Restructuring and other charges for each year in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 were comprised of the following:

	2018			2017			2016
Settlements and/or curtailments related to retirement benefits (N)	$	331		$	8		$	17
Allowance on value-added tax credits (S)		107			—			—
Power contract payments – non-recurring		62			244			—
Asset impairments		18			40			155
Asset retirement obligations (Q)		5			10			97
Environmental remediation (R)		2			8			26
Layoff costs		2			15			15
Legal matter in Italy (R)		—			(22	)		—
Other		48			49			44
Reversals of previously recorded layoff and other costs		(48	)		(43	)		(36	)
Restructuring and other charges	$	527		$	309		$	318

^*	In 2016, Other includes $1 related to the allocation of restructuring charges to Alcoa Corporation from ParentCo (see Note A).

Layoff costs were recorded based on approved detailed action plans submitted by the operating locations that specified positions to be eliminated, benefits to be paid under existing severance plans, union contracts or statutory requirements, and the expected timetable for completion of the plans.

2018 Actions. In 2018, Alcoa Corporation recorded Restructuring and other charges of $527, which were comprised of the following components: $331 (net) related to settlements and curtailments of certain pension and other postretirement employee benefits (see Note N); $107 to establish an allowance on certain value-added tax credits related to the Company’s operations in Brazil (see Note S); $86 for additional costs related to the curtailed Wenatchee (Washington) smelter, including $73 associated with 2018 management decisions (see below); a $15 net benefit related to the Portovesme (Italy) smelter, composed of a $38 reversal and a $23 charge (see “Italy 148” in the Litigation section of Note R); and an $18 net charge for other items.

In June 2018, management decided not to restart the fully curtailed Wenatchee smelter within the term provided in the related electricity supply agreement. Alcoa Corporation was therefore required to make a $62 payment to the energy supplier under the provisions of the agreement. Additionally, management decided to permanently close one (38 kmt) of the four potlines at this smelter. This potline has not operated since 2001 and the investments needed to restart this line are cost prohibitive. The remaining three curtailed potlines have a capacity of 146 kmt. In connection with these decisions, the Company recognized a charge of $73, composed of the $62 payment, $10 for asset impairments, and $1 for asset retirement obligations triggered by the decision to decommission the potline.

2017 Actions. In 2017, Alcoa Corporation recorded Restructuring and other charges of $309, which were comprised of the following components: $244 related to the early termination of a power contract (see below); $49 for exit costs related to a decision to permanently close and demolish a smelter (see below); $41 for additional contract costs related to the curtailed Wenatchee and São Luís (Brazil) smelters; $22 for layoff costs, including the separation of approximately 130 employees (115 in the Aluminum segment), mostly for voluntary separation programs; a $22 reversal to reduce a reserve previously established at the end of 2015 related to a legal matter in Italy (see “Italy 148” in the Litigation section of Note R); an $18 net charge for other items, including the relocation of the Company’s headquarters and principal executive office from New York, New York to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and a $43 reversal associated with several reserves related to prior periods (see below).

In October 2017, Alcoa Corporation and Luminant Generation Company LLC (Luminant) executed an early termination agreement of a power contract, as well as other related fuel and lease agreements, effective October 1, 2017, related to the Company’s Rockdale (Texas) smelter, which has been fully curtailed since the end of 2008. In accordance with the terms of the early termination agreement, Alcoa made a cash payment of $238 and transferred approximately 2,200 acres of related land and other assets and liabilities to Luminant (net asset carrying value of $6).

Since the curtailment of the Rockdale smelter, the Company had been selling surplus electricity into the energy market. The power contract was set to expire no earlier than 2038, except for limited circumstances in which one or both parties could elect to early terminate without penalty for which conditions had never been met. In 2017 (through September 30) and 2016, Alcoa Corporation recognized $105 and $141, respectively, in Sales and $148 and $210, respectively, in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations related to the sale of the surplus electricity and the cost of the Luminant power contract.

As a result of the early termination of the power contract, Alcoa initiated a strategic review of the remaining buildings and equipment associated with the smelter, casthouse, and the aluminum powder plant at the Rockdale location. ParentCo previously decided to curtail the operating capacity of the Rockdale smelter in 2008 as a result of an uncompetitive power supply and then-overall unfavorable market conditions. Under this review, which was completed in December 2017, management determined that the Rockdale operations have limited economic prospects. Consequently, management approved the permanent closure and demolition of the Rockdale smelter (capacity of 191 kmt-per-year) and related operations effective immediately. Demolition and remediation activities related to this action began in 2018 and are expected to be completed by the end of 2022. Separately, the Company continues to own more than 30,000 acres of land surrounding the Rockdale operations.

In 2017, costs related to this decision included asset impairments of $32, representing the write-off of the remaining book value of all related properties, plants, and equipment; $1 for the layoff of approximately 10 employees (Corporate); and $16 in other costs. Additionally in 2017, remaining inventories, mostly operating supplies and raw materials, were written down to their net realizable value, resulting in a charge of $6, which was recorded in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. The other costs of $16 represent $8 in asset retirement obligations and $8 in environmental remediation, both of which were triggered by the decisions to permanently close and demolish the Rockdale facilities.

In July 2017, Alcoa Corporation announced plans to restart three (capacity of 161 kmt-per-year) of the five potlines (capacity of 269 kmt-per-year) at the Warrick (Indiana) smelter. This smelter was previously permanently closed in March 2016 by ParentCo (see 2016 Actions below). The capacity identified for restart will directly supply the existing rolling mill at the Warrick location to improve efficiency of the integrated site and provide an additional source of metal to help meet an anticipated increase in production volumes. As a result of the decision to reopen this smelter, in 2017, Alcoa Corporation reversed $33 in remaining liabilities related to the original closure decision. These liabilities consisted of $20 in asset retirement obligations and $4 in environmental remediation obligations, which were necessary due to the previous decision to demolish the smelter, and $9 in severance and contract termination costs. Additionally, the carrying value of the smelter and related assets was reduced to zero as the smelter ramped down between the permanent closure decision date (end of 2015) and the end of March 2016. Once these assets are placed back into service in conjunction with the restart, their carrying value will remain zero. As such, only newly acquired or constructed assets related to the Warrick smelter will be depreciated.

As of December 31, 2018, the separations associated with 2017 restructuring programs were essentially complete. In 2018 and 2017, cash payments of $3 and $9, respectively, were made against layoff reserves related to 2017 restructuring programs.

2016 Actions. In 2016, Alcoa Corporation recorded Restructuring and other charges of $318, which were comprised of the following components: $131 for exit costs related to a decision to permanently close and demolish a refinery (see below); $87 for additional net costs related to decisions made in late 2015 to permanently close and demolish the Warrick smelter and to curtail both the Wenatchee smelter and Point Comfort (Texas) refinery; $72 for the impairment of an interest in gas exploration assets in Western Australia (see below); $32 for layoff costs related to cost reduction initiatives, including the separation of approximately 75 employees (60 in the Aluminum segment and 15 in the Bauxite segment) and related pension settlement costs (see Note N); an $8 net charge for other items; and a $12 reversal associated with a number of small layoff reserves related to prior periods.

In December 2016, management approved the permanent closure of the Suralco refinery (capacity of 2,207 kmt-per-year) in Suriname. The Suralco refinery had been fully curtailed since November 2015. Management of ParentCo decided to curtail the remaining operating capacity of the Suralco refinery during 2015 in an effort to improve the position of ParentCo’s refining operations on the global alumina cost curve. Since that time, management of ParentCo (through October 31, 2016) and then separately management of Alcoa Corporation (from November 1, 2016 through the end of 2016) had been in discussions with the Government of the Republic of Suriname to determine the best long-term solution for Suralco due to limited bauxite reserves and the absence of a long-term energy alternative. The decision to permanently close the Suralco refinery was based on the ultimate conclusion of those discussions. Demolition and remediation activities related to this action began in 2017 and are expected to be completed by the end of 2022. The related bauxite mines in Suriname will also be permanently closed while the hydroelectric facility that supplied power to the Suralco refinery, known as Afobaka, will continue to operate and supply power to the Government of the Republic of Suriname.

In 2016, costs related to the closure and curtailment actions included accelerated depreciation of $70 related to the Warrick smelter as it continued to operate through March 2016; asset impairments of $16, representing the write-off of the remaining book value of various assets; a reversal of $24 associated with severance costs initially recorded in late 2015; and $156 in other costs. Additionally in 2016, remaining inventories, mostly operating supplies and raw materials, were written down to their net realizable value, resulting in a charge of $5, which was recorded in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. The other costs of $156 represent $94 in asset retirement obligations and $26 in environmental remediation, both of which were triggered by the decisions to permanently close and demolish the Suralco refinery (includes the rehabilitation of related bauxite mines) and the rehabilitation of a coal mine related to the Warrick smelter, $32 for contract terminations, and $4 in other related costs.

Also in December 2016, management of Alcoa Corporation concluded that an interest in certain gas exploration assets in Western Australia has been impaired. AofA owns an interest in a gas exploration project (relinquished in June 2018) that was initially entered into in 2007 as a potential source of low-cost gas to supply AofA’s refineries in Western Australia. This interest, now at 43% (as of December 31, 2016), relates to four separate gas wells. In late 2016, AofA received the results of a technical analysis performed earlier in the year for two of the wells and an updated analysis for a third well that concluded that the cost of gas recovery would be significantly higher than the market price of gas. For the fourth well, the results of a technical analysis performed prior to 2016 indicated that the cost of gas recovery would be lower than the market price of gas and, therefore, would require additional investment to move to the next phase of commercial evaluation, which management previously supported. In late 2016, management re-evaluated its options related to the fourth well and decided it is not economical to make such a commitment for the foreseeable future. As a result, AofA fully impaired its $72 interest.

As of June 30, 2017, the separations associated with 2016 restructuring programs were essentially complete. In 2017 and 2016, cash payments of $2 and $7, respectively, were made against layoff reserves related to 2016 restructuring programs.

Alcoa Corporation does not include Restructuring and other charges in the results of its reportable segments. The impact of allocating such charges to segment results would have been as follows:

	2018		2017		2016
Bauxite	$	1	$	2	$	(5	)
Alumina		112		3		72
Aluminum		102		51		75
Segment total		215		56		142
Corporate		312		253		176
Total restructuring and other charges	$	527	$	309	$	318

	Layoff costs			Other costs			Total
Reserve balances at December 31, 2015	$	137		$	15		$	152
2016:
Cash payments		(74	)		(35	)		(109	)
Restructuring charges		32			168			200
Other*		(57	)		(120	)		(177	)
Reserve balances at December 31, 2016		38			28			66
2017:
Cash payments		(30	)		(43	)		(73	)
Restructuring charges		23			67			90
Other*		(20	)		(18	)		(38	)
Reserve balances at December 31, 2017		11			34			45
2018:
Cash payments		(7	)		(95	)		(102	)
Restructuring charges		2			117			119
Other*		(1	)		(14	)		(15	)
Reserve balances at December 31, 2018	$	5		$	42		$	47

Other includes reversals of previously recorded restructuring charges and the effects of foreign currency translation. In 2017 and 2016, Other for Layoff costs also included a reclassification of $8 and $16 in pension and/or other postretirement benefits costs, as these obligations were included in Alcoa Corporation’s separate liability for pension and other postretirement benefits obligations (see Note N). Additionally, in 2018, 2017, and 2016, Other for Other costs also included a reclassification of the following restructuring charges: $5, $10, and $97, respectively, in asset retirement and $2, $8, and $26, respectively, in environmental obligations, as these liabilities were included in Alcoa Corporation’s separate reserves for asset retirement obligations (see Note Q) and environmental remediation (see Note R).

The remaining reserves are expected to be paid in cash during 2019, with the exception of $9, of which $8 is expected to be paid in 2020 related to the Portovesme smelter (see “Italy 148” in the Litigation section of Note R).