Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

N. Income Taxes – Alcoa Corporation’s estimated annualized effective tax rate (AETR) for 2025 as of June 30, 2025 differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to income in certain jurisdictions with full valuation allowances resulting in no incremental tax expense, partially offset by income in foreign jurisdictions with higher statutory tax rates.

	Six months ended June 30,
	2025				2024
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	829			$	(233	)
Estimated annualized effective tax rate		15.5		%		105.1		%
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	128			$	(245	)
(Favorable) unfavorable tax impact related to losses in jurisdictions with no tax benefit		(4	)			288
Discrete tax expense		6				—
Provision for income taxes	$	130			$	43

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA) contains a number of tax credits and other incentives for investments in renewable energy production, carbon capture, and other climate-related actions, as well as the production of critical minerals. In December 2023, the U.S. Treasury issued guidance on Section 45X of the Advanced Manufacturing Tax Credit. The Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (the Proposed Regulations) clarified that commercial grade aluminum is included in the definition of aluminum eligible for the credit, which was designed to incentivize domestic production of critical materials important for the transition to clean energy.

On October 24, 2024, the U.S. Treasury finalized the Proposed Regulations under Section 45X with important modifications including the ability to include the cost of certain direct and indirect materials in the cost base of the credit. The Proposed Regulation on the definition of aluminum was not finalized; however, management believes that commercial grade aluminum continues to qualify for the Section 45X credit. In the Preamble to the Final Regulations, the U.S. Treasury indicated it will finalize the definition at a later date. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) was enacted on July 4, 2025, which set a progressive phase-out of Section 45X credits beginning in 2031 and fully eliminates these credits beginning in 2034. Previously under the IRA, there was no phase out for critical materials, including aluminum. The Company is currently evaluating the OBBBA and does not expect other provisions of this legislation will have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In the second quarter and six-month period of 2025, the Company recorded benefits related to the Section 45X credits of $17 and $31 in Cost of goods sold, respectively, for its Massena West smelter (New York) and its Warrick smelter (Indiana). In the second quarter and six-month period of 2024, the Company recorded benefits of $10 and $20 in Cost of goods sold, respectively, related to its Massena West smelter and its Warrick smelter. As of June 30, 2025, benefits of $36 were included in Other receivables and $102 were included in Other noncurrent assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of December 31, 2024, benefits of $36 were included in Other receivables and $71 were included in Other noncurrent assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

ANHBV has a full valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets, which was established in 2016, as the Company believes it is more likely than not that these tax benefits will not be realized. The majority of ANHBV’s net deferred tax assets relate to prior net operating losses and interest expense; the loss carryforwards are not subject to an expiration period. If ANHBV continues to demonstrate sustained profitability, management may conclude that ANHBV’s deferred tax assets related to loss carryforwards may be realized, resulting in a future reversal of the related valuation allowance, generating a non-cash benefit in the period recorded. ANHBV’s net deferred tax assets related to loss carryforwards, excluding the valuation allowance, were $111 as of June 30, 2025.

Alcoa World Alumina Brasil Ltda. (AWAB) has a full valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets, which was established in 2023, as the Company believes it is more likely than not that these tax benefits will not be realized. The majority of AWAB’s net deferred tax assets relate to prior net operating losses; the loss carryforwards are not subject to an expiration period. If AWAB continues to demonstrate sustained profitability, management may conclude that AWAB’s deferred tax assets may be realized, resulting in a future reversal of the valuation allowance, generating a non-cash benefit in the period recorded. AWAB’s net deferred tax assets, excluding the valuation allowance, were $121 as of June 30, 2025.