			inputs
	Value			(Level 1)		(Level 2)			(Level 3)
Assets:
Securities available-for-sale:
U. S. government agency securities	$	12,902		$	—	$	12,902		$	—
State and municipal securities		68,312			—		68,312			—
Mortgage-backed securities		244,828			—		244,828			—
Asset-backed securities		3,270			—		3,270			—
Other debt securities		67,104			—		67,104			—
Loans held for sale		12,636			—		12,636			—
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaps - customer related		2,343			—		2,343			—
Mortgage loan interest rate lock commitments		6			—		—			6
Mortgage-backed securities forward sales commitments		27			—		27			—
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate swaps - customer related		(2,343	)		—		(2,343	)		—

The table below presents a reconciliation of all assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	Mortgage Loan Interest Rate
	Lock Commitments
	2023		2022
Balance of recurring Level 3 assets at January 1st	$	6	$	696
Total gains or losses for the period:
Included in mortgage banking income		320		(70	)
Balance of recurring Level 3 assets at June 30th	$	326	$	626

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The following table presents quantitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value measurements (dollars in thousands):

					Range
	Fair		Valuation		(Weighted-
June 30, 2023	Value		Technique(s)	Unobservable Input(s)	Average)
Assets:
Non-hedging derivatives:
Mortgage loan interest rate lock commitments	$	326	Consensus pricing	Origination pull-through rate	80% - 100% (93%)

					Range
	Fair		Valuation		(Weighted-
December 31, 2022	Value		Technique(s)	Unobservable Input(s)	Average)
Assets:
Non-hedging derivatives:
Mortgage loan interest rate lock commitments	$	6	Consensus pricing	Origination pull-through rate	80% - 100% (94%)

Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized below (in thousands).

		Quoted prices
		in active	Significant
		markets for	other	Significant
		identical	observable	unobservable
	Carrying	assets	inputs	inputs
	Value	(level 1)	(level 2)	(level 3)
Fair value measurements at June 30, 2023
Assets:
Individually evaluated loans:
Commercial and industrial	$3,255	—	—	$3,255
Fair value measurements at December 31, 2022
Assets:
Impaired loans:
Commercial and industrial	$3,169	—	—	$3,169

The following table presents quantitative information about June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 Level 3 fair value measurements for assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis (dollars in thousands):

				Range
	Fair	Valuation		(Weighted-
June 30, 2023	Value	Technique(s)	Unobservable Input(s)	Average)
Individually evaluated loans:
Commercial and industrial	$109	Sales comparison approach	Appraisal discounts	10%
Commercial and industrial	320	Income approach	Fair value discount	9%
December 31, 2022
Impaired loans:
Commercial and industrial	$3,069	Sales comparison approach	Appraisal discounts	10%
Commercial and industrial	100	Income approach	Fair value discount	9%

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying value and estimated fair values of the Bank’s financial instruments at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying				Carrying				Fair value
	amount		Fair value		amount		Fair value		level of input
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits in    financial institutions	$	168,826	$	168,826	$	130,838	$	130,838	Level 1
Federal funds sold		1,883		1,883		4,467		4,467	Level 1
Securities available-for-sale		373,262		373,262		396,416		396,416	Level 2
Securities held-to-maturity		—		—		1,240		1,240	Level 2
Loans held for sale		48,895		50,543		44,708		46,585	Level 2
Restricted equity securities		16,130	N/A			16,632	N/A		N/A
Loans held for investment		2,358,928		2,289,811		2,312,798		2,265,617	Level 3
Accrued interest receivable		11,117		11,117		10,511		10,511	Level 2
Other assets		94,260		94,260		93,230		93,230	Level 2 / Level 3
Financial liabilities:
Deposits		2,710,759		2,701,868		2,679,819		2,659,822	Level 2
Subordinated notes and Federal Home Loan bank advances and other borrowings		79,733		79,829		44,666		43,831	Level 2
Other liabilities		7,724		7,724		4,605		4,605	Level 3

The methods and assumptions, not previously presented, used to estimate fair values are described as follows:

(a) Cash and Due from Banks, Interest-Bearing Deposits in Financial Institutions

For these short‑term instruments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

(b) Restricted Equity Securities

It is not practical to determine the fair value of restricted securities due to restrictions placed on their transferability.

(c) Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale include residential mortgage loans, the guaranteed portion of SBA loans, and Tri-Net loans. The fair value of residential mortgage and SBA loans held for sale is measured using an exit price notion. The fair value of Tri-Net loans held for sale is measured using an exit price notion in as much as observable market data is available. Where there is no observable market data, the fair value of Tri-Net loans held for sale is estimated using discounted cash flow models. There were no Tri-Net loans held for sale as of June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

(d) Loans

The fair value of loans was measured using an exit price notion. Fair values for impaired loans are estimated using discounted cash flow models or based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.

(e) Accrued Interest Receivable

The carrying amounts of accrued interest approximate fair value.

(f) Other Assets

Included in other assets are bank owned life insurance and certain interest rate swap agreements. The fair values of interest rate swap agreements are based on independent pricing services that utilize pricing models with observable market inputs. For bank owned life insurance, the carrying amount is based on the cash surrender value and is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

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(g) Deposits

The fair value of demand deposits, savings accounts and certain money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of certificates of deposit is estimated by discounted cash flow models, using current market interest rates offered on certificates with similar remaining maturities.

(h) Federal Home Loan Bank Advances and Subordinated Debt

The fair value of fixed rate Federal Home Loan Bank Advances and subordinated notes is estimated using discounted cash flow models, using current market interest rates offered on certificates, advances and other borrowings with similar remaining maturities.

(i) Other Liabilities

Included in other liabilities are accrued interest payable and certain interest rate swap agreements. The fair values of interest rate swap agreements are based on independent pricing services that utilize pricing models with observable market inputs. The carrying amounts of accrued interest approximate fair value.

(j) Off-Balance Sheet Instruments

Fair values for off-balance sheet, credit-related financial instruments are based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties’ credit standing. The fair value of commitments is not material.

(k) Limitations

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instruments. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Bank’s entire holdings of a particular instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Bank’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on estimating on and off‑balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. For example, fixed assets are not considered financial instruments and their value has not been incorporated into the fair value estimates. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following is a discussion of our financial condition at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and our results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. The purpose of this discussion is to focus on information about our financial condition and results of operations which is not otherwise apparent from the consolidated financial statements. The following discussion and analysis should be read along with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes in Part I - Item 1 of this Report, "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and the risk factors discussed in our 2022 10-K and referenced in Part II, Item 1.A. of this Report and the other reports we have filed with the SEC after we filed our 2022 10-K. Annualized results for interim periods may not be indicative of results for the full year or future periods.

The following discussion and analysis pertains to our historical results on a consolidated basis. However, because we conduct all of our material business operations through our wholly-owned subsidiary, CapStar Bank, the following discussion and analysis relates to activities primarily conducted at the subsidiary level.

All dollar amounts in the tables in this section are in thousands of dollars, except share or per share data or when otherwise specifically noted.

Overview

The second quarter of 2023 resulted in $0.37 diluted net income per share of common stock, a decrease of 17.8% compared to the second quarter of 2022. Annualized return on average assets was 0.98% for the second quarter of 2023 compared to 1.28% for the same period in 2022.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, diluted net income per share of common stock was $0.67, a decrease of 28.0% compared to the same period in 2022. Annualized return on average assets was 0.91% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to 1.33% for the same period in 2022.

At June 30, 2023, loans held for investment increased to $2.36 billion, as compared to $2.31 billion at December 31, 2022. Total deposits increased to $2.71 billion at June 30, 2023 from $2.68 billion at December 31, 2022.

Our primary revenue sources are net interest income and fees from various financial services provided to customers. Net interest income is the difference between interest income earned on loans, investment securities and other interest earning assets less interest expense on deposit accounts and other interest bearing liabilities. Loan volume and interest rates earned on those loans are critical to overall profitability. Similarly, deposit volume is crucial to funding loans and rates paid on deposits directly impact profitability. Business volumes are influenced by competition, new business acquisition efforts and economic factors including market interest rates, business spending and consumer confidence.

Net interest income decreased $1.9 million, or 7.6%, for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022 and increased $0.2 million or 0.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. Net interest margin decreased to 3.06% for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared with 3.41% for the same period of 2022 and slightly decreased to 3.15% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from 3.19% for the same period in 2022. The decrease in net interest margin was attributable to the rising rate environment over the last 12 months as deposits repriced more quickly than loans.

The three months ended June 30, 2023 yielded a $22 thousand provision for credit loss expense compared to $0.8 million for the comparable period of 2022 and an expense of $2.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $59 thousand for the same period of 2022. The provision for the six months ended June 30, 2023 largely reflects the $2.0 million provision expense related to the Signature Bank ("Signature") subordinated debt in available-for-sale debt securities in the first quarter of 2023.

Total noninterest income for the second quarter of 2023 increased $0.3 million, or 5.7%, compared with the same period in 2022, and comprised 22% of total revenues. Noninterest income for the six months ended June 30, 2023 decreased $2.5 million or 16.6% when compared to the same period in 2022 and comprised 21% of revenues. The decrease for the six months ended June 30, 2023 versus the same period in 2022 is primarily attributable to the lack of Tri-Net revenue and a decline in mortgage banking income, as well as a $0.9 million death benefit from bank-owned life insurance policies recorded in 2022, with no corresponding amount in 2023, partially offset by an increase in SBA lending revenue.

Total noninterest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2023 increased $2.1 million, or 12.3%, compared to the same period in 2022 and increased $3.4 million or 9.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The increase was primarily driven by higher salary and benefits expense, data processing and software expenses as well as higher regulatory fees with increases in the FDIC assessment rates. Our efficiency ratio for the three months ended June 30, 2023 was 66.61% compared to 56.32% for the same period in 2022 and 65.59% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to 57.49% for the same period in 2022.

Common equity tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets, summarized in Note 8 of the consolidated financial statements, is a useful measure in evaluating the quality and adequacy of capital. Our consolidated ratio of common equity tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets was 12.40% as of June 30, 2023, compared with 12.61% at December 31, 2022.
 

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The following sections provide more details on subjects presented in this overview.

Critical Accounting Estimates

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Our accounting and reporting estimates are in accordance with GAAP and conform to general practices within the banking industry. Estimates that are susceptible to significant changes include accounting for the allowance for credit losses and fair value measurements, both of which require significant judgments by management. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Also, different assumptions in the application of these accounting estimates could result in material changes in our consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations. Except as described below, there have been no significant changes to critical accounting estimates as discussed in the MD&A in our 2022 10-K.

Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL")

Since the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2023, the ACL represents management’s estimate of credit losses for the remaining estimated life of financial instruments, with particular applicability on our balance sheet to loans and unfunded loan commitments. Estimating the amount of the ACL requires significant judgment and the use of estimates related to historical experience, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and the value of collateral on collateral-dependent loans. The loan portfolio also represents the largest asset type on our consolidated balance sheet. Loan losses are charged against the allowance, while recoveries of amounts previously charged off are credited to the allowance. A provision for credit losses is charged to operations based on management’s periodic evaluation of the factors previously mentioned, as well as other pertinent factors.

There are many factors affecting the ACL; some are quantitative while others require qualitative judgment. Although management believes its process for determining the allowance adequately considers all the potential factors that could potentially result in credit losses, the process includes subjective elements and is susceptible to significant change. To the extent actual outcomes differ from management estimates, additional provision for credit losses could be required that could adversely affect our earnings or financial position in future periods.

Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements includes additional information on accounting policies related to the ACL.

Results of Operations

The following is a summary of our results of operations:

					2023 - 2022							2023 - 2022
	Three Months Ended				Percent			Six Months Ended				Percent
	June 30,				Increase			June 30,				Increase
	2023		2022		(Decrease)			2023		2022		(Decrease)
Interest income	$	39,287	$	26,489		48.3	%	$	75,070	$	49,273		52.4	%
Interest expense		16,716		2,049		715.8	%		29,280		3,693		692.9	%
Net interest income		22,571		24,440		(7.6	)%		45,790		45,580		0.5	%
Provision for credit losses		22		843		100.0	%		2,464		59		4076.3	%
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		22,549		23,597		(4.4	)%		43,326		45,521		(4.8	)%
Noninterest income		6,212		5,876		5.7	%		12,487		14,965		(16.6	)%
Noninterest expense		19,172		17,075		12.3	%		38,226		34,810		9.8	%
Net income before income taxes		9,589		12,398		(22.7	)%		17,587		25,676		(31.5	)%
Income tax expense		1,785		2,426		(26.4	)%		3,337		5,031		(33.7	)%
Net income	$	7,804	$	9,972		(21.7	)%	$	14,250	$	20,645		(31.0	)%
Basic net income per share of common stock	$	0.37	$	0.45		(17.8	)%	$	0.67	$	0.93		(28.0	)%
Diluted net income per share of common stock	$	0.37	$	0.45		(17.8	)%	$	0.67	$	0.93		(28.0	)%

Annualized return on average assets and annualized return on average shareholders’ equity were 0.98% and 8.95%, respectively, for the second quarter of 2023, compared with 1.28% and 11.08%, respectively, for the same period in 2022.

Annualized return on average assets and annualized return on average shareholders’ equity were 0.91% and 8.18%, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared with 1.33% and 11.24%, respectively, for the same period in 2022.

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Net Interest Income

The largest component of our net income is net interest income – the difference between the income earned on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on deposits and borrowed funds used to support our assets. Net interest income divided by total average interest-earning assets represents our net interest margin. The major factors that affect net interest income and net interest margin are changes in volumes, the yield on interest-earning assets and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities. Our margin can also be affected by economic conditions, the competitive environment, loan demand and deposit flow. Our ability to respond to changes in these factors by using effective asset-liability management techniques is critical to maintaining the stability of the net interest margin and our net interest income.

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The following tables set forth the amount of our average balances, interest income or interest expense for each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the average interest rate for interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, net interest spread and net interest margin for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,
	2023							2022
	Average Outstanding Balance		Interest Income/ Expense		Average Yield/ Rate			Average Outstanding Balance		Interest Income/ Expense		Average Yield/ Rate
Interest-Earning Assets
Loans (1)	$	2,391,229	$	34,494		5.79	%	$	2,147,750	$	22,755		4.25	%
Loans held for sale		37,031		321		3.48	%		114,223		1,020		3.58	%
Securities:
Taxable investment securities (2)		349,701		2,273		2.60	%		417,526		2,095		2.01	%
Investment securities exempt from    federal income tax (3)		53,042		308		2.94	%		55,641		319		2.92	%
Total securities		402,743		2,581		2.64	%		473,167		2,414		2.11	%
Cash balances in other banks		130,711		1,823		5.59	%		144,533		286		0.80	%
Funds sold		3,593		68		7.59	%		7,950		14		0.70	%
Total interest-earning assets		2,965,307		39,287		5.33	%		2,887,623		26,489		3.69	%
Noninterest-earning assets		231,286							241,241
Total assets	$	3,196,593						$	3,128,864
Interest-Bearing Liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits:
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	$	853,818		4,474		2.10	%	$	915,837		638		0.28	%
Savings and money market deposits		597,860		3,254		2.18	%		670,144		467		0.28	%
Time deposits		792,821		7,363		3.73	%		350,929		454		0.52	%
Total interest-bearing deposits		2,244,499		15,091		2.70	%		1,936,910		1,559		0.32	%
Borrowings and repurchase agreements		126,397		1,625		5.16	%		70,516		490		2.79	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities		2,370,896		16,716		2.83	%		2,007,426		2,049		0.41	%
Noninterest-bearing deposits		433,838							727,705
Total funding sources		2,804,734							2,735,131
Noninterest-bearing liabilities		42,090							32,583
Shareholders’ equity		349,769							361,150
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	3,196,593						$	3,128,864
Net interest spread (4)						2.50	%						3.28	%
Net interest income/margin (5)			$	22,571		3.06	%			$	24,440		3.41	%

Footnotes appear below second table.

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	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
	Average Outstanding Balance	Interest Income/ Expense	Average Yield/ Rate	Average Outstanding Balance	Interest Income/ Expense	Average Yield/ Rate
Interest-Earning Assets
Loans (1)	$2,369,784	$66,295	5.64%	$2,075,148	$42,353	4.12%
Loans held for sale	33,325	479	2.90%	102,259	1,788	3.53%
Securities:
Taxable investment securities (2)	352,898	4,464	2.53%	421,810	4,006	1.90%
Investment securities exempt from    federal income tax (3)	53,638	622	2.93%	56,415	644	2.89%
Total securities	406,536	5,086	2.58%	478,225	4,650	2.02%
Cash balances in other banks	127,863	3,087	4.87%	224,782	458	0.41%
Funds sold	3,542	123	7.00%	14,016	24	0.34%
Total interest-earning assets	2,941,050	75,070	5.16%	2,894,430	49,273	3.44%
Noninterest-earning assets	232,592			246,595
Total assets	$3,173,642			$3,141,025
Interest-Bearing Liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits:
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	$805,915	7,420	1.86%	$932,483	1,074	0.23%
Savings and money market deposits	637,852	6,513	2.06%	665,459	797	0.24%
Time deposits	766,941	12,936	3.40%	358,805	938	0.53%
Total interest-bearing deposits	2,210,708	26,869	2.45%	1,956,747	2,809	0.29%
Borrowings and repurchase agreements	94,667	2,411	5.14%	50,145	884	3.56%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	2,305,375	29,280	2.56%	2,006,892	3,693	0.37%
Noninterest-bearing deposits	473,979			727,918
Total funding sources	2,779,354			2,734,810
Noninterest-bearing liabilities	42,915			35,673
Shareholders’ equity	351,373			370,542
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$3,173,642			$3,141,025
Net interest spread (4)			2.60%			3.06%
Net interest income/margin (5)		$45,790	3.15%		$45,580	3.19%

(1) Average loan balances include nonaccrual loans. Interest income on loans includes amortization of deferred loan fees, net of deferred loan costs.

(2) Taxable investment securities include restricted equity securities.

(3) Yields on tax exempt securities are shown on a tax equivalent basis.

(4) Net interest spread is the average yield on total interest-earning assets minus the average rate on total interest-bearing liabilities.

(5) Net interest margin is annualized net interest income calculated on a tax equivalent basis divided by total average interest-earning assets for the period.

The following table reflects, for the periods indicated, the changes in our net interest income due to changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the associated rates earned or paid on these assets and liabilities.

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	Three Months Ended June 30, 2023			Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
	Compared to 2022 Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes In			Compared to 2022 Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes In
	Volume	Rate	Net	Volume	Rate	Net
Interest-Earning Assets
Loans	$2,797	$8,942	$11,739	$6,654	$17,288	$23,942
Loans held for sale	(671)	(28)	(699)	(1,035)	(274)	(1,309)
Securities:
Taxable investment securities	(221)	399	178	(445)	903	458
Investment securities exempt from federal income tax	(13)	2	(11)	(31)	9	(22)
Total securities	(234)	401	167	(476)	912	436
Cash balances in other banks	(25)	1,562	1,537	(109)	2,738	2,629
Funds Sold	(3)	57	54	(4)	103	99
Total interest-earning assets	1,864	10,934	12,798	5,030	20,767	25,797
Interest-Bearing Liabilities
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	(40)	3,876	3,836	(124)	6,470	6,346
Savings and money market deposits	(45)	2,832	2,787	(31)	5,747	5,716
Time deposits	1,171	5,738	6,909	2,083	9,915	11,998
Borrowings and repurchase agreements	548	587	1,135	1,015	512	1,527
Total interest-bearing liabilities	1,634	13,033	14,667	2,943	22,644	25,587
Net Interest Income	$230	$(2,099)	$(1,869)	$2,087	$(1,877)	$210

The net interest margin was 3.06% and 3.41% for the second quarters of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The six months ended June 30, 2023 had a net interest margin of 3.15% compared to 3.19% for the same period in 2022. The decrease in net interest margin for both periods was primarily due to the rising rate environment over the past 12 months as deposits reprice more quickly than loans.

The increase in market interest rates over the past year, with the federal funds rate rising to 5.25% as of June 30, 2023 versus 1.75% as of June 30, 2022, contributed to a decline in average non-interest bearing deposits and interest bearing transaction accounts, as shown in the tables above, offset by an increase in time deposits.

Average non-interest bearing deposits represented 16.2% of total deposits for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 compared to 27.3% for the quarter ending June 30, 2022, offset by an increase in higher cost time deposits. Similarly, average non-interest bearing deposits represented 17.7% of total deposits for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to 27.1% for the same period of 2022. Deposit costs increased across all interest-bearing account types.

Provision for Credit Losses

Prior to January 1, 2023, the allowance for credit losses was based on the then-applicable incurred loss model and represented an estimate of probable incurred losses in the loan portfolio and unfunded commitments at the end of each reporting period. Since the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2023, the allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of life of loan credit losses in the loan portfolio and unfunded loan commitments and debt securities. The allowance for unfunded commitments, which is included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, represents expected losses on unfunded loan commitments that are expected to result in outstanding loan balances. Management’s estimate of credit losses under CECL is determined using a model that relies on reasonable and supportable forecasts and historical loss information to determine the balance of the ACL and resulting provision for credit losses.

For the three months ended June 30, 2023, there was a provision expense of $22 thousand compared to $0.8 million for the comparable period in 2022. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, there was a provision expense of $2.5 million, which included a $2.0 million provision expense on the Signature subordinated debt in available-for-sale debt securities, compared to $59 thousand for the comparable period in 2022.

The provision for credit losses on loans was $0.5 million and $0.6 million for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to $0.8 million and $59 thousand for the comparable periods in 2022. Net charge-offs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 were $184 thousand and $349 thousand, respectively, compared to $16 thousand and $75 thousand for the three and six comparable periods of 2022, respectively. Our ACL on loans at June 30, 2023 was 1.08% of total loans held for investment compared to 1.03% as of December 31, 2022.

A recovery of provision of $0.5 million and $0.1 million related to unfunded commitments was recorded in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, related to the decrease in unfunded balances, changes in their composition, and other qualitative factors. The related ACL as a percentage of unfunded commitments decreased to 0.43% as of June 30, 2023 compared to 0.44% as of CECL adoption on January 1, 2023.

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The $2.0 million provision on available-for-sale securities related to expected credit losses on the Signature subordinated debt following its first quarter 2023 failure. A corresponding ACL is recorded on the balance sheet in available-for-sale debt securities. Should such expected credit losses have been experienced under the incurred loss model prior to our adoption of CECL on January 1, 2023, they would have been recorded in other noninterest expense as other than temporary impairment with no corresponding allowance on the balance sheet.

See “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — Note 3 — Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans” and Note 2 — "Securities" for additional information on our allowance for credit losses.

Noninterest Income

In addition to net interest income, we generate recurring noninterest income. Our banking operations generate revenue from service charges on deposit accounts, interchange and debit card transaction fees, originating and selling mortgage, commercial real estate and SBA loans, wealth management and gains (losses) on sales of securities. In addition to these types of recurring noninterest income, we own insurance on several key employees and record income within "Other noninterest income" based upon the increase in the cash surrender value of these policies.

The following table sets forth the principal components of noninterest income for the periods indicated.

						2023 - 2022							2023 - 2022
	Three Months Ended					Percent			Six Months Ended				Percent
	June 30,					Increase			June 30,				Increase
	2023		2022			(Decrease)			2023		2022		(Decrease)
Noninterest income:
Deposit service charges	$	1,264	$	1,182			6.9	%	$	2,632	$	2,324		13.3	%
Interchange and debit card transaction fees		1,060		1,336			(20.7	)%		2,098		2,558		(18.0	)%
Mortgage banking		955		1,705			(44.0	)%		2,248		3,671		(38.8	)%
Tri-Net		27		(73	)		(137.0	)%		27		2,098		(98.7	)%
Wealth management		426		459			(7.2	)%		800		899		(11.0	)%
SBA lending		977		273			257.9	%		2,068		494		318.6	%
Net gain on sale of securities		—		—			—			5		—		—
Other noninterest income		1,503		994			51.2	%		2,609		2,921		(10.7	)%
Total noninterest income	$	6,212	$	5,876			5.7	%	$	12,487	$	14,965		(16.6	)%

Deposit service charges increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same periods in 2022. These amounts originate from our commercial and consumer deposit accounts.

Interchange and debit card transaction fees fluctuate based upon transaction volumes, which were slightly lower for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022.

Mortgage banking income consists of fees and gains from the origination of loans in our markets that are subsequently sold to third-party investors. Generally, mortgage banking income increases in lower interest rate environments and more robust housing markets and declines in rising interest rate environments and more challenging housing markets. Mortgage banking income will fluctuate from period to period as the rate environment changes. The declines above are indicative of the mortgage market responding to the higher rate environment.

Tri-Net represents a line of business which generally originates and sells commercial real estate loans to third-party investors. All of these loan sales transfer servicing rights to the buyer. Tri-Net activity remained limited during the first half of 2023 as the Company assessed market pricing.

Noninterest income for SBA lending, which represents gains on sales of guaranteed portions of SBA loans, increased for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2023 when compared to the same periods in 2022 as the Company expanded the SBA team in the fourth quarter of 2022.

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Other noninterest income primarily consists of loan related fees, bank-owned life insurance, and other service-related fees. The three months ended June 30, 2023 had increased servicing income and loan fees when compared to the same period in 2022. When comparing the six months ended June 30, 2023 to the same period in 2022 the largest driver of the decline relates to $0.9 million in death benefit income from bank-owned life insurance policies for the six months ended June 30, 2022, with no such activity in 2023, offset by an increase in servicing income.

Noninterest Expense

The following table presents the primary components of noninterest expense for the periods indicated.

			2023 - 2022			2023 - 2022
	Three Months Ended		Percent	Six Months Ended		Percent
	June 30,		Increase	June 30,		Increase
	2023	2022	(Decrease)	2023	2022	(Decrease)
Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits	$10,533	$9,209	14.4%	$20,874	$19,478	7.2%
Data processing and software	3,294	2,847	15.7%	6,505	5,494	18.4%
Occupancy	1,097	1,076	2.0%	2,290	2,174	5.3%
Equipment	674	783	(13.9)%	1,496	1,492	0.3%
Professional services	899	506	77.7%	1,687	1,185	42.4%
Regulatory fees	419	265	58.1%	832	545	52.7%
Amortization of intangibles	368	430	(14.4)%	752	876	(14.2)%
Other operating	1,888	1,959	(3.6)%	3,790	3,566	6.3%
Total noninterest expense	$19,172	$17,075	12.3%	$38,226	$34,810	9.8%

Salaries and employee benefits expense increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same periods in 2022. At June 30, 2023, our associate base decreased to 381 compared to 391 at June 30, 2022.

Regulatory fees expenses increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same periods in 2022 as the FDIC increased assessment rates in the current year.

Our efficiency ratio was 66.61% and 56.32% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively, and 65.59% and 57.49% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 2022, respectively, with the increase being driven by the aforementioned noninterest expense factors combined with a decline in total revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 when compared to the same periods of 2022. The efficiency ratio is the ratio of noninterest expense to the sum of net interest income and noninterest income and measures the amount of expense that is incurred to generate a dollar of revenue.

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Income Tax Provision

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three month period ended June 30, 2023 declined to 18.6% compared to 19.6% for the three month period ended June 30, 2022 and decreased slightly from 19.6% to 19.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022.

The effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared favorably versus the statutory tax rate due to our investments in qualified municipal securities, tax benefits from our real estate investment trust, company owned life insurance, state tax credits, net of the effect of certain non-deductible expenses and the recognition of excess tax benefits related to stock compensation.

Financial Condition

Balance Sheet

Total assets increased $61.8 million, or 2.0%, from $3.12 billion on December 31, 2022 to $3.18 billion on June 30, 2023. Loans held for investment grew $46.1 million, or 2.0% when compared to December 31, 2022. Loans held for sale increased $4.2 million, or 9.4%, when compared to December 31, 2022.

Total liabilities increased $68.6 million, or 2.5%, from $2.76 billion on December 31, 2022 to $2.83 billion on June 30, 2023. Deposits increased $30.9 million, or 1.2%.

Loans

The composition of loans at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and the percentage of each classification to total loans are summarized as follows:

	June 30, 2023					December 31, 2022
	Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$	275,712		11.7	%	$	246,109		10.7	%
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		802,574		34.0	%		803,611		34.7	%
Consumer real estate		429,517		18.2	%		402,615		17.4	%
Construction and land development		230,859		9.8	%		229,972		9.9	%
Commercial and industrial		518,136		22.0	%		496,347		21.5	%
Consumer		52,759		2.2	%		53,382		2.3	%
Other		49,371		2.1	%		80,762		3.5	%
Total loans	$	2,358,928		100.0	%	$	2,312,798		100.0	%

Our principal market for lending is the State of Tennessee and adjacent states that can be effectively accessed from our banking offices. Our target borrower profile includes consumers, small to medium sized businesses, professional firms, real estate investors and developers, and their owners and managers. Our growth since 2018 has been concentrated in borrowers meeting that profile. Our primary competition is community, regional, and national banks operating in our primary markets. In seeking customer banking relationships, we rely on a model of delivering services through a qualified banker meeting all the banking service needs of the business and its primary stakeholders.

At June 30, 2023, our loan portfolio composition remained relatively consistent versus December 31, 2022. In the quarter ended June 30, 2022 we curtailed commercial real estate lending given the potential macroeconomic environment and funding trends. Our loan growth since inception has been reflective of the target market that we serve. The commercial real estate category includes owner-occupied and non-owner occupied properties. The repayment of owner-occupied properties is largely dependent on the operations of the tenant, while non-owner occupied properties is dependent upon the operation, refinance, or sale of the underlying real estate.

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Non-Performing Loans and Assets

Information summarizing non-performing assets, including non-accrual loans follows:

	June 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Non-accrual loans:
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$	4,913		$	4,982
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		451			—
Consumer real estate		1,977			456
Construction and land development		6			8
Commercial and industrial		3,851			4,065
Consumer		18			54
Other		1			—
PCI (Under incurred loss methodology)		—			1,149
Total non-accrual loans	$	11,217		$	10,714
Non-performing loans		11,217			10,714
Other real estate owned		11			—
Non-performing assets	$	11,228		$	10,714
Non-performing loans to loans held for investment		0.48	%		0.46	%
Non-performing assets to total assets		0.35	%		0.34	%

Non-performing loans to total loans increased to 0.48% at June 30, 2023 compared to 0.46% at December 31, 2022. The balance in non-accrual loans is principally related to two relationships that total $8.0 million. These loans are made up of one loan totaling $3.3 million which has a 90% SBA guaranty of $3.0 million and a specific reserve of $0.2 million as well as a relationship of $4.9 million with no specific reserve.

Allocation of ACL

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	Amount	Percent	Amount	Percent
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$2,362	9.3%	$1,967	8.2%
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	6,907	27.0%	5,967	25.1%
Consumer real estate	3,811	14.9%	3,153	13.2%
Construction and land development	3,949	15.5%	3,830	16.1%
Commercial and industrial	5,998	23.5%	7,654	32.2%
Consumer	1,501	5.9%	430	1.8%
Other	996	3.9%	805	3.4%
Total loans	$25,524	100.00%	$23,806	100.00%

Securities

The composition of securities at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost	Fair Value	Amortized Cost	Fair Value
Securities available-for-sale:
U. S. government agency securities	$13,545	$11,856	$14,537	$12,902
State and municipal securities	76,818	68,829	77,562	68,312
Mortgage-backed securities	285,138	231,429	300,488	244,828
Asset-backed securities	3,186	3,108	3,332	3,270
Other debt securities	64,774	58,040	70,542	67,104
Total	$443,461	$373,262	$466,461	$396,416
Securities held-to-maturity:
State and municipal securities	$—	$—	$1,240	$1,240
Total	$443,461	$373,262	$467,701	$397,656

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Our investment securities had a fair value of $373.3 million at June 30, 2023 compared to $397.7 million at December 31, 2023. The Company recorded a provision for credit loss on available-for-sale securities and a corresponding ACL of $2.0 million during the first quarter of 2023 related to ownership in Signature subordinated debt securities which, following Signature's first quarter failure, were deemed to have significant credit losses and no probable recovery. The Company has performed an assessment of its corporate debt securities which is largely made up of other financial institution investment grade subordinated debt based on various factors including liquidity and soundness of the underlying financial institution and credit rating and no other such credit losses are expected to be present in the Company's portfolio as of June 30, 2023.

Deposits

The composition of deposits at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and the percentage of each classification to total deposits are summarized as follows:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	Amount	Percent	Amount	Percent
Noninterest-bearing	$414,828	15.3%	$512,076	19.1%
Interest-bearing	872,882	32.2%	749,857	28.0%
Savings and money market accounts	571,117	21.1%	709,190	26.5%
Time	851,932	31.4%	708,696	26.4%
Total deposits	$2,710,759	100.0%	$2,679,819	100.0%

Deposits have increased $30.9 million or, 2.4% when annualized, to $2.71 billion as of June 30, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022. This increase is driven by our interest-bearing transaction accounts and time deposit accounts and partially offset by decreases in our non-interest bearing and savings and money market accounts.

Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk

Managing interest rate risk is fundamental for the financial services industry. The primary objective of interest rate risk management is to mitigate effects of interest rate changes on net income. By considering both on and off-balance sheet financial instruments, management evaluates interest rate sensitivity while attempting to optimize net interest income within the constraints of prudent capital adequacy, liquidity needs, and customer requirements.

Interest Rate Simulation Sensitivity Analysis

We use earnings at risk, or EAR, simulations to assess the impact of changing rates on earnings under a variety of scenarios and time horizons. The simulation model is designed to reflect the dynamics of interest earning assets, interest bearing liabilities and off-balance sheet financial instruments. These simulations utilize both instantaneous and parallel changes in the level of interest rates, as well as non-parallel changes such as changing slopes and twists of the yield curve. Static simulation models are based on current exposures and assume a constant balance sheet with no growth. By estimating the effects of interest rate increases and decreases, the model can reveal approximate interest rate risk exposure. The simulation model is used by management to gauge approximate results given a specific change in interest rates at a given point in time. The model is therefore a tool to indicate earnings trends in given interest rate scenarios and does not indicate actual expected results.

At June 30, 2023, our EAR static simulation results indicated that our net interest income over the next year is estimated to benefit modestly from further rate increases while being adversely impacted by falling interest rates. This indicates that our assets generally reprice faster than our liabilities, which results in a favorable impact to net interest income when market interest rates increase and an unfavorable impact to net interest income when market interest rates decline. Many assumptions are used to calculate the impact of interest rate fluctuations on our net interest income, such as asset prepayments, non-maturity deposit price sensitivity, and key rate drivers. Because of the inherent use of these estimates and assumptions in the model, our actual results may, and most likely will, differ from our static EAR results. In addition, static EAR results do not include actions that our management may undertake to manage the risks in response to anticipated changes in interest rates or client behavior. For example, as part of our asset/liability management

43

strategy, management has the ability to increase asset duration and/or decrease liability duration in order to reduce asset sensitivity, or to decrease asset duration and/or increase liability duration in order to increase asset sensitivity.

The following table illustrates the results of our EAR analysis regarding the extent to which our net interest income over the next 12 months would change if prevailing interest rates increased or decreased immediately by the specified amounts.

	Net interest income change
Increase 300bp	7.3%
Increase 200bp	4.0%
Increase 100bp	1.9
Decrease 100bp	(2.2)
Decrease 200bp	(4.3)
Decrease 300bp	(6.0)

Liquidity

Liquidity risk is the risk that we will be unable to meet our obligations as they become due because of an inability to liquidate assets or obtain adequate funding. Management has established a comprehensive process for identifying, measuring, monitoring and controlling liquidity risk. Because of its critical importance to the viability of the Bank, liquidity risk management is fully integrated into our risk management processes. Critical elements of our liquidity risk management include: effective corporate governance consisting of oversight by the board of directors and active involvement by management; appropriate strategies, policies, procedures, and limits used to manage and mitigate liquidity risk; comprehensive liquidity risk measurement and monitoring systems (including assessments of the current and prospective cash flows or sources and uses of funds) that are commensurate with the complexity and business activities of the Bank; active management of intraday liquidity and collateral; an appropriately diverse mix of funding sources; adequate levels of highly liquid marketable securities free of legal, regulatory, or operational impediments, that can be used to meet liquidity needs in stressful situations; comprehensive contingency funding plans that sufficiently address potential adverse liquidity events and emergency cash flow requirements; and internal controls and internal audit processes sufficient to determine the adequacy of the institution’s liquidity risk management process.

The role of liquidity management is to ensure funds are available to meet depositors’ withdrawal and borrowers’ credit demands while at the same time maximizing profitability. This is accomplished by balancing changes in demand for funds with changes in the supply of those funds. Liquidity is provided by short-term liquid assets that can be converted to cash, investment securities available-for-sale, various lines of credit, and the ability to attract funds from external sources, principally deposits.

Overall liquidity sources total $1.5 billion as of June 30, 2023. Our most liquid assets are comprised of cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits in financial institutions, available-for-sale marketable investment securities and federal funds sold. Interest-bearing deposits in financial institutions totaled $139.7 million at June 30, 2023, representing an increase of $34.2 million from December 31, 2022. The fair value of the available-for-sale investment portfolio was $373.3 million at June 30, 2023, a decrease of $23.1 million from December 31, 2022. We pledge portions of our investment securities portfolio to secure public fund deposits, derivative positions and Federal Home Loan Bank advances. At June 30, 2023, total investment securities pledged for these purposes comprised 46% of the estimated fair value of the investment portfolio, leaving $172.8 million of unpledged securities. Other sources of funds available to meet daily needs include $473.3 million of borrowing capacity from the FHLB of Cincinnati, $314.8 million of borrowing capacity from the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta’s discount window and federal funds lines with correspondent banks totaling $115.0 million at June 30, 2023. We also have the ability to issue an additional $137.1 million of brokered CDs based on internal limits and $55.0 million of additional funding capacity through the Federal Reserve's Bank Term Funding Program.

The Company has a diversified deposit portfolio comprised 85% of customer deposits and 15% of brokered deposits. Correspondent Banking customers account for 11.3% of customer deposits. As of June 30, 2023 75.5% of deposits were insured or collateralized.

We have a large base of non-maturity customer deposits, defined as demand, savings, and money market deposit accounts. At June 30, 2023, such deposits totaled $1.9 billion and represented approximately 69% of our total deposits.

The principal source of cash for CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) is dividends paid to it as the sole shareholder of the Bank. At June 30, 2023, the Bank was able to pay up to $93.9 million in dividends to the Parent Company without regulatory approval subject to the ongoing capital requirements of the Bank.

Accordingly, management currently believes that our funding sources are at sufficient levels to satisfy our short-term and long-term liquidity needs.

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Capital Resources

At June 30, 2023, shareholders’ equity remained relatively stable at $347.5 million. The increases due to net income and other comprehensive income were offset by the impact of CECL adoption on January 1, 2023 as well as dividend payments and share repurchases. As of June 30, 2023, the Company and the Bank were well-capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In the normal course of business, we enter into various transactions that, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, are not included in our consolidated balance sheet. We enter into these transactions to meet the financing needs of our clients. These transactions include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in our consolidated balance sheets. Most of these commitments mature within two years and are expected to expire without being drawn upon. Standby letters of credit are included in the determination of the amount of risk-based capital that the Company and the Bank are required to hold.

We enter into contractual loan commitments to extend credit, normally with fixed expiration dates or termination clauses, at specified rates and for specific purposes. Substantially all of our commitments to extend credit are contingent upon clients maintaining specific credit standards until the time of loan funding.

Standby letters of credit are written conditional commitments issued by us to guarantee the performance of a client to a third party. In the event that the client does not perform in accordance with the terms of the agreement with the third party, we would be required to fund the commitment. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make is represented by the contractual amount of the commitment. If the commitment is funded, we would be entitled to seek recovery from the client. Our policies generally require that standby letter of credit arrangements contain security and debt covenants similar to those contained in loan agreements.

We minimize our exposure to loss under loan commitments and standby letters of credit by subjecting them to the same credit approval and monitoring procedures as we do for on-balance sheet instruments. We assess the credit risk associated with certain commitments to extend credit and establish a liability for expected credit losses. The effect on our revenue, expenses, cash flows and liquidity of the unused portions of these commitments cannot be reasonably predicted because there is no guarantee that the lines of credit will be used.

Our off-balance sheet arrangements are summarized in Note 6 of the consolidated financial statements.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This Report includes the following financial measures that have been prepared other than in accordance with U.S. GAAP (“non-GAAP financial measures”): tangible book value per share; tangible book value per share of common stock less after-tax unrealized available for sale investment losses; tangible common equity to tangible assets and tangible common equity; to tangible assets less after-tax unrealized available for sale investment losses. The Company believes that these non-GAAP financial measures (i) provide useful information to management and investors that is supplementary to its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP, (ii) enable a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting the Company’s business, and (iii) allow investors to evaluate the Company’s performance in a manner similar to management, the financial services industry, bank stock analysts and bank regulators; however, the Company acknowledges that its non-GAAP financial measures have a number of limitations. As such, you should not view these disclosures as a substitute for results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and they are not necessarily comparable to non-GAAP financial measures that other companies use.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of the non-GAAP measures referenced above to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures.

	For the three months ended		For the six months ended
	6/30/2023	6/30/2022	6/30/2023	6/30/2022
Tangible book value per share of common stock
Book value per share of common stock (GAAP)	$16.64	$16.31	$16.64	$16.31
Effect of goodwill and other intangibles	(2.17)	(2.14)	(2.17)	(2.14)
Tangible book value per share of common stock	$14.47	$14.17	$14.47	$14.17
Tangible book value per share of common stock less after-tax unrealized available for sale investment losses
Tangible book value per share of common stock	$14.47	$14.17	$14.47	$14.17
Effect of after-tax unrealized losses	2.48	1.69	2.48	1.69
Tangible book value per share of common stock less after-tax unrealized available for sale investment losses	$16.95	$15.86	$16.95	$15.86
Tangible common equity to tangible assets
Equity to Assets (GAAP)	10.93%	11.55%	10.93%	11.55%
Effect of goodwill and other intangibles	(1.29)%	(1.36)%	(1.29)%	(1.36)%
Tangible common equity to tangible assets	9.64%	10.19%	9.64%	10.19%
Tangible common equity to tangible assets less after-tax unrealized available for sale investment losses
Tangible common equity to tangible assets	9.64%	10.19%	9.64%	10.19%
Effect of after-tax unrealized losses	1.47%	1.08%	1.47%	1.08%
Tangible common equity to tangible assets less after-tax unrealized available for sale investment losses	11.11%	11.27%	11.11%	11.27%

Impact of Inflation

The consolidated financial statements and related consolidated financial data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and practices within the banking industry which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on a financial institution's performance than the effects of general levels of inflation.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

There have been no material changes in our market risk as of June 30, 2023 from that presented in our 2022 10-K. Information about our interest rate sensitivity is included in “Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Interest Rate Simulation Sensitivity Analysis” of this Report and incorporated herein by this reference.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company, with the participation of its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Report. Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)) that occurred during the period covered by this Report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of business, the Holding Company and the Bank are parties to various legal proceedings. Additionally, in the ordinary course of business, the Holding Company and the Bank are subject to regulatory examinations and investigations. Based on our current knowledge and advice of counsel, in the opinion of management there is no such pending or threatened legal matter which would result in a material adverse effect upon our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
 

Items 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors set forth in the "Risk Factors" section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table shows information relating to the repurchase of shares of common stock by the Company during the three months ended June 30, 2023.

	Total number of shares purchased		Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plan (1)		Maximum remaining dollar value of shares that may be purchased under the plan
April 1 - April 30		199,445	$	14.26		199,445	$2.29 million
May 1 -May 31		199,696		12.54		199,696	$19.76 million
June 1 - June 30		54,681		13.09		54,681	$19.05 million
Total		453,822	$	13.36		453,822	$19.05 million

(1) On May 25, 2023 the board of directors approved an update to the Company’s share repurchase program which authorized the Company to repurchase up to $20 million of shares of common stock after the previous $10 million program was completed. The plan will terminate on the earlier of the date on which the maximum authorized dollar amount of shares of common stock has been repurchased or January 31, 2024.  

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Description
3.1	Charter of CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File Number 333-213367) filed on August 29, 2016)
3.2	Articles of Amendment to the Charter of CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 29, 2020)
3.3	Amended and Restated Bylaws of CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 28, 2019)
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer of CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended.
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer of CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended.
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer of CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended.
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer of CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended.
101	Interactive data files for Capstar Financial Holdings, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited); (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited); (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited); (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (unaudited); (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited); and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited).
104	The cover page from Capstar Financial Holdings, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 (formatted in Inline XBRL and included in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

CAPSTAR FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
By:	/s/ Michael J Fowler
	Michael J. Fowler
	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Date:	August 7, 2023

By:	/s/ Alison L. Jefferson
	Alison L. Jefferson
	Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)
Date:	August 7, 2023

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