	2021		2020		2019
Amount charged to expense	$	195	$	146	$	121
Amount capitalized		6		9		13
	$	201	$	155	$	134

	2021			2020			2019
Equity (gain) loss	$	(105	)	$	46		$	49
Foreign currency losses, net		3			20			16
Net gain from asset sales		(354	)		(173	)		(3	)
Net (gain) loss on mark-to-market derivative instruments (P)		(25	)		11			(1	)
Non-service costs – pension and OPEB (O)		47			108			117
Other, net		(11	)		(4	)		(16	)
	$	(445	)	$	8		$	162

In 2021, Net gain from asset sales of $354 was primarily related to the sales of the Rockdale site, the Eastalco site, and the Warrick Rolling Mill (see Note C). In 2020, Net gain from asset sales included a $181 gain related to the sale of EES (see Note C).

December 31,	2021		2020
Gas supply prepayment (S)	$	377	$	439
Prepaid gas transmission contract		304		315
Value-added tax credits		215		134
Deferred mining costs, net		149		136
Prepaid pension benefit (O)		164		—
Goodwill (L)		144		145
Noncurrent restricted cash (see below)		106		—
Noncurrent prepaid tax asset (S)		78		82
Intangibles, net (L)		35		45
Other		92		148
	$	1,664	$	1,444

Prepaid gas transmission contract—As part of a previous sale transaction of an equity investment, Alcoa maintained access to approximately 30% of the Dampier to Bunbury Natural Gas Pipeline transmission capacity in Western Australia for gas supply to three alumina refineries. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, AofA had an asset of $304 and $315, respectively, representing prepayments made under the agreement for future gas transmission services.

Value-added tax credits—The Value-added tax (VAT) credits (federal and state) relate to two of the Company’s subsidiaries in Brazil, AWAB and Alumínio, concerning the São Luís smelter and refinery and the Juruti mine. This refinery pays VAT on the purchase of goods and services used in the alumina production process. The credits generally can be utilized to offset the VAT charged on domestic sales of alumina and aluminum.

In March 2021, the Brazil Federal Supreme Court provided clarification on an earlier ruling that found the inclusion of state VAT within the federal VAT tax base to be unconstitutional. After receiving further clarification from the court in August 2021, the Company finalized the amount of its recovery claim and submitted the claim to the tax authorities in the fourth quarter and received acknowledgment of the claim in January 2022. As a result, in the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company recorded $95 of additional VAT credits in Other noncurrent assets, $47 payable to Arconic Corporation within Other noncurrent liabilities, $34 in Sales, and $14 of interest income within Other (income) expenses, net. The amount due to Arconic Corporation represents VAT payments related to an Arconic subsidiary previously owned by Aluminio for a portion of the claim years and covered under agreements related to the Separation Transaction (see Note A).

In the fourth quarter of 2018, as a result of an assessment on the future realizability of the state VAT credits, management established an allowance on the accumulated state VAT credit balances and recorded a $107 charge in Restructuring and other charges, net, on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. While the Company retains the ability to utilize the state credits in the future, the restart of the Alumar smelter in São Luís, Brazil provided the only practical opportunity to monetize these credits. In 2021, the Company announced its plan to restart its 268 kmt per year share of capacity at the Alumar smelter, which had been fully curtailed since 2015. The smelter restart began in late 2021 and is expected to be operational at full capacity in the fourth quarter of 2022. Once smelter domestic sales start in mid-2022 and VAT credits are realized, the Company expects to reverse the initial valuation allowance with a credit to Restructuring and other charges, net and reverse the subsequent additions to the valuation allowance with a credit to Cost of goods sold (same account as when incurred).

December 31,	2021		2020
Noncurrent accrued tax liability (S)	$	174	$	169
Accrued compensation and retirement costs		120		116
Operating lease obligations (T)		64		82
Deferred carbon dioxide emission credits		54		56
Value-added tax credits payable to Arconic Corporation		47		—
Noncurrent restructuring reserve (D)		44		1
Deferred alumina sales revenue		36		45
Noncurrent site separation reserve (C)		26		—
Other		34		46
	$	599	$	515

Other noncurrent liabilities related to the Warrick Rolling Mill were excluded from the December 31, 2020 balances in the above table due to the sale of the rolling mill and were reclassified to Liabilities held for sale (see Note C).

Deferred carbon dioxide emission credits—Deferred credits relate to cash received for carbon dioxide emissions related to the San Ciprián smelter ($40) and refinery ($6), as well as the divested Avilés and La Coruña facilities ($8), from a governmental agency in Spain. The terms of the credits require the Company to comply with certain conditions for a period of three years. These deferred credits will be recognized as a reduction to Cost of goods sold once it is determined to be probable the Company will satisfy all conditions. Should the Company not meet all conditions during the three-year period, the credits will be repaid to the governmental agency.

Value-added tax credits payable to Arconic Corporation—See, Other noncurrent assets—Value-added tax credits, above.

December 31,	2021		2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,814	$	1,607
Current restricted cash		4		3
Noncurrent restricted cash		106		—
	$	1,924	$	1,610

Current restricted cash amounts are reported in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. Noncurrent restricted cash amounts are reported in Other noncurrent assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet.

On December 29, 2021, the Company announced the two-year curtailment of the San Ciprián aluminum smelter in Spain. As a result of the agreement reached between Alcoa and the San Ciprián workers’ representatives, the Company has restricted cash of $103 to be made available in the future to cover capital expenditures and future restart costs associated with the planned restart at the end of the curtailment period, expected to begin in January 2024.

	2021		2020		2019
Interest, net of amount capitalized	$	191	$	135	$	113
Income taxes, net of amount refunded		152		183		732