10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to ___________

Commission file number 333-211719

ASHLAND INC.

Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 81-2587835 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

8145 Blazer Drive

Wilmington, Delaware 19808

Telephone Number (302) 995-3000

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $.01 per share	ASH	New York Stock Exchange

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer ☑	Accelerated Filer ☐
Non-Accelerated Filer ☐	Smaller Reporting Company ☐
Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has filed a report on attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C 7262 (b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☑ No ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the Registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the Registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

At March 31, 2023, the aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was approximately $5.4 billion. In determining this amount, the Registrant has assumed that its directors and executive officers are affiliates. Such assumption shall not be deemed conclusive for any other purpose.

At October 31, 2023, there were 51,259,852 shares of Registrant’s common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of Registrant’s Proxy Statement (Proxy Statement) for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent described herein.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

			Page
PART I
	Item 1.	Business	4
		General	4
		Life Sciences	5
		Personal Care	5
		Specialty Additives	6
		Intermediates	7
		Miscellaneous	7
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	13
	Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	21
	Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	21
	Item 2.	Properties	21
	Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	22
	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	23
PART II
	Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	24
	Item 6.	[Reserved]	25
	Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation	25
	Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	25
	Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	25
	Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	25
	Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	25
	Item 9B.	Other Information	25
	Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	26
PART III
	Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	27
	Item 11.	Executive Compensation	27
	Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	27
	Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	28
	Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	29
PART IV
	Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	30
	Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	38

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

GENERAL

Ashland Inc. is a Delaware corporation, with its headquarters and principal executive offices at 8145 Blazer Drive, Wilmington, Delaware 19808. The terms “Ashland” and the “Company” as used herein include Ashland Inc., its predecessors, and its consolidated subsidiaries, except where the context indicates otherwise.

Ashland is a global specialty additives and materials company with a conscious and proactive mindset for sustainability. The company serves customers in a wide range of consumer and industrial markets including, architectural coatings, construction, energy, food and beverage, nutraceuticals, personal care and pharmaceutical. With approximately 3,800 employees worldwide, Ashland serves customers in more than 100 countries.

Ashland’s reportable segments include: Life Sciences; Personal Care (formerly Personal Care and Household); Specialty Additives; and Intermediates (formerly Intermediates and Solvents). Unallocated and Other includes corporate governance activities and certain legacy matters.

Life Sciences is comprised of pharmaceuticals, nutrition, nutraceuticals, agricultural chemicals, diagnostic films (formerly known as advanced materials) and fine chemicals. Pharmaceutical solutions include controlled release polymers, disintegrants, tablet coatings, thickeners, solubilizers and tablet binders. Nutrition solutions include thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers and additives for enhancing mouthfeel, controlling moisture migration, reducing oil uptake and binding structured foods. Nutraceutical solutions include products for weight management, joint comfort, stomach and intestinal health, sports nutrition and general wellness. The nutraceutical business also provides custom formulation, toll processing and particle engineering solutions. Customers include pharmaceutical, food, beverage, nutraceuticals and supplements manufacturers, hospitals and radiologists and industrial manufacturers.

Personal Care is comprised of biofunctionals, microbial protectants (preservatives), skin care, sun care, oral care, hair care and household solutions. These businesses have a broad range of natural, nature-derived, biodegradable, and high-performance ingredients for customer-driven solutions to help protect, renew, moisturize and revitalize skin and hair, and provide solutions for toothpastes, mouth washes and rinses, denture cleaning and care for teeth. Household supplies nature-derived rheology ingredients, biodegradable surface wetting agents, performance encapsulates, and specialty polymers for household, industrial and institutional cleaning products. Customers include formulators at large multinational branded consumer products companies and smaller, independent boutique companies.

Specialty Additives is comprised of rheology and performance-enhancing additives serving the architectural coatings, construction, energy, automotive and various industrial markets. Solutions include coatings additives for architectural paints, finishes and lacquers, cement- and gypsum- based dry mortars, ready-mixed joint compounds, synthetic plasters for commercial and residential construction, and specialty materials for industrial applications. Products include rheology modifiers (cellulosic and associative thickeners), foam control agents, surfactants and wetting agents, pH neutralizers, advanced ceramics used in catalytic converters, and environmental filters, ingredients that aid the manufacturing process of ceramic capacitors, plasma display panels and solar cells, ingredients for textile printing, thermoplastic metals and alloys for welding. Products help improve desired functional outcomes through rheology modification and control, water retention, workability, adhesive strength, binding power, film formation, deposition and suspension and emulsification. Customers include global paint manufacturers, electronics and automotive manufacturers, textile mills, the construction industry and welders.

Intermediates is comprised of the production of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) and related derivatives, including n-methylpyrrolidone. These products are used as chemical intermediates in the production of engineering polymers and polyurethanes, and as specialty process solvents in a wide array of applications including electronics, pharmaceuticals, water filtration membranes and more. BDO is also supplied to Life Sciences, Personal Care, and Specialty Additives for use as a raw material.

Unallocated and Other generally includes items such as certain significant company-wide restructuring activities, corporate governance costs and legacy costs or activities that relate to divested businesses that are no longer operated by Ashland.

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Available Information - Ashland’s Internet address is http://www.ashland.com. On this website, Ashland makes available, free of charge, its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports, as well as any beneficial ownership reports of officers and directors filed on Forms 3, 4 and 5. All such reports are available as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or electronically furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Ashland also makes available, free of charge on its website, its Corporate Governance Guidelines, Board Committee Charters, Director Independence Standards and global code of conduct that applies to Ashland’s directors, officers and employees. These documents are also available in print to any stockholder who requests them. Information contained on Ashland’s website referenced here or elsewhere in this Annual Report is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated by reference in this document. The SEC maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

LIFE SCIENCES

Life Sciences is a leading supplier of excipients and tablet coating systems to the pharmaceutical, nutrition and nutraceutical industries. Excipients include a comprehensive range of polymers for use as tablet binders, super disintegrants, sustained-release agents and drug solubilizers, as well as a variety of coating formulations for immediate, delayed, and sustained release applications. Core products include cellulosics and vinyl pyrrolidone polymers which are used primarily in oral solid dosage drug formulations. The portfolio also includes branded and proprietary nutraceutical ingredients and expertise in nutraceutical formulation, particle engineering and contract manufacturing. Its nutrition portfolio provides functional benefits in areas such as thickening, texture control, thermal gelation, structure enhancement, water binding, clarification and stabilization. Its core products include cellulose gums and vinyl pyrrolidone polymers which are used in a wide range of offerings for bakery, beverage, dairy, desserts, meat products, pet food, prepared foods, sauces and savory products.

Life Sciences operates throughout the Americas, Europe and Asia Pacific. It has 19 manufacturing and lab facilities in nine countries which serve its various end markets. It has manufacturing facilities and labs in Wilmington, Delaware; Calvert City, Kentucky; Kearny, and Totowa, New Jersey; Columbus, Ohio; Fiskeville, Rhode Island; Texas City, Texas; and Ogden, Utah within the United States; Cabreuva and Sao Paolo, Brazil; Shanghai, China; Dusseldorf, Germany; Hyderabad, India; Mullingar, Ireland; Jaumave (2 manufacturing facilities) and Mexico City, Mexico; Bangkok, Thailand; and Istanbul, Turkey.

Life Science markets and distributes its products in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia Pacific.

For fiscal 2023, the following Life Sciences product categories were 10% or greater of Ashland’s total consolidated sales:

Product	% of Life Sciences sales	% of Ashland total consolidated sales
Cellulosics	34%	37%
Polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP)	44%	25%

PERSONAL CARE

The Personal Care portfolio of oral care products delivers active ingredients in toothpaste and mouthwashes; provides bioadhesive functionality for dentures; delivers flavor, texture and other functional properties; and provides product binding to ensure form and function throughout product lifecycle.

The Personal Care portfolio of hair care products includes advanced styling polymers, fixatives, conditioning polymers, emulsifiers, preservatives, rheology modifiers and biofunctional actives.

The Personal Care portfolio of ingredients and solutions for skin care, sun care, and cosmetics focuses on natural and sustainable solutions. Ashland’s Personal Care business includes biofunctional actives, preservatives, and specialty polymers to provide functionality such as water resistance and rheology. Ashland’s natural ingredients include a wide range of cellulose, guar, and cassia derivatives; unique active ingredients derived from botanical sources using exclusive Ashland technologies such as Zeta FractionTM and PSR technology; emollients based on natural chemistries; encapsulation technology derived from alginates; and efficacious preservative blends inspired by nature.

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The Personal Care portfolio of products and technologies is used in many types of cleaning and fragrance applications, including fabric care, home care and dishwashing. Personal Care products are used in a variety of applications for viscosity enhancement, particle suspension, rheology modification, stabilization and fragrance enhancement.

Personal Care operates throughout the Americas, Europe and Asia Pacific. It has 15 manufacturing and lab facilities in nine countries which serve its various end markets and participates in one joint venture. It has manufacturing facilities and labs in Freetown, Massachusetts; Chatham, New Jersey; Ossining, New York; Merry Hill, North Carolina; Summerville, South Carolina; Kenedy, Texas; and Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin within the United States; Sao Paulo, Brazil; Shanghai, China; Sophia Antipolis, France; Hamburg, Germany; Mumbai, India; Mexico City, Mexico; Zwijndrecht, Netherlands and Poole, United Kingdom.

Personal Care markets and distributes its products in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia Pacific.

For fiscal 2023, the following Personal Care product categories were 10% or greater of Ashland’s total consolidated sales:

Product	% of Personal Care	% of Ashland total consolidated sales
Cellulosics	19%	37%
Polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP)	21%	25%

SPECIALTY ADDITIVES

Specialty Additives offers industry-leading products, technologies and resources for solving formulation and product-performance challenges. Using synthetic and semisynthetic polymers derived from polyester and polyurethane-based adhesives, and plant and seed extract, Specialty Additives offers comprehensive and innovative solutions for industrial applications.

Key customers include manufacturers of paint, coatings and construction materials; packaging and converting companies; and oilfield service companies.

The areas of expertise include organic and synthetic chemistry, colloid science, rheology, structural analysis and microbiology.

The solutions provide an array of properties, including thickening and rheology control, binding power, film formation, conditioning and deposition, colloid stabilization and suspension.

Specialty Additives is composed of various end use markets. Many of the products of the end markets are produced in shared manufacturing facilities, to better manage capacity and achieve desired returns.

Specialty Additives provides products and services to over 30 industries. Ashland offers a broad spectrum of organo- and water-soluble polymers that are derived from both natural and synthetic resources. Product lines include derivatized cellulose polymers, synthetics, and vinyl pyrrolidone polymers that impart effective functionalities to serve a variety of industrial markets and specialized applications. Many of the products within Specialty Additives function as performance additives that deliver high levels of end-user value in formulated products. In other areas, such as plastics and textiles, Specialty Additives’ products function as a processing aid, improving the quality of end products and reducing manufacturing costs.

Specialty Additives is a recognized leader in rheology solutions for waterborne architectural paint and coatings. Products include hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), which provides thickening and application properties for interior and exterior paints, and nonionic synthetic associative thickeners (NSATs), which are APEO-free liquid synthetics for high-performance paint and industrial coatings. The Specialty Additives market complements its rheology offering with a broad portfolio of performance foam-control agents, surfactants and wetting agents, dispersants and pH neutralizers.

Specialty Additives is a major producer and supplier of cellulose ethers and companion products for the construction industry. These products control properties such as water retention, open time, workability, adhesion, stabilization, pumping, sag resistance, rheology, strength, appearance and performance in dry-mortar formulations.

Specialty Additives is a leading global manufacturer of synthetic- and cellulosic-based products for drilling fluids, oil-well cement slurries, completion and workover fluids, fracturing fluids and production chemicals. Specialty Additives offers the oil and gas industry solutions for drilling, stimulation, completion, cementing and production applications.

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Specialty Additives operates throughout the Americas, Europe and Asia Pacific. It has 11 manufacturing and lab facilities in nine countries which serve its various end markets. Specialty Additives has manufacturing facilities and labs in Parlin, New Jersey; and Hopewell, Virginia within the United States and Doel-Beveren, Belgium; Nanjing and Shanghai, China; Alizay, France; Dusseldorf, Germany; Mumbai, India; Zwijndrecht, the Netherlands; Singapore, Singapore; and Newton Aycliffe, United Kingdom.

Specialty Additives markets and distributes its products in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia Pacific.

For fiscal 2023, the following Specialty Additives products were 10% or greater of Ashland’s total consolidated sales:

Product	% of Specialty Additives sales	% of Ashland total consolidated sales
Cellulosics	66%	37%
Polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP)	6%	25%

INTERMEDIATES

Intermediates is a leading producer of BDO and related derivatives, including n-methylpyrrolidone. These products are used as chemical intermediates in the production of engineering polymers and polyurethanes, and as specialty process solvents in a wide array of applications including electronics, pharmaceuticals, water filtration membranes and more. BDO is also supplied to Life Sciences, Personal Care and Specialty Additives for use as a raw material.

Key customers include Ashland’s Life Sciences, Personal Care and Specialty Additives segments, general industrial manufacturers, plastics and polymers producers, pharmaceutical companies, agricultural firms and producers of electronic components and systems.

Intermediates has a manufacturing facility in Lima, Ohio, while some derivatives are produced at Life Sciences facilities in Texas City, Texas and Calvert City, Kentucky. Intermediates markets and distributes its products in the Americas, Europe, and Asia Pacific.

MISCELLANEOUS

Environmental Matters

Ashland maintains a companywide environmental policy overseen by the Environmental, Health, Safety and Quality Committee of Ashland’s Board of Directors. Ashland’s Environmental, Health, Safety, Quality and Regulatory Affairs (EHSQ&RA) department has the responsibility to ensure that Ashland’s businesses worldwide maintain environmental compliance in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. This responsibility is carried out via training; widespread communication of EHSQ&RA policies; information and regulatory updates; formulation of relevant policies, procedures and work practices; design and implementation of EHSQ&RA management systems; internal auditing; monitoring of legislative and regulatory developments that may affect Ashland’s operations; assistance to the businesses in identifying compliance issues and opportunities for voluntary actions that go beyond compliance; and incident response planning and implementation.

Federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment have a significant impact on how Ashland conducts its businesses. In addition, Ashland’s operations outside the United States are subject to the environmental laws of the countries in which they are located. These laws include regulation of air emissions and water discharges, waste handling, remediation and product inventory, registration and regulation. New laws and regulations may be enacted or adopted by various regulatory agencies globally. The costs of compliance with any new laws or regulations cannot be estimated until the manner in which they will be implemented has been more precisely defined.

At September 30, 2023, Ashland’s reserves for environmental remediation and related environmental litigation amounted to $214 million, reflecting Ashland’s estimates of the most likely costs that will be incurred over an extended period to remediate identified conditions for which the costs are reasonably estimable, without regard to any third-party recoveries. Engineering studies, historical experience and other factors are used to identify and evaluate remediation alternatives and their related costs in determining the estimated reserves for environmental remediation. Environmental remediation reserves are subject to

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uncertainties that affect Ashland’s ability to estimate its share of the costs. Such uncertainties involve the nature and extent of contamination at each site and the extent of required cleanup efforts under existing environmental regulations. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the ultimate costs of environmental remediation, Ashland currently estimates that the upper end of the reasonably possible range of future costs for identified sites could be as high as approximately $465 million. No individual remediation location is significant, as the largest reserve for any site is 21% of the remediation reserve. Ashland regularly adjusts its reserves as environmental remediation continues. Environmental remediation expense, net of insurance receivables, amounted to $59 million in 2023 compared to $66 million in 2022 and $51 million in 2021.

Product Control, Registration and Inventory - Many of Ashland’s products and operations are subject to chemical control laws of the countries in which they are located. These laws include regulation of chemical substances and inventories under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in the United States and the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) regulation in Europe as well as new cosmetic ingredients filings in China under the Cosmetics Supervision and Administration Regulation (CSAR). Under TSCA, REACH, and CSAR additional testing requirements, documentation, risk assessments and registrations are occurring and will continue to occur and may adversely affect Ashland’s costs of products produced in or imported into the European Union. Examples of other product control regulations include right to know laws under the Global Harmonized System (GHS) for hazard communication, regulation of chemicals used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and that contact food under the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act in the United States, the Framework Regulation in Europe and other product control requirements for chemical weapons, drug precursors and import/export. The Green Deal in the EU, specifically Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability, will require additional information to be developed on hazard communication and risk assessment of both chemical substances and finished products. New laws and regulations may be enacted or adopted by various regulatory agencies globally. The costs of compliance with any new laws or regulations cannot be estimated until the manner in which they will be implemented has been more precisely defined.

Remediation - Ashland currently operates, and in the past has operated, various facilities at which, during the normal course of business, releases of hazardous substances have occurred. Additionally, Ashland has known or alleged potential environmental liabilities at a number of third-party sites. Federal and state laws, including but not limited to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) and various other remediation laws, require that contamination caused by hazardous substance releases be assessed and, if necessary, remediated to meet applicable standards. Some of these laws also provide for liability for related damage to natural resources, and claims for alleged property and personal injury damage which can also arise related to contaminated sites. Laws in other jurisdictions in which Ashland operates require that contamination caused by such releases at these sites be assessed and, if necessary, remediated to meet applicable standards.

Air - In the United States, the Clean Air Act (CAA) imposes stringent limits on facility air emissions, establishes a federally mandated operating permit program, allows for civil and criminal enforcement actions and sets limits on the volatile or toxic content of many types of industrial materials and consumer products. The CAA establishes national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) with attainment deadlines and control requirements based on the severity of air pollution in a given geographical area. Various state clean air acts implement, complement and, in many instances, add to the requirements of the federal CAA. The requirements of the CAA and its state counterparts have a significant impact on the daily operation of Ashland’s businesses and, in many cases, on product formulation and other long-term business decisions. Other countries where Ashland operates also have laws and regulations relating to air quality. Ashland’s businesses maintain numerous permits and emission control devices pursuant to these clean air laws.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has increased its frequency in reviewing the NAAQS. The USEPA has stringent standards for particulate matter, ozone and sulfur dioxide. Throughout 2022 and 2023, state and local agencies continued to implement options for meeting the newest standards. Particulate matter strategies include dust control measures for construction sites and reductions in emission rates allowed for industrial operations. Options for ozone include emission controls for certain types of sources, reduced limits on the volatile organic compound content of industrial materials and consumer products, and requirements on the transportation sector. Most options for sulfur dioxide focus on coal and diesel fuel combustion sources. It is not possible at this time to estimate the potential financial impact that these newest standards may

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have on Ashland’s operations or products. Ashland will continue to monitor and evaluate these standards to meet these and all air quality requirements.

Solid Waste - Ashland’s businesses are subject to various laws relating to and establishing standards for the management of hazardous and solid waste. In the United States, Ashland’s facilities are subject to RCRA and its regulations governing generators of hazardous waste. Ashland has implemented systems to oversee compliance with the RCRA regulations. In addition to regulating current waste disposal practices, RCRA also addresses the environmental effects of certain past waste disposal operations, the recycling of wastes and the storage of regulated substances in underground tanks. Ashland has the remediation liability for certain facilities subject to these regulations. Other countries where Ashland operates also have laws and regulations relating to hazardous and solid waste, and Ashland has systems in place to oversee compliance.

Water - Ashland’s businesses maintain numerous discharge permits. In the United States, such permits may be required by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System of the Clean Water Act and similar state programs. Other countries have similar laws and regulations requiring permits and controls relating to water discharge.

Climate Change and Related Regulatory Developments - Ashland has been collecting energy use data and calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for many years. Ashland evaluates the physical and transitional risks and opportunities from both climate change and the anticipated GHG regulations to facilities, products and other business interests, as well as the strategies commonly considered by the industrial sector to reduce the potential impact of these risks. These risks are generally grouped as impacts from legislative, regulatory and international developments, impacts from business and investment trends and impacts to Company assets from the physical effects of climate change. North American, European and other regional regulatory developments (most notably the pending SEC and approved Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) climate disclosure regulations) are monitored continuously for material impacts to Ashland’s operations, and some facilities and subsidiaries are subject to promulgated rules. Proposed and pending climate legislation is monitored for impact and Ashland is taking steps to strengthen climate reporting to meet anticipated disclosure requirements. Other requirements requiring additional product level climate disclosures or supply chain transparency are also approved and in draft or finalized status and could impact the requirements for disclosure and restrictions on sourcing of raw materials. Regulations such as the PFAS restrictions and Microplastics ban in the EU have potential business interruption impacts where they limit the type and availability of raw materials that may be used.

Business and investment trends are expected to drive an increase in the demand for products that improve energy efficiency, reduce energy use and increase the use of renewable resources. At this time, Ashland cannot estimate the impact of this expected demand increase to its businesses. Physical effects from climate change have the potential to affect Ashland’s assets in areas prone to sea level rise or extreme weather events much as they do the general public and other businesses. Due to the uncertainty of these matters, Ashland cannot estimate the impact at this time of GHG-related developments on its operations or financial condition.

Competition

Ashland competes in the highly fragmented additives and specialty ingredients industries. The participants in these industries offer a varied and broad array of product lines designed to meet specific customer requirements. Participants compete with service and product offerings on a global, regional and/or local level subject to the nature of the businesses and products, as well as the end-markets and customers served. Competition is based on several key criteria, including product performance and quality, product price, product availability and security of supply, responsiveness of product development in cooperation with customers, customer service, industry knowledge and technical capability. Certain key competitors are significantly larger than Ashland and have greater financial resources, leading to greater operating and financial flexibility. The industry has become increasingly global as participants have focused on establishing and maintaining leadership positions outside of their home markets. Many of these segments’ product lines face domestic and international competition, due to industry consolidation, pricing pressures and competing technologies. To improve its competitive position, as Ashland narrows its focus, the Company is building and leveraging the Ashland corporate brand as a differentiator to create value and better communicate the capabilities, promise and scale of the Company, making it easier to introduce new product lines and applications.

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Intellectual Property

Ashland has a broad intellectual property portfolio which is an important component of its business. Ashland relies on patents, trade secrets, formulae and know-how to protect and differentiate its products and technologies. In addition, the reportable segments own valuable trademarks which identify and differentiate its products from its competitors. Ashland also uses licensed intellectual property rights from third-parties.

Raw Materials and Energy

Ashland purchases its raw materials from multiple sources of supply in the United States and other countries. Raw material supplies were available in quantities sufficient to meet demand in fiscal 2023, which was a significant improvement over fiscal 2022 when raw and packaging materials were globally constrained. Similarly, energy costs, which are a significant component of production costs, stabilized in fiscal 2023 after significant volatility in 2022.

Research and Development

Ashland’s program of research and development is focused on defining the needs of the marketplace and framing those needs into technology platforms. Ashland has the capability to develop and deliver the intellectual property required to grow and protect those platforms. Ashland is focused on developing new chemistries, market-changing technologies and customer driven solutions at numerous technology centers located in the Americas, Europe and the Asia Pacific regions.

Seasonality

Ashland’s business may vary due to seasonality. Ashland’s business units typically experience stronger demand during warmer weather months.

Human Capital

Employee Health and Safety - Cultivating a safety culture is intentional at Ashland and is best shown by its commitment to a Zero Incident Culture (ZIC). ZIC begins with the vision, values, beliefs, and actions of Ashland’s leaders demonstrating that zero incidents is possible. It means developing processes where compliance is the minimum expectation, allowing employees to proactively manage safety above compliance on the journey to zero.

As an indication of its commitment to Responsible Care, Ashland obtained a third-party certification to RC14001, which includes the internationally recognized ISO 14001 certification and adds additional health, safety, security, and chemical industry requirements. Currently, Ashland has 24 international sites participating on a group RC14001 certification. Also, as part of its commitment to health and safety, 16 of the Company's sites have obtained an additional ISO 45001 certification, an international health and safety management system.

As part of ZIC, the Company strives every day to achieve zero incidents. Ashland continues to make good progress on its journey. For the year ended September 30, 2023, the Company had a Total Preventable Recordable Rate (TPRR) of 0.39 compared to 0.58 for the year ended September 30, 2022.

Ashland has implemented several tools for communicating lessons learned from injuries, process safety incidents, and environmental releases. Immediately following an event, flash reports are developed and shared to communicate key lessons learned across the Company with a review call within 48 hours with EHS and Operations Leadership. Additionally, incidents and root causes/corrective and preventive actions are reviewed monthly with Company leadership and EHS leaders globally to discuss areas for improvement and highlight the importance of identifying and addressing management system errors.

Ashland has implemented the “Good Catch” Program aimed at identifying underlying unsafe conditions or behaviors that could lead to an undesirable outcome. Employees are encouraged to report good catches that fall into one of three categories – substandard conditions, near misses, and suggestions. These are tracked with the goal of continuing to increase overall reporting of identified good catches year to year.

Environmental - Ashland has a conscious and proactive mindset for sustainability and has established a renewable annual trust for ongoing and future environmental remediation and related litigation cash outlays. The initiative follows Ashland's announcement in February 2021 to align its operations with the ambitious aim of the Paris Climate Accord to limit global

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temperature rise to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels. At that time, Ashland also became a signatory to the United Nations Global Compact and is making the United Nations principles part of the Company's business strategy, culture, and day-to-day operations. Ashland has targets to reduce its environmental footprint (including energy usage, GHG emissions, and hazardous waste generation). These targets and progress towards meeting them can be found on: https://www.ashland.com/esg/esg-overview, which is not incorporated by reference into the Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Human Capital Management - Ashland is committed to continuously evaluating and strengthening the growth-minded and innovative culture by attracting and developing exceptional global talent, supporting employees’ physical, emotional, and financial well-being, and recognizing and rewarding performance. To achieve the highest return, Ashland is building an inclusive and high-integrity organization where everyone belongs, feels inspired to excel, and does the right thing.

As of September 30, 2023, Ashland had approximately 3,800 employees who thrive on developing practical, innovative, and simple solutions to complex problems for customers in more than 100 countries. The employees’ global demographics consist of approximately 68% male employees and approximately 31% female employees, and in the U.S., approximately 26% of its employees self-identify as ethnically diverse.

Ashland's global footprint is geographically located as follows:

 

Competitive Pay and Benefits - Ashland is committed to paying its employees in a fair and equitable manner, regardless of race or gender, and has implemented global total rewards tools to promote equitable remuneration. The Company provides a total compensation package that is designed to be competitive with the markets in which it competes for talent. Ashland believes employees should be compensated equitably based on performance, skills, and experience.

Ashland reviews pay equity annually in conjunction with its annual performance review, merit, bonus and promotion processes. The Company annually completes an in-depth analysis of its pay equity globally using a number of factors to determine if a pay gap exists based on any protected factors (gender, age, race, veteran status). Overall findings continue to be encouraging, identifying only a few employees annually that had a disparity in pay requiring further analysis and corrective action. Ashland reviews each process annually to ensure that its policies, procedures, and training continue to provide pay equity within the Company.

The Company’s compensation programs are globally aligned, and, where possible, its total rewards plans include base salary, short and long-term incentives, benefits, financial, and special recognition programs. The Company routinely reviews its total rewards practices in the markets in which it operates to ensure its plans allow for the recruitment and retention of the talent it needs to be successful.

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Ashland also offers a competitive global benefits program to support employees through all life stages. The following benefit plans are available to employees depending on local markets in which the Company operates that include plan specific features such as on-site and on-demand resources:

•Health care benefits including medical, prescription, dental and/or vision

•Wellness initiatives:

oGlobal EAP (employee assistance program)

oFlu vaccination resources

•Paid time off

•Voluntary benefits

•Life and accident coverage

•Disability coverage

•Retirement plans

•Tuition reimbursement

•Business travel accident

Inclusion and Diversity - In 2023, Ashland progressed its global inclusion and diversity strategy focused on belonging, accountability, community engagement, recruitment, and internal mobility. These priorities serve as the basis of the global and local objectives and initiatives that advance Ashland's collective progress towards equity. The company and its leadership team are committed to creating a collaborative environment that leverages the talents of a diverse global workforce to drive sustainable growth and innovation that creates value for its shareholders, customers, employees, and the communities in which it operates.

Ashland’s commitment to inclusion and diversity starts at the top with its Board and its executive leadership. The Company’s board of directors is comprised of individuals with diverse experience and credentials, selected for their business acumen and ability to challenge and add value to management. These directors have held significant leadership positions and bring a depth of experience across a wide variety of industries, providing the Company with unique insights and fresh perspectives. The demographics of the Company’s board of directors is 60% diverse, including females and ethnically diverse males.

The Company’s management is led by its President and Chief Executive Officer and the other members of the Executive Committee (“EC”). The demographics of the EC include 20% women and 50% males who identify as ethnically diverse individuals. The chart below shows the Company’s global gender diversity and US ethnic and gender diversity progress over the past three years and the Company’s future global gender diversity and US ethnic and gender diversity commitments.

 

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Talent Management - Ashland is dedicated to creating a purpose-driven people ecosystem that enables personal and professional growth at every level while minimizing risk to the business. The Company deploys a disciplined annual talent review and succession process to identify and develop a leadership pipeline that accelerates business results, promotes internal mobility, and minimizes attrition. The talent management process includes a performance management process that seeks to provide employees with on-going feedback to enhance their performance in support of the Company’s business objectives. As part of Ashland's commitment to professional development, it offers associate’s and bachelor’s undergraduate, graduate, and PhD tuition assistance to eligible employees, along with ongoing technical and professional development.

In 2023, the Company elevated the skillset of its leaders to support the career development of their employees and provided continued learning on inclusion and allyship. Ashland conducted its second annual global Culture Survey, with 79% response rate, which provided valuable insight to prioritize investments in the tools, resources, and processes that will make a positive impact on employee’s well-being, engagement, and career growth. Ashland remains committed to continuously listening and evolving its people practices to align with and drive the Company’s purpose and business success.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements are not historical facts and generally are identified by words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “is likely,” “predicts,” “projects,” “forecasts,” “objectives,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “plans,” and “intends” and the negative of these words or other comparable terminology. Although Ashland believes that its expectations are based on reasonable assumptions, such expectations are subject to risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict and may be beyond Ashland’s control. As a result, Ashland cannot assure that the expectations contained in such statements will be achieved. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in such statements are discussed under “Use of estimates, risks and uncertainties” in Note A of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For a discussion of other factors and risks that could affect Ashland’s expectations and operations, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The following discussion of “risk factors” identifies the most significant factors that may adversely affect Ashland’s business, operations, financial position or future financial performance. This information should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis and the consolidated financial statements and related notes incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion of risks is designed to highlight what Ashland believes are important factors to consider when evaluating its expectations. These factors could cause future results to differ from those in forward-looking statements and from historical trends.

Risks Related to the Company’s Business Operations, Financial Performance and Growth

Ashland has set aggressive growth goals for its businesses, including increasing sales, cash flow and margins, in order to achieve its long-term strategic objectives and improve shareholder value. Ashland’s successful execution of its growth strategies and business plans to facilitate that growth involves a number of risks.

Ashland’s failure to fully achieve one or more of its aggressive growth goals or meet its long-term objectives, could negatively impact Ashland’s potential value and its businesses. One of the most important risks is that Ashland might fail to adequately execute its business and growth plans, by optimizing the efficient use of its physical and intangible assets. Aspects of that risk include changes to global economic environment, changes to the competitive landscape, attraction and retention of skilled employees, the potential failure of product innovation plans, failure to comply with existing or new regulatory schemes, failure to maintain a competitive cost structure and other risks outlined in greater detail in this Item 1A. In addition, Ashland, as part of its growth goals, continuously evaluates acquisition candidates. If Ashland is unable to successfully identify and integrate acquired businesses, Ashland could fail to achieve any expected increases in sales and operating results, which could have a material adverse effect on Ashland’s financial results. Ashland’s ability to achieve the anticipated financial benefits from any acquisition transactions may not be realized due to any number of factors, including, but not limited to, unsuccessful integration

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efforts, unexpected or underestimated liabilities or increased costs, fees, expenses and charges related to such transactions. Such adverse events could result in a decrease in the estimated fair value of goodwill or other intangible assets established as a result of such transactions, triggering an impairment. These and other factors could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Business disruptions from natural, operational and other catastrophic risks could seriously harm Ashland’s operations and financial performance. In addition, a catastrophic event at one of Ashland’s facilities or involving its products or employees could lead to liabilities that could further impair its operations and financial performance.

Business disruptions, including those related to operating hazards inherent with the production of chemicals, natural disasters, severe weather conditions, supply or logistics disruptions, increasing costs for energy, temporary plant and/or power outages, information technology systems and network disruptions, cyber-security breach, terrorist attacks, armed conflict, war, public health crisis (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), fires, floods or other catastrophic events, could seriously harm Ashland’s operations, as well as the operations of its customers and suppliers, and may adversely impact Ashland’s financial performance. Although it is impossible to predict the occurrence or consequences of any such events, they could result in reduced demand for Ashland’s products, make it difficult or impossible for Ashland to manufacture its products or deliver products to its customers or to receive raw materials from suppliers, or create delays and inefficiencies in the supply chain. In addition to leading to a serious disruption of Ashland’s businesses, a catastrophic event at one of our facilities or involving our products or employees could lead to substantial legal liability to or claims by parties allegedly harmed by the event.

Furthermore, because catastrophic events are inherently uncertain, Ashland's business continuity plans may not address every potential scenario and may not fully protect it from all such events. In addition, insurance maintained by Ashland to protect against property damage, loss of business and other related consequences resulting from catastrophic events is subject to various deductibles and coverage limitations, depending on the nature of the risk insured. This insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of Ashland’s damages or damages to others in the event of a catastrophe. In addition, insurance related to these types of risks may not be available now or, if available, may not be available in the future at commercially reasonable rates.

Climate change and resource impacts including supply chain disruptions, operational impacts, and geopolitical events may impact Ashland's business operations.

Ashland sources a large number of raw materials from third party suppliers globally. These products include both natural and synthetic materials derived from plants, animal products, organic and petroleum based raw materials. Disruptions to the global supply chain due to climate related impacts or geopolitical events are possible and exist as external risk factors that the Company can respond to but not control. These events could limit the supply of key raw materials to the Company, or could have significant impacts to pricing. Ashland works with multiple raw material suppliers to mitigate lack of availability from a single supplier, however in some cases products with limited numbers of suppliers may become difficult to obtain.

Ashland has manufacturing operations in areas vulnerable to coastal storms which may increase in magnitude and impact due to climate change. Ashland continues to implement response and resilience measures such as storm hardening and business continuity planning, however increasingly large and unprecedented weather events may pose a risk to business operations in vulnerable areas. Storms could cause business interruptions, incur additional restoration costs, and impact product availability and pricing.

Consumer preference is increasingly impacted by awareness of and a response to climate change. Consumers are increasingly demanding responsibly sourced and manufactured products. An inability to respond to consumer demands through environmental, social and governance (ESG) innovation could lead to a loss of sales to competitors providing more sustainable product offerings.

Energy availability and pricing has been impacted by geopolitical events and may be impacted by climate related legislation and regulations. As climate legislation increases in many countries, the availability of conventional and nonrenewable energy may be increasingly limited and prices may continue to increase. Where demand exceeds energy capacity, energy disruptions such as brown out or black out events are possible, leading to business interruption and quality/operational impacts. Failure to respond to or mitigate this risk could lead to increased cost and business impacts.

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Globally, the availability of fresh, potable water is a growing concern, where water withdrawal can exceed the rates of surface and groundwater replenishment in critical basins, rivers, or other bodies of water. This concern continues to increase for Ashland and for the global supply chain where fresh water is a key resource for manufacturing operations. Failure to respond to this risk could lead to business interruptions and impact the availability and pricing of product.

Ashland sources several key natural raw materials that contain processed timber, palm, soy, and other harvested or farmed raw materials. Deforestation is an increasing concern where the irresponsible harvest of these raw materials can lead to loss of critical forests and habitats. Ashland has engaged in several supply chain certifications in an effort to source sustainable raw materials; however, the availability of these raw materials may be limited in the future. Additional sourcing of these materials is under increasing scrutiny due to deforestation. Failure to source responsibly and respond to or mitigate the risk could lead to business impacts and increased cost.

Ashland’s customers could change their products in a way that reduces the demand for Ashland’s products.

Ashland produces and sells specialty materials that are used by its customers for a broad range of applications. Many of these Ashland materials become part of end products that are sold to consumers. Changes in consumer preferences and demands can lead to certain Ashland customers making changes to their products. In other instances, Ashland’s customers may change their products or production techniques to take advantage of newer technologies, alternative chemistries, more effective formulations, or improved processes, or in response to various market, technical or regulatory changes.

Such changes in Ashland’s customers’ products or production techniques may cause these customers to reduce consumption of Ashland’s products or eliminate their need entirely. Ashland may not be able to supply products that meet the customers’ new requirements. Such lost sales opportunities may not be replaced by those offering equal revenue potential or margin. It is important for Ashland to continue developing new products, and new applications of existing products to replace such lost business. Otherwise, Ashland faces the risk of a loss of market share, margins and cash flow if it is unable to manage a potential change in the demands of its products.

Ashland’s substantial global operations subject it to risks of doing business in foreign countries, which could adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.

Greater than half of Ashland’s net sales for fiscal 2023 were to customers outside of North America. Ashland expects sales from international markets to continue to represent an even larger portion of the Company’s sales in the future. Also, a significant portion of Ashland’s manufacturing capacity is located outside of the United States. Accordingly, Ashland’s business is subject to risks related to the differing legal, political, cultural, social and regulatory requirements and economic conditions of many jurisdictions.

The global nature of Ashland’s business presents difficulties in hiring and maintaining a workforce in certain countries. Fluctuations in exchange rates may affect product demand and may adversely affect the profitability in U.S. dollars of products and services provided in foreign countries. In addition, foreign countries may impose additional withholding taxes or otherwise tax Ashland’s foreign income, or adopt other restrictions on foreign trade or investment, including currency exchange controls. The imposition of new tariffs or trade quotas, or an impairment of existing trade agreements is also a risk that could impair Ashland’s financial performance.

Certain legal and political risks are also inherent in the operation of a company with Ashland’s global scope. Ashland’s ability to do business and execute its growth strategies could be adversely affected by legal and political changes or other changes to trade policy and trade relationships. Ashland could also be impacted negatively if the ongoing trade disputes between the United States and China, or those between the United States and the E.U. were to worsen. In addition, it may be more difficult for Ashland to enforce its agreements or collect receivables through foreign legal systems. There is a risk that foreign governments may nationalize private enterprises in certain countries where Ashland operates. In certain countries or regions, terrorist activities and the response to such activities may threaten Ashland’s operations more than those in the United States. In Europe, the effect of economic sanctions imposed on Russia and/or Russia’s reaction to the sanctions could adversely impact Ashland’s performance and results of operations. The risks associated with localized or regional armed conflict in many parts of the world remain high and could disrupt and/or adversely impact Ashland’s businesses. Social and cultural norms in certain countries may not support compliance with Ashland’s corporate policies including those that require compliance with substantive laws and

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regulations. Also, changes in general economic and political conditions in countries where Ashland operates, particularly in Europe, the Middle East and emerging markets, are a risk to Ashland’s financial performance.

As Ashland continues to operate its business globally, its success will depend, in part, on its ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other related risks. There can be no assurance that the consequences of these and other factors relating to its multinational operations will not have an adverse effect on Ashland’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

Adverse developments in the global economy and potential disruptions of financial markets could negatively impact Ashland’s customers and suppliers, and therefore have a negative impact on Ashland’s results of operations.

A global or regional economic downturn may reduce customer demand or inhibit Ashland’s ability to produce and sell products. Ashland’s business and operating results are sensitive to global and regional economic downturns, credit market tightness, declining consumer and business confidence, fluctuating commodity prices, volatile exchange rates, inflation or changes in interest rates, sovereign debt defaults and other challenges, including those related to international sanctions and acts of aggression or threatened aggression that can affect the global economy. In the event of adverse developments or stagnation in the economy or financial markets, Ashland’s customers may experience deterioration of their businesses, reduced demand for their products, cash flow shortages and difficulty obtaining financing. As a result, existing or potential customers might delay or cancel plans to purchase products, which includes customer destocking of their own inventories, and may not be able to fulfill their obligations to Ashland in a timely fashion. Further, suppliers may experience similar conditions, which could impact their ability to fulfill their obligations to Ashland. A weakening or reversal of the current economic conditions in the global economy or a substantial part of it could negatively impact Ashland’s business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to grow.

Ashland’s substantial indebtedness may adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.

Ashland maintains a substantial amount of debt. Ashland’s substantial indebtedness could adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition by, among other things:

•requiring Ashland to dedicate a substantial portion of its cash flow from operations to pay principal and interest on its debt, which would reduce the availability of Ashland’s cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, execution of its growth strategy and other general corporate purposes;

•limiting Ashland’s ability to borrow additional amounts to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements, execution of its growth strategy and other purposes;

•making Ashland more vulnerable to adverse changes in general economic, industry and regulatory conditions and in its business by limiting Ashland’s flexibility in planning for, and making it more difficult for Ashland to react quickly to, changing conditions;

•placing Ashland at a competitive disadvantage compared with those of its competitors that have less debt and lower debt service requirements;

•making Ashland more vulnerable to increases in interest rates if debt is refinanced; and

•making it more difficult for Ashland to satisfy its financial obligations.

In addition, Ashland may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow from its operations to repay its indebtedness when it becomes due and to meet its other cash needs. If Ashland is not able to pay its debts as they become due, it could be in default under its credit facility or other indebtedness. Ashland might also be required to pursue one or more alternative strategies to repay indebtedness, such as selling assets, refinancing or restructuring its indebtedness or selling additional debt or equity securities. Ashland may not be able to refinance its debt or sell additional debt or equity securities or its assets on favorable terms, if at all, and if Ashland must sell its assets, it may negatively affect its ability to generate revenues.

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Risks Related to Competition

Failure to develop and market new products and production technologies could impact Ashland’s competitive position and have an adverse effect on its businesses and results of operations.

The specialty additives and materials industry is subject to periodic technological change and ongoing product improvements. In order to maintain margins and remain competitive, Ashland must successfully develop and introduce new products or improvements that appeal to its customers and ultimately to global consumers. Ashland plans to grow earnings, in part, by focusing on developing markets and solutions to meet increasing demand in those markets, including demand for personal care and pharmaceutical products which are subject to lengthy regulatory approval processes. The fast change in Ashland’s industry and those of its customers necessitates that Ashland continue the development of new technologies to replace older technologies whose demand or market position may be fading. Ashland’s efforts to respond to changes in customer demand in a timely and cost-efficient manner to drive growth could be adversely affected by difficulties or delays in product development, including the inability to identify viable new products, successfully complete research and development, obtain regulatory approvals, obtain intellectual property protection or gain market acceptance of new products. Due to the lengthy development process, technological challenges and intense competition, there can be no assurance that any of the products Ashland is currently developing, or could develop in the future, will achieve substantial commercial success.

The competitive nature of Ashland’s markets may delay or prevent Ashland from passing increases in raw materials or energy costs on to its customers. In addition, certain of Ashland’s suppliers may be unable to deliver products or raw materials or fulfill contractual requirements. The occurrence of either event could adversely affect Ashland’s results of operations.

Rising and volatile raw material prices, especially those of hydrocarbon derivatives, cotton linters or wood pulp, may negatively impact Ashland’s costs, results of operations and the valuation of its inventory. Similarly, energy costs are a significant component of certain of Ashland’s product costs. Ashland is not always able to raise prices in response to such increased costs, and its ability to pass on the costs of such price increases is dependent upon market conditions. Likewise, reductions in the valuation of Ashland’s inventory due to market volatility may not be recovered and could result in losses.

Ashland purchases certain products and raw materials from suppliers, often pursuant to written supply contracts. If those suppliers are unable to meet Ashland’s orders in a timely manner or choose to terminate or not fulfill contractual arrangements, Ashland may not be able to make alternative supply arrangements. Also, domestic and global government regulations related to the manufacture, transport or import of certain raw materials may impede Ashland’s ability to obtain those raw materials on commercially reasonable terms. Certain Ashland businesses rely on agricultural output of clary sage, aloe, guar, and cotton linters, and the availability of these materials can be severely impacted by crop yields, weather events, and other factors. If Ashland is unable to obtain and retain qualified suppliers under commercially acceptable terms, its ability to manufacture and deliver products in a timely, competitive and profitable manner or grow its business successfully could be adversely affected.

Ashland faces competition from other companies, which places downward pressure on prices and margins and may adversely affect Ashland’s businesses and results of operations.

Ashland operates in highly competitive markets, competing against a number of domestic and foreign companies. Competition is based on several key criteria, including product performance and quality, product price, product availability and security of supply, responsiveness of product development in cooperation with customers and customer service, as well as the ability to bring innovative products or services to the marketplace. Certain key competitors are significantly larger than Ashland and have greater financial resources, leading to greater operating and financial flexibility. As a result, these competitors may be better able to withstand changes in conditions within the relevant industry, changes in the prices of raw materials and energy and changes in general economic conditions. In addition, competitors’ pricing decisions could compel Ashland to decrease its prices, which could negatively affect its margins and profitability. Additional competition in markets served by Ashland could adversely affect margins and profitability and could lead to a reduction in market share. Also, Ashland competes in certain markets that are declining and has targeted other markets for growth opportunities. Competitive and pricing pressures could also impact Ashland’s production volumes, which can in turn reduce cost efficiency. If Ashland’s strategies for dealing with declining markets and leveraging opportunity markets are not successful, its businesses and results of operations could be negatively affected.

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Risks Related to Human Capital

Ashland’s success depends upon its ability to attract and retain key employees and the identification and development of talent to succeed senior management.

Ashland’s success depends on its ability to attract and retain key personnel, and Ashland relies heavily on its management team. Therefore, Ashland’s future success depends, in part, on its ability to identify and develop talent to succeed its senior management and other key positions throughout the organization. If Ashland fails to identify and develop successors, the Company is at risk of being harmed by the departures of these key employees. The inability to recruit and retain key personnel or the unexpected loss, voluntarily or otherwise, of key personnel may adversely affect Ashland’s operations. Monitoring and preventing unwanted employee turnover in positions that require certain technical expertise or those that have been identified as successors to senior management will be critical to Ashland’s future success.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Cyber Threats

Ashland uses information technology (IT) systems to conduct business and these IT systems are at risk of potential disruption and cyber security threats.

Ashland’s businesses rely on IT systems to operate efficiently and in some cases, to operate at all. Ashland employs third parties to manage and maintain a significant portion of its IT systems, including, but not limited to data centers, IT infrastructure, network, client support and end user services, as well as the functions of backing up and securing those systems. A partial or complete failure of Ashland’s IT systems or those of our third parties managing, providing or servicing them for any amount of time more than several hours could result in significant business disruption causing harm to Ashland’s reputation, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, the nature of our businesses, the markets we serve, and the extensive geographic profile of our operations make Ashland a target of cyber security threats. Despite steps Ashland takes to mitigate or eliminate them, cyber security threats in general are increasing and becoming more advanced and could occur as a result of the activity of hackers, employee error or employee misconduct. A breach of our IT systems could lead to the loss and destruction of trade secrets, confidential information, proprietary data, intellectual property, customer and supplier data, and employee personal information. A breach could also expose us to customer litigation, regulatory actions and costs related to the reporting and handling of such a violation or breach, all of which could disrupt our business operations and could adversely affect Ashland’s relationships with business partners, harm our brands, reputation, and financial results.

Ashland may not be able to effectively protect or enforce its intellectual property rights.

Ashland relies on the patent, trademark, trade secret and copyright laws of the United States and other countries to protect its intellectual property rights. The laws of some countries may not protect Ashland’s intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Failure of foreign countries to have laws to protect Ashland’s intellectual property rights or an inability to effectively enforce such rights in foreign countries could result in the loss of valuable proprietary information, which could have an adverse effect on Ashland’s business and results of operations.

Even in circumstances where Ashland has a patent on certain technologies, such patents may not provide meaningful protection against competitors or against competing technologies. In addition, any patent applications submitted by Ashland may not result in an issued patent. There can be no assurance that Ashland’s intellectual property rights will not be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or rendered unenforceable. Ashland could also face claims from third parties alleging that Ashland’s products or processes infringe on their proprietary rights. If Ashland is found liable for infringement, it could be responsible for significant damages, prohibited from using certain products or processes or required to modify certain products and processes. Any such infringement liability could adversely affect Ashland’s product and service offerings, profitability and results of operations.

Ashland also has substantial intellectual property associated with its know-how and trade secrets that are not protected by patent or copyright laws. Ashland protects these rights by entering into confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements with most of its employees and with third parties. There can be no assurance that such agreements will not be breached or that Ashland will be able to effectively enforce them. In addition, Ashland’s trade secrets and know-how may be improperly obtained by other

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means, such as a breach of Ashland’s information technologies security systems or direct theft. Any unauthorized disclosure of any of Ashland’s material know-how or trade secrets could adversely affect Ashland’s business and results of operations.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Compliance and Litigation

Ashland’s business exposes it to potential product liability claims and recalls, which could adversely affect its financial condition and performance.

The development, manufacture and sale of specialty materials and other products by Ashland, including products produced for the food, beverage, personal care, pharmaceutical and nutritional supplement industries, involve an inherent risk of exposure to product liability claims, product recalls, product seizures and related adverse publicity. Ashland also produces products that are subject to rigorous specifications and quality standards, with an expectation from its customers around these strict requirements. A product liability claim, recall or judgment against Ashland, or a customer complaint on product specifications, could also result in substantial and unexpected expenditures, affect consumer or customer confidence in its products, and divert management’s attention from other responsibilities. Although Ashland maintains product liability insurance, there can be no assurance that this type or level of coverage is adequate or that Ashland will be able to continue to maintain its existing insurance or obtain comparable insurance at a reasonable cost, if at all. A product recall or a partially or completely uninsured product liability judgment against Ashland could have a material adverse effect on its reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

Ashland has incurred, and will continue to incur, substantial costs as a result of environmental, health and safety, and hazardous substances liabilities and related compliance requirements. These costs could adversely impact Ashland’s cash flow, and, to the extent they exceed Ashland’s established reserves for these liabilities, its results of operations.

Ashland is subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign laws, regulations, rules and ordinances relating to pollution, protection of the environment and human health and safety, and the generation, storage, handling, treatment, disposal and remediation of hazardous substances and waste materials. Ashland has incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs and capital expenditures to comply with these laws and regulations.

Environmental, health and safety regulations change over time, and such regulations and their enforcement have tended to become more stringent. Accordingly, changes in environmental, health and safety laws and regulations and the enforcement of such laws and regulations could interrupt Ashland’s operations, require modifications to its facilities or cause Ashland to incur significant liabilities, costs or losses that could adversely affect its profitability. Actual or alleged violations of environmental, health or safety laws and regulations could result in restrictions or prohibitions on plant operations as well as substantial damages, penalties, fines, civil or criminal sanctions and remediation costs. In addition, under some environmental laws, Ashland may be strictly liable and/or jointly and severally liable for environmental damages and penalties.

Ashland is also subject to various federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations that require environmental assessment or remediation efforts (collectively, environmental remediation) at multiple locations. Ashland uses engineering studies, historical experience and other factors to identify and evaluate remediation alternatives and their related costs in determining the estimated reserves for environmental remediation. Environmental remediation reserves are subject to numerous inherent uncertainties that affect Ashland’s ability to estimate its share of the applicable costs. Such uncertainties involve the nature and extent of contamination at each site and the extent of required cleanup efforts under existing environmental regulations, with varying costs of alternate cleanup methods. There may also be situations in which certain environmental liabilities are not known to Ashland or are not probable and estimable. As a result, Ashland’s actual costs for environmental remediation could adversely affect Ashland’s cash flow and, to the extent costs exceed established reserves for those liabilities, its results of operations.

Ashland is responsible for, and has financial exposure to, liabilities from pending and threatened claims, including those alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos, which could adversely impact Ashland’s results of operations and cash flow.

There are various claims, lawsuits and administrative proceedings pending or threatened, including those alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos, against Ashland and its current and former subsidiaries. Such actions are with respect to

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commercial matters, product liability, toxic tort liability and other matters that seek remedies or damages, some of which are for substantial amounts. While these actions are being contested, their outcome is not predictable. Ashland’s results could be adversely affected by financial exposure to these liabilities. Insurance maintained by Ashland to protect against claims for damages alleged by third parties is subject to coverage limitations, depending on the nature of the risk insured. This insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of Ashland’s liabilities to others. In addition, insurance related to these types of risks may not be available now or, if available, may not be available in the future at commercially reasonable rates. Ashland’s ability to recover from its insurers for asbestos liabilities could also have an adverse impact on its results of operations. Projecting future asbestos costs is subject to numerous variables that are extremely difficult to predict. In addition to the significant uncertainties surrounding the number of claims that might be received, other variables include the type and severity of the disease alleged by each claimant, the long latency period associated with asbestos exposure, dismissal rates, costs of medical treatment, the impact of bankruptcies of other companies that are co-defendants in claims, uncertainties surrounding the litigation process from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and from case to case, and the impact of potential changes in legislative or judicial standards. Furthermore, any predictions with respect to these variables are subject to even greater uncertainty as the projection period lengthens. In light of these inherent uncertainties, Ashland believes that its asbestos reserves represent the best estimate within a range of possible outcomes. As a part of the process to develop these estimates of future asbestos costs, a range of long-term cost models was developed. These models are based on national studies that predict the number of people likely to develop asbestos-related diseases and are heavily influenced by assumptions regarding long-term inflation rates for indemnity payments and legal defense costs, as well as other variables mentioned previously. Because of the inherent uncertainties in projecting future asbestos liabilities and establishing appropriate reserves, Ashland’s actual asbestos costs could adversely affect its results of operations and, to the extent they exceed its reserves, could adversely affect its results of operations.

The impact of changing laws or regulations or the manner of interpretation or enforcement of existing rules could adversely impact Ashland’s financial performance and restrict its ability to operate its business or execute its strategies.

New laws or regulations, or changes in existing laws or regulations or the manner of their interpretation or enforcement, could increase Ashland’s cost of doing business and restrict its ability to operate its business or execute its strategies. This includes, among other things, the possible taxation under U.S. law of certain income from foreign operations, the possible taxation under foreign laws of certain income Ashland reports in other jurisdictions, the Pillar Two initiative of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development which introduces a 15% global minimum tax applied on a country-by-country basis to Ashland in many jurisdictions starting October 1, 2024, tariffs or quotas levied on Ashland products, raw materials or key components by certain countries, regulations related to the protection of private information of Ashland’s employees and customers, regulations issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (and analogous non-U.S. agencies) affecting Ashland and its customers, compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (and analogous non-U.S. laws) and the European Union’s Registration, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation (and analogous non-EU initiatives), and potential operational impacts of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Uncertainty associated with the passage of new laws, application of executive authority beyond the legislative process, as well as changes in and enforcement of existing laws, can limit Ashland’s ability to make and execute business plans effectively. In addition, compliance with laws and regulations is complicated by Ashland’s substantial and growing global footprint, which will require significant and additional resources to comprehend and ensure compliance with applicable laws in the more than one hundred countries where Ashland conducts business. Compliance with current and future regulations is further complicated by uncertainty around the reevaluation of international agreements by various countries, including the United States, and the resulting impact on regulatory regimes, customs regulations, tariffs, sanctions, and other transnational protocols.

Risks Related to Taxation

Imposition of new taxes, disagreements with tax authorities or additional tax liabilities could adversely affect Ashland’s business, financial condition, reputation or results of operations.

Ashland’s products are made, manufactured, distributed or sold in more than 100 countries and territories. A significant portion of Ashland’s revenues are generated outside the United States. As such, Ashland is subject to taxes in the United States as well as numerous foreign countries. Ashland’s future effective tax rates could be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in liabilities for uncertain

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tax positions, cost of repatriations or changes in tax laws, regulations, administrative practices or their interpretation. Moreover, because Ashland is subject to the regular examination of its income tax returns by various tax authorities, the economic and political pressure to increase tax revenues in these jurisdictions may make resolving tax disputes even more difficult, and the final resolution of tax audits and any related litigation may differ from our historical provisions and accruals resulting in an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, reputation or results of operations. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Tax Act), enacted in December 2017, made significant changes to US tax law; many other countries or organizations, including those where Ashland has significant operations, are actively considering or enacting changes to tax laws which could significantly impact our tax rate and cash flows. The increasingly complex global tax environment, including changes in how United States multinational corporations are taxed, could adversely affect Ashland’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

Other than the one-time transition tax enacted by the Tax Act, Ashland will continue to be indefinitely reinvested in our foreign earnings. As such, Ashland has not accrued income taxes or foreign withholding taxes on undistributed earnings for most non-US subsidiaries because those earnings are intended to be indefinitely reinvested in the operations of those subsidiaries. If these earnings are needed for Ashland’s operations in the United States, the repatriation of such earnings could adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The final distribution of Valvoline shares could result in significant tax liability to Ashland and its stockholders.

Ashland believes that the final distribution of Valvoline shares should be a nontaxable transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Ashland has obtained a written opinion of counsel to the effect that the final distribution should qualify for non-recognition of gain and loss under Section 355 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The opinion is based on certain assumptions and representations as to factual matters from Ashland and Valvoline, as well as certain covenants by those parties. The opinion cannot be relied upon if any of the assumptions, representations or covenants is incorrect, incomplete or inaccurate or is violated in any material respect, or if there are changes in law with retroactive effect. The opinion is not binding on the IRS or the courts, and it is possible that the IRS or a state or local taxing authority could take the position the final distribution resulted in the recognition of significant taxable gain by Ashland, in which case Ashland may be subject to material tax liabilities.

If the final distribution were determined not to qualify for non-recognition of gain and loss, then Ashland would recognize gain as if it had sold Valvoline common stock in a taxable transaction in an amount up to the fair market value of the Valvoline common stock it distributed in the final distribution. The tax liability resulting from such gain could have a material impact on Ashland’s operations.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Ashland’s corporate headquarters is located in Wilmington, Delaware. Principal offices of other major operations are located in Wilmington, Delaware (Life Sciences, Specialty Additives, Intermediates and Corporate); Bridgewater, New Jersey (Personal Care and Corporate); and Dublin, Ohio (Corporate) within the United States and Hyderabad, India; Warsaw, Poland; and Schaffhausen, Switzerland (each of which are shared service centers of Ashland’s and house Corporate and direct business segment personnel). All of these locations are leased, except for the Wilmington, Delaware site which is owned. Principal manufacturing, marketing and other materially important physical properties of Ashland and its subsidiaries are described within the applicable business units under “Item 1” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All of Ashland’s physical properties are owned or leased. Ashland believes its physical properties are suitable and adequate for the Company’s business. Additional information concerning leases may be found in Note J of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The following is a description of Ashland’s material legal proceedings. Ashland’s threshold for disclosing material environmental legal proceedings involving a governmental authority where potential monetary sanctions are involved is $1 million.

Asbestos-Related Litigation

Ashland is subject to liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Such claims result primarily from indemnification obligations undertaken in 1990 in connection with the sale of Riley Stoker Corporation (Riley), a former subsidiary. Although Riley was neither a producer nor a manufacturer of asbestos, its industrial boilers contained some asbestos containing components provided by other companies.

Hercules LLC (Hercules) (formerly Hercules Incorporated), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Ashland, is also subject to liabilities from asbestos-related personal injury lawsuits involving claims which typically arise from alleged exposure to asbestos fibers from resin encapsulated pipe and tank products which were sold by one of Hercules’ former subsidiaries to a limited industrial market.

Ashland and Hercules are also defendants in lawsuits alleging exposure to asbestos at facilities formerly or presently owned or operated by Ashland or Hercules.

For additional detailed information regarding liabilities arising from asbestos-related litigation, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis - Critical Accounting Policies - Asbestos Litigation” and Note M of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Environmental Proceedings

(a) CERCLA and Similar State Law Sites - Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 and similar state laws, Ashland and its subsidiaries may be subject to joint and several liability for cleanup costs in connection with alleged releases of hazardous substances at sites where it has been identified as a “potentially responsible party” (PRP). As of September 30, 2023, Ashland and its subsidiaries have been identified as a PRP by U.S. federal and state authorities, or by private parties seeking contribution, for the cost of environmental investigation and/or cleanup at 57 sites. These sites are currently subject to ongoing investigation and remedial activities, overseen by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) or a state agency, in which Ashland or its subsidiaries are typically participating as a member of a PRP group. Generally, the types of relief sought include remediation of contaminated soil and/or groundwater, reimbursement for past costs of site cleanup and administrative oversight and/or long-term monitoring of environmental conditions at the sites. The ultimate costs are not predictable with assurance.

(b) Lower Passaic River, New Jersey Matters - Ashland, through two formerly owned facilities, and International Specialty Products (ISP), through a now-closed facility, have been identified as PRPs, along with approximately 70 other companies (the Cooperating Parties Group or the CPG), in a May 2007 Administrative Order of Consent (AOOC) with the USEPA. The parties are required to perform a remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/FS) of the entire 17 miles of the Passaic River. In June 2007, the USEPA separately commenced a Focused Feasibility Study (FFS) as an interim measure. In accordance with the 2007 AOOC, in June 2012 the CPG voluntarily entered into another AOOC for an interim removal action focused solely at mile 10.9 of the Passaic River. The allocations for the 2007 AOOC and the 2012 removal action are based on interim allocations, are immaterial and have been accrued. In April 2014, the USEPA released the FFS. The CPG submitted the Draft RI/FS Report on April 30, 2015. The USEPA has released the FFS Record of Decision for the lower 8 miles and reached an agreement with another chemical company to conduct and pay for the remedial design. This chemical company has sued Ashland, ISP and numerous other defendants to recover past and future costs pursuant to the CERCLA. Ashland’s motion to dismiss was partially granted, and the surviving claims are in the early stages of discovery. Ashland and ISP participated in an USEPA allocation process that resulted in a partial settlement with the EPA. Possible future allocation proceedings are not expected to have a significant impact to Ashland.

For additional information regarding environmental matters and reserves, see Note M of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Other Pending Legal Proceedings

In addition to the matters described above, there are other various claims, lawsuits and administrative proceedings pending or threatened against Ashland and its current and former subsidiaries. Such actions are with respect to commercial matters, product liability, toxic tort liability, employment matters and other environmental matters which seek remedies or damages, some of which are for substantial amounts. While Ashland cannot predict with certainty the outcome of such actions, it believes that adequate reserves have been recorded as of September 30, 2023. There is a reasonable possibility that a loss exceeding amounts already recognized may be incurred related to these actions; however, Ashland believes that such potential losses would not be material as of September 30, 2023.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Ashland’s Common Stock is listed on the NYSE (ticker symbol “ASH”) and has trading privileges on Nasdaq.

Holders

At October 31, 2023, there were approximately 8,565 holders of record of Ashland’s Common Stock.

Dividends

While we currently expect that quarterly cash dividends will continue to be paid in the future, such payments are at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon many factors, including our results of operations and liquidity position.

There were no sales of unregistered securities required to be reported under Item 5 of Form 10-K.

FIVE-YEAR TOTAL RETURN PERFORMANCE GRAPH

The following graph compares Ashland’s five-year cumulative total shareholder return with the cumulative total return of the S&P MidCap 400† index and one peer group of companies. Ashland is listed in the S&P MidCap 400† index. The cumulative total shareholder return assumes the reinvestment of dividends.

COMPARISON OF FIVE-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN

ASHLAND, S&P MIDCAP 400† INDEX AND PEER GROUP

 

	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Ashland	100	93	87	111	120	105
S&P MidCap 400†	100	98	96	138	117	135
Peer Group - Materials	100	101	111	142	126	150

The peer group consists of the following industry indices:

• Peer Group – Materials: S&P 500† Materials (large-cap) and S&P MidCap 400† Materials. As of September 30, 2023, this peer group consisted of 57 companies.

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Repurchases of Company Common Stock

Share repurchase activity during the three months ended September 30, 2023 was as follows:

Q4 Fiscal Periods	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid per Share, including commission		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in millions) (a)
July 1, 2023 to July 31, 2023		—	$	—		—	$	1,000
August 1, 2023 to August 31, 2023		—		—		—		1,000
September 1, 2023 to September 30, 2023		—		—		—		1,000
Total		—				—		1,000

(a)On June 28, 2023, Ashland's board of directors authorized a new evergreen $1 billion common share repurchase program (2023 stock repurchase program). The new authorization terminates and replaces the company's 2022 stock repurchase program, which had $200 million outstanding at the date of termination.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

See Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations on pages M-1 through M-42.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

See Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk on page M-42.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The consolidated financial statements of Ashland presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are listed in the index on page F-1.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures – As of September 30, 2023, Ashland, under the supervision and with the participation of Ashland’s management, including Ashland’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of Ashland’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2023.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting - See Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting on page F-2 and the Reports of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on pages F-3 and F-4.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting – There have been no changes in Ashland’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Ashland’s internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

Insider Trading Arrangements

None.

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ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

None.

26

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Proposal One - Election of Directors,” “Executive Officers,” “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports,” “Corporate Governance - Governance Principles,” “Corporate Governance - Stockholder Nominations of Directors,” “Corporate Governance – Insider Trading Policy,” and “Corporate Governance - Committees and Meetings of the Board of Directors” in the Proxy Statement for Ashland’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Ashland plans to file such Proxy Statement within 120 days after September 30, 2023, the end of Ashland’s fiscal year.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Director Compensation,” “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” “Executive Compensation,” and “Compensation Committee Report,” in the Proxy Statement for Ashland’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. The Compensation Committee Report to be included in such Proxy Statement shall be deemed to be furnished in this report and shall not be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Exchange Act as a result of such furnishing in this Item 11. Ashland plans to file such Proxy Statement within 120 days after September 30, 2023, the end of Ashland’s fiscal year.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Ashland Common Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners,” and “Ashland Common Stock Ownership of Directors and Executive Officers of Ashland” in the Proxy Statement for Ashland’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. Ashland plans to file such Proxy Statement within 120 days after September 30, 2023, the end of Ashland’s fiscal year.

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The following table summarizes the equity compensation plans under which Ashland Common Stock may be issued as of September 30, 2023.

	Equity Compensation Plan Information
Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights			Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights			Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
	(a)				(b)		(c)
Equity compensation plans    approved by security holders		596,158	(1)	$	65.22	(2)		10,124,365	(3)
Equity compensation plans not    approved by security holders		50,407	(4)		—			1,276,934	(5)
Total		646,565		$	65.22	(2)		11,401,299

(1)This figure includes 31,694 net shares that could be issued under stock-settled SARs under the Amended and Restated 2011 Ashland Inc. Incentive Plan (“2011 Incentive Plan”), 165,813 net shares that could be issued under stock-settled SARs, 9,263 net shares that could be issued under stock-settled SARs, 46,161 shares that could be issued under stock settled restricted stock units under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2018 Omnibus Plan”), 162,660 shares that could be issued under stock settled restricted stock units under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2021 Omnibus Plan”), based upon the closing price of Ashland Common Stock on the NYSE as of September 30, 2023 of $81.68. Additionally, this figure includes 37,924 performance units for the fiscal 2021-2023 performance period payable in Ashland Common Stock under the 2018 Omnibus Plan, 89,663 performance units for the fiscal 2022-2024 performance period payable in Ashland Common Stock under the 2021 Omnibus Plan and 38,166 performance units for the fiscal 2023-2025 performance period payable in Ashland Common Stock under the 2021 Omnibus Plan, estimated assuming target performance is achieved. Also included in the figure are 14,814 shares to be issued under the pre-2005 Deferred Compensation Plan for Employees payable in Ashland Common Stock upon termination of employment or service with Ashland.

(2)The weighted-average exercise price excludes shares in Ashland Common Stock which may be distributed under the deferred compensation plans and the deferred restricted stock, and performance share units and restricted stock units which may be distributed under the 2011 Incentive Plan, the 2015 Incentive Plan and the 2018 Omnibus Plan, as described in footnotes (1) and (4) in this table.

(3)This figure includes 6,332,994 available for issuance under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Plan, 105,610 shares available for issuance under the pre-2005 Deferred Compensation Plan for Employees (closed) and 352,931 shares available for issuance under the pre-2005 Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (closed). Under the 2018 Incentive Plan, full-value awards, which include all awards other than stock options and SARs, reduce the share reserve on a 2-to-1 basis. The remaining balance of shares available for grant under the 2018 Omnibus Plan are now available for grant under the 2021 Omnibus Plan and are included in the numbers of shares available for issuance under the 2021 Omnibus Plan. This figure also includes 81,233 shares available for issuance under the 2006 Incentive Plan, 2,572,476 shares available for issuance under the 2011 Incentive Plan and 679,121 shares available for issuance under the 2015 Incentive Plan; however, these plans are closed for new issuances and the only shares remaining to be issued are shares paid in lieu of dividends and for the 2015 Incentive Plan, shares to be issued for unvested performance units and restricted stock units.

(4)This figure includes 36,060 shares to be issued under the Deferred Compensation Plan for Employees (2005), which is described in the “Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation-Ashland Employees’ Deferral Plan” section of Ashland’s proxy statement, and 14,347 shares to be issued under the Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (2005), which is described in the “Compensation of Directors” section of Ashland’s proxy statement, payable in Ashland Common Stock upon termination of employment or service with Ashland. Because these plans are not equity compensation plans as defined by the rules of the NYSE, neither plan required approval by Ashland’s stockholders.

(5)This figure includes 615,031 shares available for issuance under the Deferred Compensation Plan for Employees (2005) and 661,903 shares available for issuance under the Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (2005). Because these plans are not equity compensation plans as defined by the rules of the NYSE, neither plan required approval by Ashland’s stockholders.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Corporate Governance - Director Independence and Certain Relationships,” “Corporate Governance - Related Person Transaction Policy,” and “Audit Committee Report” in in the Proxy Statement for Ashland’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Ashland plans to file such Proxy Statement within 120 days after September 30, 2023, the end of Ashland’s fiscal year.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Audit Committee Report” and “Proposal Two - Ratification of Independent Registered Public Accountants” in the Proxy Statement for Ashland’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Ashland plans to file such Proxy Statement within 120 days after September 30, 2023, the end of Ashland’s fiscal year.

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PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) Documents filed as part of this Report

(1) Financial Statements; and

(2) See Item 15(b) in this Annual Report on Form 10-K

The consolidated financial statements of Ashland presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are listed in the index on page F-1.

Schedules other than that listed above have been omitted because of the absence of the conditions under which they are required or because the information required is shown in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto. Separate financial statements of unconsolidated affiliates are omitted because each company does not constitute a significant subsidiary using the 20% tests when considered individually.

(b) Documents required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K

2.1	–	Stock and Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 18, 2014, between Ashland Inc. and CD&R Seahawk Bidco, LLC (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on February 24, 2014 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
2.2	–	Sale and Purchase Agreement related to the ASK Chemicals Group, dated April 8, 2014, among Ashland Inc., Ashland International Holdings, Inc., Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH, Clariant Corp., mertus 158. GmbH, Ascot US Bidco Inc. and Ascot UK Bidco Limited (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on April 14, 2014 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
2.3	–	Agreement and Plan of Merger dated May 31, 2016, by and among Ashland Inc., Ashland Global Holdings Inc. and Ashland Merger Sub Corp. (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2016 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
2.4	–	Stock and Asset Purchase Agreement, dated November 14, 2018, between Ashland Global Holdings Inc. and INEOS Enterprises Holdings Limited (pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K, exhibits, schedules and certain annexes to the Stock and Asset Purchase Agreement have been omitted; exhibits, schedules and annexes will be supplementally provided to the SEC upon request) (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on November 20, 2018 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference.)
2.5	–	First Amendment to Stock and Asset Purchase Agreement, dated July 1, 2019, between Ashland Global Holdings Inc. and INEOS Enterprises Holdings Limited (pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K, exhibits, schedules and certain annexes to the Stock and Asset Purchase Agreement have been omitted; exhibits, schedules and annexes will be supplementally provided to the SEC upon request) (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on July 8, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
2.6	–	Second Amendment to Stock and Asset Purchase Agreement, dated July 30, 2019, between Ashland Global Holdings Inc. and INEOS Enterprises Holdings Limited (pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K, exhibits, schedules and certain annexes to the Stock and Asset Purchase Agreement have been omitted; exhibits, schedules and annexes will be supplementally provided to the SEC upon request (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on August 2, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
2.7	–	Asset Purchase Agreement dated July 25, 2020, by and between Ashland LLC and AOC Materials LLC (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on July 27, 2020 (SEC File No. 333-211719 and incorporated herein by reference).
2.8	–	Master Asset Purchase Agreement, dated January 18, 2021, entered into by and between Schülke & Mayr GmbH, ISP Marl Holdings and Ashland Industries Europe GmbH (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on January 22, 2021 (SEC File No.333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).

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2.9	–	Amendment Agreement to the Master Purchase Agreement regarding the acquisition of the Personal Care Business of Schülke & Mayr GmbH dated April 29, 2021, filed as Exhibit 2.2 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q filed on July 29, 2021 (SEC File No.333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
2.10	–	Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of August 30, 2021, between Ashland LLC and Arkema, filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on August 31, 2021 (SEC File No.333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
2.11	–	Amendment No. 1 to the Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of February 28, 2022, by and between Arkema and Ashland LLC (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on February 28, 2022 (SEC File No.333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
2.12	–	Stock Purchase Agreement, dated April 14, 2017, by and among Ashland LLC, Pharmachem Laboratories, Inc., the holders of common stock of Pharmachem Laboratories, Inc., Dr. David Peele, and Photon SH Representative LLC, solely as the shareholders’ representative (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2017 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
2.13	–	Amendment No. 1 to the Stock Purchase Agreement, dated May 16, 2017, by and among Ashland LLC, Pharmachem Laboratories, Inc., the holders of common stock of Pharmachem Laboratories, Inc., Dr. David Peele, and Photon SH Representative LLC, solely as the shareholders’ representative (filed as Exhibit 2.2 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2017 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
2.14	–	Amendment No. 2 to the Stock Purchase Agreement, dated August 23, 2017, by and among Ashland LLC, Pharmachem Laboratories, Inc., the holders of common stock of Pharmachem Laboratories, Inc., Dr. David Peele, and Photon SH Representative LLC, solely as the shareholders’ representative (filed as Exhibit 10.84 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2017 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein).
3.1	–	Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Ashland Global Holdings Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on September 20, 2016 (SEC File No. 001-32532)) and incorporated by reference herein).
3.2	–	Certificate of Ownership & Merger, amending the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on August 1, 2022 (SEC File No. 001-32532) and incorporated by reference herein).
3.3	–	By-laws of Ashland Inc. (Amended and Restated as of September 20, 2022) (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on September 20, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated by reference herein).
4.1	–	Pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K, copies of instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of Ashland and all of its subsidiaries are not filed, Ashland agrees to furnish a copy of such instruments with the SEC upon request.
4.2	–	Warrant Agreement dated July 27, 1999 between Hercules and The Chase Manhattan Bank, as warrant agent (filed as Exhibit 4.4 to Hercules’ Form 8-K filed on July 28, 1999 (SEC File No. 001-00496), and incorporated herein by reference).
4.3	–	Form of Series A Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures (filed as Exhibit 4.5 to Hercules’ Form 8-K filed on July 28, 1999 (SEC File No. 001-00496), and incorporated herein by reference).
4.4	–	Form of CRESTSM Unit (filed as Exhibit 4.7 to Hercules’ Form 8-K filed on July 28, 1999 (SEC File No. 001-00496), and incorporated herein by reference).
4.5	–	Form of Warrant (filed as Exhibit 4.8 to Hercules’ Form 8-K filed on July 28, 1999 (SEC File No. 001-00496), and incorporated herein by reference).
4.6	–	Form of $100,000,000 6.6% Debenture due August 27, 2027 (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Hercules’ Form 8-K filed on July 30, 1997 (SEC File No. 001-00496), and incorporated herein by reference).

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4.7	–	Indenture, dated as of August 7, 2012, between Ashland Inc. and U.S. Bank N.A., as Trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on September 21, 2012 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
4.8	–	First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 26, 2013, between Ashland Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, in respect of the senior notes due 2022 (filed as Exhibit 4.11 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2013 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
4.9	–	Indenture, dated as of February 26, 2013, between Ashland Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.3 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on February 27, 2013 (SEC File No. 001- 32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
4.10	–	First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 26, 2013, between Ashland Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, in respect of the senior notes due 2016, 2018 and 2043 (filed as Exhibit 4.4 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on February 27, 2013 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
4.11	–	Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 14, 2013, between Ashland Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, in respect of the senior notes due 2043 (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on March 18, 2013 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
4.12	–	First Supplemental Indenture as of August 1, 2022, to the Trust Indenture in respect of the 2031 Notes dated as of August 18, 2021, by and among Ashland Global Holdings Inc. (now Ashland Inc.), U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.12 to Ashland's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 21, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
4.13	–	Third Supplemental Indenture dated October 19, 2016, among Ashland LLC, Ashland Global Holdings Inc. and US Bank National Association, to the Indenture dated as of February 26, 2013 between Ashland LLC and US Bank National Association (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on October 20, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
4.14	–	Fourth Supplemental Indenture dated August 1, 2022, to the Trust Indenture dated as of February 26, 2013, between Ashland Global Holdings Inc. (now Ashland Inc.) and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.14 to Ashland's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 21, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
4.15	–	Indenture dated January 23, 2020, among Ashland Services B.V., Ashland Global Holdings Inc., Ashland LLC and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, in respect of the Senior Euro-Denominated Notes due 2028 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on January 23, 2020 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
4.15(a)	–	Description of Capital Stock (filed as Exhibit 4.14(a) to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
4.15(b)	–	Description of 6.875% Senior Notes due 2043 (filed as Exhibit 4.14(b) to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
4.15(c)	–	Description of 4.750% Senior Notes due 2022 (filed as Exhibit 4.14(c) to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
4.16	–	Indenture dated August 18, 2021, among Ashland LLC, Ashland Global Holdings Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, in respect of the Notes due 2031 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on August 18, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).

The following Exhibits 10.1 through 10.80 are contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements or management contracts required to be filed as exhibits pursuant to Items 601(b)(10)(ii)(A) and 601(b)(10)(iii)(A) and (B) of Regulation S-K.

10.1 – Amended and Restated Ashland Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (2005) (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2008 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).

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10.2	–	Amendment to the Amended and Restated Ashland Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (2005) (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.3	–	Amended and Restated Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (2005) effective as of January 1, 2017 (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.4	–	Amended and Restated Ashland Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Employees (2005) (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2008 (SEC File No. 001-32532) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.5		Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Employees (Amended and Restated Effective as of May 22, 2019) (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Ashland’s Form10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.6		Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (Amended and Restated as of May 22, 2019) (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-21179), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.7	–	Ashland Supplemental Defined Contribution Plan for Certain Employees (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2011 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference) (Frozen).
10.8	–	Amended and Restated 2011 Ashland Inc. Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on February 1, 2013 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.9	–	Amended and Restated 2015 Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.21 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein).
10.10	–	Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2011 Ashland Inc. Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.16 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2014 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.11	–	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2011 Ashland Inc. Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.18 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2014 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.12	–	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2015 Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.13	–	Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2015 Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.14	–	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2015 Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Incentive Plan (Double-Trigger Form) (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on July 20, 2015 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.15	–	Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on October 9, 2015 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.16	–	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2015 Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Incentive Plan (Double-Trigger Form) (filed as Exhibit 10.37 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein).
10.17	–	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2015 Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Incentive Plan (Double-Trigger Form) (filed as Exhibit 10.38 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein).

33

10.18	–	Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2015 Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Incentive Plan (Double-Trigger Form) (filed as Exhibit 10.39 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein).
10.19	–	Form of Performance Unit (LTIP) Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2015 Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Incentive Plan (Double-Trigger Form) (filed as Exhibit 10.40 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein).
10.20	–	Form of Indemnification Agreement between Ashland and members of its Board of Directors (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on September 20, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.21	–	Form of Cash-Settled Performance Unit (LTIP) Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2015 Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Incentive Plan (Double-Trigger Form) (filed as Exhibit 10.59 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein).
10.22	–	Amended and Restated Hercules Deferred Compensation Plan effective January 1, 2008 (filed as Exhibit 10.8 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended on September 30, 2010 (SEC File No. 001-32532), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.23	–	Amendment to the Amended and Restated Hercules Deferred Compensation Plan dated September 30, 2016 (annuity cash-out) (filed as Exhibit 10.61 to Ashland’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein).
10.24	–	Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2018 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.25	–	Form of Stock-Settled Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2018 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.26	–	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2018 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.27	–	Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Award Agreement under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2018 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.28	–	Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2018 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.29	–	Form of Cash-Settled Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2018 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.30	–	Ashland Global Holdings Inc. NonQualified Defined Contribution Plan (Amended and Restated as of May 22, 2019) (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.31	–	Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Supplemental Defined Contribution Plan for Certain Employees (Amended and Restated as of May 22, 2019) (filed as Exhibit 10.39 to Ashland’s Form 10-K filed on November 25, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.32	–	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (with pro-rata vesting upon death, disability and retirement) (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).

34

10.33	–	Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Award Agreement (Stock Settled) under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (with pro-rata vesting upon death, disability and retirement) (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.34	–	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (with pro-rata vesting upon death, disability and retirement) (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.35	–	Form of Stock-Settled Performance Unit Award Agreement under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (with pro-rata vesting upon death, disability and retirement) (filed as Exhibit 10.8 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.36	–	Offer Letter dated as of October 8, 2019, entered into by Guillermo Novo and Ashland Global Holdings Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on October 8, 2019 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.37	–	Form of Chief Executive Officer Change in Control Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q filed on January 29, 2020 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.38	–	Amendment to Ashland’s Severance Pay Plan dated January 29, 2020 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2020 (SEC File No: 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.39	–	Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on February 3, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.40	–	Form of Stock-Settled Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on February 3, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.41	–	Form of Restricted Share Award Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on February 3, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.42	–	Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Award Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on February 3, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.43	–	Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on February 3, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.44	–	Form of Cash-Settled Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on February 3, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.45	–	Form of Cash Settled Restricted Stock Equivalent Award Agreement for Non-U.S. Participants under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on August 6, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.46	–	Form of Cash Settled Performance Unit Award Agreement for Non-U.S. Participants under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on August 6, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.47	–	Form of Stock Settled Performance Unit Agreement for U.S. Employees under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on August 6, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.48	–	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for U.S. Employees under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on August 6, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.49	–	Form of Stock-Settled Performance Unit Agreement for (Germany) under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on August 6, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).

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10.50	–	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for (Germany) under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on August 6, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.51	–	Form of Chief Executive Officer Change in Control Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.69 to Ashland's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021, filed on November 22, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein.
10.52	–	Ashland Inc. Senior Leadership Severance Plan (effective as of September 19, 2022) filed as Exhibit 10.60 to Ashland's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 21, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein.
10.53	–	Form of Stock-Settled Performance Unit Agreement for US Employees, effective as of September 19, 2022 under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan filed as Exhibit 10.61 to Ashland's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 21, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein.
10.54	–	Form of Cash-Settled Performance Unit (PSU) Award Agreement for Non-US Participants, effective as of September 19, 2022 under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan filed as Exhibit 10.62 to Ashland's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 21, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein.
10.55	–	Form of Restricted Stock Unit (RSU) Award Agreement for US Participants, effective as of September 19, 2022 under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan filed as Exhibit 10.63 to Ashland's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 21, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein.
10.56	–	Form of Cash-Settled Restricted Equivalent (RSE) Award Agreement for Non-US Participants, effective as of September 19, 2022 under the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan filed as Exhibit 10.64 to Ashland's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 21, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein.
10.57		Amendment No. 1 effective as of November 17, 2022, to the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (Amended and Restated as of May 2019) filed as Exhibit 10.65 to Ashland's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 21, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein.
10.58		Ashland Inc. Independent Director Deferred Compensation Program effective as of November 17, 2022 filed as Exhibit 10.66 to Ashland's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 21, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein.
10.59		Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Independent Directors), effective as of November 17, 2022 filed as Exhibit 10.67 to Ashland's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 21, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein.
10.60	–	Credit Agreement dated as of January 10, 2020, among Ashland Global Holdings Inc., Ashland Chemco Inc., Ashland LLC, Ashland Services B.V., each lender from time to time party thereto, the Bank of Nova Scotia, as administrative agent, swing line lender and a letter of credit issuer, each other letter of credit issuer from time to time party thereto and Citibank, N.A., as syndication agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on January 10, 2020 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.61	–	Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of July 22, 2022, among Ashland Global Holdings Inc., Ashland Chemco Inc., Ashland LLC, Ashland Services B.V., each lender from time to time party thereto, the Bank of Nova Scotia, Houston Branch, as administrative agent, swing line lender and a letter of credit issuer, each other letter of credit issuer from time to time party thereto and Citibank, N.A., as syndication agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on July 22, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).

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10.62	–	Second Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated March 17, 2021, by and among Ashland LLC and Ashland Specialty Ingredients G.P., as originators, Ashland LLC, as initial servicer, and CVG Capital III LLC, as purchaser (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on March 18, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.63	–	Receivables Purchasing Agreement, dated March 17, 2021, by and among CVG Capital III LLC, PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, PNC Bank Capital Markets LLC, as structuring agent, Ashland LLC, as initial servicer, and certain other persons from time to time party thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on March 18, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.64	–	First Amendment as of February 22, 2022, to the Receivables Purchase Agreement dated March 17, 2021, by and among CVG Capital III LLC, PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, Ashland LLC, as initial servicer, and certain other persons identified as Purchasers, LC, LC Participants and Group Agents and other persons from time to time identified as parties thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on February 28, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.65	–	Assignment Agreement dated February 22, 2022, between CVG Capital III LLC and Ashland LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on February 28, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719) and incorporated herein by reference).
10.66	–	First Amendment as of August 1, 2022, to the Second Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated March 17, 2021, by and among Ashland Inc. as an originator and servicer, and Ashland Specialty Ingredients G.P., as originator, and CVG Capital III LLC, as purchaser filed as Exhibit 10.74 to Ashland's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 21, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein.
10.67	–	Second Amendment as of August 1, 2022, to the Receivables Purchase Agreement dated March 17, 2021, by and among CVG Capital III LLC, PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, Ashland Inc. in its individual capacity and as initial servicer, and certain other persons identified as Purchasers, LC, LC Participants and Group Agents and other persons from time to time identified as parties thereto filed as Exhibit 10.75 to Ashland's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 21, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated by reference herein.
10.68	–	Assumption Agreement dated September 20, 2016, by and between Ashland Global Holdings Inc. and Ashland Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on September 20, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.69	–	Separation Agreement dated as of September 22, 2016, between and among Ashland Global Holdings Inc. and Valvoline Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on September 28, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.70	–	Tax Matters Agreement dated as of September 22, 2016, between and among Ashland Global Holdings Inc. and Valvoline Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on September 28, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.71	–	Employee Matters Agreement dated as of September 22, 2016, between and among Ashland Global Holdings Inc. and Valvoline Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on September 28, 2016 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.72	–	Master Confirmation - Uncollared Accelerated Share Repurchase, dated September 2, 2021, between Ashland Global Holdings Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Ashland’s Form 8-K filed on September 7, 2021 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
10.73		Amendment dated November 22, 2021 to the Master Confirmation (as supplemented by the Supplemental Confirmation) – Uncollared Accelerated Share Repurchase September 2, 2021, between Ashland Global Holdings Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Ashland’s Form 10-Q filed on February 3, 2022 (SEC File No. 333-211719), and incorporated herein by reference).
21**	–	List of Subsidiaries.

37

23.1**	–	Consent of Ernst & Young LLP.
23.2**	–	Consent of Gnarus Advisors LLC.
24**	–	Power of Attorney.
31.1**	–	Certification of Guillermo Novo, Chief Executive Officer of Ashland, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2**	–	Certification of J. Kevin Willis, Chief Financial Officer of Ashland, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32**	–	Certification of Guillermo Novo, Chief Executive Officer of Ashland, and J. Kevin Willis, Chief Financial Officer of Ashland, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
97**	–	Ashland, Inc. Dodd-Frank Compensation Recoupment Policy.
101.INS*		Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following documents formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021; (ii) Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2023 and 2022; (iii) Statements of Consolidated Equity at September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021; (iv) Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows for years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

** Filed herewith.

SM Service mark, Ashland or its subsidiaries, registered in various countries.

™ Trademark, Ashland or its subsidiaries, registered in various countries.

† Trademark owned by a third party.

Upon written or oral request, a copy of the above exhibits will be furnished at cost.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

38

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

ASHLAND INC.

(Registrant)

By:

/s/ J. Kevin Willis

J. Kevin Willis

Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Date: November 17, 2023

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant, in the capacities indicated, on November 17, 2023.

Signatures	Capacity
/s/ Guillermo Novo	Chair of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Guillermo Novo	(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ J. Kevin Willis	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
J. Kevin Willis	(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ Eric N. Boni	Vice President, Finance and Principal Accounting Officer
Eric N. Boni	(Principal Accounting Officer)
*	Director
Steven D. Bishop
*	Director
Sanat Chattopadhyay
*	Director
Brendan M. Cummins
*	Director
Suzan F. Harrison
*	Director
Jay V. Ihlenfeld
*	Director
Wetteny Joseph
*	Director
Susan L. Main
*	Director
Sergio Pedreiro
*	Director
Jerome A. Peribere
*	Director
Janice J. Teal

*By:	/s/ Robin E. Lampkin
	Robin E. Lampkin
	Attorney-in-Fact
Date:	November 17, 2023

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

BUSINESS OVERVIEW

Ashland profile

Ashland is a global additives and specialty ingredients company with a conscious and proactive mindset for environmental, social and governance (ESG). The company serves customers in a wide range of consumer and industrial markets, including architectural coatings, construction, energy, food and beverage, nutraceuticals, personal care and pharmaceutical. With approximately 3,800 employees worldwide, Ashland serves customers in more than 100 countries.

Ashland’s sales generated outside of North America were 69% in 2023, and 68% in 2022 and 2021. respectively. Sales by region expressed as a percentage of total consolidated sales were as follows:

Sales by Geography	2023			2022			2021
North America (a)		31	%		32	%		32	%
Europe (a)		36	%		35	%		36	%
Asia Pacific		23	%		24	%		23	%
Latin America & other		10	%		9	%		9	%
		100	%		100	%		100	%

(a)Ashland includes only U.S. and Canada in its North American designation and includes Europe, the Middle East and Africa in its Europe designation.

Reportable segments

Ashland’s reportable segments include Life Sciences, Personal Care, Specialty Additives and Intermediates. Unallocated and Other includes corporate governance activities and certain legacy matters. The contribution to sales by each reportable segment expressed as a percentage of total consolidated sales for the year ended September 30 were as follows:

Sales by Reportable Segment	2023			2022			2021
Life Sciences		40	%		34	%		35	%
Personal Care		27	%		28	%		28	%
Specialty Additives		28	%		30	%		31	%
Intermediates		5	%		8	%		6	%
		100	%		100	%		100	%

M-1

KEY DEVELOPMENTS

Uncertainty relating to the Ukraine/Russia conflict and Israel/Hamas conflict

Business disruptions, including those related to the ongoing conflicts between Ukraine/Russia or Israel/Hamas continue to impact businesses around the globe. While it is impossible to predict the effects of the conflicts such as possible escalating geopolitical tensions (including the imposition of existing and additional sanctions by the U.S. and the European Union on Russia), worsening macroeconomic and general business conditions, supply chain interruptions and unfavorable energy markets, the impact could be material. Ashland is closely monitoring these situations and maintains business continuity plans that are intended to continue operations or mitigate the effects of events that could disrupt its business.

Ashland does not have manufacturing operations in Russia, Ukraine, or Belarus. Ashland sells (or previously sold) additives and specialty ingredients to manufacturers in these countries for their use in pharmaceuticals, personal care, and coatings applications. Sales to Russia and Belarus were previously limited and our products were primarily used in products and applications that are essential to the population's wellbeing and currently support our customers' humanitarian efforts. We have sales controls in place to ensure that future potential sales into the region are only to support critical pharmaceutical or personal hygiene products which are essential for the general population and in accordance with any applicable sanctions. Sales to Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus represent less than 1% of total consolidated sales and less than 1% of total consolidated assets (related to accounts receivable).

Ashland does not have manufacturing operations in Israel. Sales to Israel represent approximately 1% of total consolidated sales and less than 1% of total consolidated assets (related to accounts receivable).

Uncertainty relating to the COVID-19 pandemic

Through fiscal 2023, Ashland did not experience any material adverse events related to the COVID-19 pandemic and has continued to maintain supply chains. The COVID-19 impact related to the China re-opening did negatively impact demand during the first half of fiscal 2023 for both the Specialty Additives and Personal Care business segments. Additionally, Specialty Additives was also impacted by extended unplanned plant shutdowns at its Nanjing, China, facility as a result of these same dynamics during the first half of fiscal 2023. Ashland’s overall liquidity remains strong and Ashland is more than able to meet its operating cash needs and other investing and financing cash requirements at this time, including those necessary to grow the business as economic conditions improve.

Other significant items

2023 Stock repurchase program

On June 28, 2023, Ashland's board of directors authorized a new evergreen $1 billion common share repurchase program (2023 stock repurchase program). The new authorization terminates and replaces the company's 2022 stock repurchase program, which had $200 million outstanding at the date of termination. As of September 30, 2023, $1 billion remained available for repurchase under the 2023 stock repurchase program.

2022 Stock repurchase program

During May 2023, under the 2022 stock repurchase program, Ashland initiated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan agreement to repurchase up to $100 million of its outstanding shares. The program was completed during June 2023, when Ashland paid a total of $100 million and received a delivery of 1.1 million shares of common stock.

During March 2023, under the 2022 stock repurchase program, Ashland initiated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan agreement to repurchase up to $100 million of its outstanding shares. The program was completed during April 2023, when Ashland paid a total of $100 million and received a delivery of 1.0 million shares of common stock.

During February 2023, under the existing 2022 stock repurchase program, Ashland initiated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan agreement to repurchase up to $100 million of its outstanding shares. The program was completed in February 2023, when Ashland paid a total of $100 million and received a delivery of 1.0 million shares of common stock.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS – CONSOLIDATED REVIEW

Consolidated review

Overview

Key financial results for 2023, 2022 and 2021 included the following:

							2023			2022
(In millions except per share data)	2023		2022		2021		change			change
Net income (a)	$	178	$	927	$	220	$	(749	)	$	707
Diluted earnings per share net income		3.31		16.41		3.59		(13.10	)		12.82
Income from continuing operations		168		181		173		(13	)		8
Diluted earnings per share income from continuing operations		3.13		3.20		2.82		(0.07	)		0.38
Operating income		172		333		192		(161	)		141
EBITDA (b)		419		1,342		482		(923	)		860
Adjusted EBITDA (b)		459		590		495		(131	)		95
Adjusted diluted EPS from continuing operations         excluding intangibles amortization expense (b)		4.07		5.70		3.75		(1.63	)		1.95

(a)Fiscal 2022 includes a $726 million gain associated with the sale of the Performance Adhesives business.

(b)These are non-GAAP measures. See "Use of non-GAAP measures" section below for reconciliations to U.S. GAAP.

Ashland’s net income of $178 million ($3.31 diluted earnings per share) in 2023, $927 million ($16.41 diluted earnings per share) in 2022 and $220 million ($3.59 diluted earnings per share) in 2021 included income from discontinued operations of $10 million, ($0.18 diluted earnings per share) in 2023, $746 million ($13.21 diluted earnings per share) in 2022, and $47 million ($0.77 diluted earnings per share) in 2021. Fiscal 2022 included a $726 million gain recorded in discontinued operations associated with the sale of the Performance Adhesives business in February of 2022 and was the largest impact on net income between periods.

Results for Ashland’s continuing operations, diluted earnings per share from continuing operations and operating income for 2023, 2022 and 2021 included certain key items that were excluded to arrive at Adjusted EBITDA and are quantified in the “Use of non-GAAP measures” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These pre-tax key items totaled expense of $21 million in 2023, expense of $96 million in 2022 and expense of $56 million in 2021 impacting continuing operations. Continuing operations was also impacted by favorable discrete tax items totaling $44 million in 2023, $9 million in 2022 and $60 million in 2021 for various tax specific key items for uncertain tax positions, valuation allowances, restructuring and separation activity and tax reform related activity. The pre-tax key items impacting operating income totaled expense of $52 million in 2023, expense of $16 million in 2022 and $59 million in 2021. Excluding these key items, the decrease in continuing operations, diluted earnings per share from continuing operations and operating income was primarily driven by lower sales volumes from customer de-stocking, partially offset by improved pricing associated with cost inflation pricing actions and favorable selling, general and administrative expense primarily driven by lower incentive compensation. The increase in continuing operations, diluted earnings per share from continuing operations and operating income from fiscal 2021 to 2022 was primarily driven by higher product pricing and favorable mix, partially offset by higher costs from inflation and higher selling general and administrative expense primarily driven by higher incentive compensation. In addition, diluted earnings per share from continuing operations was also impacted by common share reductions from repurchases of Ashland common stock in the amount of $300 million in 2023, $200 million in 2022 and $450 million in 2021. These common stock repurchases reduced the number of weighted average shares from 61 million diluted shares in 2021 to 56 million diluted shares in 2022 and 54 million diluted shares in 2023.

Ashland’s Adjusted EBITDA was $459 million for 2023 compared to $590 million in 2022 (see U.S. GAAP reconciliation under “Use of non-GAAP measures” below). The $131 million decrease in Adjusted EBITDA from fiscal 2022 to 2023 was primarily driven by lower sales volumes from customer de-stocking, partially offset by improved pricing associated with cost inflation pricing actions and favorable selling, general and administrative expense primarily driven by lower incentive compensation. The $95 million increase in Adjusted EBITDA from fiscal 2021 to 2022 was primarily driven by higher product pricing and favorable mix, partially offset by higher costs from inflation and higher selling general and administrative expense primarily driven by higher incentive compensation. Adjusted diluted EPS from continuing operations (non-GAAP) excluding

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intangibles amortization expense was also impacted by these key factors along with the impact of common share repurchases noted above.

For further information on the items reported above, see the discussion in the comparative Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) caption review analysis.

Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) – caption review

A comparative analysis of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) by caption is provided as follows for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

							2023			2022
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021		change			change
Sales	$	2,191	$	2,391	$	2,111	$	(200	)	$	280

The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in sales between fiscal years 2023 and 2022 and between fiscal years 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023 change			2022 change
Volume	$	(354	)	$	15
Currency exchange		(21	)		(77	)
Acquisition (Divestiture)		(3	)		53
Price/mix		178			289
Change in sales	$	(200	)	$	280

Sales for 2023 decreased $200 million, or 8%, compared to 2022. Lower sales volume of $354 million, primarily from customer de-stocking and the COVID-19 impact related to the China re-opening in the first half of fiscal 2023, and unfavorable foreign currency exchange of $21 million, were the main drivers of the decline. These declines were partially offset by favorable mix and favorable product pricing associated with cost inflation pricing actions, which increased sales by $178 million.

Sales for 2022 increased $280 million, or 13%, compared to 2021. Favorable volume, including the acquisition of Schülke within the Personal Care reportable segment, and product pricing/mix associated with cost inflation pricing actions increased sales by $68 million and $289 million, respectively, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency exchange of $77 million.

										2023			2022
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021			change			change
Cost of sales	$	1,523		$	1,561		$	1,441		$	(38	)	$	120
Gross profit as a percent of sales		30.5	%		34.7	%		31.7	%

Fluctuations in cost of sales are driven primarily by the effects of challenges in shipping and logistics in the current year, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, raw material prices and energy, volume and changes in product mix, currency exchange, acquisitions and divestitures and other certain charges incurred as a result of changes or events within the businesses or restructuring activities.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the changes in cost of sales between fiscal years 2023 and 2022 and between fiscal years 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023 change			2022 change
Volume	$	(241	)	$	8
Currency exchange		(9	)		(39	)
Acquisition (Divestiture)		(1	)		31
Operating costs (plant)		183			29
Price/mix		30			91
Change in cost of sales	$	(38	)	$	120

Cost of sales for 2023 decreased $38 million compared to 2022. Lower volume primarily from customer de-stocking, including the divestiture in Specialty Additives, and unfavorable foreign currency exchange decreased cost of sales by $242 million and $9 million, respectively. This decrease was partially offset by higher operating costs, which includes costs associated with inventory control actions and inflation associated with plant manufacturing and shipping costs (as well as planned and

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unplanned plant shutdowns and maintenance), and higher price/mix associated with other cost inflation increased cost of sales by $183 million and $30 million, respectively. Gross profit as a percentage of sales decreased 4.2 percentage points primarily as a result of lower sales volume and higher operating costs.

Cost of sales for 2022 increased $120 million compared to 2021. Price/mix, which includes cost inflation associated with plant manufacturing and shipping costs, and higher volume, including the Schülke acquisition, and higher operating costs increased cost of sales by $91 million, $39 million, and $29 million, respectively. These increases were partially offset by foreign currency exchange, which decreased cost of sales by $39 million. Disciplined pricing and mix actions by Ashland's commercial teams improved operating margins as gross profit as a percentage of sales expanded 3.0 percentage points during 2022.

										2023			2022
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021			change			change
Selling, general and administrative expense	$	365		$	393		$	358		$	(28	)	$	35
As a percent of sales		16.7	%		16.4	%		17.0	%

Selling, general and administrative expense for 2023 decreased $28 million compared to 2022, while expenses as a percent of sales increased 0.3 percentage points. Key drivers of the fluctuation in selling, general and administrative expense compared to 2022 were:

•Expense of $9 million and $5 million comprised of key items for severance, lease abandonment and other restructuring costs during 2023 and 2022, respectively;

•$54 million and $53 million in net environmental-related expenses during 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note M for more information);

•$4 million impairment charge in 2023 associated with the sale of a Specialty Additives manufacturing facility;

•$12 million gain associated with ICMS Brazil tax credit; and

•Decreases associated with the following:

oLower incentive pay of $33 million;

oUnfavorable foreign currency exchange of $6 million; and

oHigher salary, benefits and travel expenses of $5 million.

Selling, general and administrative expense for 2022 increased $35 million compared to 2021, while expenses as a percent of sales decreased 0.6 percentage points. Key drivers of the fluctuation in selling, general and administrative expense compared to 2021 were:

•Expense of $5 million and $10 million comprised of key items for severance, lease abandonment and other restructuring costs during 2022 and 2021, respectively;

•$53 million and $45 million in net environmental-related expenses during 2022 and 2021, respectively (see Note M for more information);

•$10 million related to a capital project impairment during 2021; and

•Increases associated with the following:

oHigher incentive pay of $14 million;

oLower transition services income from INEOS of $10 million;

oHigher deferred and stock compensation expense of $8 million;

oHigher expense of $6 million related to the acquisition of the personal care business of Schülke; and

oHigher salary, benefits and travel expenses of $2 million.

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							2023			2022
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021		change			change
Research and development expense	$	51	$	55	$	50	$	(4	)	$	5

Research and development expense decreased $4 million in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to lower incentive accruals. In 2022, the $5 million increase compared to 2021 was primarily due to increased incentive accruals and the Schülke acquisition.

							2023			2022
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021		change			change
Intangibles amortization expense	$	93	$	94	$	90	$	(1	)	$	4

Amortization expense is primarily consistent in 2023 compared to 2022, while amortization expense increased by $4 million in 2022 compared to 2021 primarily due to the amortization of intangible assets associated with the Schülke acquisition.

							2023		2022
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021		change		change
Equity and other income	$	7	$	3	$	9	$	4	$	(6	)

Equity and other income's increase in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily related to China financial cash subsidies, while 2021 was primarily related to a gain on sale of corporate assets of roughly $4 million.

							2023			2022
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021		change			change
Income on acquisitions and divestitures, net	$	6	$	42	$	11	$	(36	)	$	31

Income on acquisitions and divestitures, net during 2023 primarily relates to a $7 million gain on the sale of excess corporate real estate.

Income on acquisitions and divestitures, net during 2022 primarily relates to a $42 million gain on the sale of excess corporate real estate.

Income on acquisitions and divestitures, net during 2021 primarily relates to a $14 million gain related to the sale of a Specialty Additives facility. This was partially offset by a $3 million expense in transaction net costs associated with the Personal Care acquisition of Schülke, including a gain of $1 million associated with foreign currency derivatives entered into to mitigate the foreign exchange exposure of the purchase price.

										2023			2022
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021			change			change
Net interest and other expense
Interest expense	$	54		$	62		$	69		$	(8	)	$	(7	)
Interest income		(12	)		(4	)		(1	)		(8	)		(3	)
Loss on the accounts receivable sale program		3			1			1			2			—
Loss on early retirement of debt		—			—			16			—			(16	)
Loss (income) from restricted investments		(42	)		86			(33	)		(128	)		119
Other financing costs		3			4			4			(1	)		—
	$	6		$	149		$	56		$	(143	)	$	93

Net interest and other expense decreased by $143 million in 2023 compared to 2022. Interest expense decreased $8 million primarily due to lower debt levels during 2023 compared to 2022. Interest income increased $8 million due to higher investment yields and higher cash balances. Restricted investments gains of $42 million and losses of $86 million included mark-to-market gains of $29 million compared to losses of $102 million for 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note E for more information on the restricted investments.

Net interest and other expense increased by $93 million in 2022 compared to 2021. Interest expense decreased by $7 million primarily due to lower debt levels during 2022 compared to 2021. Restricted investments loss of $86 million and income of $33 million included mark-to-market losses of $102 million compared to gains of $21 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively. See Note E for more information on the restricted investments.

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								2023		2022
(In millions)	2023		2022			2021		change		change
Other net periodic benefit loss (income)	$	6	$	(22	)	$	1	$	28	$	(23	)

Other net periodic benefit expense during 2023 primarily included interest cost of $15 million offset by expected return on plan assets of $7 million and a $2 million gain on pension and other postretirement plan remeasurements.

Other net periodic benefit income during 2022 primarily included actuarial gains of $25 million and expected return on plan assets of $7 million, offset by interest cost of $10 million.

Other net periodic benefit expense during 2021 primarily included interest cost of $8 million and a $1 million loss on pension and other postretirement plan remeasurements, offset by expected return on plan assets of $8 million.

										2023			2022
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021			change			change
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	(8	)	$	25		$	(38	)	$	(33	)	$	63
Effective tax rate		(5	)%		12	%		(28	)%

The 2023 effective tax rate was impacted by jurisdictional income mix, as well as favorable discrete items of $49 million primarily related to uncertain tax positions.

The 2022 effective tax rate was impacted by jurisdictional income mix, as well as favorable discrete items of $15 million primarily related to uncertain tax positions and restructuring activities.

The 2021 effective tax rate was impacted by jurisdictional income mix, as well as favorable discrete items of $59 million primarily related to the sale of a Specialty Additives facility and uncertain tax positions.

Adjusted income tax expense (benefit)

Key items are defined as the financial effects from significant transactions that may have caused short-term fluctuations in net income and/or operating income which Ashland believes do not accurately reflect Ashland’s underlying business performance and trends. Tax specific key items are defined as the financial effects from tax specific financial transactions, tax law changes or other matters that fall within the definition of key items as previously described. The effective tax rate, excluding key items, which is a non-GAAP measure, has been prepared to illustrate the ongoing tax effects of Ashland’s operations. Management believes investors and analysts use this financial measure in assessing Ashland's business performance and that presenting this non-GAAP measure on a consolidated basis assists investors in better understanding Ashland’s ongoing business performance and enhancing their ability to compare period-to-period financial results.

The effective tax rates during 2023, 2022 and 2021 were significantly impacted by the following tax specific key items:

•Uncertain tax position – Includes the impact from the settlement of uncertain tax positions with various tax authorities;

•Valuation allowances – Includes the impact from the release of certain foreign tax credit valuation allowances;

•Restructuring and separation activity – Includes the impact from company-wide cost reduction programs, and the impact of the sale of a Specialty Additives facility; and

•Other and tax reform related activity – Includes miscellaneous state and foreign statute adjustments.

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The following table is a calculation of the effective tax rate, excluding the impact of these key items:

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Income from continuing operations
before income taxes	$	160		$	206		$	135
Key items (pre-tax) (a)		21			96			56
Adjusted income from continuing operations
before income taxes	$	181		$	302		$	191
Income tax expense (benefit)		(8	)		25			(38	)
Income tax rate adjustments:
Tax effect of key items (b)		1			21			11
Tax specific key items: (c)
Uncertain tax positions		32			8			53
Valuation allowance		6			4			—
Restructuring and separation activity		—			(3	)		13
Other and tax reform related activity		6			—			(6	)
Total income tax rate adjustments		45			30			71
Adjusted income tax expense (benefit)	$	37		$	55		$	33
Effective tax rate		(5	)%		12	%		(28	)%
Effective tax rate, excluding key items (Non-GAAP) (d)		21	%		18	%		17	%

(a)See Adjusted EBITDA reconciliation table disclosed below in this Management, Discussion and Analysis for a summary of the key items, before tax.

(b)The tax rate specific to the jurisdiction in which the key item originates is used to calculate the tax effect of key items.

(c)For additional information on the effect that these tax specific key items had on EPS, see the Adjusted Diluted EPS table disclosed below in this Management Discussion and Analysis.

(d)Due to rounding conventions, the effective tax rate presented may not recalculate precisely based on the numbers disclosed within this table.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of tax specific key items within the statutory federal income tax with the provision for income taxes summary disclosed in Note K of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

(In millions)	2023		2022			2021
Tax effect of key items computed at applicable statutory rate (a)	$	1	$	21		$	11
Uncertain tax positions		32		8			53
Valuation allowance changes		6		4			(8	)
Other and tax reform related activity		6		(3	)		15
	$	45	$	30		$	71

(a)The tax rate specific to the jurisdiction in which the key item originates is used to calculate the tax effect of key items.

										2023			2022
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021			change			change
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes
Performance Adhesives	$	5		$	41		$	64		$	(36	)	$	(23	)
Composites and Marl Facility		(1	)		2			—			(3	)		2
Asbestos-related litigation		(5	)		(14	)		(9	)		9			(5	)
Water Technologies		—			4			(3	)		(4	)		7
Distribution		(4	)		(7	)		(5	)		3			(2	)
Valvoline		15			(6	)		3			21			(9	)
Gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations
Performance Adhesives		—			726			—			(726	)		726
Composites/Marl facility		—			—			(4	)		—			4
Water Technologies		—			—			1			—			(1	)
	$	10		$	746		$	47		$	(736	)	$	699

As a result of the divestiture of the Performance Adhesives segment the related operating results have been reflected as discontinued operations (net of tax) within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). See Note B for more information on this transaction. In 2023, the Performance Adhesives activity represents subsequent adjustments that were made in conjunction with the post-closing disputes. In 2022, the sales and pre-tax income included in discontinued operations were $171 million and $33 million, respectively, for the Performance Adhesives segment. In 2021, the sales and pre-tax income included in discontinued operations were $372 million and $83 million, respectively, for the Performance Adhesives segment. In 2022, a $726 million gain on disposal was recorded associated with the February 28, 2022 closing of the Performance Adhesives business segment divestiture.

Asbestos-related activity during 2023, 2022 and 2021 included after-tax net adjustments to the asbestos reserves and receivables of $5 million of expense, $14 million of expense and $9 million of expense, respectively, including the adjustments for the annual update for each of these years.

The Valvoline activity within 2023, 2022 and 2021 primarily represents subsequent adjustments that were made in conjunction with post-closing disputes and the Tax Matters Agreement.

The activity for Water Technologies and Distribution were primarily related to post-closing adjustments associated with environmental remediation reserves associated with these businesses.

See Note B for more information related to discontinued operations.

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Other comprehensive income (loss)

A comparative analysis of the components of other comprehensive income (loss) is provided below for the last three fiscal years ended September 30.

									2023			2022
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021		change			change
Other comprehensive income (loss) (net of taxes)
Unrealized translation gain (loss)	$	72		$	(197	)	$	7	$	269		$	(204	)
Unrealized gain (loss) on commodity hedges		(6	)		(1	)		4		(5	)		(5	)
Pension and postretirement obligation adjustment		—			1			—		(1	)		1
	$	66		$	(197	)	$	11	$	263		$	(208	)

Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, increased $263 million in 2023 as compared to 2022 as a result of the following components.

• In 2023, the change in unrealized gain (loss) from foreign currency translation adjustments resulted in a gain of $72 million, compared to a loss of $197 million during 2022. The fluctuations in unrealized translation gains and losses were primarily due to translating foreign subsidiary financial statements from local currencies to U.S. Dollars.

• In 2023, a $6 million unrealized loss on commodity hedges was recorded compared to a loss of $1 million during 2022. See Note E for more information.

• In 2022, a $1 million pension and postretirement obligation adjustment was recorded. See Note L for more information.

Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, decreased $208 million in 2022 as compared to 2021 as a result of the following components.

• In 2022, the change in unrealized gain (loss) from foreign currency translation adjustments resulted in a loss of $197 million, compared to a gain of $7 million during 2021. The fluctuations in unrealized translation gains and losses were primarily due to translating foreign subsidiary financial statements from local currencies to U.S. Dollars.

• In 2022, a $1 million unrealized loss on commodity hedges was recorded compared to a gain of $4 million during 2021. See Note E for more information.

• In 2022, a $1 million pension and postretirement obligation adjustment was recorded. See Note L for more information.

Use of non-GAAP measures

Ashland has included within this document the following non-GAAP measures, on both a consolidated and reportable segment basis, which are not defined within U.S. GAAP and do not purport to be alternatives to net income or cash flows from operating activities as a measure of operating performance or cash flows:

EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

EBITDA is defined as net income (loss), plus income tax expense (benefit), net interest and other expenses, and depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is EBITDA adjusted for discontinued operations and key items (including remeasurement gains and losses related to pension and other postretirement plans). Adjusted EBITDA margin is adjusted EBITDA divided by sales.

Management believes the use of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA measures on a consolidated and reportable segment basis assists investors in understanding the ongoing operating performance by presenting comparable financial results between periods. Ashland believes that by removing the impact of depreciation and amortization and excluding certain non-cash charges, amounts spent on interest and taxes and certain other charges that are highly variable from year to year, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA provide Ashland’s investors with performance measures that reflect the impact to operations from trends in changes in sales, margin and operating expenses, providing a perspective not immediately apparent from net income and operating income. The adjustments Ashland makes to derive the non-GAAP measures of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA exclude items which may cause short-term fluctuations in net income and operating income and which Ashland does not consider to be the fundamental attributes or primary drivers of its business. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA provide disclosure on the same basis as that used

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by Ashland’s management to evaluate financial performance on a consolidated and reportable segment basis and provide consistency in our financial reporting, facilitate internal and external comparisons of Ashland’s historical operating performance and its segments and provide continuity to investors for comparability purposes.

Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share (EPS)

Adjusted diluted EPS is defined as income (loss) from continuing operations, adjusted for key items, net of tax, divided by the average outstanding diluted shares for the applicable period. The Adjusted diluted EPS metric enables Ashland to demonstrate what effect key items have on an earnings per diluted share basis by taking income (loss) from continuing operations, adjusted for key items after tax that have been identified in the Adjusted EBITDA table, and dividing by the average outstanding diluted shares for the applicable period. Ashland’s management believes this presentation is helpful to illustrate how the key items have impacted this metric during the applicable period.

Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share (EPS) Excluding Intangibles Amortization Expense

The Adjusted diluted EPS excluding intangible amortization expense is adjusted earnings per share adjusted for intangibles amortization expense net of tax, divided by the average outstanding diluted shares for the applicable period. The Adjusted diluted EPS, excluding intangibles amortization expense metric enables Ashland to demonstrate the impact of non-cash intangibles amortization expense on EPS, in addition to the key items previously mentioned. Ashland’s management believes this presentation is helpful to illustrate how previous acquisitions impact applicable period results.

Free Cash Flow, Ongoing Free Cash Flow and Ongoing Free Cash Flow Conversion

Free cash flow is defined as operating cash flows less capital expenditures while ongoing free cash flow is operating cash flows less capital expenditures and certain other adjustments as applicable. Ongoing free cash flow conversion is ongoing free cash flow divided by adjusted EBITDA. These free cash flow metrics enable Ashland to provide a better indication of the ongoing cash being generated that is ultimately available for both debt and equity holders as well as other investment opportunities. Unlike cash flow provided by operating activities, free cash flow and ongoing free cash flow includes the impact of capital expenditures from continuing operations and other significant items impacting cash flow, providing a more complete picture of current and future cash generation. Free cash flow, ongoing free cash flow, and free cash flow conversion are non-GAAP liquidity measures that Ashland believes provide useful information to management and investors about Ashland's ability to convert Adjusted EBITDA to ongoing free cash flow. These liquidity measures are used regularly by Ashland's stakeholders and industry peers to measure the efficiency at providing cash from regular business activity. Free cash flow, ongoing free cash flow, and free cash flow conversion have certain limitations, including that they do not reflect adjustments for certain non-discretionary cash flows such as mandatory debt repayments. The amount of mandatory versus discretionary expenditures can vary significantly between periods.

Other disclosures on non-GAAP measures

Although Ashland may provide forward-looking guidance for Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted diluted EPS and ongoing free cash flow, Ashland is not reaffirming or providing forward-looking guidance for U.S. GAAP-reported financial measures or a reconciliation of forward-looking non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure because it is unable to predict with reasonable certainty the ultimate outcome of certain significant items that affect these metrics such as domestic and international economic, political, legislative, regulatory and legal actions. In addition, certain economic conditions, such as recessionary trends, inflation, interest and monetary exchange rates, government fiscal policies and changes in the prices of certain key raw materials, can have a significant effect on operations and are difficult to predict with certainty.

These non-GAAP measures should be considered supplemental in nature and should not be construed as more significant than comparable measures defined by U.S. GAAP. Limitations associated with the use of these non-GAAP measures include that these measures do not present all of the amounts associated with our results as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The non-GAAP measures provided are used by Ashland management and may not be determined in a manner consistent with the methodologies used by other companies. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA provide a supplemental presentation of Ashland’s operating performance on a consolidated and reportable segment basis. Adjusted EBITDA generally includes adjustments for

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items that impact comparability between periods. In addition, certain financial covenants related to Ashland’s 2022 Credit Agreement are based on similar non-GAAP measures and are defined further in the sections that reference this metric.

In accordance with U.S. GAAP, Ashland recognizes actuarial gains and losses for defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans annually in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year and whenever a plan is determined to qualify for a remeasurement during a fiscal year. Actuarial gains and losses occur when actual experience differs from the estimates used to allocate the change in value of pension and other postretirement benefit plans to expense throughout the year or when assumptions change, as they may each year. Significant factors that can contribute to the recognition of actuarial gains and losses include changes in discount rates used to remeasure pension and other postretirement obligations on an annual basis or upon a qualifying remeasurement, differences between actual and expected returns on plan assets and other changes in actuarial assumptions, for example, the life expectancy of plan participants. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA, which includes the expected return on pension plan assets yet excludes both the actual return on pension plan assets and the impact of actuarial gains and losses, provides investors with a meaningful supplemental presentation of Ashland’s operating performance (see the Adjusted EBITDA reconciliation table for additional details on exact amounts included within this non-GAAP measure related to pension and other postretirement plans). Management believes these actuarial gains and losses are primarily financing activities that are more reflective of changes in current conditions in global financial markets (and in particular interest rates) that are not directly related to the underlying business. For further information on the actuarial assumptions and plan assets referenced above, see Note L of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

EBITDA totaled income of $419 million, $1,342 million and $482 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA results in the following table have been prepared to illustrate the ongoing effects of Ashland’s operations, which exclude certain key items previously described. Management believes the use of such non-GAAP measures on a consolidated and reportable segment basis assists investors in understanding the ongoing operating performance by presenting the financial results between periods on a more comparable basis.

These operating key items for the applicable periods are summarized as follows:

• Restructuring, separation and other costs – Ashland periodically implements company-wide and targeted cost reduction programs related to acquisitions, divestitures and other cost reduction programs in order to enhance profitability through streamlined operations and an improved overall cost structure. Ashland often incurs severance, facility and integration costs associated with these programs. See Note D in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the restructuring activities.

• Environmental reserve adjustments – Ashland is subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations that require environmental assessment or remediation efforts (collectively environmental remediation) at multiple locations. As a result of these activities, Ashland recorded adjustments during each year to its environmental liabilities and receivables primarily related to previously divested businesses or non-operational sites. See Note M of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

• Income on acquisitions and divestitures, net – Ashland recorded income of $6 million, $42 million and $11 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For 2023 and 2022, the income was related to the pre-tax gains in connection with the sale of excess corporate property. The income in 2021 includes $3 million of expense relating to the Schülke acquisition and a $14 million gain related to the sale of a Specialty Additives facility.

• Inventory adjustments – During 2021, Ashland recorded non-cash charges related to the fair value adjustment of inventory acquired from Schülke at the date of acquisition during 2021.

• Asset impairments – Ashland recognized impairment charges to certain assets during 2023 and 2021. See Note D of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

• ICMS Brazil tax credit – In 2017, the Federal Supreme Court of Brazil ruled in a leading case that a Brazil value-added tax (ICMS) should not be included in the base used to calculate a taxpayer's federal contribution on total revenue known as PIS/COFINS (2017 Decision). Following favorable court rulings from lawsuits previously filed by two of Ashland's

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Brazilian subsidiaries challenging the inclusion of ICMS in Ashland's calculation of PIS/COFINS, Ashland received acknowledgment from the Brazilian tax authorities that allows Ashland to begin the process to recover the taxes. See Note M of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

Non-operating key items affecting EBITDA

During the current and prior years, there were certain key items that were not included in operating income but were excluded to arrive at Adjusted EBITDA. These non-operating key items for the applicable periods are summarized as follows:

• Gain/loss on pension and other postretirement plan remeasurements - Ashland recognized actuarial gains and losses for defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans annually in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year and whenever a plan is determined to qualify for a remeasurement during a fiscal year. See Note L of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Net income	$	178		$	927		$	220
Income tax expense (benefit)		(8	)		25			(38	)
Net interest and other financing expense		6			149			56
Depreciation and amortization		243			241			244
EBITDA		419			1,342			482
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(10	)		(746	)		(47	)
Key items included in EBITDA:
Restructuring, separation and other costs		10			5			10
Environmental reserve adjustments		56			53			43
Income on acquisitions and divestitures, net		(6	)		(42	)		(11	)
Inventory adjustments		—			—			4
Asset impairments		4			—			13
ICMS Brazil tax credit		(12	)		—			—
Loss (gain) on pension and other postretirement plan remeasurements		(2	)		(22	)		1
Total key items included in EBITDA		50			(6	)		60
Adjusted EBITDA (a)	$	459		$	590		$	495
Total key items included in EBITDA	$	50		$	(6	)	$	60
Accelerated amortization of debt issuance costs		—			—			1
Debt refinancing costs (b)		—			—			16
Unrealized (gain) loss on securities		(29	)		102			(21	)
Total key items, before tax	$	21		$	96		$	56

(a)Includes $12 million, $7 million and $6 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of net periodic pension and other postretirement expense recognized ratably through the fiscal year. These expenses are comprised of service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, and amortization of prior service credit and are disclosed in further detail in Note L of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

(b)Debt refinancing costs during 2021 included a $16 million loss on early retirement of debt and a $1 million charge for accelerated debt issuance costs. All debt refinancing costs were recorded within the net interest and other financing expense caption on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). See Note H of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

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Diluted EPS and Adjusted Diluted EPS

The following table reflects the U.S. GAAP calculation for the income (loss) from continuing operations adjusted for the cumulative diluted EPS effect for key items after tax that have been identified in the Adjusted EBITDA table in the previous section. Key items are defined as the financial effects from significant transactions that may have caused short-term fluctuations in net income and/or operating income which Ashland believes do not accurately reflect Ashland’s underlying business performance and trends. The Adjusted Diluted EPS for the income (loss) from continuing operations and Adjusted Diluted EPS from continuing operations excluding intangibles amortization expense in the following table have been prepared to illustrate these ongoing effects on Ashland’s operations. Management believes investors and analysts use this financial measure in assessing Ashland's business performance and that presenting this non-GAAP measure on a consolidated basis assists investors in better understanding Ashland’s ongoing business performance and enhancing their ability to compare period-to-period financial results.

	2023			2022			2021
Diluted EPS from continuing operations (as reported)	$	3.13		$	3.20		$	2.82
Key items, before tax:
Restructuring, separation and other costs (including accelerated depreciation)		0.19			0.09			0.16
Environmental reserve adjustments		1.04			0.95			0.70
Income on acquisitions and divestitures, net		(0.11	)		(0.75	)		(0.18	)
Inventory adjustments		—			—			0.07
Asset impairments		0.08			—			0.21
ICMS Brazil tax credit		(0.22	)		—			—
Loss (gain) on pension and other postretirement plan remeasurements		(0.04	)		(0.40	)		0.02
Unrealized (gain) loss on securities		(0.54	)		1.82			(0.34	)
Accelerated amortization of debt issuance costs		—			—			0.02
Debt refinancing costs		—			—			0.26
Key items, before tax		0.40			1.71			0.92
Tax effect of key items (a)		(0.02	)		(0.38	)		(0.18	)
Key items, after tax		0.38			1.33			0.74
Tax specific key items:
Uncertain tax positions		(0.60	)		(0.15	)		(0.87	)
Restructuring and separation activity		—			0.06			(0.21	)
Valuation allowance		(0.12	)		(0.07	)		—
Other tax reform related activity		(0.11	)		—			0.10
Tax specific key items (b)		(0.83	)		(0.16	)		(0.98	)
Total key items		(0.45	)		1.17			(0.24	)
Adjusted diluted EPS from continuing operations (non-GAAP)	$	2.68		$	4.37		$	2.58
Amortization expense adjustment (net of tax) (c)		1.39			1.33			1.17
Adjusted diluted EPS from continuing operations (non-GAAP) excluding intangibles amortization expense	$	4.07		$	5.70		$	3.75

(a)Represents the diluted EPS impact from the tax effect of the key items that are previously identified above.

(b)Represents the diluted EPS impact from tax specific financial transactions, tax law changes or other matters that fall within the definition of tax specific key items. For additional explanation of these tax specific key items, see the income tax expense (benefit) discussion within the following caption review section.

(c)Amortization expense adjustment (net of tax) tax rates were 20.0% for the years ended 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS – REPORTABLE SEGMENT REVIEW

Ashland's reportable segments include Life Sciences, Personal Care, Specialty Additives, and Intermediates. Unallocated and Other includes corporate governance activities and certain legacy matters.

Results of Ashland’s reportable segments are presented based on its management and internal accounting structure. The structure is specific to Ashland; therefore, the financial results of Ashland’s reportable segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information for other companies. Ashland allocates all significant costs to its reportable segments except for certain significant company-wide restructuring activities, certain corporate governance costs and other costs or activities that relate to former businesses that Ashland no longer operates. The service cost component of pension and other postretirement benefits costs is allocated to each reportable segment on a ratable basis; while the remaining components of pension and other postretirement benefits costs are recorded within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). Ashland refines its expense allocation methodologies to the reportable segments from time to time as internal accounting practices are improved, more refined information becomes available and the industry or market changes. Significant revisions to Ashland’s methodologies are adjusted for all segments on a retrospective basis. This includes charges in prior years for indirect corporate costs previously allocated to Performance Adhesives. These costs are reflected in Unallocated and Other for all periods presented.

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The following table shows sales, operating income, depreciation and amortization and EBITDA by reportable segment for each of the last three years ended September 30.

										2023			2022
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021			change			change
Sales
Life Sciences	$	869		$	815		$	737		$	54		$	78
Personal Care		598			678			592			(80	)		86
Specialty Additives		600			719			655			(119	)		64
Intermediates		185			256			178			(71	)		78
Intersegment sales (a)		(61	)		(77	)		(51	)		16			(26	)
	$	2,191		$	2,391		$	2,111		$	(200	)	$	280
Operating income (loss)
Life Sciences	$	172		$	155		$	130		$	17		$	25
Personal Care (b)		52			102			73			(50	)		29
Specialty Additives (b)		10			103			61			(93	)		42
Intermediates		50			87			35			(37	)		52
Unallocated and Other (b)		(112	)		(114	)		(107	)		2			(7	)
	$	172		$	333		$	192		$	(161	)	$	141
Depreciation expense
Life Sciences	$	41		$	35		$	36		$	6		$	(1	)
Personal Care		38			37			39			1			(2	)
Specialty Additives		58			63			66			(5	)		(3	)
Intermediates		13			12			12			1			—
Unallocated and Other		—			—			1			—			(1	)
	$	150		$	147		$	154		$	3		$	(7	)
Amortization expense
Life Sciences	$	28		$	28		$	28		$	—		$	—
Personal Care		47			47			42			—			5
Specialty Additives		18			18			19			—			(1	)
Intermediates		—			1			1			(1	)		—
Unallocated and Other		—			—			—			—			—
	$	93		$	94		$	90		$	(1	)	$	4
EBITDA (c)
Life Sciences	$	241		$	218		$	194		$	23		$	24
Personal Care		137			186			154			(49	)		32
Specialty Additives		86			184			146			(98	)		38
Intermediates		63			100			48			(37	)		52
Unallocated and Other		(112	)		(114	)		(106	)		2			(8	)
	$	415		$	574		$	436		$	(159	)	$	138

(a)Intersegment sales from Intermediates are accounted for at prices that approximate fair value. All other intersegment sales are accounted for at cost.

(b)Includes income on acquisitions and divestitures, net for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021 within Unallocated and Other. Includes a $4 million impairment charge related to a Specialty Additives facility in 2023. Includes a fixed asset impairment of $3 million related to Personal Care and a capital project impairment of $10 million related to Specialty Additives in 2021.

(c)Excludes income from discontinued operations and other net periodic benefit loss (income). See the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for applicable amounts excluded.

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Life Sciences

Life Sciences is comprised of pharmaceuticals, nutrition, nutraceuticals, agricultural chemicals, diagnostic films (formerly known as advanced materials) and fine chemicals. Pharmaceutical solutions include controlled release polymers, disintegrants, tablet coating, thickeners, solubilizers, and tablet binders. Nutrition solutions include thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers and additives for enhancing mouthfeel, controlling moisture migration, reducing oil uptake and binding structured foods. Nutraceutical solutions include products for weight management, joint comfort, stomach and intestinal health, sports nutrition and general wellness. The nutraceutical business also provide custom formulation, toll processing and particle engineering solutions. Customers include pharmaceutical, food, beverage, nutraceuticals and supplements manufacturers, hospitals and radiologists and industrial manufacturers.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in sales for the Life Sciences operating segment between fiscal years 2023 and 2022 and between fiscal years 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023 change			2022 change
Sales change
Price/mix	$	95		$	75
Volume		(33	)		28
Foreign Currency		(8	)		(25	)
	$	54		$	78

The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in operating income for the Life Sciences operating segment between fiscal years 2023 and 2022 and between fiscal years 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023 change			2022 change
Operating income change
Price/mix	$	100		$	54
Cost		(73	)		(23	)
Volume		(5	)		10
Foreign Currency		(5	)		(16	)
	$	17		$	25

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA reconciliation

The EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA amounts presented within this business section are provided as a means to enhance the understanding of financial measurements that Ashland has internally determined to be relevant measures of comparison for each segment. Each of these non-GAAP measures is defined as follows: EBITDA (operating income plus depreciation and amortization), Adjusted EBITDA (EBITDA adjusted for key items as applicable), and Adjusted EBITDA margin (Adjusted EBITDA divided by sales). Ashland does not allocate items to each reportable segment below operating income, such as interest expense and income taxes. As a result, reportable segment EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are reconciled directly to operating income since it is the most directly comparable Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) caption.

The following EBITDA presentation for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, is provided as a means to enhance the understanding of financial measurements that Ashland has internally determined to be relevant measures of comparison for the results of Life Sciences. The key items during the year ended September 30, 2023 related to charges of $4 million for restructuring actions and $2 million for environmental reserve adjustments. The key items during the year ended September 30, 2021 related to environmental reserve adjustments of $1 million.

M-17

										2023		2022
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021			change		change
Operating income	$	172		$	155		$	130		$	17	$	25
Depreciation and amortization		69			63			64			6		(1	)
EBITDA		241			218			194			23		24
Restructuring and other costs		4			—			—			4		—
Environmental reserve adjustments		2			—			1			2		(1	)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	247		$	218		$	195		$	29	$	23
As a percent of sales		28.4	%		26.7	%		26.5	%	170 bps		20 bps

2023 compared to 2022

Life Sciences' sales, operating income and Adjusted EBITDA increased in 2023 due to favorable price/mix actions, partially offset by higher costs associated with inflation, lower volumes and unfavorable foreign currency exchange. Life Sciences experienced a strong global demand for pharmaceutical ingredients in 2023.

2022 compared to 2021

Life Sciences' sales, operating income and Adjusted EBITDA increased in 2022 due to favorable price/mix actions paired with increased volumes, partially offset by unfavorable costs associated with inflation and foreign currency exchange.

Personal Care

Personal Care is comprised of biofunctionals, microbial protectants (preservatives), skin care, sun care, oral care, hair care and household solutions. These businesses have a broad range of natural, nature-derived, biodegradable, and high-performance ingredients for customer driven solutions to help protect, renew, moisturize and revitalize skin and hair, and provide solutions for toothpastes, mouth washes and rinses, denture cleaning and care for teeth. Household supplies nature-derived rheology ingredients, biodegradable surface wetting agents, performance encapsulates, and specialty polymers for household, industrial and institutional cleaning products. Customers include formulators at large multinational branded consumer products companies and smaller, independent boutique companies.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in sales for the Personal Care operating segment between fiscal years 2023 and 2022 and between fiscal years 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023 change			2022 change
Sales change
Volume	$	(121	)	$	68
Foreign Currency		(5	)		(22	)
Price/mix		46			40
	$	(80	)	$	86

The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in operating income for the Personal Care operating segment between fiscal years 2023 and 2022 and between fiscal years 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023 change			2022 change
Operating income change
Volume	$	(47	)	$	6
Cost		(43	)		13
Foreign Currency		(1	)		(6	)
Price/mix		41			16
	$	(50	)	$	29

M-18

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA reconciliation

The following EBITDA presentation (as defined and described in the section above) for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, is provided as a means to enhance the understanding of financial measurements that Ashland has internally determined to be relevant measures of comparison for the results of Personal Care. The key items during the year ended September 30, 2021 related to inventory adjustments of $4 million and an asset impairment of $3 million.

										2023			2022
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021			change			change
Operating income	$	52		$	102		$	73		$	(50	)	$	29
Depreciation and amortization		85			84			81			1			3
EBITDA		137			186			154			(49	)		32
Inventory adjustment		—			—			4			—			(4	)
Asset impairment		—			—			3			—			(3	)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	137		$	186		$	161		$	(49	)	$	25
As a percent of sales		22.9	%		27.4	%		27.2	%	-450 bps			20 bps

2023 compared to 2022

Personal Care's sales, operating income and Adjusted EBITDA decreased in 2023 primarily due to lower volume, higher costs, and unfavorable foreign currency exchange, partially offset by favorable price/mix.

2022 compared to 2021

Personal Care's sales, operating income and Adjusted EBITDA increased in 2022 primarily due to favorable price/mix, lower costs and higher volume, including the impact of the Schülke acquisition partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency exchange.

Specialty Additives

Specialty Additives is comprised of rheology- and performance-enhancing additives serving the architectural coatings, construction, energy, automotive and various industrial markets. Solutions include coatings additives for architectural paints, finishes and lacquers, cement- and gypsum- based dry mortars, ready-mixed joint compounds, synthetic plasters for commercial and residential construction, and specialty materials for industrial applications. Products include rheology modifiers (cellulosic and associative thickeners), foam control agents, surfactants and wetting agents, pH neutralizers, advanced ceramics used in catalytic converters, and environmental filters, ingredients that aid the manufacturing process of ceramic capacitors, plasma display panels and solar cells, ingredients for textile printing, thermoplastic metals and alloys for welding. Products help improve desired functional outcomes through rheology modification and control, water retention, workability, adhesive strength, binding power, film formation, deposition and suspension and emulsification. Customers include global paint manufacturers, electronics and automotive manufacturers, textile mills, the construction industry, and welders.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in sales for the Specialty Additives operating segment between fiscal years 2023 and 2022 and between fiscal years 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023 change			2022 change
Sales change
Volume	$	(155	)	$	(10	)
Foreign Currency		(7	)		(25	)
Price/mix		43			99
	$	(119	)	$	64

M-19

The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in operating income for the Specialty Additives operating segment between fiscal years 2023 and 2022 and between fiscal years 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023 change			2022 change
Operating income change
Costs	$	(71	)	$	(8	)
Volume		(41	)		(2	)
Foreign Currency		(1	)		(2	)
Price/mix		20			54
	$	(93	)	$	42

EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA reconciliation

The following EBITDA presentation (as defined and described in the section above) for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 below is provided as a means to enhance the understanding of financial measurements that Ashland has internally determined to be relevant measures of comparison for the results of Specialty Additives. The key items during 2023 included a $4 million impairment charge associated with a manufacturing facility and $4 million related to environmental reserve adjustments within Specialty Additives, respectively. The key items during 2022 included $1 million related to environmental reserve adjustments within Specialty Additives. The key items during 2021 included $10 million and $2 million related to a capital project impairment and environmental reserve adjustments within Specialty Additives, respectively.

										2023			2022
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021			change			change
Operating income	$	10		$	103		$	61		$	(93	)	$	42
Depreciation and amortization (a)		76			81			85			(5	)		(4	)
EBITDA		86			184			146			(98	)		38
Asset impairment		4			—			10			4			(10	)
Environmental reserve adjustments		4			1			2			3			(1	)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	94		$	185		$	158		$	(91	)	$	27
As a percent of sales		15.7	%		25.7	%		24.1	%	-1000 bps			160 bps

2023 compared to 2022

Specialty Additives sales, operating income and Adjusted EBITDA for 2023 decreased primarily due to lower volume, including the divestiture of a manufacturing facility, higher costs, and unfavorable foreign currency exchange, partially offset by favorable price/mix.

2022 compared to 2021

Specialty Additive's sales, operating income and Adjusted EBITDA for 2022 increased primarily due to favorable price/mix partially offset by higher costs, lower volume and unfavorable foreign currency exchange.

M-20

Intermediates

Intermediates is comprised of the production of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) and related derivatives, including n-methylpyrrolidone. These products are used as chemical intermediates in the production of engineering polymers and polyurethanes, and as specialty process solvents in a wide array of applications including electronics, pharmaceuticals, water filtration membranes and more. BDO is also supplied to Life Sciences, Personal Care, and Specialty Additives for use as a raw material.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in sales for the Intermediates operating segment between fiscal years 2023 and 2022 and between fiscal years 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023 change			2022 change
Sales change
Volume	$	(50	)	$	(17	)
Price/mix		(21	)		100
Foreign Currency		—			(5	)
	$	(71	)	$	78

The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in operating income for the Intermediates operating segment between fiscal years 2023 and 2022 and between fiscal years 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023 change			2022 change
Operating income change
Volume	$	(20	)	$	(6	)
Price/mix		(14	)		75
Cost		(2	)		(13	)
Foreign Currency		(1	)		(4	)
	$	(37	)	$	52

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA reconciliation

The following EBITDA presentation (as defined and described in the section above) for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is provided as a means to enhance the understanding of financial measurements that Ashland has internally determined to be relevant measures of comparison for the results of Intermediates. Intermediates had no key items for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

										2023			2022
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021			change			change
Operating income	$	50		$	87		$	35		$	(37	)	$	52
Depreciation and amortization		13			13			13			—			—
EBITDA		63			100			48			(37	)		52
None		—			—			—			—			—
Adjusted EBITDA	$	63		$	100		$	48		$	(37	)	$	52
As a percent of sales		34.1	%		39.1	%		27.0	%	-500 bps			1210 bps

2023 compared to 2022

Intermediates' sales, operating income and Adjusted EBITDA for 2023 decreased primarily due to lower volume, unfavorable price/mix, higher costs and unfavorable foreign currency exchange.

2022 compared to 2021

Intermediates' sales, operating income and Adjusted EBITDA for 2022 increased primarily due to favorable price/mix actions partially offset by higher costs, lower volume and unfavorable foreign currency exchange.

M-21

Unallocated and other

The following table summarizes the key components of the Unallocated and other segment’s operating income (loss) for each of the last three years ended September 30.

	Unallocated and Other
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Restructuring activities	$	(9	)	$	(14	)	$	(25	)
Environmental expenses		(49	)		(51	)		(40	)
ICMS Brazil tax credit		12			—			—
Income on acquisitions and divestitures, net		6			42			11
Other expenses (primarily governance and legacy expenses)		(72	)		(91	)		(53	)
Total expense	$	(112	)	$	(114	)	$	(107	)

Unallocated and other recorded expense of $112 million, $114 million and $107 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The charges for restructuring activities of $9 million, $14 million and $25 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were primarily comprised of the following items:

• $9 million, $5 million and $10 million of severance, lease abandonment and other restructuring costs related to company-wide cost reduction programs during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively; and

• $9 million and $15 million of stranded divestiture costs during 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The remaining items included: $49 million, $51 million and $40 million for environmental expenses in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, income of $12 million for ICMS tax credits in Brazil in 2023 (see Note M for more information), and income of $6 million, $42 million and $11 million from acquisitions and divestitures in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See income on acquisitions and divestitures, net caption review above for additional details.

Other expenses between periods were driven by increases and decreases in governance and legacy expenses associated with foreign currency, deferred compensation, stock compensation and incentive compensation.

M-22

FINANCIAL POSITION

Liquidity

Ashland had $417 million in cash and cash equivalents as of September 30, 2023, of which $301 million was held by foreign subsidiaries and had no significant limitations that would prohibit remitting the funds to satisfy corporate obligations. In certain circumstances, if such amounts were repatriated to the United States, additional withholding taxes might need to be accrued and paid depending on the source of the earnings remitted. Ashland currently has no plans to repatriate any amounts for which additional taxes would need to be accrued.

Ashland has taken actions and may continue to take actions intended to increase its cash position and preserve financial flexibility in light of current uncertainty in global markets. At September 30, 2023, Ashland has total remaining borrowing capacity of $698 million available under the Revolving Credit Facility and foreign Accounts Receivable Securitization Facility. Ashland had no available liquidity under the U.S. Accounts Receivable Sales Program as of September 30, 2023. Ashland has no maturities related to revolving credit facilities or bonds until fiscal 2027. On October 19, 2023, Ashland established a new three-year €125 million foreign accounts receivable sales program in Europe which will enhance Ashland's liquidity profile. See Notes H and R for more information.

Ashland believes that cash flow from operations, availability under existing credit facilities and arrangements, current cash and investment balances and the ability to obtain other financing, if necessary, will provide adequate cash funds for Ashland’s foreseeable working capital needs, capital expenditures at existing facilities, dividend payments and debt service obligations. Ashland’s cash requirements are subject to change as business conditions warrant and opportunities arise. The timing and size of any new business ventures or acquisitions that the Company may complete may also impact its cash requirements.

Ashland’s cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities, as reflected in the Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows, are summarized as follows.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Cash provided (used) by:
Operating activities from continuing operations	$	294		$	193		$	466
Investing activities from continuing operations		(109	)		(102	)		(367	)
Financing activities from continuing operations		(371	)		(896	)		(426	)
Discontinued operations		(51	)		1,252			80
Effect of currency exchange rate changes on cash and    cash equivalents		8			(11	)		3
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	(229	)	$	436		$	(244	)

Ashland paid income taxes of $63 million (of which $16 million related to discontinued operations) during 2023 compared to $406 million in 2022 (of which $339 million related to discontinued operations) and $1 million in 2021. Cash receipts for interest income were $12 million in 2023, $4 million in 2022, and $1 million 2021, respectively, while cash payments for interest expense amounted to $53 million in 2023, $56 million in 2022 and $62 million in 2021.

M-23

Operating activities

The following discloses the cash flows associated with Ashland’s operating activities for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Cash flows provided (used) by operating activities from    continuing operations
Net income	$	178		$	927		$	220
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(10	)		(746	)		(47	)
Adjustments to reconcile income from continuing operations to    cash flows from operating activities
Depreciation and amortization		243			241			244
Original issue discount and debt issuance cost amortization		6			7			7
Deferred income taxes		(32	)		(35	)		(26	)
Distributions from equity affiliates		—			—			1
Gain from sales of property and equipment		(1	)		—			(4	)
Stock based compensation expense - Note O		22			18			15
Excess tax benefits on stock based compensation		2			1			2
Loss on early retirement of debt		—			—			16
Loss (income) from restricted investments		(43	)		86			(33	)
Income on acquisitions and divestitures, net - Notes B		(7	)		(42	)		(15	)
Asset impairments		4			—			13
Pension contributions		(8	)		(5	)		(8	)
Loss (gain) on pension and other postretirement plan remeasurements		(2	)		(22	)		1
Change in operating assets and liabilities (a)		(58	)		(237	)		80
Total cash flows provided by operating activities from    continuing operations	$	294		$	193		$	466

(a)Excludes changes resulting from operations acquired or sold.

Cash flows provided by operating activities from continuing operations, a major source of Ashland’s liquidity, amounted to $294 million in 2023, $193 million in 2022 and $466 million in 2021.

Operating Activities - Operating Assets and Liabilities

The cash results during each year were primarily driven by net income, excluding discontinued operation results, adjusted for certain non-cash items including depreciation and amortization (including debt issuance cost amortization), income on acquisitions and divestitures, net as well as changes in working capital, which are fluctuations within accounts receivable, inventory, trade payables and accrued expenses.

The following details certain changes in key operating assets and liabilities for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Cash flows from assets and liabilities (a)
Accounts receivable	$	58		$	(23	)	$	72
Inventories		(7	)		(141	)		41
Trade and other payables		(112	)		34			3
Other assets and liabilities		3			(107	)		(36	)
Change in operating assets and liabilities	$	(58	)	$	(237	)	$	80

(a)Excludes changes resulting from operations acquired or sold.

M-24

Changes in net working capital accounted for outflows of $61 million in 2023, outflows of $130 million in 2022 and inflows of $116 million in 2021, and were driven by the following:

• Accounts receivable – Changes in accounts receivable resulted in inflows of $58 million, outflows of $23 million, and inflows of $72 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The U.S. Accounts Receivable Sales Program contributed to outflows of $40 million, and inflows of $17 million and $92 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Sales volumes in each period and activity from the U.S. Accounts Receivable Sales Program were the main drivers of changes between periods.

• Inventory – Changes in inventory resulted in cash outflows of $7 million in 2023, outflows of $141 million in 2022 and inflows of $41 million in 2021 and were primarily driven by inventory production levels and volumes. Additionally, 2022 was impacted by cost inflation and management efforts to rebuild inventory levels globally in response to global supply-chain challenges.

• Trade and other payables – Changes in trade and other payables resulted in cash outflows of $112 million in 2023, and cash inflows of $34 million in 2022 and $3 million in 2021, respectively, and primarily related to the timing of certain payments, most notably incentive plan payments in 2023 for fiscal year 2022.

The remaining cash inflow of $3 million, and outflows of $107 million and $36 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were primarily due to income taxes paid or income tax refunds, interest paid, and adjustments to certain accruals and other long-term assets and liabilities such as payments associated with environmental remediation.

Operating Activities - Other

Operating cash flows for 2023 included income from continuing operations of $168 million and significant non-cash adjustments of $243 million for depreciation and amortization, $22 million for stock-based compensation expense, $43 million of gains from restricted investments, $2 million gain on pension and other postretirement plan remeasurements, $32 million for deferred taxes, and $7 million of income on acquisitions and divestitures, net.

Operating cash flows for 2022 included income from continuing operations of $181 million and significant non-cash adjustments of $241 million for depreciation and amortization, $18 million for stock-based compensation expense, $86 million of losses from restricted investments, a $22 million gain on pension and other postretirement plan remeasurements, $35 million for deferred taxes, and $42 million of income on acquisitions and divestitures, net.

Operating cash flows for 2021 included income from continuing operations of $173 million and significant non-cash adjustments of $244 million for depreciation and amortization, $15 million for stock-based compensation expense, $16 million for losses on early retirement of debt, $33 million of income from restricted investments, $26 million for deferred taxes, $15 million of income on acquisitions and divestitures, net and $13 million for impairment charges.

M-25

Investing activities

The following discloses the cash flows associated with Ashland’s investing activities for 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Cash flows provided (used) by investing activities from    continuing operations
Additions to property, plant and equipment	$	(170	)	$	(113	)	$	(105	)
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment		11			51			5
Purchase of operations - net of cash acquired		—			—			(309	)
Proceeds from sale or restructuring of operations		—			—			14
Proceeds from settlement of company-owned life insurance contracts		6			3			91
Company-owned life insurance payments		(5	)		(4	)		(6	)
Funds restricted for specific transactions		(9	)		(74	)		(91	)
Reimbursement from restricted investments		58			35			33
Proceeds from sale of securities		47			87			149
Purchase of securities		(47	)		(87	)		(149	)
Proceeds from the settlement of derivative instruments		—			—			1
Total cash flows used by investing activities from continuing operations	$	(109	)	$	(102	)	$	(367	)

Cash used by investing activities was $109 million in 2023 compared to $102 million and $367 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The significant cash investing activities for the current year primarily related to cash outflows of $170 million for capital expenditures and $9 million restricted for investment trust purposes for environmental remediation. Additionally, there were inflows of $11 million from the disposal of excess corporate property, which were used to provide additional funding to the environmental trust, and reimbursements of $58 million from the restricted renewable annual investment trusts.

The significant cash investing activities for 2022 primarily related to cash outflows of $113 million for capital expenditures and $74 million restricted for investment trust purposes for environmental remediation. Additionally, there were inflows of $51 million from the disposal of excess corporate property and reimbursements of $35 million from the restricted renewable annual investment trusts.

The 2021 year included cash outflows of $105 million for capital expenditures and $309 million related to the purchase of the Schülke personal care business. Additionally, there were reimbursements of $33 million from the restricted renewable annual investment trusts and $14 million of proceeds from the sale of a manufacturing facility as well as post-closing adjustments. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, Ashland liquidated $90 million in company owned life insurance contracts to initiate the environmental trust as part of restricted investments.

Financing activities

The following discloses the cash flows associated with Ashland’s financing activities for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Cash flows provided (used) by financing activities from    continuing operations
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt	$	—		$	—		$	450
Repayment of long-term debt		—			(250	)		(411	)
Premium on long-term debt repayment		—			—			(16	)
Proceeds from (repayment of) short-term debt		16			(365	)		84
Repurchase of common stock		(300	)		(200	)		(450	)
Debt issuance costs		—			(2	)		(6	)
Cash dividends paid		(76	)		(70	)		(70	)
Stock based compensation employee withholding taxes paid in cash		(11	)		(9	)		(7	)
Total cash flows used by financing activities from continuing operations	$	(371	)	$	(896	)	$	(426	)

Cash used by financing activities was $371 million for 2023, $896 million for 2022, and $426 million for 2021. Significant cash financing activities for 2023 included outflows of $300 million for common stock repurchases and cash dividends paid of $1.44 per share, for a total of $76 million. See Note N for additional information.

M-26

Significant cash financing activities for 2022 included outflows of $250 million for the full prepayment of the term loan A and short-term debt repayment of $365 million. See Note H for additional information. 2022 also included cash dividends paid of $1.27 per share, for a total of $70 million and common stock repurchases of $200 million.

Significant cash financing activities for 2021 included $411 million for the full repayment of the 4.750% notes due 2022, $16 million of premiums paid on the retirement of the aforementioned notes, $450 million of proceeds from the issuance of new 3.375% senior notes due 2031, payments of $6 million of new debt issuance costs, and short-term debt of $84 million. See Note H for additional information. 2021 also included cash dividends paid of $1.15 per share, for a total of $70 million and common stock repurchases of $450 million.

Cash provided (used) by discontinued operations

The following discloses the cash flows associated with Ashland’s discontinued operations for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Cash provided (used) by discontinued operations
Operating cash flows	$	(51	)	$	(406	)	$	94
Investing cash flows		—			1,658			(14	)
Total cash provided (used) by discontinued operations	$	(51	)	$	1,252		$	80

Cash flows for discontinued operations in 2023, 2022 and 2021 primarily related to cash outflows of $16 million related to cash taxes paid partially offset by cash inflows of $15 million related to Valvoline in 2023; inflows of $1.3 billion (which includes net proceeds from the completed sale of the Performance Adhesives business segment of $1.7 billion in 2022) related to the divestiture of the Performance Adhesives business segment including $339 million in cash tax payments associated with the transaction in 2022; inflows of $88 million related to the Performance Adhesives segment and a $30 million cash inflow for a tax refund associated with the Composites divestiture in 2021. The remaining cash flows for discontinued operations for these years related to other previously divested businesses, including net payments of asbestos and environmental liabilities related to those divested businesses.

Free cash flow and other liquidity resources

The following represents Ashland’s calculation of free cash flow and ongoing free cash flow for the disclosed periods. Free cash flow does not reflect adjustments for certain non-discretionary cash flows such as mandatory debt repayments.

	September 30
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Total cash flows provided by operating activities from continuing operations	$	294		$	193		$	466
Less:
Additions to property, plant and equipment		(170	)		(113	)		(105	)
Free cash flow		124		80			361
Cash (inflows) outflows from U.S. Accounts Receivable Sales Program (a)		40			(17	)		(92	)
Restructuring-related payments (b)		8			10			44
Environmental and related litigation payments (c)		45			54			38
Ongoing free cash flow	$	217		$	127		$	351
Net Income		178			927			220
Adjusted EBITDA (d)		459			590			495
Operating cash flow conversion (e)		165	%		21	%		212	%
Ongoing free cash flow conversion (f)		47	%		22	%		71	%

(a)Represents activity associated with the U.S. Accounts Receivable Sales Program impacting each period presented.

(b)Restructuring payments incurred during each period.

(c)Represents cash outflows associated with environmental and related litigation payments which will be reimbursed by the environmental trust.

(d)See adjusted EBITDA reconciliation.

(e)Operating cash flow conversion is defined as Cash flows provided by operating activities from continuing operations divided by Net income.

(f)Ongoing free cash flow conversion is defined as Ongoing free cash flow divided by Adjusted EBITDA.

M-27

Working capital (current assets minus current liabilities, excluding long-term debt due within one year) amounted to $1,050 million and $1,215 million as of September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. The $165 million decrease in working capital was driven by a reduction in cash and cash equivalents, primarily associated with repurchases of common stock, offset by higher trade working capital (accounts receivable and inventories minus trade and other payables and accrued expenses and other liabilities). The $90 million increase in ongoing free cash flows between periods was primarily a result of reduced trade working capital additions compared to the prior year offset by $57 million in higher additions to property, plant and equipment. Liquid assets (cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable) amounted to 166% and 190% of current liabilities (excluding current liabilities held for sale) as of September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively.

The following summary reflects Ashland’s cash, investment securities and unused borrowing capacity as of September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

	September 30
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Cash and investment securities
Cash and cash equivalents	$	417	$	646	$	210
Restricted investments (a)		367		374		421
Unused borrowing capacity
Revolving credit facility	$	594	$	581	$	356
2018 accounts receivable securitization (foreign)		104		99		—
Accounts receivable sales program (U.S.)		—		—		12

(a)Includes $243 million, $245 million and $333 million related to the Asbestos trust and $124 million, $129 million and $88 million related to the Environmental trust as of September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively.

The borrowing capacity remaining under the $600 million revolving credit facility was $594 million due to a reduction of $6 million for letters of credit outstanding at September 30, 2023. In total, Ashland’s available liquidity position, which includes cash, the revolving credit facilities, and accounts receivable securitization facilities, was $1,115 million at September 30, 2023 as compared to $1,326 million at September 30, 2022 and $566 million at September 30, 2021. Ashland had zero liquidity available under the U.S. Accounts Receivable Sales Program as of September 30, 2023 and 2022. Ashland also maintained $367 million of restricted investments to pay for future asbestos claims and environmental remediation and litigation. On October 19, 2023, Ashland established a new three-year €125 million foreign accounts receivable sales program in Europe which will enhance Ashland's liquidity profile. For further information, see Notes H and R within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Capital resources

Debt

The following summary reflects Ashland’s debt as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.

	September 30
(In millions)	2023		2022
Short-term debt	$	16	$	—
Long-term debt (less debt issuance cost discounts) (a)		1,314		1,270
Total debt	$	1,330	$	1,270

(a)Includes $13 million and $14 million of debt issuance cost discounts as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The current portion of long-term debt was zero for both September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Ashland continues to maintain the 2022 Credit Agreement which provides for a $600 million five-year revolving credit facility. Proceeds of borrowings under the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility provide ongoing working capital and are used for other general corporate purposes.

Debt as a percent of capital employed was 30% at September 30, 2023 and 28% at September 30, 2022. At September 30, 2023, Ashland’s total debt had an outstanding principal balance of $1,376 million, discounts of $33 million and debt issuance costs of $13 million. Ashland had no long-term debt (excluding debt issuance costs) maturing within the next 3 years, $4 million due in fiscal 2027 and $528 million due in fiscal 2028.

M-28

Credit Agreements and Refinancing

Note Issuances

During August 2021, Ashland, through one of its subsidiaries, completed the issuance of 3.375% senior unsecured notes due 2031 with an aggregate principal amount of $450 million (the 2031 Notes). The notes are guaranteed on an unsecured basis by Ashland. Ashland used the net proceeds of the offering (after deducting initial purchasers' discounts and other fees and expenses) to redeem its obligations under the existing 4.750% senior notes due 2022 described below in debt repayments, and to pay fees and expenses associated therewith.

Ashland incurred $6 million of new debt issuance costs in connection with the 2031 Notes, which is amortized using the effective interest method over the 2031 Notes' term and was included in the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) during 2021.

2020 Credit Agreement

During July 2022, Ashland, through two of its subsidiaries, enacted an amendment to the 2020 credit agreement. The amended credit agreement (the 2022 Credit Agreement) provides for a $600 million five-year revolving credit facility (the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility). The 2022 Credit Agreement and the obligations of Ashland Services B.V. under the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by Ashland.

At Ashland’s option, loans issued under the 2022 Credit Agreement will bear interest at (a) in the case of loans denominated in U.S. dollars, either Term SOFR or an alternate base rate and (b) in the case of loans denominated in Euros, EURIBOR, in each case plus the applicable interest rate margin. Loans will initially bear interest at Term SOFR or EURIBOR plus 1.250% per annum, in the case of Term SOFR borrowings or EURIBOR borrowings, respectively, or at the alternate base rate plus 0.250% per annum, in the case of alternate base rate borrowings, through and including the date of delivery of a quarterly compliance certificate and thereafter the interest rate will fluctuate between Term SOFR or EURIBOR plus 1.250% per annum and Term SOFR or EURIBOR plus 1.750% per annum (or between the alternate base rate plus 0.250% per annum and the alternate base rate plus 0.750% per annum), based upon the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement) at such time. Term SOFR borrowings are subject to a credit spread adjustment of 0.10% per annum. In addition, the Company will initially be required to pay fees of 0.125% per annum on the daily unused amount of the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility through and including the date of delivery of a quarterly compliance certificate, and thereafter the fee rate will fluctuate between 0.125% and 0.275% per annum, based upon the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio. Borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement may be prepaid at any time without premiums.

As a result of the amendment of the 2020 Credit Agreement, Ashland recognized a $1 million charge for accelerated amortization of previously capitalized debt issuance costs during 2022, which is included in the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). Ashland also incurred $2 million of new debt issuance costs in connection with the 2022 Credit Agreement, of which $1 million was expensed immediately during 2022 within the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). The remaining balance is amortized using the straight-line method.

The 2022 Credit Agreement contains financial covenants for leverage and interest coverage ratios akin to those in effect under the 2020 Credit Agreement. The 2022 Credit Agreement contains usual and customary representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants for leverage and interest coverage ratios, limitations on liens, additional indebtedness, further negative pledges, investments, mergers, sale of assets and restricted payments, and other customary limitations.

Debt repayments and repurchases

Cash repatriation

During 2023 and 2022, Ashland repatriated approximately $92 million and $250 million, respectively, in cash. In 2022 the repatriation was primarily used to repay existing debt, principally the repayment of the Term loan A.

2022 Debt repayments and repurchases

M-29

2020 Credit Agreement

During 2022, Ashland prepaid its Term loan A principal balance of $250 million.

Other Debt

During 2022, Ashland repaid the outstanding balance on its European short-term loan facility for $23 million.

2021 Debt repayments and repurchases

Redemption of 4.750% senior notes due 2022

During 2021, Ashland redeemed all of its outstanding 4.750% senior notes due 2022 (the 2022 Notes), of which approximately $411 million were outstanding. Ashland recognized a $1 million charge related to accelerated accretion on debt discounts and accelerated amortization of previously capitalized debt issuance costs, which is included in the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Total premiums paid for all the tender offers in 2021 noted above were $16 million, which is included in the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Accounts receivable facilities and off-balance sheet arrangements

U.S. accounts receivable sales program

On March 17, 2021, a wholly-owned, bankruptcy-remote special purpose entity and consolidated Ashland subsidiary (SPE) entered into an agreement with a group of entities (buyers) to sell certain trade receivables, without recourse beyond the pledged receivables, of two other U.S. based Ashland subsidiaries. Under the agreement, Ashland can transfer whole receivables up to a limit established by the buyer, which is currently set at $125 million between February and October of each year and up to $100 million all other times. Ashland’s continuing involvement is limited to servicing the receivables, including billing, collections and remittance of payments to the buyers as well as a limited guarantee on over-collateralization. The arrangement was set to terminate on May 31, 2023.

On April 14, 2023, Ashland entered into Second and Third Amendments associated with this current program. As part of these amendments the buyer's limit was reduced to $115 million between April and October of each year, and up to $100 million at all other times. Additionally, the scheduled termination date was extended from May 31, 2023 to April 14, 2025.

Ashland determined that any receivables transferred under this agreement are put presumptively beyond the reach of Ashland and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership. Ashland received a true sale at law and non-consolidation opinions to support the legal isolation of these receivables. Ashland accounts for the receivables transferred to buyers as sales. Ashland recognizes any gains or losses based on the excess of proceeds received net of buyer’s discounts and fees compared to the carrying value of the assets. Proceeds received, net of buyer’s discounts and fees, are recorded within the operating activities of the Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows. Losses on sale of assets, including related transaction expenses are recorded within the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). Ashland regularly assesses its servicing obligations and records them as assets or liabilities when appropriate. Ashland also monitors its obligation with regards to the limited guarantee and records the resulting guarantee liability when warranted. When applicable, Ashland discloses the amount of the receivable that serves as over-collateralization as a restricted asset.

Ashland recognized a $3 million and a $1 million loss within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for 2023 and 2022, respectively, within the net interest and other expense caption associated with sales under the program. Ashland has recorded $86 million of sales against the buyer’s limit, which was $115 million at September 30, 2023, compared to $110 million of sales against the buyer's limit, which was $125 million at September 30, 2022. Ashland transferred $106 million and $136 million in receivables to the SPE as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Ashland recorded liabilities related to its service obligations and limited guarantee as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 of less than $1 million. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the year-to-date gross cash proceeds received for receivables transferred and derecognized were $217 million and $312 million, respectively, of which $241 million and $315 million were collected by Ashland in our capacity as a servicer of the receivables and remitted to the buyer. The difference between receivables transferred and derecognized versus

M-30

collected of $24 million and $3 million for the periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, represents the impact of a net reduction in account receivable sales volume during each year. The prior year period included the impact of a $21 million net reduction in accounts receivables sales volume attributable to the Adhesives business sold in 2022.

2018 foreign accounts receivable securitization

During July 2018, Ashland entered into a €115 million accounts receivable securitization facility (the Program) for the transfer by certain subsidiaries of Ashland (the Sellers) directly or indirectly to Ester Finance Titrisation (the Purchaser), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank (the Arranger), of certain receivables and/or collections originated by the Sellers towards certain corporate debtors located in multiple European jurisdictions and denominated in multiple currencies. The Program originally had a term of two years, but was extended to August 2021 in September 2019. During July 2021, the termination date of the Program was extended to July 2023. During July 2020, the available funding for qualified receivables under the accounts receivable securitization facility decreased from €115 million to €100 million. During July 2023, the program was extended to September 30, 2023.

Under the Program, each Seller assigns, on an ongoing basis, certain of its accounts receivable and the right to the collections on those accounts receivable to the Purchaser. Under the terms of the Program, the Sellers could, from time to time, obtain up to €100 million from the Purchaser through the sale of an undivided interest in such accounts receivable and collections. Ashland accounts for the securitization facility as secured borrowings, and the receivables sold pursuant to the facility are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as accounts receivable. Fundings under the Program will be repaid as accounts receivable are collected, with new fundings being advanced (through daily advanced purchase price) as new accounts receivable are originated by the Sellers and assigned to the Purchaser, with settlement occurring monthly. Ashland classifies any borrowings under this facility as a short-term debt instrument within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Once sold to the Purchaser, the accounts receivable and rights to collection described above are separate and distinct from each Sellers’ own assets and are not available to its creditors should such Sellers become insolvent.

At September 30, 2023 and 2022 the outstanding amount of accounts receivable transferred by Ashland to the Purchaser was $124 million and $162 million, respectively, and there were no borrowings (denominated in multiple currencies) under the facility for either period. The weighted-average interest rate for this instrument was 0.5% for 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Other debt

At September 30, 2023 and 2022, Ashland held other debt totaling $83 million and $63 million, respectively, comprised primarily of the 6.50% notes due 2029 and other notes.

Available borrowing capacity and liquidity

The borrowing capacity remaining under the $600 million 2022 Revolving Credit Facility was $594 million due to a reduction of $6 million for letters of credit outstanding at September 30, 2023. Ashland's total borrowing capacity at September 30, 2023 was $698 million, which included $104 million of available capacity from the foreign 2018 Accounts Receivable Securitization Facility.

Additionally, Ashland has no available liquidity under its current U.S. Accounts Receivable Sales Program.

Covenants related to current Ashland debt agreements

Ashland’s debt contains usual and customary representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants for leverage and interest coverage ratios, limitations on liens, additional subsidiary indebtedness, restrictions on subsidiary distributions, investments, mergers, sale of assets and restricted payments and other customary limitations. As of September 30, 2023, Ashland was in compliance with all debt agreement covenant restrictions.

The maximum consolidated net leverage ratio permitted under the 2022 Credit Agreement is 4.0. The 2022 Credit Agreement defines the consolidated net leverage ratio as the ratio of consolidated indebtedness minus unrestricted cash and cash equivalents to consolidated EBITDA (Covenant Adjusted EBITDA) for any measurement period. In general, the 2022 Credit Agreement defines Covenant Adjusted EBITDA as net income plus consolidated interest charges, taxes, depreciation and amortization expense, fees and expenses related to capital market transactions and proposed or actual acquisitions and divestitures,

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restructuring and integration charges, certain environmental charges, non-cash stock and equity compensation expense, and any other nonrecurring expenses or losses that do not represent a cash item in such period or any future period; less any non-cash gains or other items increasing net income. The computation of Covenant Adjusted EBITDA differs from the calculation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, which have been reconciled in the "Use of non-GAAP measures" section. In general, consolidated indebtedness includes debt plus all purchase money indebtedness, banker’s acceptances and bank guaranties, deferred purchase price of property or services, attributable indebtedness and guarantees. At September 30, 2023, Ashland’s calculation of the consolidated net leverage ratio was 1.9.

The minimum required consolidated interest coverage ratio under the 2022 Credit Agreement is 3.0. The 2022 Credit Agreement defines the consolidated interest coverage ratio as the ratio of Covenant Adjusted EBITDA to consolidated interest charges for any measurement period. At September 30, 2023, Ashland’s calculation of the consolidated interest coverage ratio was 8.6.

Any change in Covenant Adjusted EBITDA of $100 million would have an approximate 0.3x effect on the consolidated net leverage ratio and a 1.8x effect on the consolidated interest coverage ratio. Any change in consolidated indebtedness of $100 million would affect the consolidated net leverage ratio by approximately 0.2x.

Ashland credit ratings

Ashland’s corporate credit ratings remained unchanged at BB+ by Standard & Poor’s and Ba1 by Moody’s Investor Services. As of September 30, 2023, both Moody’s Investor Services and Standard & Poor’s outlook remained at stable. Subsequent changes to these ratings or outlook may have an effect on Ashland’s borrowing rate or ability to access capital markets in the future.

Additional capital resources

Ashland cash projection

Ashland believes that cash flow from operations, availability under existing credit facilities and arrangements, current cash and investment balances and the ability to obtain other financing, if necessary, will provide adequate cash funds for the Company’s foreseeable working capital needs, capital expenditures at existing facilities, pending acquisitions, dividend payments and debt service obligations. The Company’s cash requirements are subject to change as business conditions warrant and opportunities arise. The timing and size of any new business ventures or acquisitions that the Company may complete may also impact its cash requirements.

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Ashland expects the following material cash funding requirements from known contractual obligations at September 30, 2023:

			Less than		More than
(In millions)	Total		1 year		1 year
Material Cash Funding Requirements Contractual obligations
Raw material and service contract purchase obligations (a)	$	245	$	47	$	198
Employee benefit obligations (b)		67		14		53
Operating lease obligations (c)		167		24		143
Interest payments (d)		604		56		548
Unrecognized tax benefits (e)		59		3		56
One-time transition tax (f)		39		10		29
Total contractual obligations	$	1,181	$	154	$	1,027
Other commitments
Letters of credit (g)	$	49	$	49	$	—

(a)Includes raw material and service contracts where minimal committed quantities and prices are fixed.

(b)Includes estimated funding of Ashland’s qualified U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans for 2023 as well as projected benefit payments through 2030 under Ashland’s unfunded pension and other postretirement benefit plans. Excludes the benefit payments from the pension plan trust funds. See Note L of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(c)Includes leases for office buildings, transportation equipment, warehouses and storage facilities and other equipment. For further information, see Note J of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

(d)Includes interest expense on both variable and fixed rate debt assuming no prepayments. Variable interest rates have been assumed to remain constant through the end of the term at rates that existed as of September 30, 2023.

(e)Due to uncertainties in the timing of the effective settlement of tax positions with respect to taxing authorities, Ashland is unable to determine the timing of payments related to noncurrent unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties. Therefore, these amounts were included in the “More than 1 year” column.

(f)As a result of the Tax Act enacted during fiscal year 2017, Ashland has currently recorded a $39 million liability for the one-time transition tax. This liability will be payable over five years.

(g)Ashland issues various types of letters of credit as part of its normal course of business.

Total Equity

Total equity was $3,097 million and $3,220 million at September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. During 2023, there were increases of $178 million for net income, $72 million for deferred translation gains, and $12 million for common shares issued under stock incentive plans. The increases were more than offset by decreases of $6 million for unrealized losses on commodity hedges, $76 million for dividends paid during 2023, and $303 million for repurchases of common stock (which includes $3 million in excise tax on stock repurchases).

2023 Stock repurchase program

On June 28, 2023, Ashland's board of directors authorized a new evergreen $1 billion common share repurchase program (2023 stock repurchase program). The new authorization terminates and replaces the company's 2022 stock repurchase program, which had $200 million outstanding at the date of termination. As of September 30, 2023, $1 billion remained available for repurchase under the 2023 stock repurchase program.

2022 Stock repurchase program

On May 25, 2022, Ashland's board of directors authorized a new, evergreen $500 million common share repurchase program (2022 stock repurchase program). The new authorization terminates and replaces the company's 2018 $1 billion share repurchase program, which had $150 million outstanding at the date of termination. As of September 30, 2022, $500 million remained available for repurchase under the 2022 stock repurchase program.

Stock repurchase program agreements

During May 2023, under the 2022 stock repurchase program, Ashland initiated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan agreement to repurchase up to $100 million of its outstanding shares. The program was completed during June 2023, when Ashland paid a total of $100 million and received a delivery of 1.1 million shares of common stock.

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During March 2023, under the 2022 stock repurchase program, Ashland initiated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan agreement to repurchase up to $100 million of its outstanding shares. The program was completed during April 2023, when Ashland paid a total of $100 million and received a delivery of 1.0 million shares of common stock.

During February 2023, under the 2022 stock repurchase program, Ashland initiated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan agreement to repurchase up to $100 million of its outstanding shares. The program was completed during February 2023, when Ashland paid a total of $100 million and received a delivery of 1.0 million shares of common stock.

On March 1, 2022, under the 2018 stock repurchase program, Ashland entered into an agreement to repurchase an aggregate amount of $200 million of Ashland common stock using open-market purchases under rule 10b-18. On April 8, 2022, Ashland completed repurchases under this agreement repurchasing a total of 2.15 million shares for a total amount of $200 million.

In September 2021, under the 2018 stock repurchase program, Ashland announced that it entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement (2021 ASR Agreement). Under the 2021 ASR Agreement, Ashland paid an initial purchase price of $450 million and received an initial delivery of 3.9 million shares of common stock during September 2021. The bank exercised its early termination option under the 2021 ASR Agreement in February 2022, and an additional 0.7 million shares were repurchased, bringing the total shares repurchased upon settlement to 4.6 million.

Stockholder dividends

Ashland paid dividends per common share of $1.44, $1.27 and $1.15 during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

In May 2023, the Board of Directors of Ashland announced a quarterly cash dividend of 38.5 cents per share to eligible stockholders at record, which represented an increase from the previous quarterly cash dividend of 33.5 cents per share. The dividend was paid in the third and fourth quarter of fiscal 2023.

In May 2022, the Board of Directors of Ashland announced a quarterly cash dividend of 33.5 cents per share to eligible stockholders at record, which represented an increase from the previous quarterly cash dividend of 30.0 cents per share. This dividend was paid in the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2022 and the first and second quarters of fiscal 2023.

In May 2021, the Board of Directors of Ashland announced a quarterly cash dividend of 30.0 cents per share to eligible stockholders at record, which represented an increase from the previous quarterly cash dividend of 27.5 cents per share. This dividend was paid in the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2021 and the first and second quarters of fiscal 2022.

In May 2019, the Board of Directors of Ashland announced a quarterly cash dividend of 27.5 cents per share to eligible stockholders at record, which represented an increase from the previous quarterly cash dividend of 25.0 cents per share. This dividend was paid in first and second quarters of fiscal 2021.

Capital expenditures

Capital expenditures were $170 million for 2023 and averaged $129 million during the last three years. Ashland expects capital expenditures over the next three years to average approximately $165 million per year. A summary of capital expenditures by reportable segment during 2023, 2022 and 2021 follow.

(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Life Sciences	$	46	$	28	$	27
Personal Care		20		14		7
Specialty Additives		99		61		67
Intermediates		3		7		2
Unallocated and Other		2		3		2
Total capital expenditures	$	170	$	113	$	105

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A summary of the capital employed in Ashland’s current operations, which is calculated by adding equity to capital investment, as of the end of the last two years is as follows.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Capital employed (a)
Life Sciences	$	1,807	$	1,801
Personal Care		943		994
Specialty Additives		1,421		1,379
Intermediates		116		138

(a)Excludes the assets and liabilities classified within unallocated and other which primarily includes debt and other long-term liabilities such as asbestos and pension. The net liability in unallocated and other was $1,190 million and $1,092 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

As part of its normal course of business, Ashland is a party to various financial guarantees and other commitments. These arrangements involve elements of performance and credit risk that are not included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The possibility that Ashland would have to make actual cash expenditures in connection with these obligations is largely dependent on the performance of the guaranteed party, or the occurrence of future events that Ashland is unable to predict. The fair value of these guarantees is not significant.

NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

For a discussion and analysis of recently issued accounting pronouncements and its impact on Ashland, see Note A of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The preparation of Ashland’s Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, sales and expenses, and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Significant items that are subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, environmental remediation, asbestos litigation, the accounting for goodwill and other intangible assets and income taxes. Although management bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, actual results could differ significantly from the estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Management has reviewed the estimates affecting these items with the Audit Committee of Ashland’s Board of Directors.

Environmental remediation and asset retirement obligations

Ashland is subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations that require environmental assessment or remediation efforts (collectively environmental remediation) at multiple locations. At September 30, 2023, such locations included 57 sites where Ashland has been identified as a potentially responsible party under Superfund or similar state laws, 108 current and former operating facilities and about 1,225 service station properties, of which 14 are being actively remediated. See Note N of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Ashland’s reserves for environmental remediation and related environmental litigation amounted to $214 million at September 30, 2023 compared to $211 million at September 30, 2022 of which $165 million at September 30, 2023 and $157 million at September 30, 2022 were classified in other noncurrent liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The remaining reserves were classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The total reserves for environmental remediation reflect Ashland’s estimates of the most likely costs that will be incurred over an extended period to remediate identified conditions for which the costs are reasonably estimable, without regard to any third-party recoveries. Engineering studies, historical experience and other factors are used to identify and evaluate remediation alternatives and their related costs in determining the estimated reserves for environmental remediation. Ashland regularly adjusts its reserves as environmental remediation continues.

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During 2023, 2022 and 2021, Ashland recognized $56 million, $66 million and $50 million of expense, respectively, for certain environmental liabilities related to normal ongoing remediation cost estimate updates for sites, which is consistent with Ashland’s historical environmental accounting policy.

Environmental remediation reserves are subject to uncertainties that affect Ashland’s ability to estimate its share of the costs. Such uncertainties involve the nature and extent of contamination at each site and the extent of required cleanup efforts under existing environmental regulations, with varying costs of alternate cleanup methods. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the ultimate costs of environmental remediation, Ashland currently estimates that the upper end of the reasonably possible range of future costs for identified sites could be as high as approximately $465 million. The largest reserve for any site is 21% of the remediation reserve.

Asbestos litigation

Ashland and Hercules have liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. To assist in developing and annually updating independent reserve estimates for future asbestos claims and related costs, Ashland has retained third party actuarial experts Gnarus Advisors, LLC (Gnarus). The methodology used by Gnarus to project future asbestos costs is based largely on recent experience, including claim-filing and settlement rates, disease mix, open claims and litigation defense. The claim experience of Ashland and Hercules are separately compared to the results of previously conducted third party epidemiological studies estimating the number of people likely to develop asbestos-related diseases. Those studies were undertaken in connection with national analyses of the population expected to have been exposed to asbestos. Using that information, Gnarus estimates a range of the number of future claims that may be filed, as well as the related costs that may be incurred in resolving those claims. Changes in asbestos-related liabilities and receivables are recorded on an after-tax basis within the discontinued operations caption in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). See Note N of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Ashland asbestos-related litigation

The claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos asserted against Ashland result primarily from indemnification obligations undertaken in 1990 in connection with the sale of Riley, a former subsidiary. The amount and timing of settlements and number of open claims can fluctuate from period to period.

Ashland asbestos-related liability

From the range of estimates, Ashland records the amount it believes to be the best estimate of future payments for litigation defense and claim settlement costs. Ashland reviews this estimate and related assumptions quarterly and annually updates the results of a non-inflated, non-discounted approximate 40-year model developed with the assistance of Gnarus.

During the most recent update completed during 2023, it was determined that the liability for Ashland asbestos-related claims should be increased by $9 million. Total reserves for asbestos claims were $281 million at September 30, 2023 compared to $305 million at September 30, 2022.

Ashland asbestos-related receivables

Ashland has insurance coverage for certain litigation defense and claim settlement costs incurred in connection with its asbestos claims, and coverage-in-place agreements exist with the insurance companies that provide substantially all of the coverage that will be accessed.

For the Ashland asbestos-related obligations, Ashland has estimated the value of probable insurance recoveries associated with its asbestos reserve based on management’s interpretations and estimates surrounding the available or applicable insurance coverage, including an assumption that all solvent insurance carriers remain solvent. Substantially all of the estimated receivables from insurance companies are expected to be due from domestic insurers, all of which are solvent.

At September 30, 2023, Ashland’s receivable for recoveries of litigation defense and claim settlement costs from insurers amounted to $95 million (excluding the Hercules receivable for asbestos claims). Receivables from insurers amounted to $101 million at September 30, 2022. During 2023, the annual update of the model used for purposes of valuing the asbestos reserve

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and its impact on valuation of future recoveries from insurers, was completed. This model update resulted in a $3 million increase in the receivable for probable insurance recoveries.

Hercules asbestos-related litigation

Hercules has liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Such claims typically arise from alleged exposure to asbestos fibers from resin encapsulated pipe and tank products which were sold by one of Hercules’ former subsidiaries to a limited industrial market. The amount and timing of settlements and number of open claims can fluctuate from period to period.

Hercules asbestos-related liability

From the range of estimates, Ashland records the amount it believes to be the best estimate of future payments for litigation defense and claim settlement costs. Ashland reviews this estimate and related assumptions quarterly and annually updates the results of a non-inflated, non-discounted approximate 40-year model developed with the assistance of Gnarus. As a result of the most recent annual update of this estimate, completed during 2023, it was determined that the liability for Hercules asbestos-related claims should be decreased by $2 million. Total reserves for asbestos claims were $191 million at September 30, 2023 compared to $213 million at September 30, 2022.

Hercules asbestos-related receivables

For the Hercules asbestos-related obligations, certain reimbursement obligations pursuant to coverage-in-place agreements with insurance carriers exist. As a result, any increases in the asbestos reserve have been partially offset by probable insurance recoveries. Ashland has estimated the value of probable insurance recoveries associated with its asbestos reserve based on management’s interpretations and estimates surrounding the available or applicable insurance coverage, including an assumption that all solvent insurance carriers remain solvent. The estimated receivable consists exclusively of solvent domestic insurers.

As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the receivables from insurers amounted to $47 million and $52 million, respectively. During 2023, the annual update of the model used for purposes of valuing the asbestos reserve and its impact on valuation of future recoveries from insurers was completed. This model update resulted in a $3 million decrease in the receivable for probable insurance recoveries.

Asbestos litigation cost projection

Projecting future asbestos costs is subject to numerous variables that are difficult to predict. In addition to the uncertainties surrounding the number of claims that might be received, other variables include the type and severity of the disease alleged by each claimant and the related costs incurred in resolving those claims, mortality rates, dismissal rates, uncertainties surrounding the litigation process from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and from case to case. Furthermore, any predictions with respect to these variables are subject to even greater uncertainty as the projection period lengthens. In light of these inherent uncertainties, Ashland believes that the asbestos reserves for Ashland and Hercules represent the best estimate within a range of possible outcomes. As a part of the process to develop these estimates of future asbestos costs, a range of long-term cost models was developed. These models are based on national studies that predict the number of people likely to develop asbestos-related diseases and are heavily influenced by assumptions regarding long-term inflation rates for indemnity payments and legal defense costs, as well as other variables mentioned previously. Ashland has currently estimated in various models ranging from approximately 40 year periods that it is reasonably possible that total future litigation defense and claim settlement costs on an inflated and undiscounted basis could range as high as approximately $422 million for the Ashland asbestos-related litigation (current reserve of $281 million) and approximately $288 million for the Hercules asbestos-related litigation (current reserve of $191 million), depending on the combination of assumptions selected in the various models. While the timeframe used in Ashland's models for projecting asbestos liabilities generally decreases over time based on the expected lifetime of the liabilities, these models have been consistently applied within all periods presented. If actual experience is worse than projected, relative to the number of claims filed, the severity of alleged disease associated with those claims or costs incurred to resolve those claims, or actuarial refinement or improvements to the assumptions used within these models are initiated, Ashland may need to further increase the estimates of the costs associated with asbestos claims and these increases could be material over time.

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Accounting for goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets

Goodwill

Ashland accounts for goodwill and other intangible assets acquired in a business combination in conformity with current accounting guidance which does not allow for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets to be amortized.

Ashland reviews goodwill for impairment annually as of July 1 or when events and circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred. Ashland tests goodwill for impairment by comparing the estimated fair value of the reporting units to the related carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit is lower than its carrying amount, goodwill is written down for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds fair value. However, the loss recognized cannot exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. Reporting units are defined as either operating segments or one level below the operating segments for which discrete financial information is available and reviewed by the business management. Ashland determined that its reporting units are Life Sciences, Personal Care, Specialty Additives and Intermediates.

Ashland makes various estimates and assumptions in determining the estimated fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of discounted cash flow models and valuations based on earnings multiples for guideline public companies in each reporting unit’s industry peer group, when externally quoted market prices are not readily available. Discounted cash flow models are reliant on various assumptions, including projected business results, long-term growth factors and weighted-average cost of capital. Management judgment is involved in estimating these variables, and they include uncertainties since they are forecasting future events. Ashland performs sensitivity analyses by using a range of inputs to confirm the reasonableness of the long-term growth rate and weighted average cost of capital estimates. Additionally, Ashland compares the indicated equity value to Ashland’s market capitalization and evaluates the resulting implied control premium/discount to determine if the estimated enterprise value is reasonable.

Ashland performed its annual goodwill impairment using the quantitative approach as of July 1, 2023, and concluded that all reporting units had fair values in excess of its respective carrying amounts. The fair values of Life Sciences, Personal Care, and Specialty Additives exceeded their carrying values by 11%, 48%, and 28%, respectively. The Intermediates reporting unit has no associated goodwill. Ashland concluded there was no impairment as of July 1, 2023. Ashland compared the total fair values of the reporting units to Ashland’s market capitalization at July 1, 2023, to determine if the fair values are reasonable. Ashland's market capitalization exceeded the aggregate fair value of each reporting unit at the annual assessment date by approximately 10%. A discount of 10% implies a high level of conservatism in Ashland's impairment assessment as recent comparable market transactions would imply control premiums of approximately 20% at the median (i.e., the premium of an offer price over the closing stock price immediately preceding an announced transaction).

Assumptions inherent in the valuation methodologies include estimates of future projected business results (principally revenue and EBITDA), long-term growth rates, and the weighted-average cost of capital. Ashland performed sensitivity analyses by using a range of inputs to confirm the reasonableness of long-term growth rate and weighted average cost of capital estimates. Significant assumptions utilized in the impairment analysis included the weighted-average cost of capital, ranging between 10.75% and 11.25%, and terminal growth rate, ranging between 2.0% and 4.0% depending on the reporting unit. Based on sensitivity analysis performed on two key assumptions in the discounted cash flow model at July 1, 2023, a 1% decrease in the long-term growth factor assumption or a 1% increase in the weighted average cost of capital assumption across each of Ashland’s reporting units would not have resulted in a fair value below the respective reporting units carrying value. For further information, see Note G of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other indefinite-lived intangible assets

Other indefinite-lived intangible assets include certain trademarks and trade names. Ashland reviews these intangible assets for possible impairment annually as of July 1 or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If the carrying value of an individual indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, the asset is written down to its fair value and the amount of the write down is the impairment charge. Similar to its annual assessment for goodwill, Ashland performs a quantitative test for impairment.

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Ashland tested these assets using a “relief-from-royalty” valuation method to determine the fair value. Assumptions inherent in the valuation methodologies include, but are not limited to, future projected business results, growth rates, the weighted-average cost of capital for a market participant, and royalty rates. In conjunction with the July 1 annual assessment of indefinite-lived intangible assets, Ashland’s quantitative approach models did not indicate any impairment, as each indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value exceeded its carrying values.

Ashland’s assessment of an impairment on any of these assets classified currently as having indefinite lives, including goodwill, could change in future periods if significant events happen and/or circumstances change that affect the previously mentioned assumptions. Assumptions inherent in the valuation methodologies include, but are not limited to, such estimates as future projected business results, growth rates, the weighted average cost of capital for a market participant, and royalty rates. For further information, see Note G of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Income taxes

Ashland is subject to income taxes in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Judgment in the forecasting of taxable income using historical and projected future operating results is required in determining Ashland’s provision for income taxes and the related assets and liabilities. The provision for income taxes includes income taxes paid, currently payable or receivable, and deferred taxes. Under U.S. GAAP, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences reverse. Deferred tax assets are also recognized for the estimated future effects of tax loss and credit carryforwards. The effect on deferred taxes of changes in tax rates is recognized in the period in which the enactment date occurs. Valuation allowances are established when necessary on a jurisdictional basis to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. Deferred taxes are not provided on the unremitted earnings of subsidiaries outside of the United States when it is expected that these earnings are indefinitely reinvested. In the event that the actual outcome of future tax consequences differs from Ashland’s estimates and assumptions due to changes or future events such as tax legislation, geographic mix of earnings, completion of tax audits or earnings repatriation plans, the resulting change to the provision for income taxes could have a material effect on the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The recoverability of deferred tax assets and the recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions are subject to various assumptions and judgment by Ashland. If actual results differ from the estimates made by Ashland in establishing or maintaining valuation allowances against deferred tax assets, the resulting change in the valuation allowance would generally impact earnings or other comprehensive income depending on the nature of the respective deferred tax asset. Additionally, the positions taken with regard to tax contingencies may be subject to audit and review by tax authorities, which may result in future taxes, interest and penalties. Positive and negative evidence is considered in determining the need for a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets, which includes such evidence as historical earnings, projected future earnings, tax planning strategies and expected timing of reversal of existing temporary differences.

In determining the recoverability of deferred tax assets Ashland gives consideration to all available positive and negative evidence including reversals of deferred tax liabilities (other than those with an indefinite reversal period), projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations. Ashland attaches the most weight to historical earnings due to their verifiable nature. In evaluating the objective evidence that historical results provide, Ashland considers three years of cumulative income or loss. In addition, Ashland has reflected increases and decreases in our valuation allowance based on the overall weight of positive versus negative evidence on a jurisdiction by jurisdiction basis.

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EFFECTS OF INFLATION AND CHANGING PRICES

Ashland’s financial statements are prepared on the historical cost method of accounting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and, as a result, do not reflect changes in the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar. Monetary assets (such as cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable) lose purchasing power as a result of inflation, while monetary liabilities (such as accounts payable and indebtedness) result in a gain, because they can be settled with dollars of diminished purchasing power. As of September 30, 2023, Ashland’s monetary assets exceed its monetary liabilities, leaving it currently more exposed to the effects of future inflation. While inflation rose significantly during 2022, it began to decrease in fiscal 2023, and is expected to stabilize beyond fiscal 2023 according to forward economic outlooks. See Item 1A - Risk Factors for additional information.

Certain of the industries in which Ashland operates are capital-intensive, and replacement costs for its plant and equipment generally would substantially exceed their historical costs. Accordingly, depreciation and amortization expense would be greater if it were based on current replacement costs. However, because replacement facilities would reflect technological improvements and changes in business strategies, such facilities would be expected to be more productive than existing facilities, mitigating at least part of the increased expense.

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OUTLOOK

Portfolio-optimization actions

As previously disclosed on November 1, 2023, Ashland is taking the following portfolio-optimization actions to further strengthen the Company’s resilience and improve margins and returns in this uncertain environment:

•Commencing a divestiture process for the Company’s nutraceuticals business;

•Optimizing and consolidating the Company's carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and methyl cellulose (MC) industrial businesses and related capacity to improve productivity and mix;

•Developing plans to repurpose the impacted CMC and MC assets to support other longer-term growth initiatives;

•Optimizing the Company’s global hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) manufacturing network for greater efficiency; and

•Increasing resources and investments to drive the Company's higher-value “globalize and innovate” strategy.

When completed, these portfolio actions are expected to result in improved Adjusted EBITDA margins of approximately 200 basis-points and returns on net assets of 150 to 200 basis-points. These actions are expected to reduce volatility, improve focus and decrease working capital and maintenance capital expenditures. The impact of these portfolio actions is expected to reduce annual sales by approximately $200 million to $225 million. Ashland plans to take actions to fully offset the approximately $100 million of stranded costs and lost gross profit that is expected to result from these actions.

At the same time, the Company plans to increase its investments and resources for the core growth businesses consistent with the “globalize and innovate” strategy that was outlined at the Company’s recent Innovation Day. During fiscal year 2024 the Company plans to deploy an incremental $4-6 million in commercial and technical resources to support this growth.

Financial Outlook

As part of Ashland's regular financial planning process and in concert with extensive customer discussions, the Company has analyzed numerous demand-recovery scenarios for fiscal year 2024. While there is evidence that customer destocking across many end markets is slowing, a great deal of uncertainty remains. The Company’s view is that recovery is likely to be back-end loaded into the second half of the fiscal year. In addition, consideration for the impact in fiscal 2024 of the announced portfolio-optimization actions is being layered into forecast models as the commercial teams engage with customers. Given the overall uncertainty, at this time the Company is not issuing an outlook for fiscal year 2024 but will provide an update regarding its financial outlook during its fiscal-first quarter earnings call.

For the fiscal-first quarter of 2024, demand in October has demonstrated some sequential improvement, though customer destocking continues across many end markets. First-quarter 2024 financial results will include carryover impacts from internal inventory-control actions that will negatively impact results compared to prior year. Customer order lead times have returned to more normalized levels and November orders are consistent with expectations. At this time, visibility into December demand is limited and uncertainty remains as to whether some customers decide to take year-end inventory control actions. Taking these factors into account, for the fiscal-first quarter of 2024 the company expects sales in the range of $470 million to $490 million and adjusted EBITDA in the range of $55 million to $65 million.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements including, without limitation, statements made under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation” (MD&A), within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Ashland has identified some of these forward-looking statements with words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “estimates,” “is likely,” “predicts,” “projects,” “forecasts,” “objectives,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “plans” and “intends” and the negative of these words or other comparable terminology. Ashland may from time to time make forward-looking statements in its Annual Report to Stockholders, quarterly reports and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), news releases and other written and oral communications. These forward-looking statements are based on Ashland’s expectations and assumptions, as of the date such statements are made, regarding Ashland’s future operating performance and financial condition, as well as the economy and other future events or circumstances. Ashland’s expectations

M-41

and assumptions include, without limitation, those mentioned within the MD&A, internal forecasts and analyses of current and future market conditions and trends, management plans and strategies, operating efficiencies, cost savings and economic conditions (such as prices, supply and demand, cost of raw materials, and the ability to recover raw-material cost increases through price increases), and risks and uncertainties associated with the following: the impact of acquisitions and/or divestitures Ashland has made or may make (including the possibility that Ashland may not realize the anticipated benefits from such transactions); Ashland’s substantial indebtedness (including the possibility that such indebtedness and related restrictive covenants may adversely affect Ashland’s future cash flows, results of operations, financial condition and its ability to repay debt); execution risks associated with our growth strategies; the competitive nature of our business; severe weather, natural disasters, public health crises (including the COVID-19 pandemic), cyber events and legal proceedings and claims (including product recalls, environmental and asbestos matters); the ongoing Ukraine/Russia and Israel/Hamas conflict on the geographies in which Ashland operates, the end markets Ashland serves and on Ashland’s supply chain and customers; and without limitation, risks and uncertainties affecting Ashland that are contained in “Use of estimates, risks and uncertainties” in Note A of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and in Item 1A of this Annual Report Form 10-K. Various risks and uncertainties may cause actual results to differ materially from those stated, projected or implied by any forward-looking statements. Ashland believes its expectations and assumptions are reasonable, but there can be no assurance that the expectations reflected herein will be achieved. Unless legally required, Ashland undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-K whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Information on Ashland’s website is not incorporated into or a part of this Form 10-K.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Ashland conducts business in a variety of foreign currencies. Accordingly, Ashland regularly uses foreign currency derivative instruments to manage exposure on certain transactions denominated in foreign currencies to curtail potential earnings volatility effects of certain assets and liabilities, including short-term intercompany loans, denominated in currencies other than Ashland’s functional currency of an entity. These derivative contracts generally require exchange of one foreign currency for another at a fixed rate at a future date and generally have maturities of less than twelve months. All contracts are valued at fair value with net changes in fair value recorded within the selling, general and administrative expense caption. The impacts of these contracts were largely offset by gains and losses resulting from the impact of changes in exchange rates on transactions denominated in non-functional currencies.

As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, Ashland had not identified any significant credit risk on open derivative contracts. The potential loss from a hypothetical 10% adverse change in foreign currency rates on Ashland’s open foreign currency derivative instruments would be largely offset by gains resulting from the impact of changes in exchange rates on transactions denominated in non-functional currencies. Ashland did not have any significant open hedging contracts with respect to commodities or any related raw material requirements as of and for the year ended September 30, 2023.

M-42

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

		Page
Management's report on internal control over financial reporting		F-2
Reports of independent registered public accounting firm (Ernst & Young LLP; PCAOB ID: 42)		F-3
Consolidated Financial Statements:
	Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss)	F-7
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	F-8
	Statements of Consolidated Equity	F-9
	Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows	F-10
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-11

F-1

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management is responsible for the preparation and integrity of the Consolidated Financial Statements and other financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Accounting principles are selected, and information is reported which, using management’s best judgment and estimates, present fairly Ashland’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The other financial information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is consistent with the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Ashland’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Ashland’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of Ashland’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Ashland’s internal control over financial reporting is supported by a code of business conduct which summarizes our guiding values such as obeying the law, adhering to high ethical standards and acting as responsible members of the communities where we operate. Compliance with that Code forms the foundation of our internal control systems, which are designed to provide reasonable assurance that Ashland’s assets are safeguarded, and its records reflect, in all material respects, transactions in accordance with management’s authorization. The concept of reasonable assurance is based on the recognition that the cost of a system of internal control should not exceed the related benefits. Management believes that adequate internal controls are maintained by the selection and training of qualified personnel, by an appropriate division of responsibility in all organizational arrangements, by the establishment and communication of accounting and business policies, and by internal audits.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements and even when determined to be effective, can only provide reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The Board, subject to stockholder ratification, selects and engages the independent auditors based on the recommendation of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee, composed of directors who are not members of management, reviews the adequacy of Ashland’s policies, procedures, controls and risk management strategies, the scope of auditing and other services performed by the independent auditors, and the scope of the internal audit function. The Audit Committee holds meetings with Ashland’s internal auditor and independent auditors, with and without management present, to discuss the findings of their audits, the overall quality of Ashland’s financial reporting and their evaluation of Ashland’s internal controls. The report of Ashland’s Audit Committee can be found in Ashland’s Proxy for its 2024 Annual Meeting.

Management assessed the effectiveness of Ashland’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2023. Management conducted its assessment utilizing the framework described in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on this assessment, management believes that Ashland maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2023.

Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited and reported on the Consolidated Financial Statements of Ashland Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries as of and for the year ended September 30, 2023, and the effectiveness of Ashland’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2023. The reports of the independent registered public accounting firm are contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

/s/ Guillermo Novo

Guillermo Novo

Chair of the Board and Chief Executive Officer

/s/ J. Kevin Willis

J. Kevin Willis

Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

November 17, 2023

F-2

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Ashland Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Ashland Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Ashland Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2023, and the related notes and our report dated November 17, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Grandview Heights, Ohio

November 17, 2023

F-3

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Ashland Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ashland Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries (the Company) as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at September 30, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated November 17, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

F-4

Valuation of Environmental Remediation Reserves

Description of the Matter

At September 30, 2023, the reserves for environmental remediation amounted to $214 million. As discussed within Note M of the consolidated financial statements, the reserves for environmental remediation reflect Ashland’s estimates of the most likely costs that will be incurred over an extended period to remediate identified conditions for which the costs are reasonably estimable and probable of being incurred, without regard to any third-party recoveries. The Company uses engineering studies, historical experience and other factors to identify and evaluate remediation alternatives and their related costs in determining the estimated reserves for environmental remediation. Ashland regularly adjusts its reserves as environmental remediation continues. Auditing the environmental remediation reserve was complex due to inherent uncertainties that affect Ashland’s ability to estimate probable costs. Such uncertainties include the nature and extent of contamination at each site, and the nature and extent of required cleanup efforts.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of relevant controls over Ashland’s environmental remediation process. For example, we tested controls over the Company’s annual reserve setting training process, management’s identification and monitoring of new and existing sites, and management’s development of the environmental reserve estimates. We also tested management’s controls over the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the reserve estimates. To test the environmental reserves, we performed audit procedures that included, among others: assessing the appropriateness of Ashland’s policies and procedures and testing management’s development of the environmental reserve estimates. We obtained an understanding of the nature and extent of contamination at each site, the nature and extent of required cleanup efforts, and the corresponding environmental remediation reserves through discussions with Ashland’s remediation project managers. We also involved our environmental reserve subject matter specialists to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s reserve estimates, including consideration of information available on regulatory databases in the public domain that was assessed for possible contrary evidence. With the support of our environmental reserve subject matter specialists, we evaluated whether the environmental reserve estimates were appropriate based on engineering studies and historical experience.

F-5

Valuation of Asbestos Litigation Reserves

Description of the Matter

At September 30, 2023, the reserves for asbestos litigation amounted to $472 million. As discussed within Note M of the consolidated financial statements, Ashland has liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Ashland retained third party actuarial experts to assist in developing and annually updating independent reserve estimates for future asbestos claims and related costs given various assumptions. The methodology used by the actuarial experts to project future asbestos costs is based largely on recent experience, including claim-filing and settlement rates, disease mix, open claims and litigation defense. Further, the claim experience identified is compared to the results of previously conducted third party epidemiological studies estimating the number of people likely to develop asbestos-related diseases. Using that information, the Company estimates a range of the number of future claims that may be filed, as well as the related costs that may be incurred in resolving those claims. Ashland records the amount it believes to be the best estimate of future payments for litigation defense and claim settlement costs using the results of a non-inflated, non-discounted approximate 40-year model developed with the assistance of the Company’s third party actuarial experts. Auditing the Company’s asbestos litigation reserve was complex due to uncertainty associated with the estimate of projected future asbestos costs. The methodology employed by management to develop the estimate of projected future asbestos costs is subject to assumptions such as the number of claims that may be received in the future, the type and severity of disease alleged by claimant, the related costs incurred in resolving those claims, and the dismissal rates. These assumptions have a significant effect on the asbestos litigation reserve.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls over the asbestos litigation reserves process. These include controls over management's assessment of the assumptions utilized within the estimate, management’s oversight of asbestos trends including claims movement and costs incurred, and the completeness and accuracy of the underlying claims data utilized to project future costs. To evaluate the reasonableness of the reserve for asbestos litigation, our audit procedures included testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying claims data provided to management's actuarial experts utilized to project future costs. Additionally, we evaluated the claims and spend activity from legal letters obtained from internal and external legal counsel. Furthermore, we involved our actuarial subject matter specialists to assist in the evaluation of the methodologies and assumptions applied by management's experts as described above to determine the appropriateness of the asbestos litigation reserve, and to independently prepare an estimated range of the liability. We then assessed the reasonableness of the Company's recorded reserve against our independently calculated range.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014.

Grandview Heights, Ohio

November 17, 2023

F-6

Ashland Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries

Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Years Ended September 30

(In millions except per share data)	2023			2022			2021
Sales	$	2,191		$	2,391		$	2,111
Cost of sales		1,523			1,561			1,441
Gross profit		668			830			670
Selling, general and administrative expense		365			393			358
Research and development expense		51			55			50
Intangibles amortization expense - Note G		93			94			90
Equity and other income		7			3			9
Income on acquisitions and divestitures, net - Note B		6			42			11
Operating income		172			333			192
Net interest and other expense - Note H		6			149			56
Other net periodic benefit loss (income) - Note L		6			(22	)		1
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		160			206			135
Income tax expense (benefit) - Note K		(8	)		25			(38	)
Income from continuing operations		168			181			173
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes - Note C		10			746			47
Net income	$	178		$	927		$	220
PER SHARE DATA - NOTE A
Basic earnings per share
Income from continuing operations	$	3.18		$	3.26		$	2.85
Income from discontinued operations		0.18			13.45			0.78
Net income	$	3.36		$	16.71		$	3.63
Diluted earnings per share
Income from continuing operations	$	3.13		$	3.20		$	2.82
Income from discontinued operations		0.18			13.21			0.77
Net income	$	3.31		$	16.41		$	3.59
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Net income	$	178		$	927		$	220
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Unrealized translation gain (loss)		72			(197	)		7
Unrealized gain (loss) on commodity hedges		(6	)		(1	)		4
Pension and postretirement obligation adjustment		—			1			—
Other comprehensive income (loss)		66			(197	)		11
Comprehensive income	$	244		$	730		$	231

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-7

Ashland Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

At September 30

(In millions)	2023			2022
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	417		$	646
Accounts receivable (a) - Notes A and H		338			402
Inventories - Note A		626			629
Other assets		125			91
Total current assets		1,506			1,768
Noncurrent assets
Property, plant and equipment - Note F
Cost		3,211			3,050
Accumulated depreciation		1,838			1,712
Net property, plant and equipment		1,373			1,338
Goodwill - Note G		1,362			1,312
Intangibles - Note G		886			963
Operating lease assets, net - Note J		122			107
Restricted investments - Note E		290			313
Asbestos insurance receivable (b) - Notes A and M		127			138
Deferred income taxes - Note K		22			20
Other assets - Note I		251			254
Total noncurrent assets		4,433			4,445
Total assets	$	5,939		$	6,213
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities
Short-term debt - Note H	$	16		$	—
Trade and other payables		210			265
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		208			269
Current operating lease obligations - Note J		22			19
Total current liabilities		456			553
Noncurrent liabilities
Long-term debt - Note H		1,314			1,270
Asbestos litigation reserve - Note M		427			472
Deferred income taxes - Note K		148			176
Employee benefit obligations - Note L		100			103
Operating lease obligations - Note J		106			94
Other liabilities - Note I		291			325
Total noncurrent liabilities		2,386			2,440
Commitments and contingencies - Notes J and M
Equity - Notes N and O
Common stock, par value $.01 per share, 200 million shares authorized		1			1
Issued 51 million and 54 million shares in 2023 and 2022
Paid-in capital		4			135
Retained earnings		3,595			3,653
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(503	)		(569	)
Total equity		3,097			3,220
Total liabilities and equity	$	5,939		$	6,213

(a)Accounts receivable includes an allowance for credit losses of $3 million and $4 million at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(b)Asbestos insurance receivable includes an allowance for credit losses of $2 million and $3 million at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-8

Ashland Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries

Statements of Consolidated Equity

									Accumulated
									other
	Common		Paid-in			Retained			comprehensive
(In millions)	stock		capital			earnings			income (loss) (a)			Total
Balance at September 30, 2020	$	1	$	769		$	2,649		$	(383	)	$	3,036
Adoption of new accounting pronouncements (b)							(2	)					(2	)
Total comprehensive income
Net income							220						220
Other comprehensive income										11			11
Dividends, $1.15 per common share							(71	)					(71	)
Compensation expense and common shares issued
under stock incentive and other plans (c) (d)				8									8
Repurchase of common stock (e)				(450	)								(450	)
Balance at September 30, 2021		1		327			2,796			(372	)		2,752
Total comprehensive income (loss)
Net income							927						927
Other comprehensive loss										(197	)		(197	)
Dividends, $1.27 per common share							(70	)					(70	)
Compensation expense and common shares issued
under stock incentive and other plans (c) (d)				8									8
Repurchase of common stock (e)				(200	)								(200	)
Balance at September 30, 2022		1		135			3,653			(569	)		3,220
Total comprehensive income
Net income							178						178
Other comprehensive income										66			66
Dividends, $1.44 per common share							(76	)					(76	)
Compensation expense and common shares issued
under stock incentive and other plans (c) (d)				12									12
Repurchase of common stock (e) (f)				(143	)		(160	)					(303	)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	1	$	4		$	3,595		$	(503	)	$	3,097

(a)At September 30, 2023 and 2022, the net of tax accumulated other comprehensive loss of $503 million and $569 million, respectively, was comprised of net unrealized translation losses of $499 million and $571 million, respectively, unrecognized prior service costs as a result of certain employee benefit plan amendments of $1 million and $1 million, respectively, and unrealized losses on commodity hedges of $3 million and unrealized gains on commodity hedges of $3 million, respectively.

(b)Represents the cumulative-effect adjustment related to the adoption of the new guidance related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments during fiscal 2021. See Note A for more information.

(c)Includes income tax expense resulting from the exercise of stock appreciation rights of zero in 2023 and 2022 and $1 million in 2021. Also includes a benefit of $11 million, $9 million and $7 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, for stock based compensation employee withholding taxes paid in cash.

(d)Common shares issued were 193,767, 168,270, and 183,281 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(e)Common shares repurchased were 3,082,928, 2,853,312, and 3,922,423 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(f)Includes $3 million of accrued excise taxes on stock repurchases for 2023.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-9

Ashland Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries

Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows

Years Ended September 30

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
CASH FLOWS PROVIDED (USED) BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS
Net income	$	178		$	927		$	220
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(10	)		(746	)		(47	)
Adjustments to reconcile income from continuing operations to cash flows from operating activities
Depreciation and amortization		243			241			244
Original issue discount and debt issuance cost amortization		6			7			7
Deferred income taxes		(32	)		(35	)		(26	)
Distributions from equity affiliates		—			—			1
Gain from sales of property and equipment		(1	)		—			(4	)
Stock based compensation expense - Note O		22			18			15
Excess tax benefits on stock based compensation		2			1			2
Loss on early retirement of debt		—			—			16
Loss (income) from restricted investments		(43	)		86			(33	)
Income on acquisitions and divestitures, net - Notes B		(7	)		(42	)		(15	)
Asset impairments		4			—			13
Pension contributions		(8	)		(5	)		(8	)
Loss (gain) on pension and other postretirement plan remeasurements		(2	)		(22	)		1
Change in operating assets and liabilities (a)		(58	)		(237	)		80
Total cash flows provided by operating activities from continuing operations		294			193			466
CASH FLOWS PROVIDED (USED) BY INVESTING ACTIVITIES FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS
Additions to property, plant and equipment		(170	)		(113	)		(105	)
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment		11			51			5
Purchase of operations - net of cash acquired		—			—			(309	)
Proceeds from sale or restructuring of operations		—			—			14
Proceeds from settlement of company-owned life insurance contracts		6			3			91
Company-owned life insurance payments		(5	)		(4	)		(6	)
Funds restricted for specific transactions		(9	)		(74	)		(91	)
Reimbursement from restricted investments		58			35			33
Proceeds from sale of securities		47			87			149
Purchase of securities		(47	)		(87	)		(149	)
Proceeds from the settlement of derivative instruments		—			—			1
Total cash flows used by investing activities from continuing operations		(109	)		(102	)		(367	)
CASH FLOWS PROVIDED (USED) BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt		—			—			450
Repayment of long-term debt		—			(250	)		(411	)
Premium on long-term debt repayment		—			—			(16	)
Proceeds from (repayment of) short-term debt		16			(365	)		84
Repurchase of common stock		(300	)		(200	)		(450	)
Debt issuance costs		—			(2	)		(6	)
Cash dividends paid		(76	)		(70	)		(70	)
Stock based compensation employee withholding taxes paid in cash		(11	)		(9	)		(7	)
Total cash flows used by financing activities from continuing operations		(371	)		(896	)		(426	)
CASH USED BY CONTINUING OPERATIONS		(186	)		(805	)		(327	)
Cash provided (used) by discontinued operations
Operating cash flows		(51	)		(406	)		94
Investing cash flows		—			1,658			(14	)
Total cash provided (used) by discontinued operations		(51	)		1,252			80
Effect of currency exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		8			(11	)		3
INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		(229	)		436			(244	)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS - BEGINNING OF YEAR		646			210			454
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS - END OF YEAR	$	417		$	646		$	210
CHANGES IN ASSETS AND LIABILITIES (a)
Accounts receivable	$	58		$	(23	)	$	72
Inventories		(7	)		(141	)		41
Trade and other payables		(112	)		34			3
Other assets and liabilities		3			(107	)		(36	)
CHANGE IN OPERATING ASSETS AND LIABILITIES	$	(58	)	$	(237	)	$	80
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES
Interest paid	$	53		$	56		$	62
Income taxes paid (including discontinued operations)		63			406			1

(a) Excludes changes resulting from operations acquired or sold.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-10

NOTE A – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of consolidation and basis of presentation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulations. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Ashland Inc. (Ashland) and its majority owned subsidiaries and, when applicable, entities for which Ashland has a controlling financial interest or is the primary beneficiary. Investments in joint ventures and 20% to 50% owned affiliates where Ashland has the ability to exert significant influence are accounted for under the equity method. Ashland has no significant equity method investments as of September 30, 2023. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Ashland is comprised of the following reportable segments: Life Sciences, Personal Care, Specialty Additives and Intermediates. Unallocated and Other includes corporate governance activities and certain legacy matters. See Note Q for more information.

Use of estimates, risks and uncertainties

The preparation of Ashland’s Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Significant items that are subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, environmental remediation, asbestos litigation, the accounting for goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets and income taxes. Although management bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, actual results could differ significantly from the estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Ashland’s results are affected by domestic and international economic, political, legislative, regulatory and legal actions. Economic conditions, such as recessionary trends, inflation, interest and monetary exchange rates, government fiscal policies and changes in the prices of certain key raw materials, can have a significant effect on operations. While Ashland maintains reserves for anticipated liabilities and carries various levels of insurance, Ashland could be affected by civil, criminal, regulatory or administrative actions, claims or proceedings relating to asbestos, environmental remediation, income taxes or other matters.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and highly liquid investments maturing within three months after purchase.

Allowance for credit losses on accounts receivable

Ashland records an allowance for credit losses using the expected credit loss model. Ashland estimates expected credit losses based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. When measuring expected credit losses, Ashland pools assets with similar country risk and credit risk characteristics. Each period the allowance for credit losses is adjusted through earnings to reflect expected credit losses over the remaining lives of the assets. No significant credit losses were incurred in 2023, 2022 and 2021.

A progression of activity in the allowance for credit losses is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Allowance for credit losses - beginning of year	$	4		$	3		$	3
Adjustments to allowances for credit losses		1			2			1
Reserves utilized		(2	)		(1	)		(1	)
Allowance for credit losses - end of year	$	3		$	4		$	3

F-11

Inventories

Inventories are carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories are stated at cost using the weighted-average cost method. This method values inventories using average costs for raw materials and most recent production costs for labor and overhead.

The following summarizes Ashland’s inventories as of the Consolidated Balance Sheet dates.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Finished products	$	390	$	391
Raw materials, supplies and work in process		236		238
	$	626	$	629

A progression of activity in the inventory reserves for obsolete and slow moving inventories, which reduce the amounts of finished products and raw materials, supplies and work in process reported, is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Inventory reserves - beginning of year	$	13		$	13		$	16
Adjustments to inventory reserves		11			3			2
Reserves utilized		(3	)		(3	)		(5	)
Inventory reserves - end of year	$	21		$	13		$	13

Property, plant and equipment

The cost of property, plant and equipment is depreciated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Buildings are depreciated principally over 12 to 35 years and machinery and equipment principally over 2 to 25 years. Such costs are periodically reviewed for recoverability when impairment indicators are present. Such indicators include, among other factors, operating losses, unused capacity, market value declines and technological obsolescence. Recorded values of asset groups of property, plant and equipment that are not expected to be recovered through undiscounted future net cash flows are written down to current fair value, which generally is determined from estimated discounted future net cash flows (assets held for use) or net realizable value (assets held for sale). See Note F for additional information related to property, plant and equipment.

Leasing arrangements

Ashland determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception based on whether or not it has the right to control the asset during the contract period and other facts and circumstances.

Operating lease right-of-use assets represent Ashland’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent Ashland’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease, both of which are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. Leases with a lease term of 12 months or less at inception are not recorded within the Consolidated Balance Sheet and are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). The lease term is determined by assuming the exercise of renewal options that are reasonably certain. As most leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, Ashland used its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. When contracts contain lease and non-lease components, Ashland generally accounts for both components as a single lease component. For additional information on leasing arrangements, see Note J.

Goodwill and other intangibles

Ashland tests goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually as of July 1 and when events and circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred. Ashland reviews goodwill for impairment based on its identified reporting units. Ashland determined that its reporting units are Life Sciences, Personal Care, Specialty Additives and Intermediates. Ashland tests goodwill for impairment by comparing the carrying value to the estimated fair value of its reporting units. If the fair value of the reporting unit is lower than its carrying amount, goodwill is written down for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. However, the loss recognized cannot exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.

Using the quantitative approach, Ashland makes various estimates and assumptions in determining the estimated fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of discounted cash flow models and valuations based on earnings multiples for guideline public companies in each reporting unit’s industry peer group, when externally quoted market prices are not readily available. Discounted cash flow models are

F-12

reliant on various assumptions, including projected business results, long-term growth factors and weighted-average cost of capital. Management judgment is involved in estimating these variables, and they include uncertainties since they are forecasting future events. Ashland performs sensitivity analyses by using a range of inputs to confirm the reasonableness of the long-term growth rate and weighted average cost of capital. Additionally, Ashland compares the indicated equity value to Ashland’s market capitalization and evaluates the resulting implied control premium/discount to determine if the estimated enterprise value is reasonable.

Ashland tests at least annually its indefinite-lived intangible assets, principally trademarks and trade names. If the carrying value of an individual indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, such individual indefinite-lived intangible asset is written down by an amount equal to such excess. Ashland performs a quantitative impairment test for the trademarks and trade names during which, trademarks and trade names are valued using a “relief-from-royalty” valuation method compared to the carrying value. Assumptions inherent in the valuation methodologies include, but are not limited to, such estimates as future projected business results, growth rates, the weighted-average cost of capital for a market participant, and royalty rates.

Finite-lived intangible assets principally consist of certain trademarks and trade names, intellectual property, and customer lists. These intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The cost of trademarks and trade names is amortized principally over 3 to 20 years, intellectual property over 3 to 20 years and customer and supplier relationships over 10 to 24 years. Ashland reviews finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Ashland monitors these changes and events on at least a quarterly basis. The intangibles amortization expense caption within the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) includes amortization expense related to trademarks and trade names, intellectual property and customer and supplier relationships. Intangible assets classified as finite are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. For further information on goodwill and other intangible assets, see Note G.

Derivative instruments

Ashland regularly uses derivative instruments to manage its exposure to fluctuations in foreign currencies and certain commodities. All derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and are measured at fair value. Changes in the fair value of all derivatives are recognized immediately in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) unless the derivative qualifies as a hedge of future cash flows or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. Gains and losses related to an instrument that qualifies for hedge accounting are either recognized in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) immediately to offset the gain or loss on the hedged item, or deferred and recorded in the stockholders’ equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently recognized in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) when the hedged item affects net income. For additional information on derivative instruments, see Note E.

Restricted investments

During 2015, Ashland placed $335 million of insurance proceeds into a renewable annual trust for asbestos (Asbestos trust) that Ashland determined is restricted for the purpose of paying ongoing and future litigation defense and claim settlement costs incurred in conjunction with asbestos claims. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the funds within the Asbestos trust had a balance of $243 million and $245 million, respectively, and were primarily invested in public equity, U.S. government bonds and investment grade corporate bond investments with a portion maintained in demand deposits. These funds are presented primarily as noncurrent assets within the restricted investments caption of the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with $37 million and $27 million classified within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

During 2021, Ashland established a renewable annual trust for environmental remediation (Environmental trust) that Ashland determined is restricted for ongoing and future environmental remediation and related litigation costs. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the funds within the Environmental trust had a balance of $124 million and $129 million, respectively, and were primarily invested in public equity, U.S. government bonds and investment grade corporate bond investments with a portion maintained in demand deposits. These funds are presented primarily as noncurrent assets within the restricted investments caption of the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with $40 million and $34 million classified within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The funds within these trusts are classified as investment securities reported at fair value. Interest income and gains and losses (realized and unrealized) on the investment securities are reported in the net interest and other expense caption in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). See Note E for additional information regarding the fair value of these investments within the trusts.

F-13

Revenue recognition

Ashland’s revenue is measured as the amount of consideration it expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods and is recognized when performance obligations are satisfied under the terms of contracts or purchase orders with customers. Ashland generally utilizes standardized language for the terms of contracts or purchase orders.

A performance obligation is deemed to be satisfied by Ashland when control of the product or service is transferred to the customer. The transaction price of a contract or purchase order, or the amount Ashland expects to receive upon satisfaction of all performance obligations, is determined by reference to the applicable terms. Ashland generally collects the cash from its customers within 60 days of the product delivery date. Sales and other similar taxes collected from customers on behalf of third parties are excluded from the contract price.

All of Ashland’s revenue is derived from contracts or purchase orders with customers, and nearly all contracts or purchase orders with customers contain a single performance obligation for the transfer of goods where such performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time. Control of a product is deemed to be transferred to the customer generally upon shipment or delivery. Costs for shipping and handling activities, whether performed before or after the customer obtains control of the goods, are accounted for as fulfillment costs when not reimbursed.

Costs incurred to obtain contracts with customers are not significant and are expensed immediately as the period of performance is generally one year or less. Ashland records credit losses in specific situations when it is determined that the customer is unable to meet its financial obligation.

Expense recognition

Cost of sales include material and production costs, as well as the costs of inbound and outbound freight, purchasing and receiving, inspection, warehousing, internal transfers and all other distribution network costs. Selling, general and administrative expense includes sales and marketing costs, advertising, customer support, environmental remediation, corporate and divisional administrative and other costs. Advertising costs ($2 million in 2023, $2 million in 2022 and $1 million in 2021) and research and development costs ($51 million in 2023, $55 million in 2022 and $50 million in 2021) are expensed as incurred.

Income taxes

Ashland is subject to income taxes in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. The provision for income taxes includes income taxes paid, currently payable or receivable, and deferred taxes. Ashland recognizes the income tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. Ashland evaluates and adjusts these accruals based on changing facts and circumstances. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences reverse. Deferred tax assets are also recognized for the estimated future effects of tax loss and credit carryforwards. The effect on deferred taxes of changes in tax rates is recognized in the period in which the enactment date occurs. Taxes due on future Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) inclusions in U.S. are recognized as a current period expense when incurred. Valuation allowances are established when necessary on a jurisdictional basis to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. In the event that the actual outcome of future tax consequences differs from Ashland’s estimates and assumptions due to changes or future events such as tax legislation, geographic mix of earnings, completion of tax audits or earnings repatriation plans, the resulting change to the provision for income taxes could have a material effect on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Consolidated Balance Sheets. For additional information on income taxes, see Note K.

A progression of activity in the tax valuation allowances is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Tax valuation allowances - beginning of year	$	56		$	74		$	75
Adjustments to valuation allowances		(1	)		(19	)		9
Reserves utilized		1			1			(10	)
Tax valuation allowances - end of year	$	56		$	56		$	74

F-14

Asbestos-related litigation

Ashland is subject to liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Such claims result from indemnification obligations undertaken in 1990 in connection with the sale of Riley Stoker Corporation (Riley) and the acquisition of Hercules in November 2008. Although Riley, a former subsidiary, was neither a producer nor a manufacturer of asbestos, its industrial boilers contained some asbestos-containing components provided by other companies. Hercules, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Ashland, has liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Such claims typically arise from alleged exposure to asbestos fibers from resin encapsulated pipe and tank products sold by one of Hercules’ former subsidiaries to a limited industrial market.

Ashland retained Gnarus Advisors LLC (Gnarus) to assist in developing and annually updating independent reserve estimates for future asbestos claims and related costs given various assumptions. The methodology used to project future asbestos costs is based largely on Ashland’s recent experience, including claim-filing and settlement rates, disease mix, open claims, and litigation defense. Ashland’s claim experience is compared to the results of previously conducted epidemiological studies estimating the number of people likely to develop asbestos-related diseases. Those studies were undertaken in connection with national analyses of the population expected to have been exposed to asbestos. Using that information, Gnarus estimates a range of the number of future claims that may be filed, as well as the related costs that may be incurred in resolving those claims. Ashland records the amount it believes to be the best estimate of future payments for litigation defense and claim settlement costs using the results of a non-inflated, non-discounted approximate 40-year model. For additional information on asbestos-related litigation, see Note M.

Environmental remediation

Accruals for environmental remediation are recognized when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of that liability can be reasonably estimated. Such costs are charged to expense if they relate to the remediation of conditions caused by past operations or are not expected to mitigate or prevent contamination from future operations. Accruals for environmental remediation reflect Ashland's estimates of the most likely costs that will be incurred over an extended period of time to remediate identified conditions for which costs are reasonably estimatible and probable of being incurred, without regard to any third-party recoveries, and are regularly adjusted as environmental assessments and remediation efforts continue. For additional information on environmental remediation, see Note M.

Pension and other postretirement benefits

The funded status of Ashland’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans is recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at September 30, the measurement date. For defined benefit pension plans, the benefit obligation is the projected benefit obligation (PBO) and for the other postretirement benefit plans, the benefit obligation is the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO). The PBO represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on estimated future compensation levels. The APBO represents the actuarial present value of postretirement benefits attributed to employee services already rendered. The measurement of the benefit obligation is based on Ashland’s estimates and actuarial valuations. These valuations reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions that require judgment, including, but not limited to, estimates of discount rates, rate of compensation increases, interest rates and mortality rates. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value of assets held by an irrevocable trust fund for the sole benefit of participants. For additional information regarding plan assumptions and the current financial position of the pension and other postretirement plans, see Note L.

Ashland recognizes the change in the fair value of plan assets and net actuarial gains and losses annually in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year and whenever a plan is determined to qualify for a remeasurement. The remaining components of pension and other postretirement benefits expense are recorded ratably on a quarterly basis. Pension and other postretirement benefits adjustments charged directly to cost of sales that are applicable to inactive participants are excluded from inventoriable costs. The service cost component of pension and other postretirement benefits costs is allocated to each reportable segment; while the remaining components of pension and other postretirement benefits costs are recorded within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

F-15

Foreign currency translation

Subsidiaries outside the United States primarily use the local currency as the functional currency. Upon consolidation, the results of operations of the subsidiaries and affiliates whose functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates for the year while assets and liabilities are translated at year-end exchange rates. Adjustments to translate assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars are recorded in the stockholders’ equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are included in net earnings only upon sale or substantial liquidation of the underlying foreign subsidiary or affiliated company.

Stock incentive plans

Ashland recognizes compensation expense for stock incentive plans awarded to key employees and directors over the requisite service period based upon the grant-date fair value. Stock incentive awards are primarily in the form of restricted stock and restricted stock units, performance shares and other non-vested stock awards. Ashland utilizes several industry accepted valuation models to determine grant-date fair value. For further information concerning stock incentive plans, see Note O.

Earnings per share

The following is the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) from continuing operations attributable to Ashland. Earnings per share are reported under the treasury stock method. SARs and warrants for each reported year whose grant price was greater than the market price of Ashland Common Stock at the end of each fiscal year were not included in the computation of earnings per share from continuing operations per diluted share because the effect of these instruments would be antidilutive. The total number of these shares outstanding was 1.2 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021. The majority of these shares are for warrants with a strike price of $128.66.

(In millions except per share data)	2023		2022		2021
Numerator
Numerator for basic and diluted EPS - Income (loss) from continuing operations, net of tax	$	168	$	181	$	173
Denominator
Denominator for basic EPS - Weighted-average common shares outstanding		53		55		60
Share based awards convertible to common shares		1		1		1
Denominator for diluted EPS - Adjusted weighted - average shares and assumed conversions		54		56		61
EPS from continuing operations
Basic	$	3.18	$	3.26	$	2.85
Diluted	$	3.13	$	3.20	$	2.82

Other accounting pronouncements

In December 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2022-06 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848." The ASU was issued to provide an update on ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01 that were issued in March 2020 and January 2021, respectively, which provided practical expedients simplifying the U.S. GAAP treatment of certain reference rate related contract modifications including hedging relationships and other agreements. Specifically, the guidance eased the accounting burden of the modification of the reference rate of contracts where the underlying reference rate was the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). With the issuance of ASU 2022-06, the sunset date of Topic 848 has been deferred from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. This guidance did not have a material impact on Ashland's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13 "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments." The ASU amended accounting guidance related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. The amended accounting guidance changes the impairment model for most financial assets to require measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held. This guidance became effective for Ashland on October 1, 2020. As a result, Ashland recorded a $3 million increase in its allowance for credit losses, primarily related to asbestos receivables, and a $2 million decrease to retained earnings, net of tax, reflecting the cumulative effect on retained earnings.

F-16

NOTE B – DIVESTITURES

Performance Adhesives

On February 28, 2022, Ashland completed the sale of its Performance Adhesives business to Arkema, a French société anonyme. Proceeds from the sale were approximately $1.7 billion, net of transaction costs. Ashland recognized a $726 million after-tax gain on sale within the Income (loss) from Discontinued Operations caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the twelve months ended September 30, 2022.

The transaction represented a strategic shift in Ashland’s business and had a major effect on Ashland’s operations and financial results. Accordingly, the operating results and cash flows related to Performance Adhesives have been reflected as discontinued operations in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows, while the assets and liabilities that were sold have been classified within the Consolidated Balance Sheets as held for sale in periods preceding the sale. See Note C for the results of operations for Performance Adhesives for all periods presented.

Certain indirect corporate costs included within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) that were previously allocated to the Performance Adhesives segment do not qualify for classification within discontinued operations and are now reported as selling, general and administrative expense within continuing operations on a consolidated basis and within the Unallocated and other segment. These costs were zero, $9 million and $15 million during the twelve months ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively.

Other manufacturing facility sales

During 2023, Ashland entered into and completed a definitive sale agreement to sell a Specialty Additives manufacturing facility for less than $1 million. The net asset value related to this site was $4 million at September 30, 2022. Ashland recorded a $4 million impairment charge within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) during the twelve months ended September 30, 2023 related to this site.

During 2020, Ashland entered into a definitive sale agreement to sell a Specialty Additives facility, the assets and liabilities of which were classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2020. During 2021, Ashland completed the sale of the Specialty Additives facility. Net proceeds received from the sale were approximately $20 million ($14 million of which was received during the twelve months September 30, 2021). The company recognized a pre-tax gain of $14 million recorded within the income on acquisition and divestitures, net caption in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the twelve months ended September 30, 2021.

Ashland determined that these transactions did not qualify for discontinued operations treatment since neither represented a strategic shift that had or will have a major effect on Ashland’s operations and financial results.

Other corporate assets

During 2023, Ashland completed the sale of two excess land properties with a net book value of $2 million. Ashland received net proceeds of approximately $9 million and recorded a pre-tax gain of $7 million within the income on acquisitions and divestitures caption within the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for 2023.

During 2022, Ashland completed the sale of two excess land properties with a net book value of $8 million as of September 30, 2021. Ashland received net proceeds of approximately $50 million and recorded pre-tax gain of $42 million within the income on acquisitions and divestitures caption within the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for 2022.

NOTE C – DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS

Ashland has divested certain businesses that have qualified as discontinued operations. The operating results from these divested businesses and subsequent adjustments related to ongoing assessments and activities of certain retained liabilities and tax items have been recorded within the discontinued operations caption in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for all periods presented and are discussed further within this note.

Due to the ongoing assessment of certain matters associated with previous divestitures, subsequent adjustments to these divestitures may continue in future periods in the discontinued operations caption in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

F-17

The following divested businesses represent disposal groups that qualified as discontinued operations in previous periods and impacted discontinued operations:

•The Performance Adhesives business divested in 2022;

•The Composites business and Marl facility (Composites/Marl facility) divested in 2019;

•The separation of Valvoline Inc. (Valvoline) business divested in 2017;

•The sale of Ashland Water Technologies (Water Technologies) business divested in 2014; and

•The sale of the Ashland Distribution (Distribution) business divested in 2011.

Additionally, Ashland is subject to liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Such claims result primarily from indemnification obligations undertaken in 1990 in connection with the sale of Riley Stoker Corporation (Riley), a former subsidiary, which qualified as a discontinued operation and from the acquisition during 2009 of Hercules LLC (formerly Hercules Incorporated), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Ashland. Adjustments to the recorded litigation reserves and related insurance receivables are recorded within the discontinued operations caption. See Note M for more information related to the adjustments on asbestos liabilities and receivables.

Components of amounts reflected in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) related to discontinued operations are presented in the following table for each of the years ended September 30.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Income (loss) from discontinued operations
Performance Adhesives	$	(1	)	$	33		$	83
Composites/Marl facility		(1	)		—			(1	)
Valvoline		15			(7	)		(33	)
Water Technologies		—			5			(4	)
Distribution		(5	)		(9	)		(6	)
Asbestos-related litigation		(6	)		(17	)		(11	)
Gain on disposal of discontinued operations
Performance Adhesives		—			1,063			—
Composites/Marl facility		—			—			(4	)
Water Technologies		—			—			1
Income before taxes		2			1,068			25
Income tax benefit (expense)
Benefit (expense) related to income (loss) from discontinued operations
Performance Adhesives		6			8			(19	)
Composites/Marl facility		—			2			1
Valvoline		—			1			36
Water Technologies		—			(1	)		1
Distribution		1			2			1
Asbestos-related litigation		1			3			2
Expense related to gain on disposal of discontinued operations
Performance Adhesives		—			(337	)		—
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes	$	10		$	746		$	47

F-18

Performance Adhesives divestiture

The following table presents a reconciliation of the captions within Ashland’s Statements of Consolidated Income (Loss) for the income from discontinued operations attributable to the Performance Adhesives segment for each of the years ended September 30.

(In millions)	2022			2021
Income(loss) from discontinued operations attributable to Performance Adhesives
Sales	$	171		$	372
Cost of sales		(122	)		(256	)
Selling, general and administrative expense		(12	)		(25	)
Research and development expense		(4	)		(8	)
Intangible amortization expense		—			(1	)
Pretax operating income of discontinued operations		33			82
Other net periodic benefit loss (income)		—			(1	)
Pretax income of discontinued operations		33			83
Income tax expense		8			(19	)
Income from discontinued operations	$	41		$	64

NOTE D – RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES

Restructuring activities

Ashland periodically implements company-wide and targeted restructuring programs related to acquisitions, divestitures and other cost reduction programs in order to enhance profitability through streamlined operations and an improved overall cost structure.

Fiscal 2023 restructuring costs

During fiscal 2023, Ashland implemented targeted organizational restructuring actions to reduce costs. Ashland recorded severance expense of $5 million during 2023 within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of September 30, 2023, the severance reserve associated with this program was $3 million within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Fiscal 2023 Life Sciences restructuring program

During 2023, Ashland implemented a restructuring program within the Nutraceuticals business of the Life Sciences segment. Ashland recorded severance expense of $1 million during 2023 within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of September 30, 2023, the severance reserve associated with this program was zero.

Fiscal 2020 restructuring costs

During 2022 and 2021, Ashland realized severance income of $2 million and $1 million, respectively, attributable to executive management changes and business management changes within the organization initiated in fiscal 2020 within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of September 30, 2023 and 2022 the severance reserve associated with this transition was zero and $1 million, respectively.

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The following table details at September 30, 2023, the amount of restructuring severance reserves related to this program. The severance reserves were primarily recorded within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2022.

(In millions)	Severance costs
Balance as of September 30, 2021	$	6
Restructuring reserve		(2	)
Utilization (cash paid)		(3	)
Balance as of September 30, 2022	$	1
Restructuring reserve		(1	)
Utilization (cash paid)		—
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	—

Impairments

During 2021, Ashland incurred $3 million of asset impairment charges related to restructuring activities at a plant originating from the shutdown of a product line recorded within the cost of sales caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). In addition, Ashland incurred a $10 million capital project impairment recorded within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

NOTE E – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

As required by U.S. GAAP, Ashland uses applicable guidance for defining fair value, the initial recording and periodic remeasurement of certain assets and liabilities measured at fair value and related disclosures for instruments measured at fair value. Fair value accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). An instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the instrument’s fair value measurement. The three levels within the fair value hierarchy are described as follows.

Level 1 – Observable inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability for which there is little, if any, market activity at the measurement date. Unobservable inputs reflect Ashland’s own assumptions about what market participants would use to price the asset or liability. The inputs are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances, which might include Ashland’s own financial data such as internally developed pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, as well as instruments for which the fair value determination requires significant management judgment.

For assets that are measured using quoted prices in active markets (Level 1), the total fair value is the published market price per unit multiplied by the number of units held without consideration of transaction costs. Assets and liabilities that are measured using significant other observable inputs (Level 2) are primarily valued by reference to quoted prices of similar assets or liabilities in active markets, adjusted for any terms specific to that asset or liability. For all other assets and liabilities for which unobservable inputs are used (Level 3), fair value is derived through the use of fair value models, such as a discounted cash flow model or other standard pricing models that Ashland deems reasonable.

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The following table summarizes financial instruments subject to recurring fair value measurements as of September 30, 2023. For additional information on fair value hierarchy measurements of pension plan asset holdings, see Note L.

					Quoted prices
					in active		Significant
					markets for		other		Significant
					identical		observable		unobservable
	Carrying		Total fair		assets		inputs		inputs
(In millions)	value		value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	417	$	417	$	417	$	—	$	—
Restricted investments (a) (b)		367		367		367		—		—
Investments of captive insurance company (c)		6		6		6		—		—
Foreign currency derivatives (d)		1		1		—		1		—
Total assets at fair value	$	791	$	791	$	790	$	1	$	—
Liabilities
Foreign currency derivatives (e)	$	1	$	1	$	—	$	1	$	—
Commodity derivatives (e)		4		4		—		4		—
Total liabilities at fair value	$	5	$	5	$	—	$	5	$	—

(a) Included in restricted investments and $77 million within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(b) Includes $243 million related to the Asbestos trust and $124 million related to the Environmental trust. See Note A for additional details.

(c) Included in other noncurrent assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(d) Included in accounts receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(e) Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes financial instruments subject to recurring fair value measurements as of September 30, 2022.

					Quoted prices
					in active		Significant
					markets for		other		Significant
					identical		observable		unobservable
	Carrying		Total fair		assets		inputs		inputs
(In millions)	value		value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	646	$	646	$	646	$	—	$	—
Restricted investments (a) (b)		374		374		374		—		—
Investments of captive insurance company (c)		9		9		9		—		—
Foreign currency derivatives		1		1		—		1		—
Commodity derivatives (d)		4		4		—		4		—
Total assets at fair value	$	1,034	$	1,034	$	1,029	$	5	$	—
Liabilities
Foreign currency derivatives (e)	$	9	$	9	$	—	$	9	$	—
Commodity derivatives (e)		1		1		—		1		—
Total liabilities at fair value	$	10	$	10	$	—	$	10	$	—

(a) Included in restricted investments and $61 million within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(b) Includes $245 million related to the Asbestos trust and $129 million related to the Environmental trust. See Note A for additional details.

(c) Included in other noncurrent assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(d) Included in accounts receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(e) Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Restricted investments

As discussed in Note A, Ashland maintains certain investments in a company restricted renewable annual trusts for the purpose of paying future asbestos indemnity and defense costs and future environmental remediation and related litigation costs. The financial instruments are designated as investment securities, primarily classified as Level 1 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. These securities were

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classified primarily as noncurrent restricted investment assets, with $77 million and $61 million classified within other current assets, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the periods ended in September 30, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

The following table presents gross unrealized gains and losses for the restricted securities as of September 30, 2023 and 2022:

			Gross		Gross
(In millions)	Adjusted Cost		Unrealized Gain		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value
As of September 30, 2023
Demand deposit	$	12	$	—	$	—		$	12
Equity mutual fund		155		24		(2	)		177
Fixed income mutual fund		226		—		(48	)		178
Fair value	$	393	$	24	$	(50	)	$	367
As of September 30, 2022
Demand deposit	$	6	$	—	$	—		$	6
Equity mutual fund		186		20		(25	)		181
Fixed income mutual fund		234		—		(47	)		187
Fair value	$	426	$	20	$	(72	)	$	374

The following table presents the investment income, net gains and losses realized, funds restricted for specific transactions, and disbursements related to the investments within the restricted investments portfolio during 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Investment income (a)	$	13		$	16		$	12
Net gains (losses) (a)		29			(102	)		21
Funds restricted for specific transactions		9			74			91
Disbursements		(58	)		(35	)		(33	)

(a) Included in the net interest and other expense caption within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Foreign currency derivatives

Ashland conducts business in a variety of foreign currencies. Accordingly, Ashland regularly uses foreign currency derivative instruments to manage exposure on certain transactions denominated in foreign currencies to curtail potential earnings volatility effects of certain assets and liabilities, including short-term intercompany loans denominated in currencies other than Ashland’s functional currency of an entity. These derivative contracts generally require exchange of one foreign currency for another at a fixed rate at a future date and generally have maturities of less than twelve months. All contracts are valued at fair value with net changes in fair value recorded within the selling, general and administrative expense caption. The impacts of these contracts were largely offset by gains and losses resulting from the impact of changes in exchange rates on transactions denominated in non-functional currencies.

The following table summarizes the gains and losses recognized during 2023, 2022 and 2021 within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(In millions)	2023		2022			2021
Foreign currency derivative gains (losses) (a)	$	10	$	(40	)	$	4

(a) Includes a $1 million gain reported within the income on acquisitions and divestitures, net caption for fiscal 2021.

The following table summarizes the fair values of the outstanding foreign currency derivatives as of September 30, 2023, and 2022 included in accounts receivable and accrued expenses and other liabilities of the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Foreign currency derivative assets	$	1	$	1
Notional contract values		147		133
Foreign currency derivative liabilities	$	1	$	9
Notional contract values		103		535

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Commodity derivatives

To manage its exposure to the market price volatility of natural gas consumed by its U.S. plants during the manufacturing process, Ashland regularly enters into forward contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges. See Note A for more information.

The following table summarizes the gains and losses recognized during 2023, 2022, 2021 within the cost of sales caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(In millions)	2023			2022		2021
Commodity derivative gains (losses)	$	(3	)	$	10	$	1

The following table summarizes the fair values of the outstanding commodity derivatives as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 included in accounts receivable and accrued expenses and other liabilities of the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Commodity derivative assets	$	—	$	4
Notional contract values		2		13
Commodity derivative liabilities	$	4	$	1
Notional contract values		16		9

Other financial instruments

At September 30, 2023 and 2022, Ashland’s long-term debt (including the current portion and excluding debt issuance cost discounts) had carrying values of $1,327 million and $1,284 million, respectively, compared to a fair value of $1,160 million and $1,102 million, respectively. The fair values of long-term debt are based on quoted market prices.

NOTE F – PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

The following table describes the various components of property, plant and equipment within the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(In millions)	2023			2022
Land	$	146		$	138
Buildings		467			458
Machinery and equipment		2,371			2,324
Construction in progress		227			130
Total property, plant and equipment (gross)		3,211			3,050
Accumulated depreciation		(1,838	)		(1,712	)
Total property, plant and equipment (net)	$	1,373		$	1,338

The following table summarizes various property, plant and equipment charges recognized during 2023, 2022, 2021 within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income.

(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Depreciation	$	150	$	147	$	154
Capitalized interest		4		1		2

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NOTE G – GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLES

Goodwill

Ashland performed its annual goodwill impairment test using the quantitative approach as of July 1, 2023, and concluded that the reporting unit fair values for all reporting units exceeded their carrying values. No impairment existed as of that date and no subsequent impairment indicators have been identified.

The following is a progression of goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(In millions)	Life Sciences			Personal Care (a)			Specialty Additives (a)			Intermediates (a)		Total
Balance at September 30, 2021	$	856		$	129		$	445		$	—	$	1,430
Currency translation and other		(69	)		(11	)		(38	)		—		(118	)
Balance at September 30, 2022		787			118			407			—		1,312
Currency translation and other		32			4			14			—		50
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	819		$	122		$	421		$	—	$	1,362

(a)As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, there were accumulated impairments of $356 million, $174 million, and $90 million related to the Personal Care, Specialty Additives, and Intermediates reportable segments, respectively.

Other intangible assets

Intangible assets principally consist of trademarks and trade names, intellectual property and customer and supplier relationships. Intangible assets classified as finite are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The cost of trademarks and trade names is amortized principally over 3 to 20 years, intellectual property over 3 to 20 years, and customer and supplier relationships over 10 to 24 years.

Ashland performed its annual impairment test for other indefinite lived intangible assets using the quantitative approach as of July 1, 2023 and concluded that the assets fair values exceeded their carrying values. No impairment existed as of that date.

Other intangible assets were comprised of the following as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.

	2023							2022
	Gross					Net		Gross					Net
	carrying		Accumulated			carrying		carrying		Accumulated			carrying
(In millions)	amount		amortization			amount		amount		amortization			amount
Definite-lived intangible assets
Trademarks and trade names	$	97	$	(43	)	$	54	$	95	$	(37	)	$	58
Intellectual property		731		(581	)		150		718		(523	)		195
Customer and supplier relationships		821		(417	)		404		801		(369	)		432
Total definite-lived intangible assets		1,649		(1,041	)		608		1,614		(929	)		685
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
Trademarks and trade names		278		—			278		278		—			278
Total intangible assets	$	1,927	$	(1,041	)	$	886	$	1,892	$	(929	)	$	963

Amortization expense recognized on intangible assets was $93 million for 2023, $94 million for 2022 and $90 million for 2021, and is included in the intangibles amortization expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of September 30, 2023, all of Ashland’s intangible assets that had a carrying value were being amortized except for certain trademarks and trade names that have been determined to have indefinite lives. Estimated amortization expense for future periods is $80 million in 2024, $76 million in 2025, $74 million in 2026, $52 million in 2027 and $50 million in 2028. The amortization expense for future periods is an estimate. Actual amounts may change from such estimated amounts due to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, additional intangible asset acquisitions and divestitures, potential impairment, accelerated amortization, or other events.

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Goodwill and Other Intangible assets

Ashland’s assessment of an impairment on any of these assets classified currently as having indefinite lives, including goodwill, could change in future periods if significant events happen and/or circumstances change that effect the previously mentioned assumptions such as: a significant change in projected business results, a divestiture decision, increase in Ashland’s weighted-average cost of capital rates, decrease in growth rates or assumptions, economic deterioration that is more severe or of a longer duration than anticipated, or another significant economic event.

NOTE H – DEBT

The following table summarizes Ashland’s current and long-term debt at September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(In millions)	2023		2022
3.375% Senior Notes, due 2031	$	450	$	450
2.00% Senior Notes, due 2028 (Euro 500 million principal)		528		489
6.875% notes, due 2043		282		282
6.50% junior subordinated notes, due 2029		64		60
Other (a)		6		(11	)
Total debt		1,330		1,270
Short-term debt		16		—
Long-term debt (less debt issuance costs)	$	1,314	$	1,270

(a)Other includes $13 million and $14 million of debt issuance costs as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The current portion of the long-term debt was zero for both September 30, 2023 and 2022.

At September 30, 2023, Ashland’s total debt had an outstanding principal balance of $1,376 million, discounts of $33 million and debt issuance costs of $13 million. As of September 30, 2023, Ashland had no long-term debt (excluding debt issuance costs) maturing within the next 3 years, $4 million due in fiscal 2027 and $528 million in 2028.

Credit Agreements and Refinancing

Note Issuances

During August 2021, Ashland, through one of its subsidiaries, completed the issuance of 3.375% senior unsecured notes due 2031 with an aggregate principal amount of $450 million (the 2031 Notes). The notes are guaranteed on an unsecured basis by Ashland. Ashland used the net proceeds of the offering (after deducting initial purchasers' discounts and other fees and expenses) to redeem its obligations under the existing 4.750% senior notes due 2022 described below in debt repayments, and to pay fees and expenses associated therewith.

Ashland incurred $6 million of new debt issuance costs in connection with the 2031 Notes, which is amortized using the effective interest method over the 2031 Notes' term and was included in the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) during 2021.

2022 Credit Agreement

During July 2022, Ashland, through two of its subsidiaries, enacted an amendment to the 2020 credit agreement. The amended credit agreement (the 2022 Credit Agreement) provides for a $600 million five-year revolving credit facility (the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility). The 2022 Credit Agreement and the obligations of Ashland Services B.V. under the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by Ashland.

At Ashland’s option, loans issued under the 2022 Credit Agreement will bear interest at (a) in the case of loans denominated in U.S. dollars, either Term SOFR or an alternate base rate and (b) in the case of loans denominated in Euros, EURIBOR, in each case plus the applicable interest rate margin. Loans will initially bear interest at Term SOFR or EURIBOR plus 1.250% per annum, in the case of Term SOFR borrowings or EURIBOR borrowings, respectively, or at the alternate base rate plus 0.250% per annum, in the case of alternate base rate borrowings, through and including the date of delivery of a quarterly compliance certificate and thereafter the interest rate will fluctuate between Term SOFR or EURIBOR plus 1.250% per annum and Term SOFR or EURIBOR plus 1.750% per annum (or between the alternate base rate plus 0.250% per annum and the alternate base rate plus 0.750% per annum), based upon the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement) at such time. Term SOFR borrowings are subject to a credit spread adjustment of 0.10% per annum. In addition, the Company will initially be required to pay fees of 0.125% per annum on the daily unused amount of the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility through and including the date of delivery of a quarterly compliance certificate, and thereafter the fee rate will fluctuate between 0.125% and

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0.275% per annum, based upon the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio. Borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement may be prepaid at any time without premiums.

As a result of the amendment of the 2020 Credit Agreement, Ashland recognized a $1 million charge for accelerated amortization of previously capitalized debt issuance costs during 2022, which is included in the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). Ashland also incurred $2 million of new debt issuance costs in connection with the 2022 Credit Agreement, of which $1 million was expensed immediately during 2022 within the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). The remaining balance is amortized using the straight-line method.

The 2022 Credit Agreement contains financial covenants for leverage and interest coverage ratios akin to those in effect under the 2020 Credit Agreement. The 2022 Credit Agreement contains usual and customary representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants for leverage and interest coverage ratios, limitations on liens, additional indebtedness, further negative pledges, investments, mergers, sale of assets and restricted payments, and other customary limitations.

Debt repayments and repurchases

Cash repatriation

During 2023 and 2022, Ashland repatriated approximately $92 million and $250 million, respectively, in cash. In 2022 the repatriation was primarily used to repay existing debt, principally the prepayment of the Term loan A in 2022.

2022 Debt repayments and repurchases

2020 Credit Agreement

During 2022, Ashland prepaid its Term loan A principal balance of $250 million.

Other Debt

During 2022, Ashland repaid the outstanding balance on its European short-term loan facility for $23 million.

2021 Debt repayments and repurchases

Redemption of 4.750% senior notes due 2022

During 2021, Ashland redeemed all of its outstanding 4.750% senior notes due 2022 (the 2022 Notes), of which approximately $411 million were outstanding. Ashland recognized a $1 million charge related to accelerated accretion on debt discounts and accelerated amortization of previously capitalized debt issuance costs, which is included in the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Total premiums paid for all the tender offers in 2021 noted above were $16 million, which is included in the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Accounts receivable facilities and off-balance sheet arrangements

U.S. accounts receivable sales program

On March 17, 2021, a wholly-owned, bankruptcy-remote special purpose entity and consolidated Ashland subsidiary (SPE) entered into an agreement with a group of entities (buyers) to sell certain trade receivables, without recourse beyond the pledged receivables, of two other U.S. based Ashland subsidiaries. Under the agreement, Ashland can transfer whole receivables up to a limit established by the buyer, which was set at $125 million between February and October of each year and up to $100 million all other times. Ashland’s continuing involvement is limited to servicing the receivables, including billing, collections and remittance of payments to the buyers as well as a limited guarantee on over-collateralization. The arrangement was set to terminate on May 31, 2023.

On April 14, 2023, Ashland entered into Second and Third Amendments associated with this current program. As part of this amendment the buyer's limit was reduced to $115 million between April and October of each year, and up to $100 million at all other times. Additionally, the scheduled termination date was extended from May 31, 2023 to April 14, 2025.

Ashland determined that any receivables transferred under this agreement are put presumptively beyond the reach of Ashland and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership. Ashland received a true sale at law and non-consolidation opinions to support the legal

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isolation of these receivables. Ashland accounts for the receivables transferred to buyers as sales. Ashland recognizes any gains or losses based on the excess of proceeds received net of buyer’s discounts and fees compared to the carrying value of the assets. Proceeds received, net of buyer’s discounts and fees, are recorded within the operating activities of the Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows. Losses on sale of assets, including related transaction expenses are recorded within the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). Ashland regularly assesses its servicing obligations and records them as assets or liabilities when appropriate. Ashland also monitors its obligation with regards to the limited guarantee and records the resulting guarantee liability when warranted. When applicable, Ashland discloses the amount of the receivable that serves as over-collateralization as a restricted asset.

Ashland recognized a $3 million and $1 million loss within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for 2023 and 2022, respectively, within the net interest and other expense caption associated with sales under the program. Ashland has recorded $86 million of sales against the buyer’s limit, which was $115 million at September 30, 2023, compared to $110 million of sales against the buyer's limit, which was $125 million at September 30, 2022. Ashland transferred $106 million and $136 million in receivables to the SPE as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Ashland recorded liabilities related to its service obligations and limited guarantee as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 of less than $1 million. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the year-to-date gross cash proceeds received for receivables transferred and derecognized were $217 million and $312 million, respectively, of which $241 million and $315 million were collected by Ashland in our capacity as a servicer of the receivables and remitted to the buyer. The difference between receivables transferred and derecognized versus collected of $24 million and $3 million for the periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, represents the impact of a net reduction in account receivable sales volume during each year. The prior year period included the impact of a $21 million net reduction in accounts receivables sales volume attributable to the Adhesives business sold in 2022.

2018 foreign accounts receivable securitization

During July 2018, Ashland entered into a €115 million accounts receivable securitization facility (the Program) for the transfer by certain subsidiaries of Ashland (the Sellers) directly or indirectly to Ester Finance Titrisation (the Purchaser), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank (the Arranger), of certain receivables and/or collections originated by the Sellers towards certain corporate debtors located in multiple European jurisdictions and denominated in multiple currencies. The Program originally had a term of two years, but was extended to August 2021 in September 2019. During July 2021, the termination date of the Program was extended to July 2023. During July 2020, the available funding for qualified receivables under the accounts receivable securitization facility decreased from €115 million to €100 million. The program was extended on July 12, 2023 to September 30, 2023.

Under the Program, each Seller assigns, on an ongoing basis, certain of its accounts receivable and the right to the collections on those accounts receivable to the Purchaser. Under the terms of the Program, the Sellers could, from time to time, obtain up to €100 million from the Purchaser through the sale of an undivided interest in such accounts receivable and collections. Ashland accounts for the securitization facility as secured borrowings, and the receivables sold pursuant to the facility are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as accounts receivable. Fundings under the Program will be repaid as accounts receivable are collected, with new fundings being advanced (through daily advanced purchase price) as new accounts receivable are originated by the Sellers and assigned to the Purchaser, with settlement occurring monthly. Ashland classifies any borrowings under this facility as a short-term debt instrument within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Once sold to the Purchaser, the accounts receivable and rights to collection described above are separate and distinct from each Sellers’ own assets and are not available to its creditors should such Sellers become insolvent.

At September 30, 2023 and 2022, the outstanding amounts of accounts receivable transferred by Ashland to the Purchaser were $124 million and $162 million, respectively and there were no borrowings (denominated in multiple currencies) under the facility for either period. The weighted-average interest rate for this instrument was 0.5% for 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Other debt

At September 30, 2023 and 2022, Ashland held other debt totaling $83 million and $63 million, respectively, comprised primarily of the 6.50% notes due 2029 and other notes.

Covenants related to current Ashland debt agreements

Ashland’s debt contains usual and customary representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants for leverage and interest coverage ratios, limitations on liens, additional subsidiary indebtedness, restrictions on subsidiary

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distributions, investments, mergers, sale of assets and restricted payments and other customary limitations. As of September 30, 2023, Ashland was in compliance with all debt agreement covenant restrictions.

The maximum consolidated net leverage ratio permitted under Ashland’s most recent credit agreement (the 2022 Credit Agreement) is 4.0. The 2022 Credit Agreement defines the consolidated net leverage ratio as the ratio of consolidated indebtedness minus unrestricted cash and cash equivalents to consolidated EBITDA (Covenant Adjusted EBITDA) for any measurement period. In general, the 2022 Credit Agreement defines Covenant Adjusted EBITDA as net income plus consolidated interest charges, taxes, depreciation and amortization expense, fees and expenses related to capital market transactions and proposed or actual acquisitions and divestitures, restructuring and integration charges, certain environmental charges, non-cash stock and equity compensation expense, and any other nonrecurring expenses or losses that do not represent a cash item in such period or any future period; less any non-cash gains or other items increasing net income. In general, consolidated indebtedness includes debt plus all purchase money indebtedness, banker’s acceptances and bank guaranties, deferred purchase price of property or services, attributable indebtedness and guarantees. At September 30, 2023, Ashland’s calculation of the consolidated net leverage ratio was 1.9.

The minimum required consolidated interest coverage ratio under the 2022 Credit Agreement is 3.0. The 2022 Credit Agreement defines the consolidated interest coverage ratio as the ratio of Covenant Adjusted EBITDA to consolidated interest charges for any measurement period. At September 30, 2023, Ashland’s calculation of the consolidated interest coverage ratio was 8.6.

Net interest and other expense (income)

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Interest expense (a)	$	54		$	62		$	69
Interest income		(12	)		(4	)		(1	)
Loss on the accounts receivables sale program		3			1			1
Investment securities loss (income) (b)		(42	)		86			(33	)
Other financing costs (c)		3			4			20
	$	6		$	149		$	56

(a)Includes $1 million and $1 million of accelerated accretion and/or amortization for original issue discounts and debt issuance costs during 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(b)Represents investment loss (income) related to the restricted investments discussed in Note E.

(c)Includes costs of $16 million related to early redemption premium payments for the 2022 notes during 2021.

The following table details the debt issuance cost and original issue discount amortization included in interest expense during 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Normal amortization	$	6	$	6	$	6
Accelerated amortization (a)		—		1		1
Total	$	6	$	7	$	7

(a)Fiscal year 2022 includes $1 million of accelerated debt issuance costs for the 2020 credit agreement. 2021 includes $1 million of accelerated debt issuance cost for the 2022 Notes.

F-28

NOTE I – OTHER NONCURRENT ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

The following table provides the components of other noncurrent assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Deferred compensation investments	$	87	$	85
Tax and tax indemnity receivables		6		2
Life insurance policies		76		73
Manufacturing catalyst supplies		24		25
Defined benefit plan assets		17		21
Equity and other unconsolidated investments		3		3
Land use rights		6		6
Environmental insurance receivables		15		17
Debt issuance costs		2		2
Other		15		20
	$	251	$	254

Deferred compensation investments

Deferred compensation investments consist of insurance policies valued at cash surrender value. Gains and losses related to deferred compensation investments are immediately recognized within the selling, general and administrative expense caption on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). These investments had gains of $5 million during 2023, losses of $2 million during 2022, and gains of $10 million during 2021. During 2021, Ashland liquidated $90 million of deferred compensation investments to fund the Environmental trust. These cash inflows exclude company-owned life insurance death benefits of $6 million, $3 million and $1 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See Note A for additional details.

The following table provides the components of other noncurrent liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Tax liabilities	$	79	$	127
Environmental remediation reserves		165		157
Deferred compensation		25		25
Other		22		16
	$	291	$	325

NOTE J – LEASING ARRANGEMENTS

Ashland leases certain office buildings, transportation equipment, warehouses and storage facilities, and equipment. Substantially all of Ashland’s leases are operating leases or short-term leases. Real estate leases represented over 85% of the total lease liability at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note A for additional information related to Ashland’s leasing policies.

The components of lease cost recognized within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:

(In millions)	Location	2023		2022		2021
Lease cost:
Operating lease cost	Selling, General & Administrative	$	13	$	13	$	13
Operating lease cost	Cost of Sales		15		16		15
Variable lease cost	Selling, General & Administrative		4		5		3
Variable lease cost	Cost of Sales		6		4		3
Short-term leases	Cost of Sales		2		3		3
Total lease cost (a)		$	40	$	41	$	37

(a)Includes $2 million lease termination fee in fiscal 2022.

F-29

The following table summarizes Ashland’s lease assets and liabilities as presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30:

(In millions)	2023		2022
Assets
Operating lease assets, net	$	122	$	107
Total lease assets	$	122	$	107
Liabilities
Current operating lease obligations	$	22	$	19
Non-current operating lease obligations		106		94
Total lease liabilities	$	128	$	113

Ashland often has options to renew lease terms for buildings and other assets. The exercise of lease renewal options are generally at Ashland's sole discretion. In addition, certain lease arrangements may be terminated prior to their original expiration date at Ashland's discretion. Ashland evaluates renewal and termination options at the lease commencement date to determine if it is reasonably certain to exercise the option on the basis of economic factors. The weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 was approximately 17 years in both periods.

Residual value guarantees are not common within Ashland's lease agreements nor are restrictions or covenants imposed by leases. Ashland has elected the practical expedient to combine lease and non-lease components. The discount rate implicit within the leases is generally not determinable. Therefore, Ashland determines the discount rate based on its incremental borrowing rate. The incremental borrowing rate is determined using a buildup method resulting in an estimated range of secured borrowing rates matching the lease term and the currency of the jurisdiction in which lease payments are made, adjusted for impacts of collateral. Consideration was given to Ashland’s own relevant debt issuances as well as debt instruments of comparable companies with similar credit characteristics. The weighted average discount rate used to measure operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 was 3.5% and 2.6%, respectively. There are no leases that have not yet commenced but that create significant rights and obligations for Ashland.

Right-of-use assets exchanged for new operating lease obligations was $32 million and $14 million for the twelve months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table provides cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities for during 2023, 2022 and 2021:

(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	27	$	29	$	29

The following table summarizes Ashland's maturities of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023:

(In millions)	2023
2024	$	24
2025		20
2026		15
2027		13
2028		10
Thereafter		85
Total lease payments		167
Less amount of lease payment representing interest		(39	)
Total present value of lease payments	$	128

F-30

NOTE K – INCOME TAXES

Income Tax Provision

A summary of the provision for income taxes related to continuing operations follows.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Current
Federal	$	(17	)	$	3		$	(35	)
State		(5	)		7			(2	)
Foreign		46			50			25
		24			60			(12	)
Deferred		(32	)		(35	)		(26	)
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	(8	)	$	25		$	(38	)

Temporary differences that give rise to significant deferred tax assets and liabilities as of September 30 are presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022
Deferred tax assets
Foreign net operating loss carryforwards (a)	$	24		$	23
Employee benefit obligations		17			18
Environmental, self-insurance and litigation reserves (net of receivables)		110			116
State net operating loss carryforwards (net of unrecognized tax benefits) (b)		18			19
Compensation accruals		25			29
Credit carryforwards (net of unrecognized tax benefits) (c)		18			20
Other items		25			21
Other lease liability		13			17
Valuation allowances (d)		(56	)		(56	)
Total deferred tax assets		194			207
Deferred tax liabilities
Goodwill and other intangibles (e)		150			169
Property, plant and equipment		158			175
Right of use assets		12			16
Other		—			3
Total deferred tax liabilities		320			363
Net deferred tax liability	$	(126	)	$	(156	)

(a)Gross net operating loss carryforwards of $99 million will expire in future years beyond 2024 or have no expiration, and primarily relate to European and Asian subsidiaries.

(b)Apportioned net operating loss carryforwards generated of $462 million will expire in future years as follows: $78 million in 2024, $56 million in 2025 and the remaining balance in other future years.

(c)Credit carryforwards consist primarily of foreign tax credits of $17 million expiring in future years, and state tax credits of $1 million that will expire in 2026 and other future years.

(d)Valuation allowances primarily relate to certain state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards and certain federal credit carryforwards.

(e)The total gross amount of goodwill as of September 30, 2023 expected to be deductible for tax purposes is $42 million.

F-31

The U.S. and foreign components of income from continuing operations before income taxes and a reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax with the provision for income taxes follow. The foreign components of income from continuing operations disclosed in the following table exclude any allocations of certain corporate expenses incurred in the U.S.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes
United States	$	(112	)	$	(133	)	$	(96	)
Foreign		272			339			231
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	$	160		$	206		$	135
Income taxes computed at U.S. statutory rate	$	34		$	43		$	28
Increase (decrease) in amount computed resulting from
Uncertain tax positions		(26	)		(6	)		(49	)
Deemed inclusions, foreign dividends and other restructuring (a)		32			40			25
Foreign tax credits		(22	)		(32	)		(20	)
Valuation allowance changes (b)		(7	)		(4	)		4
Research and development credits		(3	)		(2	)		(3	)
State taxes		(1	)		(4	)		(5	)
Goodwill impairment		—			—			2
International rate differential		(16	)		(27	)		(18	)
Other items (c)		1			17			(2	)
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	(8	)	$	25		$	(38	)

(a)2023 includes $19 million related to GILTI permanent adjustments and $12 million related to Subpart F. 2022 includes $31 million primarily related to GILTI permanent adjustment. 2021 includes $17 million primarily related to GILTI permanent adjustments.

(b)2023 includes net $2 million related to deferred taxes and foreign tax credits. 2022 includes $4 million related to state NOL's. 2021 includes $13 million related to certain foreign tax credits partially offset by $5 million related to state NOL's and $4 million related to foreign jurisdictions.

(c)2023 includes miscellaneous items of $1 million. 2022 includes $8 million related to withholding tax. 2021 includes $14 million related to the sale of a Specialty Additives facility partially offset by miscellaneous other items.

Unrecognized tax benefits

U.S. GAAP prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the accounting and financial statement disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The evaluation of a tax position is a two-step process. The first step requires Ashland to determine whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. The second step requires Ashland to recognize in the financial statements each tax position that meets the more likely than not criteria, measured at the amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized. Ashland had $59 million and $84 million of unrecognized tax benefits at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, recorded within other noncurrent liabilities. As of September 30, 2023, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the tax rate for continuing and discontinued operations was $48 million. The remaining unrecognized tax benefits relate to tax positions for which ultimate deductibility is highly certain but for which there is uncertainty as to the timing of such deductibility. Recognition of these tax benefits would not have an impact on the effective tax rate.

Ashland recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense (benefit) in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). Such interest and penalties totaled a $1 million benefit in 2023, $3 million expense in 2022 and $15 million benefit in 2021. Ashland had $10 million in interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits accrued as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.

F-32

Changes in unrecognized tax benefits were as follows:

(In millions)
Balance at September 30, 2021	$	82
Decreases related to positions taken on items from prior years		(5	)
Increases related to positions taken in the current year		19
Lapse of statute of limitations		(12	)
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	84
Decreases related to positions taken on items from prior years		(30	)
Increases related to positions taken in the current year		8
Increases related to positions taken in the prior year		1
Lapse of statute of limitations		(4	)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	59

From a combination of statute expirations and audit settlements in the next twelve months, Ashland expects a decrease in the amount of accrual for uncertain tax positions of between $3 million and $5 million for continuing operations. For the remaining balance as of September 30, 2023, it is reasonably possible that there could be material changes to the amount of uncertain tax positions due to activities of the taxing authorities, settlement of audit issues, reassessment of existing uncertain tax positions or the expiration of applicable statute of limitations; however, Ashland is not able to estimate the impact of these items at this time.

Ashland or one of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. Foreign taxing jurisdictions significant to Ashland include Belgium, Brazil, China, Germany, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Ashland is subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by tax authorities for periods after September 30, 2019 and U.S. state income tax examinations by tax authorities for periods after September 30, 2017. With respect to countries outside of the United States, with certain exceptions, Ashland’s foreign subsidiaries are subject to income tax audits for years after 2017.

NOTE L – EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Pension plans

Ashland and its subsidiaries have several contributory and noncontributory qualified defined benefit pension plans that generally cover international employees and a small portion of certain U.S. manufacturing union employees. Pension obligations for applicable employees of non-U.S. consolidated subsidiaries are provided for in accordance with local practices and regulations of the respective countries. The majority of these foreign pension plans are closed to new participants while those that remain open relate to areas where jurisdictions require plans to operate within the applicable country.

Benefits for those eligible for Ashland’s U.S. pension plans generally are based on employees’ years of service and compensation during the years immediately preceding their retirement. The remaining U.S. plans are still open for enrollment for qualifying union employees within certain manufacturing sites.

Other postretirement benefit plans

Ashland and its subsidiaries maintain limited health care for certain eligible employees in the U.S. who are retired or disabled. Ashland shares the costs of providing health care coverage with certain eligible retired employees through premiums, deductibles and coinsurance provisions. Ashland funds its share of the costs of the postretirement benefit plans as the benefits are paid.

Postretirement health care plans include a limit on Ashland’s share of costs for recent and future retirees. The assumed pre-65 health care cost increase trend rate as of September 30, 2023 was 6.6% and continues to be reduced to 4.5% in 2040 and thereafter. The assumptions used to project the liability anticipate future cost-sharing changes to the written plans that are consistent with the increase in health care costs.

Plan Amendments and Remeasurements

Following the completion of the sale of its Performance Adhesives business segment on February 28, 2022, the post-retirement benefits for approximately 40 employees transferred to Arkema, all of whom participated in a non-contributory defined benefit plan in the U.S., were frozen. This resulted in a decrease in total expected future years of service within the plan and required Ashland to remeasure the plan as February 28, 2022. As a result, Ashland recorded a $1 million actuarial gain within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for fiscal 2022.

F-33

Net periodic benefit loss (income) allocation

Consistent with Ashland’s historical accounting policies, service cost for continuing operations is allocated to each reportable segment, excluding the Unallocated and other segment, while all other costs for continuing operations are recorded within the Unallocated and other segment.

The following table summarizes the components of pension and other postretirement benefit costs for continuing operations and the assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit loss (income) for the plans.

	Pension benefits									Other postretirement benefits
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021			2023			2022			2021
Net periodic benefit loss (income)
Service cost (a)	$	3		$	4		$	5		$	1		$	1		$	1
Interest cost (b)		13			8			6			2			2			2
Curtailment, settlement and other (b)		—			(1	)		—			—			—			—
Expected return on plan assets (b)		(7	)		(7	)		(8	)		—			—			—
Actuarial (gain) loss (b)		—			(16	)		3			(2	)		(8	)		(2	)
	$	9		$	(12	)	$	6		$	1		$	(5	)	$	1
Weighted-average plan assumptions (c)
Discount rate for service cost		4.56	%		2.99	%		1.81	%		5.80	%		3.19	%		3.15	%
Discount rate for interest cost		5.44	%		3.33	%		1.69	%		5.54	%		2.10	%		1.93	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.07	%		2.50	%		2.53	%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets		4.25	%		2.89	%		2.43	%

(a)Service cost is classified within the selling, general and administrative expense and cost of sales captions on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(b)These components are classified within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(c)The plan assumptions discussed are a blended weighted-average rate for Ashland’s U.S. and non-U.S. plans.

The changes in prior service credit recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income during both 2023 and 2022 were less than $1 million each. At September 30, 2023, Ashland expects to recognize less than $1 million of the prior service credit in accumulated other comprehensive income as net periodic benefit loss (income) during the next fiscal year.

At September 30, 2023 and 2022, the amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive income are shown in the following table.

	Pension				Postretirement
(In millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Prior service cost	$	2	$	2	$	—	$	—

F-34

Obligations and funded status

Actuarial valuations are performed for the pension and other postretirement benefit plans to determine Ashland’s obligation for each plan. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, Ashland recognizes the unfunded status of the plans as a liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Summaries of the change in benefit obligations, plan assets, funded status of the plans, amounts recognized in the balance sheet, and assumptions used to determine the benefit obligations for 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

							Other postretirement
	Pension plans						benefit plans
(In millions)	2023			2022			2023			2022
Change in benefit obligations
Benefit obligations at October 1	$	250		$	422		$	36		$	47
Service cost		3			4			1			1
Interest cost		13			8			2			2
Participant contributions		—			—			—			—
Benefits paid		(16	)		(16	)		(4	)		(6	)
Actuarial (gain) loss		(10	)		(123	)		(1	)		(8	)
Curtailments		—			(1	)		—			—
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		15			(38	)		—			—
Other (including acquisitions)		—			(1	)		—			—
Settlements		—			(5	)		—			—
Benefit obligations at September 30	$	255		$	250		$	34		$	36
Change in plan assets
Value of plan assets at October 1	$	201		$	351		$	—		$	—
Actual return on plan assets		(2	)		(100	)		—			—
Employer contributions		8			5			—			—
Participant contributions		—			—			—			—
Benefits paid		(16	)		(16	)		—			—
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		14			(33	)		—			—
Settlements		—			(5	)		—			—
Other		(2	)		(1	)		—			—
Value of plan assets at September 30	$	203		$	201		$	—		$	—
Unfunded status of the plans	$	(52	)	$	(49	)	$	(34	)	$	(36	)
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet
Other assets (noncurrent)	$	17		$	21		$	—		$	—
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(4	)		(3	)		(3	)		(4	)
Employee benefit obligations		(65	)		(67	)		(31	)		(32	)
Net amount recognized	$	(52	)	$	(49	)	$	(34	)	$	(36	)
Weighted-average plan assumptions
Discount rate		5.43	%		5.09	%		5.72	%		2.98	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.07	%		2.50	%

The accumulated benefit obligation for all pension plans was $250 million at September 30, 2023 and $245 million at September 30, 2022. All Ashland pension plans are either qualified U.S. or non-US plans. Information for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets follows:

(In millions)	2023		2022
Projected benefit obligation	$	149	$	146
Accumulated benefit obligation		144		141
Fair value of plan assets		80		76

F-35

Plan assets

The expected long-term rate of return on pension plan assets was 4.25% and 2.89% for September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The basis for determining the expected long-term rate of return is a combination of future return assumptions for various asset classes in Ashland’s investment portfolio, historical analysis of previous returns, market indices and a projection of inflation.

The following table summarizes the various investment categories that the pension plan assets are invested in and the applicable fair value hierarchy that the financial instruments are classified within these investment categories as of September 30, 2023. For additional information and a detailed description of each level within the fair value hierarchy, see Note E.

			Quoted prices
			in active		Significant
			markets for		other		Significant
			identical		observable		unobservable
	Total fair		assets		inputs		inputs
(In millions)	value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and cash equivalents	$	11	$	11	$	—	$	—
U.S. Government securities		6		—		6		—
Non-U.S. Government securities		39		—		39		—
Corporate debt instruments		80		—		80		—
Listed real assets		9		—		9		—
Asset-backed securities		7		—		7		—
Corporate stocks		25		—		25		—
Insurance contracts		26		—		26		—
Total assets at fair value	$	203	$	11	$	192	$	—

The following table summarizes the various investment categories that the pension plan assets are invested in and the applicable fair value hierarchy that the financial instruments are classified within these investment categories as of September 30, 2022.

			Quoted prices
			in active		Significant
			markets for		other		Significant
			identical		observable		unobservable
	Total fair		assets		inputs		inputs
(In millions)	value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1	$	1	$	—	$	—
U.S. Government securities		10		—		10		—
Non-U.S. Government securities		24		—		24		—
Corporate debt instruments		90		—		90		—
Listed real assets		9		—		9		—
Asset-backed securities		17		—		17		—
Corporate stocks		27		—		27		—
Insurance contracts		23		—		23		—
Total assets at fair value	$	201	$	1	$	200	$	—

Ashland’s pension plan holds a variety of investments designed to diversify risk. Investments classified as a Level 1 fair value measure principally represent marketable securities priced in active markets. Cash and cash equivalents and public equity and debt securities are well diversified and invested in U.S. and international small-to-large companies across various asset managers and styles. Investments classified as a Level 2 fair value measure principally represents fixed-income securities and other investment grade corporate bonds and debt obligations.

F-36

Investments and Strategy

In developing an investment strategy for its defined benefit plans, Ashland has considered the following factors: the nature of the plans’ liabilities, the allocation of liabilities between active, deferred and retired members, the funded status of the plans, the applicable investment horizon, the respective size of the plans and historical and expected capital market returns. Ashland’s U.S. pension plan assets are managed by outside investment managers, which are monitored against investment return benchmarks and Ashland’s established investment strategy. Investment managers are selected based on an analysis of, among other things, their investment process, historical investment results, frequency of management turnover, cost structure and assets under management. Assets are periodically reallocated between investment managers to maintain an appropriate asset mix and diversification of investments and to optimize returns.

The current asset allocation for the U.S. plans is 47.6% fixed income securities, 38.8% equity securities and 13.6% other securities. Fixed income securities primarily include cash and cash equivalents, long duration corporate debt obligations and U.S. government debt obligations. In addition, Ashland’s non-U.S. plan fixed income securities include insurance contracts. Equity securities are comprised solely of traditional public equity investments. Investment managers may employ a limited use of derivatives to gain efficient exposure to markets.

Ashland’s investment strategy and management practices relative to plan assets of non-U.S. plans generally are consistent with those for U.S. plans, except in those countries where investment of plan assets is dictated by applicable regulations. Although the investment allocation may vary based on funding percentages and whether plans are still accruing additional liabilities, the weighted-average asset allocations for Ashland’s U.S. and non-U.S. plans at September 30, 2023 and 2022 by asset category follow.

		Actual at September 30
(In millions)	Target	2023			2022
Plan assets allocation
Equity securities	5 - 45%		18	%		14	%
Fixed income securities	55 - 95%		78	%		81	%
Other	0 - 5%		4	%		5	%
			100	%		100	%

Cash flows

During 2023 and 2022, Ashland contributed $3 million and less than $1 million to its U.S. pension plans, respectively, and $5 million in each year to its non-U.S. pension plans, respectively. Ashland expects to contribute approximately $6 million to its U.S. pension plans and expects to contribute approximately $5 million to its non-U.S. pension plans during 2024.

The following benefit payments, which reflect future service expectations, are projected to be paid from plan assets in each of the next five years and in aggregate for five years thereafter.

			Other
	Pension		postretirement
(In millions)	benefits		benefits
2024	$	15	$	3
2025		16		3
2026		17		3
2027		18		3
2028		17		3
2029 - 2033		90		15

Other plans

Ashland sponsors savings plans to assist eligible employees in providing for retirement or other future needs. Under such plans, company contributions amounted to $23 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $21 million in 2021. Ashland also sponsors various other employee benefit plans, some of which are required by different countries. The total noncurrent liabilities associated with these plans was $4 million for September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

F-37

NOTE M – LITIGATION, CLAIMS AND CONTINGENCIES

Asbestos litigation

Ashland and Hercules have liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. To assist in developing and annually updating independent reserve estimates for future asbestos claims and related costs, Ashland has retained third party actuarial experts Gnarus. The methodology used by Gnarus to project future asbestos costs is based largely on recent experience, including claim-filing and settlement rates, disease mix, open claims and litigation defense. The claim experience of Ashland and Hercules are separately compared to the results of previously conducted third party epidemiological studies estimating the number of people likely to develop asbestos-related diseases. Those studies were undertaken in connection with national analyses of the population expected to have been exposed to asbestos. Using that information, Gnarus estimates a range of the number of future claims that may be filed, as well as the related costs that may be incurred in resolving those claims. Changes in asbestos-related liabilities and receivables are recorded on an after-tax basis within the discontinued operations caption in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Ashland asbestos-related litigation

The claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos asserted against Ashland result primarily from indemnification obligations undertaken in 1990 in connection with the sale of Riley, a former subsidiary. The amount and timing of settlements and number of open claims can fluctuate from period to period. A summary of Ashland asbestos claims activity, excluding Hercules claims, follows.

(In thousands)	2023			2022			2021
Open claims - beginning of year		44			46			49
New claims filed		2			2			2
Claims settled		(1	)		(1	)		(1	)
Claims dismissed		(3	)		(3	)		(4	)
Open claims - end of year		42			44			46

Ashland asbestos-related liability

From the range of estimates, Ashland records the amount it believes to be the best estimate of future payments for litigation defense and claim settlement costs. Ashland reviews this estimate and related assumptions quarterly and annually updates the results of a non-inflated, non-discounted approximate 40-year model developed with the assistance of Gnarus.

During the most recent update completed during 2023, it was determined that the liability for Ashland asbestos-related claims should be increased by $9 million. Total reserves for asbestos claims were $281 million at September 30, 2023 compared to $305 million at September 30, 2022.

A progression of activity in the asbestos reserve is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Asbestos reserve - beginning of year	$	305		$	320		$	335
Reserve adjustment		9			16			12
Amounts paid		(33	)		(31	)		(27	)
Asbestos reserve - end of year (a)	$	281		$	305		$	320

(a)Included $28 million and $29 million classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Ashland asbestos-related receivables

Ashland has insurance coverage for certain litigation defense and claim settlement costs incurred in connection with its asbestos claims, and coverage-in-place agreements exist with the insurance companies that provide substantially all of the coverage that will be accessed.

For the Ashland asbestos-related obligations, Ashland has estimated the value of probable insurance recoveries associated with its asbestos reserve based on management’s interpretations and estimates surrounding the available or applicable insurance coverage, including an assumption that all solvent insurance carriers remain solvent. Substantially all of the estimated receivables from insurance companies are expected to be due from domestic insurers, all of which are solvent.

At September 30, 2023, Ashland’s receivable for recoveries of litigation defense and claim settlement costs from insurers amounted to $95 million (excluding the Hercules receivable for asbestos claims discussed below). Receivables from insurers amounted to $101 million at

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September 30, 2022. During 2023, the annual update of the model used for purposes of valuing the asbestos reserve and its impact on valuation of future recoveries from insurers, was completed. This model update resulted in a $3 million increase in the receivable for probable insurance recoveries.

A progression of activity in the Ashland insurance receivable is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Insurance receivable - beginning of year	$	101		$	100		$	103
Receivable adjustment (a)		3			7			6
Insurance settlement		—			—			—
Amounts collected		(9	)		(6	)		(9	)
Insurance receivable - end of year (b)	$	95		$	101		$	100

(a)2021 includes a $2 million reserve adjustment related to allowances for credit losses as a result of Ashland's adoption of the new credit measurement standard described in Note A. The total allowance for credit losses were $1 million and $2 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(b)Included $11 million and $12 million classified in accounts receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Hercules asbestos-related litigation

Hercules has liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Such claims typically arise from alleged exposure to asbestos fibers from resin encapsulated pipe and tank products which were sold by one of Hercules’ former subsidiaries to a limited industrial market. The amount and timing of settlements and number of open claims can fluctuate from period to period. A summary of Hercules’ asbestos claims activity follows.

(In thousands)	2023		2022			2021
Open claims - beginning of year		11		12			12
New claims filed		1		1			1
Claims dismissed		—		(2	)		(1	)
Open claims - end of year		12		11			12

Hercules asbestos-related liability

From the range of estimates, Ashland records the amount it believes to be the best estimate of future payments for litigation defense and claim settlement costs. Ashland reviews this estimate and related assumptions quarterly and annually updates the results of a non-inflated, non-discounted approximate 40-year model developed with the assistance of Gnarus. As a result of the most recent annual update of this estimate, completed during 2023, it was determined that the liability for Hercules asbestos-related claims should be decreased by $2 million. Total reserves for asbestos claims were $191 million at September 30, 2023 compared to $213 million at September 30, 2022.

A progression of activity in the asbestos reserve is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Asbestos reserve - beginning of year	$	213		$	217		$	229
Reserve adjustments		(2	)		15			8
Amounts paid		(20	)		(19	)		(20	)
Asbestos reserve - end of year (a)	$	191		$	213		$	217

(a)Included $17 million and $18 million classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Hercules asbestos-related receivables

For the Hercules asbestos-related obligations, certain reimbursement obligations pursuant to coverage-in-place agreements with insurance carriers exist. As a result, any increases in the asbestos reserve have been partially offset by probable insurance recoveries. Ashland has estimated the value of probable insurance recoveries associated with its asbestos reserve based on management’s interpretations and estimates surrounding the available or applicable insurance coverage, including an assumption that all solvent insurance carriers remain solvent. The estimated receivable consists exclusively of solvent domestic insurers.

As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the receivables from insurers amounted to $47 million and $52 million, respectively. During 2023, the annual update of the model used for purposes of valuing the asbestos reserve and its impact on valuation of future recoveries from insurers was completed. This model update resulted in a $3 million decrease in the receivable for probable insurance recoveries.

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A progression of activity in the Hercules insurance receivable is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Insurance receivable - beginning of year	$	52		$	47		$	47
Receivable adjustment (a)		(3	)		7			1
Amounts collected		(2	)		(2	)		(1	)
Insurance receivable - end of year (b)	$	47		$	52		$	47

(a)2021 includes a $1 million reserve adjustment related to allowances for credit losses as a result of Ashland's adoption of the new credit measurement standard described in Note A. The total allowance for credit losses was $1 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(b)Included $4 million and $3 million classified in accounts receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Asbestos litigation cost projection

Projecting future asbestos costs is subject to numerous variables that are difficult to predict. In addition to the uncertainties surrounding the number of claims that might be received, other variables include the type and severity of the disease alleged by each claimant and the related costs incurred in resolving those claims, mortality rates, dismissal rates, uncertainties surrounding the litigation process from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and from case to case. Furthermore, any predictions with respect to these variables are subject to even greater uncertainty as the projection period lengthens. In light of these inherent uncertainties, Ashland believes that the asbestos reserves for Ashland and Hercules represent the best estimate within a range of possible outcomes. As a part of the process to develop these estimates of future asbestos costs, a range of long-term cost models was developed. These models are based on national studies that predict the number of people likely to develop asbestos-related diseases and are heavily influenced by assumptions regarding long-term inflation rates for indemnity payments and legal defense costs, as well as other variables mentioned previously. Ashland has currently estimated in various models ranging from approximately 40 year periods that it is reasonably possible that total future litigation defense and claim settlement costs on an inflated and undiscounted basis could range as high as approximately $422 million for the Ashland asbestos-related litigation (current reserve of $281 million) and approximately $288 million for the Hercules asbestos-related litigation (current reserve of $191 million), depending on the combination of assumptions selected in the various models. While the timeframe used in Ashland's models for projecting asbestos liabilities generally decreases over time based on the expected lifetime of the liabilities, these models have been consistently applied within all periods presented. If actual experience is worse than projected, relative to the number of claims filed, the severity of alleged disease associated with those claims or costs incurred to resolve those claims, or actuarial refinement or improvements to the assumptions used within these models are initiated, Ashland may need to further increase the estimates of the costs associated with asbestos claims and these increases could be material over time.

Environmental remediation and asset retirement obligations

Ashland is subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations that require environmental assessment or remediation efforts (collectively environmental remediation) at multiple locations. At September 30, 2023, such locations included 57 sites where Ashland has been identified as a potentially responsible party under Superfund or similar state laws, 108 current and former operating facilities and about 1,225 service station properties, of which 14 are being actively remediated.

Ashland’s reserves for environmental remediation and related environmental litigation amounted to $214 million at September 30, 2023 compared to $211 million at September 30, 2022, of which $165 million at September 30, 2023 and $157 million at September 30, 2022 were classified in other noncurrent liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The remaining reserves were classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the changes in the environmental remediation reserves during 2023 and 2022.

(In millions)	2023			2022
Environmental remediation reserve - beginning of year	$	211		$	207
Disbursements		(54	)		(63	)
Revised obligation estimates and accretion		57			67
Environmental remediation reserve - end of year	$	214		$	211

The total reserves for environmental remediation reflect Ashland’s estimates of the most likely costs that will be incurred over an extended period to remediate identified conditions for which the costs are reasonably estimable, without regard to any third-party recoveries. Engineering studies, historical experience and other factors are used to identify and evaluate remediation alternatives and their related costs in determining the estimated reserves for environmental remediation. Ashland regularly adjusts its reserves as environmental remediation continues. Ashland has estimated the value of its probable insurance recoveries associated with its environmental reserve based on management’s interpretations

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and estimates surrounding the available or applicable insurance coverage. At September 30, 2023 and 2022, Ashland’s recorded receivable for these probable insurance recoveries was $17 million and $21 million, respectively, of which $15 million and $17 million was classified in other noncurrent assets in the respective Consolidated Balance Sheets.

During 2023, 2022 and 2021, Ashland recognized $56 million, $66 million and $50 million of expense, respectively, for certain environmental liabilities related to normal ongoing remediation cost estimate updates for sites, which is consistent with Ashland’s historical environmental accounting policy.

Components of environmental remediation expense included within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) are presented in the following table for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Environmental expense	$	56		$	66		$	50
Accretion		1			1			1
Legal expense		3			4			4
Total expense		60			71			55
Insurance receivable		(1	)		(5	)		(4	)
Total expense, net of receivable activity (a)	$	59		$	66		$	51

(a)Net expense of $5 million, $13 million and $6 million for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to divested businesses which qualified for treatment as discontinued operations and for which certain environmental liabilities were retained by Ashland. These amounts are classified within the income from discontinued operations caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Environmental remediation reserves are subject to uncertainties that affect Ashland’s ability to estimate its share of the costs. Such uncertainties involve the nature and extent of contamination at each site and the extent of required cleanup efforts under existing environmental regulations. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the ultimate costs of environmental remediation, Ashland currently estimates that the upper end of the reasonably possible range of future costs for identified sites could be as high as approximately $465 million. The largest reserve for any site is 21% of the remediation reserve.

Brazil tax credits

In March 2017, the Federal Supreme Court of Brazil (Brazil Supreme Court) ruled in a leading case that a Brazilian value-added tax (ICMS) should not be included in the base used to calculate a taxpayer’s federal contribution on total revenue known as PIS/COFINS (2017 Decision). As a result, two of Ashland’s Brazilian subsidiaries filed lawsuits challenging the inclusion of ICMS in Ashland’s calculation of PIS/COFINs, seeking recovery of excess taxes paid plus interest.

In response to the 2017 Decision, the Brazilian tax authority filed an appeal of the 2017 Decision seeking clarification of the amount of ICMS tax to exclude from the calculation of PIS/COFINS. In May 2021, the Brazil Supreme Court ruled that the ICMS tax be excluded from the calculation of PIS/COFINS. In May 2023, Law 14592/23 was passed in Brazil, converting the 2017 Decision provisional measure effective for PIS/COFINS legislation excluding ICMS from the calculation basis.

As of September 30, 2023, Ashland had received all favorable court rulings for previously filed suits, completed its analysis of certain prior year overpayments related to ICMS and received acknowledgment from the Brazilian tax authority that allows Ashland to begin the process to recover the taxes. As a result, Ashland recorded a pre-tax gain of $12 million for period ended September 30, 2023 for certain excess PIS/COFINS paid from 2012 to February 2023 plus interest. The gain was recognized within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). Ashland plans to start utilizing these credits in December 2023.

Other legal proceedings and claims

In addition to the matters described above, there are other various claims, lawsuits and administrative proceedings pending or threatened against Ashland and its current and former subsidiaries. Such actions are with respect to commercial matters, product liability, toxic tort liability, and other environmental matters, which seek remedies or damages, some of which are for substantial amounts. While Ashland cannot predict with certainty the outcome of such actions, it believes that adequate reserves have been recorded and losses already recognized with respect to such actions were immaterial as of September 30, 2023 and 2022. There is a reasonable possibility that a loss exceeding amounts already

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recognized may be incurred related to these actions; however, Ashland believes that such potential losses were immaterial as of September 30, 2023.

NOTE N – EQUITY ITEMS

Stock repurchase programs

On June 28, 2023, Ashland's board of directors authorized a new evergreen $1 billion common share repurchase program (2023 stock repurchase program). The new authorization terminates and replaces the company's 2022 stock repurchase program, which had $200 million outstanding at the date of termination. In 2022, the 2022 stock repurchase program replaced and terminated the 2018 $1 billion share repurchase program, which had $150 million outstanding at its date of termination on May 22, 2022. As of September 30, 2023, $1 billion remained available for repurchase under the 2023 stock repurchase program.

Stock repurchase program agreements

During May 2023, under the 2022 stock repurchase program, Ashland initiated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan agreement to repurchase up to $100 million of its outstanding shares. The program was completed during June 2023, when Ashland paid a total of $100 million and received a delivery of 1.1 million shares of common stock.

During March 2023, under the 2022 stock repurchase program, Ashland initiated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan agreement to repurchase up to $100 million of its outstanding shares. The program was completed during April 2023, when Ashland paid a total of $100 million and received a delivery of 1.0 million shares of common stock.

During February 2023, under the 2022 stock repurchase program, Ashland initiated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan agreement to repurchase up to $100 million of its outstanding shares. The program was completed during February 2023, when Ashland paid a total of $100 million and received a delivery of 1.0 million shares of common stock.

On March 1, 2022, under the 2018 stock repurchase program, Ashland entered into an agreement to repurchase an aggregate amount of $200 million of Ashland common stock using open-market purchases under rule 10b-18. On April 8, 2022, Ashland completed repurchases under this agreement repurchasing a total of 2.15 million shares for a total amount of $200 million.

In September 2021, under the 2018 stock repurchase program, Ashland announced that it entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement (2021 ASR Agreement). Under the 2021 ASR Agreement, Ashland paid an initial purchase price of $450 million and received an initial delivery of 3.9 million shares of common stock during September 2021. The bank exercised its early termination option under the 2021 ASR Agreement in February 2022, and an additional 0.7 million shares were repurchased, bringing the total shares repurchased upon settlement to 4.6 million.

Stockholder dividends

Ashland paid dividends per common share of $1.44, $1.27 and $1.15 during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

In May 2023, the Board of Directors of Ashland announced a quarterly cash dividend of 38.5 cents per share to eligible stockholders at record, which represented an increase from the previous quarterly cash dividend of 33.5 cents per share. The dividend was paid in the third and fourth quarter of fiscal 2023.

In May 2022, the Board of Directors of Ashland announced a quarterly cash dividend of 33.5 cents per share to eligible stockholders at record, which represented an increase from the previous quarterly cash dividend of 30.0 cents per share. This dividend was paid in the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2022 and the first and second quarters of fiscal 2023.

In May 2021, the Board of Directors of Ashland announced a quarterly cash dividend of 30.0 cents per share to eligible stockholders at record, which represented an increase from the previous quarterly cash dividend of 27.5 cents per share. This dividend was paid in the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2021 and the first and second quarters of fiscal 2022.

In May 2019, the Board of Directors of Ashland announced a quarterly cash dividend of 27.5 cents per share to eligible stockholders at record, which represented an increase from the previous quarterly cash dividend of 25.0 cents per share. This dividend was paid in the first and second quarters of fiscal 2021.

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Shares reserved for issuance

At September 30, 2023, 17.3 million common shares were reserved for issuance under stock incentive and deferred compensation plans.

Other comprehensive income (loss)

Components of other comprehensive income (loss) recorded in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) are presented in the following table, before tax and net of tax effects.

				Tax
	Before			(expense)			Net of
(In millions)	tax			benefit			tax
Year ended September 30, 2023
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized translation gain	$	72		$	—		$	72
Unrealized loss on commodity hedges		(8	)		2			(6	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	$	64		$	2		$	66
Year ended September 30, 2022
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized translation loss	$	(199	)	$	2		$	(197	)
Unrealized loss on commodity hedges		(2	)		1			(1	)
Pension and postretirement obligation adjustment		1			—			1
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(200	)	$	3		$	(197	)
Year ended September 30, 2021
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized translation gain	$	8		$	(1	)	$	7
Unrealized gain on commodity hedges		5			(1	)		4
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	$	13		$	(2	)	$	11

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Summary of Stockholders’ Equity

A reconciliation of changes in stockholders’ equity are as follows:

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Common stock and paid in capital
Balance, beginning of period	$	136		$	328		$	770
Common shares issued under stock incentive and other plans (a)		12			8			8
Common shares purchased under repurchase program (b) (c)		(143	)		(200	)		(450	)
Balance, end of period		5			136			328
Retained earnings
Balance, beginning of period		3,653			2,796			2,649
Adoption of new accounting pronouncements (d)		—			—			(2	)
Common shares purchased under repurchase program (b)		(160	)		—			—
Net income		178			927			220
Regular dividends		(76	)		(70	)		(71	)
Balance, end of period		3,595			3,653			2,796
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Balance, beginning of period		(569	)		(372	)		(383	)
Unrealized translation gain (loss)		72			(197	)		7
Unrealized gain (loss) on commodity hedges		(6	)		(1	)		4
Pension and postretirement obligation adjustment		—			1			—
Balance, end of period		(503	)		(569	)		(372	)
Total stockholders' equity	$	3,097		$	3,220		$	2,752
Cash dividends declared per common share	$	1.44		$	1.27		$	1.15

(a)Common shares issued were 193,767, 168,270 and 183,281 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(b)Common shares repurchased were 3,082,928, 2,853,312 and 3,922,423 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(c)Includes $3 million in excise tax on stock repurchases for 2023.

(d)Represents the cumulative-effect adjustment related to the adoption of the new guidance related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments during fiscal 2021. See Note A for more information.

NOTE O – STOCK INCENTIVE PLANS

Ashland has stock incentive plans under which key employees or directors are granted performance share awards or nonvested stock awards. Each program is typically a long-term incentive plan designed to link employee compensation with increased shareholder value or reward superior performance and encourage continued employment with Ashland. Ashland recognizes compensation expense for the grant date fair value of stock-based awards over the requisite service period and accounts for forfeitures when they occur across all stock-based awards.

The components of Ashland's pretax compensation expense for stock-based awards (net of forfeitures) and associated income tax benefits are as follows.

(In millions)	2023 (a)		2022 (b)		2021 (c)
SARs	$	—	$	1	$	2
Nonvested stock awards		11		12		10
Performance share awards		11		11		6
	$	22	$	24	$	18
Income tax benefit	$	5	$	6	$	4

(a)The year ended September 30, 2023 included $1 million of expense and $1 million of income related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

(b)The year ended September 30, 2022 included $4 million and $2 million of expense related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

(c)The year ended September 30, 2021 included $3 million and zero of expense related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

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Stock Appreciation Rights

SARs were granted to employees or directors at a price equal to the fair market value of the stock on the date of grant and typically become exercisable over periods of one to three years. Unexercised SARs lapse ten years after the date of grant. Ashland estimated the fair value of SARs granted using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Ashland has not granted any SARs since August 2020.

A progression of activity and various other information relative to SARs and previously issued and vested stock options is presented in the following table.

	2023					2022					2021
	Number			Weighted-		Number			Weighted-		Number			Weighted-
	of			average		of			average		of			average
(In thousands except per	common			exercise price		common			exercise price		common			exercise price
share data)	shares			per share		shares			per share		shares			per share
Outstanding - beginning of year		1,142		$	63.85		1,543		$	62.14		1,993		$	61.11
Exercised		(114	)		52.31		(392	)		57.32		(386	)		54.44
Forfeitures and expirations		(5	)		46.67		(9	)		54.70		(64	)		77.17
Outstanding - end of year (a)		1,023			65.22		1,142			63.85		1,543			62.14
Exercisable - end of year		1,023			65.22		1,094			63.24		1,415			60.68

(a)Exercise prices per share for SARs outstanding at September 30, 2023 ranged from $47.63 to $59.95 for 521 thousand shares and from $67.16 to $82.34 for 502 thousand shares. The weighted-average remaining contractual life of outstanding and exercisable SARs and stock options was 3.7 years.

The total intrinsic value of SARs exercised was $6 million in 2023, $19 million in 2022 and $12 million in 2021. The actual tax benefit realized from the exercised SARs was $1 million in 2023, $4 million in 2022 and $3 million in 2021. The total grant date fair value of SARs that vested during 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $1 million each year. As of September 30, 2023, there was zero unrecognized compensation costs related to SARs. As of September 30, 2023, the aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding and exercisable SARs was $17 million.

Nonvested stock awards

Nonvested stock awards are granted to employees or directors at a price equal to the fair market value of the stock on the date of grant and generally vest over a one-to-three-year period. However, such shares or units are subject to forfeiture upon termination of service before the vesting period ends. Beginning in 2016, these awards were primarily granted as stock units that will convert to shares upon vesting, while the grants in prior years were generally made in nonvested shares. Only nonvested stock awards granted in the form of shares entitle employees or directors to vote the shares. Dividends on nonvested stock awards granted are in the form of additional units or shares of nonvested stock awards, which are subject to vesting and forfeiture provisions.

A progression of activity and various other information relative to nonvested stock awards is presented in the following table.

	2023					2022					2021
	Number			Weighted-		Number			Weighted-		Number			Weighted-
	of			average		of			average		of			average
(In thousands except per	common			grant date		common			grant date		common			grant date
share data)	shares			fair value		shares			fair value		shares			fair value
Nonvested - beginning of year		209		$	82.55		211		$	76.10		199		$	74.57
Granted		92			105.72		80			92.34		93			78.96
Vested		(106	)		82.04		(72	)		78.81		(69	)		75.10
Forfeitures		(7	)		106.25		(10	)		80.06		(12	)		79.02
Nonvested - end of year		188			97.66		209			82.55		211			76.10

The total grant date fair value of nonvested stock awards that vested during 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $8 million, $6 million and $5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, there was $6 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested stock awards. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.3 years.

Cash-settled nonvested stock awards

Certain nonvested stock awards are granted to employees and are settled in cash upon vesting. As of September 30, 2023, 54 thousand cash-settled nonvested stock awards were outstanding. The value of these cash-settled nonvested stock awards changes in connection with changes in the fair market value of the Ashland Common Stock. These awards generally vest over a period of three years. The expense recognized related to cash-settled nonvested stock awards was zero, $6 million, and $3 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Performance awards

Ashland sponsors a long-term incentive plan that awards performance shares/units to certain key employees that are tied to Ashland’s overall financial performance relative to the financial performance of selected industry peer groups and/or internal targets. Awards are granted annually, with each award covering a three-year measurement period and vesting over a one to three year period. Nonvested performance shares/units do not entitle employees to vote the shares or to receive any dividends thereon.

Each awarded performance share is convertible to one share of Ashland Common Stock and recorded as a component of stockholders’ equity. Performance measures used to determine the actual number of performance shares issuable upon vesting includes 60:40 weighting of Ashland’s total shareholder return (TSR) performance and Ashland’s return on net assets (RONA) performance as compared to internal targets. TSR relative to peers is considered a market condition while RONA is considered a performance condition in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The following table shows the performance shares/units granted for all plans that award Ashland Common Stock.

				Weighted-
		Target		average
		shares/units		fair value per
(In thousands)	Vesting period	granted (a)		share/unit (a)
Fiscal Year 2023	October 1, 2022 - September 30, 2025		98	$	135.93
Fiscal Year 2022	October 1, 2021 - September 30, 2024		110	$	131.33
Fiscal Year 2021	October 1, 2020 - September 30, 2023		122	$	90.44

(a)At the end of the performance period, the actual number of shares/units awarded can range from zero to 200% of the target shares/units granted, which is assumed to be 100%. Both the shares granted and weighted-average fair value per share/unit are as of the grant date.

For these awards, the fair value of the performance unit awards is equal to the fair market value of Ashland’s Common Stock as of the end of each reporting period. Compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period if it is probable that the performance condition will be satisfied.

The fair values of the TSR portion of the performance share awards and TSR modifier of the performance unit awards are calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model using key assumptions included in the following table. Compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied.

	2023			2022			2021
Risk-free interest rate		4.22	%		1.18	%		0.2	%
Expected dividend yield		1.3	%		1.3	%	1.6%
Expected life (in years)		3			3			3
Expected volatility		35.1	%		33.4	%	32.7%

The following table shows changes in nonvested performance shares/units for all plans that award Ashland Common Stock.

	2023					2022					2021
				Weighted-					Weighted-					Weighted-
				average					average					average
(In thousands except per	Shares/			grant date		Shares/			grant date		Shares/			grant date
share data)	Units			fair value		Units			fair value		Units			fair value
Nonvested - beginning of year		310		$	105.78		253		$	88.66		227		$	80.86
Granted		98			135.93		110			131.33		122			90.44
Vested		(88	)		84.33		(1	)		96.32		(79	)		68.93
Forfeitures		(33	)		94.53		(52	)		85.78		(17	)		89.36
Nonvested - end of year		287			118.43		310			105.78		253			88.66

As of September 30, 2023, there was $10 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested performance share/unit awards. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.5 years.

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NOTE P – REVENUE

Trade receivables

Trade receivables are defined as receivables arising from contracts with customers and are recorded within the accounts receivable caption within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Ashland’s trade receivables were $288 million and $369 million as of September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. See Note H for additional information on Ashland's program to sell certain receivables on a revolving basis to third party banks up to an aggregate purchase limit.

Disaggregation of revenue

Ashland disaggregates its revenue from contracts with customers by segment and geographical region, as Ashland believes these categories best depict how management reviews the financial performance of its operations for the twelve months ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Ashland includes only U.S. and Canada in its North America designation and includes Europe, the Middle East and Africa in its Europe designation. See the following tables for details (Intersegment sales eliminations have been excluded. See Note Q for additional information.):

Sales by geography
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Life Sciences
North America	$	228	$	244	$	229
Europe		305		267		242
Asia Pacific		233		218		192
Latin America & other		103		86		74
	$	869	$	815	$	737
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Personal Care
North America	$	176	$	198	$	180
Europe		233		270		240
Asia Pacific		105		126		100
Latin America & other		84		84		72
	$	598	$	678	$	592
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Specialty Additives
North America	$	203	$	247	$	203
Europe		214		258		246
Asia Pacific		153		182		171
Latin America & other		30		32		35
	$	600	$	719	$	655
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Intermediates
North America	$	128	$	163	$	114
Europe		27		39		28
Asia Pacific		22		43		29
Latin America & other		8		11		7
	$	185	$	256	$	178

For fiscal 2023, Ashland had two product categories that represented 10% or greater of Ashland's total consolidated sales which were cellulosics representing 37% of total consolidated sales and polyvinylprrolidones (PVP) representing 25% of total consolidated sales.

F-47

NOTE Q – REPORTABLE SEGMENT INFORMATION

Ashland determines its reportable segments based on how operations are managed internally for the products and services sold to customers, including how the results are reviewed by the chief operating decision maker, which includes determining resource allocation methodologies used for reportable segments. Operating income and EBITDA are the primary measures of performance that are reviewed by the chief operating decision maker in assessing each reportable segment's financial performance. Ashland does not aggregate operating segments to arrive at these reportable segments.

Change in reportable segments

On February 28, 2022, Ashland completed the sale of its Performance Adhesives segment. The operating results and cash flows for the Performance Adhesives segment have been classified as discontinued operations within the Consolidated Financial Statements for all periods presented. As a result, Ashland’s reportable segments include Life Sciences, Personal Care, Specialty Additives, and Intermediates.

Unallocated and Other includes corporate governance activities and certain legacy matters. The historical segment information has been recast to conform to the current segment structure.

Reportable segment business descriptions

Life Sciences is comprised of pharmaceuticals, nutrition, nutraceuticals, agricultural chemicals, diagnostic films (formerly known as advanced materials) and fine chemicals. Pharmaceutical solutions include controlled release polymers, disintegrants, film coatings, solubilizers, and tablet binders. Nutrition solutions include thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers and additives for enhancing mouthfeel, controlling moisture migration, reducing oil uptake and controlling color. Nutraceutical solutions include products for weight management, joint comfort, stomach and intestinal health, sports nutrition and general wellness, and provide custom formulation, toll processing and particle engineering solutions. Customers include pharmaceutical, food, beverage, nutraceuticals and supplements manufacturers, hospitals and radiologists and industrial manufacturers.

Personal Care is comprised of biofunctionals, microbial protectants (preservatives), skin care, sun care, oral care, hair care and household. These businesses have a broad range of natural, nature-derived, biodegradable, and high-performance ingredients for customer-driven solutions to help protect, renew, moisturize and revitalize skin and hair, and provide solutions for toothpastes, mouth washes and rinses, denture cleaning and care for teeth. Household supplies nature-derived rheology ingredients, biodegradable surface wetting agents, performance encapsulates, and specialty polymers for household, industrial and institutional cleaning products. Customers include formulators at large multinational branded consumer products companies and smaller, independent boutique companies.

Specialty Additives is comprised of rheology and performance-enhancing additives serving the architectural coatings, construction, energy, automotive and various industrial markets. Solutions include coatings additives for architectural paints, finishes and lacquers, cement and gypsum based dry mortars, ready-mixed joint compounds, synthetic plasters for commercial and residential construction, and specialty materials for industrial applications. Products include rheology modifiers (cellulosic and associative thickeners), foam control agents, surfactants and wetting agents, pH neutralizers, advanced ceramics used in catalytic converters, and environmental filters, ingredients that aid the manufacturing process of ceramic capacitors, plasma display panels and solar cells, ingredients for textile printing, thermoplastic metals and alloys for welding. Products help improve desired functional outcomes through rheology modification and control, water retention, workability, adhesive strength, binding power, film formation, deposition and suspension and emulsification. Customers include global paint manufacturers, electronics and automotive manufacturers, textile mills, the construction industry, and welders.

Intermediates is comprised of the production of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) and related derivatives, including n-methylpyrrolidone. These products are used as chemical intermediates in the production of engineering polymers and polyurethanes, and as specialty process solvents in a wide array of applications including electronics, pharmaceuticals, water filtration membranes and more. Butanediol is also supplied to Life Sciences, Personal Care, and Specialty Additives for use as a raw material.

Unallocated and Other generally includes items such as certain significant company-wide restructuring activities, corporate governance costs and legacy costs or activities that relate to divested businesses that are no longer operated by Ashland.

F-48

International data

Information about Ashland’s domestic and international operations follows. Ashland has no operations in any individual international country or single customer that represented more than 10% of sales in 2023, 2022 and 2021.

	Sales to external customers						Net assets (liabilities)				Property, plant and equipment - net
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021		2023		2022		2023		2022
United States	$	634	$	731	$	637	$	1,532	$	1,857	$	1,032	$	1,042
International		1,557		1,660		1,474		1,565		1,363		341		296
	$	2,191	$	2,391	$	2,111	$	3,097	$	3,220	$	1,373	$	1,338

Reportable segment results

Results of Ashland’s reportable segments are presented based on its management and internal accounting structure. The structure is specific to Ashland; therefore, the financial results of Ashland’s reportable segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information for other comparable companies. Ashland allocates all costs to its reportable segments except for certain significant company-wide restructuring activities, certain corporate governance costs and other costs or activities that relate to former businesses that Ashland no longer operates. The service cost component of pension and other postretirement benefits costs is allocated to each reportable segment on a ratable basis; while the remaining components of pension and other postretirement benefits costs are recorded within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption of the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (loss). Ashland refines its expense allocation methodologies to the reportable segments from time to time as internal accounting practices are improved, more refined information becomes available and the industry or market changes. Significant revisions to Ashland’s methodologies are adjusted for all segments on a retrospective basis. This includes changes in prior years for indirect corporate costs previously allocated to Performance Adhesives. These costs are now reflected in Unallocated and Other for all periods presented.

Ashland determined that disclosing sales by specific product was impracticable due to the highly customized and extensive portfolio of products offered to customers and since no one product or a small group of products could be aggregated together to represent a majority of revenue within a reportable segment.

F-49

The following table presents various financial information for each reportable segment for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Ashland Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries
Reportable Segment Information
Years Ended September 30
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Sales
Life Sciences	$	869		$	815		$	737
Personal Care		598			678			592
Specialty Additives		600			719			655
Intermediates		185			256			178
Intersegment sales (a)		(61	)		(77	)		(51	)
	$	2,191		$	2,391		$	2,111
Equity income
Life Sciences	$	—		$	—		$	—
Personal Care		1			1			—
Specialty Additives		—			—			—
Intermediates		—			—			—
	$	1		$	1		$	—
Other income
Life Sciences	$	—		$	—		$	—
Personal Care		—			—			2
Specialty Additives		—			—			—
Intermediates		—			—			—
Unallocated and Other		6			2			7
	$	6		$	2		$	9
Equity and other income	$	7		$	3		$	9
Operating income (loss)
Life Sciences	$	172		$	155		$	130
Personal Care (b)		52			102			73
Specialty Additives (b)		10			103			61
Intermediates		50			87			35
Unallocated and Other (b)		(112	)		(114	)		(107	)
	$	172		$	333		$	192

F-50

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Depreciation expense
Life Sciences	$	41		$	35		$	36
Personal Care		38			37			39
Specialty Additives		58			63			66
Intermediates		13			12			12
Unallocated and Other		—			—			1
	$	150		$	147		$	154
Amortization expense
Life Sciences	$	28		$	28		$	28
Personal Care		47			47			42
Specialty Additives		18			18			19
Intermediates		—			1			1
Unallocated and Other		—			—			—
	$	93		$	94		$	90
EBITDA (c)
Life Sciences	$	241		$	218		$	194
Personal Care		137			186			154
Specialty Additives		86			184			146
Intermediates		63			100			48
Unallocated and Other		(112	)		(114	)		(106	)
	$	415		$	574		$	436
Additions to property, plant and equipment
Life Sciences	$	46		$	28		$	27
Personal Care		20			14			7
Specialty Additives		99			61			67
Intermediates		3			7			2
Unallocated and Other		2			3			2
	$	170		$	113		$	105

(In millions)	2023		2022
Assets
Life Sciences	$	1,904	$	1,905
Personal Care		1,004		1,073
Specialty Additives		1,580		1,567
Intermediates		136		170
Unallocated and Other		1,315		1,498
	$	5,939	$	6,213
Property, plant and equipment - net
Life Sciences	$	419	$	422
Personal Care		160		153
Specialty Additives		642		603
Intermediates		47		56
Unallocated and Other		105		104
	$	1,373	$	1,338

(a)Intersegment sales from Intermediates are accounted for at prices that approximate fair value. All other intersegment sales are accounted for at cost.

(b)Includes income on acquisitions and divestitures, net for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021 within Unallocated and Other. Includes a $4 million impairment charge related to a Specialty Additives facility in 2023. Includes a fixed asset impairment of $3 million related to Personal Care and a capital project impairment of $10 million related to Specialty Additives in 2021.

(c)Excludes income from discontinued operations and other net periodic benefit loss (income). See the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for applicable amounts excluded.

F-51

NOTE R – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On October 19, 2023, Ashland entered, through an Ireland based, wholly-owned, bankruptcy-remote consolidated special purpose entity (SPE), into a three-year agreement with a group of entities (buyers) to sell certain trade receivables, without recourse beyond the pledged receivables, of certain wholly-owned Ashland subsidiaries (foreign accounts receivable sales program) in Europe. Under the agreement, Ashland can transfer whole receivables up to a limit established by the buyer, which is currently set at €125 million. Ashland’s continuing involvement is limited to servicing the receivables, including billing, collections and remittance of payments to the buyers as well as a limited guarantee on over-collateralization.

Ashland determined that any receivables transferred under this agreement are put presumptively beyond the reach of Ashland and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership. Ashland received true sale at law and non-consolidation opinions from independent qualified legal advisors in the jurisdiction of each originating subsidiary to support the legal isolation of these receivables. Consequently, Ashland will account for receivables transferred to buyers as part of this agreement as sales.

In addition, the 2018 foreign accounts receivable securitization was not extended in October 2023 with the initiation of the foreign accounts receivable sales program.

F-52

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F-53

EX-21

EXHIBIT 21

LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES

Subsidiaries of Ashland Inc. (“Ashland”) at September 30, 2023, included the companies listed below.

Company	Jurisdiction of Incorporation
565 Corporation	Delaware
Alera Technologies, Inc.	Delaware
Alix Technologies LLC	Delaware
Aloe Vemera, S.P.R de R.L. de C.V.	Mexico
Ash B5 Limited	Bermuda
Ash GH One Inc.	Delaware
Ash GH Switzerland GmbH	Switzerland
Ash Global Holdings Two B.V.	Netherlands
ASH GP INC.	Delaware
Ash Junior Global Holding One LLC	Delaware
Ash Junior Global Holding Two LLC	Delaware
Ash Swiss Holding Two GmbH	Switzerland
Ashland (Australasia) Pty. Limited	Australia
Ashland (China) Holdings Co., Ltd.	CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
Ashland (Gibraltar) One Holding, Inc.	Delaware
Ashland (Thailand) Co., Ltd	Thailand
Ashland Argentina S.R.L.	Argentina
Ashland Canada Corp./Corporation Ashland Canada	Province of Nova Scotia
Ashland Canada Holdings B. V.	Netherlands
Ashland Chemical De Mexico S.A. De C.V.	Mexico
Ashland Chemical Trading (Shanghai) Company Limited	CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
Ashland Chemicals (Nanjing) Company Limited	CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
Ashland Colombia S.A.S.	Colombia
Ashland Comercio de Especialidades Quimicas do Brasil Ltda.	Brazil
Ashland CZ s.r.o.	Czech Republic
Ashland Eastern Markets LLC	Russian Federation
Ashland Ethanol, Inc.	Delaware
Ashland Finance Limited	Bermuda
Ashland Inc.	Delaware
Ashland India Private Limited	India
Ashland Industria de Ingredientes do Brasil Ltda.	Brazil
Ashland Industries Deutschland GmbH	Germany
Ashland Industries Europe GmbH	Switzerland
Ashland Industries France SAS	France
Ashland Industries Italia S.r.l.	Italy
Ashland Industries Nederland B.V.	Netherlands
Ashland Ingredients Poland Sp. z o.o.	Poland

Company	Jurisdiction of Incorporation
Ashland Italia S.r.l.	Italy
Ashland Japan Ltd.	Japan
Ashland Licensing and Intellectual Property LLC	Delaware
Ashland Mexico Holdings One S. de R.L. de C.V.	Mexico
Ashland Mexico Holdings Two S. de R.L. de C.V.	Mexico
Ashland Nigeria Exploration Unlimited	Nigeria
Ashland Oil (Nigeria) Company Unlimited	Nigeria
Ashland Oil, Inc.	Kentucky
Ashland Pharmachem International Holdings LLC	Delaware
Ashland Services B. V.	Netherlands
Ashland Services Mexico, S.A. de C.V.	Mexico
Ashland Singapore Pte. Ltd.	Singapore
Ashland Spain Real Estate Holdings, S.L.	Spain
Ashland Specialties Austria GmbH	Austria
Ashland Specialties Belgium BVBA	Belgium
Ashland Specialties Chemicals Commerce Limited	Turkey
Ashland Specialties Deutschland GmbH	Germany
Ashland Specialties France S.a.r.l.	France
Ashland Specialties Hispania S.L.	Spain
Ashland Specialties Ireland Limited	Ireland
Ashland Specialties (Shanghai) Co. Ltd	CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
Ashland Specialties Sverige AB	Sweden
Ashland Specialties UK Limited	United Kingdom
Ashland Specialties Chemical (Signapore) PTE LTD	Singapore
Ashland Specialty Chemical Korea Co., Ltd.	Korea, Republic of
Ashland Specialty Chemicals (Malaysia) SDN BHD	Malaysia
Ashland Specialty Ingredients G.P.	Delaware
Ashland-Alaskan, Limited	Alaska
Ashland-Plasticos De Portugal, Lda.	Portugal
Ashmont Insurance Company, Inc.	Vermont
Ashprop Two LLC	Delaware
Avoca LLC	North Carolina
Belleville Realty Corp.	Delaware
Blazer Properties LLC	Delaware
Bluegrass Insurance Company Limited	Bermuda
CLTA LLC	Delaware
Curtis Bay Insurance Co. Ltd	Bermuda
CVG Capital III LLC	Delaware
East Bay Realty Services, Inc.	Delaware
FJR, Inc.	Georgia
Hercofina	Delaware
Hercules Holding BV BVBA	Belgium
Hercules Hydrocarbon Holdings, Inc.	Delaware

Company	Jurisdiction of Incorporation
Hercules International Limited, LLC	Delaware
Hercules Investment ApS	Denmark
Hercules Investments Netherlands B.V.	Netherlands
Hercules Islands Corporation	VIRGIN ISLANDS (US)
Hercules LLC	Delaware
Hercules Paper Holdings, Inc.	Delaware
Hercules Trading (Shanghai) Company Limited	CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
International Specialty Holdings LLC	Delaware
International Specialty Products (India) Private Limited	India
International Specialty Products Funding Corporation	Delaware
International Specialty Products Inc.	Delaware
ISP (Belgium) International N. V.	Belgium
ISP Alginates Inc.	Delaware
ISP Canada Corp.	Province of Nova Scotia
ISP Capital LLC	Delaware
ISP Chemco LLC	Delaware
ISP Chemical Products LLC	Delaware
ISP Chemicals LLC	Delaware
ISP Environmental Services Inc.	Delaware
ISP France Holding SARL	France
ISP France Marketing SARL	France
ISP Freetown Fine Chemicals Inc.	Delaware
ISP Freight Services N. V.	Belgium
ISP Global Technologies Deutschland Unterstutzungskasse GmbH	Germany
ISP Global Technologies Inc.	Delaware
ISP Global Technologies LLC	Delaware
ISP HC Limited	Cyprus
ISP Holdings (U.K.) Ltd.	United Kingdom
ISP International Corp.	Delaware
ISP Investments LLC	Delaware
ISP Lima LLC	Delaware
ISP Luxembourg Canada S.a.r.l.	Luxembourg
ISP Management Company, Inc.	Delaware
ISP Microcaps (U.K.) Limited	United Kingdom
ISP Pharma Systems LLC	Delaware
ISP Real Estate Company, Inc.	Delaware
ISP Singapore Holding LLC	Delaware
ISP Technologies Inc.	Delaware
ISP Technologies LLC	Delaware
Pakistan Gum Industries (Private) Limited	Pakistan
Pharmachem Laboratories LLC	Delaware
Pharmachem Laboratories Utah, LLC	Utah
Progiven S.A.S.	France

Company	Jurisdiction of Incorporation
Proprietary Nutritionals LLC	Delaware
PT Ashland Asia	Indonesia
PT. Ashland Specialty Chemicals Indonesia	Indonesia
Ralop, S. de R.L. de C.V.	Mexico
Shanghai Ashland Chemical Technology Development Co., Ltd.	CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
St Croix Petrochemical Corp	VIRGIN ISLANDS (US)
Taiwan Ashland Co., Ltd.	TAIWAN
Techwax Limited	United Kingdom
Tri-State Growth Capital Fund I, L.P.	Delaware
Vemera, S. de R.L. de C.V.	Mexico
WSP LLC	Delaware

EX-23.1

EXHIBIT 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:

1.Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-131792-01) pertaining to the 2006 Ashland Inc. Incentive Plan,

2.Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-172019-01 and 333-186408-01) pertaining to the Amended and Restated 2011 Ashland Inc. Incentive Plan,

3.Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-201895-01) pertaining to the Amended and Restated 2015 Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Incentive Plan,

4.Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-222841) pertaining to the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan and the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan,

5.Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 33-62091-01) pertaining to the Ashland Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan,

6.Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 33-52125-01) pertaining to the Ashland Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (Formerly known as Ashland Oil, Inc. Deferred Compensation and Stock Incentive Plan for Non-Employee Directors),

7.Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-122269-01) pertaining to the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Employees (2005),

8.Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-122270-01) pertaining to the Ashland Global Holdings Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (2005),

9.Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 33-32612-100, 333-157040-01 and 333-203840-01) pertaining to the Ashland Employee Savings Plan,

10.Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-155396-01 and 333-203840-01) pertaining to the Ashland Union Employee Savings Plan (Formerly known as the Hercules Incorporated Savings and Investment Plan),

11.Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-184109-01 and 333-203840-01) pertaining to the Ashland Inc. Employee Savings Plan, International Specialty Products Inc. 401(k) Plan, and Ashland Inc. Union Employee Savings Plan,

12.Registration Statement on Form S-3ASR (No. 333-214069) of Ashland Global Holdings Inc.,

13.Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-215077) pertaining to the Amended and Restated Ashland Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Employees (2005) and the Amended and Restated Ashland Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (2005);

of our reports dated November 17, 2023, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Ashland Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Ashland Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Ashland Inc. for the year ended September 30, 2023.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Grandview Heights, Ohio

November 17, 2023

EX-23.2

Exhibit 23.2

CONSENT OF GNARUS ADVISORS LLC

We hereby consent to being named in Ashland Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2023 in the form and context in which we are named. We do not authorize or cause the filing of such Annual Report and do not make or purport to make any statement other than as reflected in the Annual Report.

/s/ Jessica B. Horewitz

Gnarus Advisors LLC

November 17, 2023

EX-24

EXHIBIT 24

POWER OF ATTORNEY

Each of the undersigned Directors and Officers of ASHLAND INC., a Delaware corporation (the “Corporation”), which anticipates filing an Annual Report on Form 10-K with the Securities and Exchange Commission, under the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, hereby constitute and appoint GUILLERMO NOVO and ROBIN LAMPKIN, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power to act without the others to sign and file such Annual Report and the exhibits thereto and any and all other documents in connection therewith, and any such amendments thereto, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and to do and perform any and all acts and things requisite and necessary to be done in connection with the foregoing as fully as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Dated: November 17, 2023

/s/ Guillermo Novo	/s/ Jay V. Ihlenfeld
Guillermo Novo, Chair of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)	Jay V. Ihlenfeld, Director
/s/ J. Kevin Willis	/s/ Wetteny Joseph
J. Kevin Willis, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)	Susan L. Main, Director
/s/ Eric N. Boni	/s/ Susan L. Main
Eric N. Boni, Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)	Wetteny Joseph, Director
/s/ Steven D. Bishop	s/ Sergio Pedreiro
Steven D. Bishop, Director	Sergio Pedreiro, Director
/s/ Sanat Chattopadhyay	/s/ Jerome A. Peribere
Sanat Chattopadhyay, Director	Jerome A. Peribere, Director
/s/ Brendan M. Cummins	/s/ Janice J. Teal
Brendan M. Cummins, Director	Janice J. Teal, Director
/s/ Suzan F. Harrison
Suzan F. Harrison, Director

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Guillermo Novo, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Ashland Inc.;
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the Audit Committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 17, 2023

/s/ Guillermo Novo

Guillermo Novo

Chair and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, J. Kevin Willis, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Ashland Inc.;
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the Audit Committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 17, 2023

/s/ J. Kevin Willis

J. Kevin Willis

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32

Exhibit 32

ASHLAND INC.

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Ashland Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ended September 30, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), each of the undersigned, Guillermo Novo, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and J. Kevin Willis, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2)	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ Guillermo Novo

Guillermo Novo

Chief Executive Officer

November 17, 2023

/s/ J. Kevin Willis

J. Kevin Willis

Chief Financial Officer

November 17, 2023

EX-97

EXHIBIT 97

DODD-FRANK COMPENSATION RECOUPMENT POLICY

The purpose of this Dodd-Frank Compensation Recoupment Policy, which has been adopted by the Board of Directors of Ashland Inc., is to describe the circumstances in which Executive Officers will be required to repay or return Excess Incentive-Based Compensation to Ashland Inc. (the “Company”). It is the intention of the Board of Directors that this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy be interpreted and administered by the Compensation Committee in a manner consistent with applicable laws and regulations and Securities Exchange listing requirements, including without limitation Section 954 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, Rule 10D-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and Section 303A.14 of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual. This Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy applies to awards of Incentive-Based Compensation received on or after the Effective Date by Executive Officers of the Company. The prior Executive Compensation Recovery Policy shall apply to awards of Incentive-Based Compensation received before the Effective Date.

Definitions

“Board” means the Board of Directors of the Company.

“Committee” means the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company.

“Company” means Ashland, Inc.

“Effective Date” means October 2, 2023

“Executive Officer” means the Company’s president, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer (or if there is no such accounting officer, the controller), any vice president of the Company in charge of a principal business unit, division, or function (such as sales, administration, or finance), any other officer who performs a policy-making function, or any other person who performs similar policymaking functions for the Company.

“Excess Incentive-Based Compensation” means the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation received by a current or former Executive Officer that exceeds the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation that otherwise would have been received had the amount of such Incentive-Based Compensation been determined based on the accounting restatement, computed without regard to taxes paid by the Executive Officer. For Incentive-Based Compensation based on stock price or total shareholder return, where the amount of Excess Incentive-Based Compensation is not subject to mathematical recalculation directly from the information in an accounting restatement, Excess Incentive-Based Compensation means a reasonable estimate of the effect of the accounting restatement on the applicable Financial Reporting Measure. The Committee must maintain documentation of the determination of such reasonable estimate and provide such documentation to the Securities Exchange.

“Financial Reporting Measure” means any measure that is determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used to preparing the Company’s financial statements, and any measures that are derived wholly or in part from such measures. “Stock price” and “total shareholder return” metrics are also Financial Reporting Measures. For the avoidance of doubt, a

Financial Reporting Measure need not be presented in the Company’s financial statements or included in a filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Incentive-Based Compensation” means any compensation that is granted, earned, or vested based wholly or in part upon the attainment of a Financial Reporting Measure.

“Lookback Period” means the three-year period preceding the date on which the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement. For purposes of this definition, the date on which the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement shall be deemed to be the earlier of (i) the date the Company’s Board, a committee of the Board, or the officer(s) of the Company authorized to take such action (if Board action is not required) concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement; and (ii) the date a court, regulator, or other legally authorized body directs the Company to prepare an accounting restatement.

“Securities Exchange” means the securities exchange upon which the Company’s Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, trades.

Recoupment for an Accounting Restatement

The Company shall recover reasonably promptly any Excess Incentive-Based Compensation in the event that the Company is required to restate its financial statements due to the material noncompliance of the Company with any financial reporting requirement under the federal securities laws, including any required accounting restatement to correct an error (i) in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements or (ii) that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period. The preceding sentence shall apply to Excess Incentive-Based Compensation received by any current or former Executive Officer: (a) after beginning service as an Executive Officer; (b) who served as an Executive Officer at any time during the performance period for the applicable Incentive-Based Compensation; (c) while the Company has a class of securities listed on a national securities exchange or a national securities association; and (d) during the Lookback Period. For purposes of this paragraph, Incentive-Based Compensation is deemed “received” in the Company’s fiscal period during which the Financial Reporting Measure specified in the Incentive-Based Compensation is attained, even if the payment or grant of the Incentive-Based Compensation occurs after the end of that period.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Committee makes a determination that recovery would be impracticable, and one of the following enumerated conditions is satisfied, the Company need not recover such Excess Incentive-Based Compensation.

•Expenses Exceed Recovery Amount: The Company need not recover the Excess Incentive-Based Compensation at issue if the direct expense to be paid to a third party to assist in enforcing this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy would exceed the amount to be recovered; provided, however, that the Company must make a reasonable attempt to recover the Excess Incentive-Based Compensation and document such attempt(s) prior to the Committee’s determination that recovery would be impracticable. The Company must provide the documentation evidencing the attempt(s) to the Securities Exchange consistent with the listing standards of the Securities Exchange.

2

•Recovery Would Violate Home Country Law: The Company need not recover the Excess Incentive-Based Compensation at issue if recovery would violate home country law where that law was adopted prior to November 28, 2022; provided, however, that the Company must obtain an opinion of home country counsel, in a form acceptable to the Securities Exchange, that recovery would result in such violation. The Company must provide the opinion to the Securities Exchange consistent with the listing standards of the Securities Exchange.

•Recovery Would Violate ERISA Anti-Alienation Provisions: The Company need not recover the Excess Incentive-Based Compensation at issue if recovery would violate the anti-alienation provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, contained in 26 U.S.C. § 401(a)(13) or 26 U.S.C. § 411(a), or regulations promulgated thereunder.

Method of Recoupment

The Committee shall have the sole discretion and authority to determine the means, timing (which shall in all circumstances be reasonably prompt) and any other requirements by which any recoupment required by this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy shall occur and impose any other terms, conditions or procedures (e.g., the imposition of interest charges on un-repaid amounts) to govern the current or former Executive Officer’s repayment of Excess Incentive-Based Compensation. Such methods for recoupment may include, without limitation, (i) seeking reimbursement of all or part of any cash or equity-based award, (ii) cancelling prior cash or equity-based awards, whether vested or unvested or paid or unpaid, (iii) cancelling or offsetting against any planned future cash or equity-based awards, (iv) forfeiture of deferred compensation, subject to compliance with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code and the regulations promulgated thereunder, and (v) any other method authorized by applicable law or contract. Subject to compliance with any applicable law, the Committee may affect recovery under this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy from any amount otherwise payable to the Executive Officer, including amounts payable to such individual under any otherwise applicable Company plan or program, including base salary, bonuses or commissions and compensation previously deferred by the Executive Officer.

Other Policy Terms

Any applicable award agreement, plan or other document setting forth the terms and conditions of any Incentive-Based Compensation covered by this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy shall be deemed to (i) incorporate this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy by reference; and (ii) be governed by the terms of this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy in the event of any inconsistency with the terms of the Incentive-Based Compensation. Acceptance of any Incentive-Based Compensation shall be deemed to include acceptance of this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy.

Any recoupment under this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other remedies or rights that may be available to the Company or its affiliates under applicable law, including, without limitation: (i) dismissing the current or former Executive Officer; (ii) adjusting the future compensation of the current or former Executive Officer; or (iii) authorizing legal action or taking such other action to enforce the current or former Executive Officer’s

3

obligations to the Company or its affiliates as it may deem appropriate in view of all of the facts and circumstances surrounding the particular case.

Incentive-Based Compensation and other compensation paid to employees of the Company and its affiliates may also be subject to other recoupment or similar policies, and this policy does not supersede any such other policies. However, in the event of any conflict between any such policy and this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy, this policy shall govern. In addition, no Executive Officer shall be subject to recoupment more than one time with respect to the same compensation.

Notwithstanding the terms of any indemnification or insurance policy for any Executive Officer, or any contractual arrangement between the Company and any Executive Officer that may be interpreted to the contrary, the Company shall not indemnify any Executive Officer against the loss of any amounts subject to recoupment pursuant to this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy, including any payment or reimbursement for the cost of third-party insurance purchased by any Executive Officer to fund potential recoupment obligations under this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy.

Administration

The Board has delegated the administration of this policy to the Committee. The Committee is responsible for monitoring the application of this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy with respect to all Executive Officers. The Committee shall have the sole authority to review, interpret, construe, and implement the provisions of this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy and to delegate to one or more executive officers and/or employees, certain administrative and record-keeping responsibilities, as appropriate, with respect to the implementation of this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy; provided, however, that no such action shall contravene the federal securities laws. Any determinations of the Board or Committee under this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy shall be binding on the applicable individual.

The Committee may amend, modify, or change this Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy, as well as any related rules and procedures, at any time and from time to time as it may determine, in its sole discretion, is necessary or appropriate.

4

 

DODD-FRANK COMPENSATION RECOUPMENT POLICY

CONFIRMATION OF RECEIPT

I understand that Ashland Inc. has adopted the Dodd-Frank Compensation Recoupment Policy which will be interpreted and administered by the Compensation Committee in a manner consistent with applicable laws and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Listed Company Manual of the New York Stock Exchange. This Dodd-Frank Recoupment Policy applies to awards of Incentive-Based Compensation received on or after the Effective Date by Executive Officers of the Company. The prior Executive Compensation Recovery Policy shall apply to awards of Incentive-Based Compensation received before the Effective Date.

I hereby acknowledge that I have received said policy and agree that it applies to myself as an Executive Officer of Ashland, Inc. and have been able to resolve any questions regarding the same with the General Counsel of Ashland.

Executed this _________ day of ___________________, 20 ___.

Signature_______________________________

Print Name: ____________________________

Received and accepted by the Company on this _____ day of ________________, 20 ___.

Name:_________________________________

Title:__________________________________

5

XML

Document And Entity Information - USD ($)
$ in Billions

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Oct. 31, 2023

Mar. 31, 2023

Cover [Abstract]

Entity Registrant Name

ASHLAND INC.

Entity Central Index Key

0001674862

Current Fiscal Year End Date

--09-30

Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer

Yes

Entity Voluntary Filers

No

Entity Current Reporting Status

Yes

Entity Interactive Data Current

Yes

ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag

true

Entity Filer Category

Large Accelerated Filer

Entity Small Business

false

Entity Emerging Growth Company

false

Entity Shell Company

false

Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]

false

Entity Public Float

$ 5.4

Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding

51,259,852

Document Fiscal Year Focus

2023

Document Fiscal Period Focus

FY

Trading Symbol

ASH

Document Type

10-K

Amendment Flag

false

Document Period End Date

Sep. 30, 2023

Title of 12(b) Security

Common Stock, par value $.01 per share

Security Exchange Name

NYSE

Entity File Number

333-211719

Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code

DE

Entity Tax Identification Number

81-2587835

Entity Address, Address Line One

8145 Blazer Drive

Entity Address, City or Town

Wilmington

Entity Address, State or Province

DE

Entity Address, Postal Zip Code

19808

City Area Code

302

Local Phone Number

995-3000

Document Annual Report

true

Document Transition Report

false

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Portions of Registrant’s Proxy Statement (Proxy Statement) for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent described herein.

Auditor Name

Ernst & Young LLP

Auditor Location

Grandview Heights, Ohio

Auditor Firm ID

42

XML

Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Sales	$ 2,191	$ 2,391	$ 2,111
Cost of sales	1,523	1,561	1,441
Gross profit	668	830	670
Selling, general and administrative expense	365	393	358
Research and development expense	51	55	50
Intangibles amortization expense - Note G	93	94	90
Equity and other income	7	3	9
Income on acquisitions and divestitures, net - Note B	6	42	11
Operating income	172	333	192
Net interest and other expense - Note H	6	149	56
Other net periodic benefit loss (income) - Note L	(6)	22	(1)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	160	206	135
Income tax expense (benefit) - Note K	(8)	25	(38)
Income from continuing operations	168	181	173
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes - Note C	10	746	47
Net income	$ 178	$ 927	$ 220
Basic earnings per share
Income from continuing operations	$ 3.18	$ 3.26	$ 2.85
Income from discontinued operations	0.18	13.45	0.78
Net income	3.36	16.71	3.63
Diluted earnings per share
Income from continuing operations	3.13	3.2	2.82
Income from discontinued operations	0.18	13.21	0.77
Net income	$ 3.31	$ 16.41	$ 3.59
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Net income	$ 178	$ 927	$ 220
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Unrealized translation gain (loss)	72	(197)	7
Unrealized gain (loss) on commodity hedges	(6)	(1)	4
Pension and postretirement obligation adjustment	0	1	0
Other comprehensive income (loss)	66	(197)	11
Comprehensive income	$ 244	$ 730	$ 231

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Millions		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$ 417	$ 646
Accounts receivable - Notes A and H	[1]	338	402
Inventories - Note A		626	629
Other assets		125	91
Total current assets		1,506	1,768
Property, plant and equipment - Note F
Cost		3,211	3,050
Accumulated depreciation		1,838	1,712
Net property, plant and equipment		1,373	1,338
Goodwill - Note G		1,362	1,312
Intangibles - Note G		886	963
Operating lease assets, net - Note J		122	107
Restricted investments - Note E		290	313
Asbestos insurance receivable - Notes A and M	[2]	127	138
Deferred income taxes - Note K		22	20
Other assets - Note I		251	254
Total noncurrent assets		4,433	4,445
Total assets		5,939	6,213
Current liabilities
Short-term debt		16	0
Current portion of long-term debt		0	0
Trade and other payables		210	265
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		208	269
Current operating lease obligations - Note J		22	19
Total current liabilities		456	553
Noncurrent liabilities
Long-term debt (less debt issuance costs)		1,314	1,270
Asbestos litigation reserve - Note M		427	472
Deferred income taxes - Note K		148	176
Employee benefit obligations - Note L		100	103
Operating lease obligations - Note J		106	94
Other liabilities - Note I		291	325
Total noncurrent liabilities		2,386	2,440
Commitments and contingencies - Notes J and M
Equity - Notes N and O
Common stock, par value $.01 per share, 200 million shares authorized Issued 51 million and 54 million shares in 2023 and 2022		1	1
Paid-in capital		4	135
Retained earnings		3,595	3,653
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(503)	(569)
Total equity		3,097	3,220
Total liabilities and equity		$ 5,939	$ 6,213

[1] Accounts receivable includes an allowance for credit losses of $3 million and $4 million at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

[2] Asbestos insurance receivable includes an allowance for credit losses of $2 million and $3 million at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Current assets
Allowance for credit losses on Accounts receivables	$ 3	$ 4
Noncurrent assets
Allowance for credit losses on Asbestos insurance receivable	$ 2	$ 3
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock, shares authorized	200,000,000	200,000,000
Common stock, par value per share (usd per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares issued	51,000,000	54,000,000

XML

Statements of Consolidated Equity - USD ($) $ in Millions		Total	Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]	[5]	Common stock [Member]	Paid-in capital [Member]	Retained earnings [Member]	Retained earnings [Member] Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]	[5]	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) [Member]	[1]
Balance at Sep. 30, 2020		$ 3,036			$ 1	$ 769	$ 2,649			$ (383)
Accounting Standards Update [Extensible List]		Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 [Member]
Total comprehensive income (loss)
Net income		$ 220					220
Other comprehensive income (loss)		11								11
Dividends		(71)					(71)
Compensation expense and common shares issued under stock incentive and other plans	[2],[3]	8				8
Repurchase of common stock	[4]	(450)				(450)
Balance at Sep. 30, 2021		2,752	$ (2)		1	327	2,796	$ (2)		(372)
Total comprehensive income (loss)
Net income		927					927
Other comprehensive income (loss)		(197)								(197)
Dividends		(70)					(70)
Compensation expense and common shares issued under stock incentive and other plans	[2],[3]	8				8
Repurchase of common stock	[4]	(200)				(200)
Balance at Sep. 30, 2022		3,220			1	135	3,653			(569)
Total comprehensive income (loss)
Net income		178					178
Other comprehensive income (loss)		66								66
Dividends		(76)					(76)
Compensation expense and common shares issued under stock incentive and other plans	[2],[3]	12				12
Repurchase of common stock	[4],[6]	(303)				(143)	(160)
Balance at Sep. 30, 2023		$ 3,097			$ 1	$ 4	$ 3,595			$ (503)

[1] At September 30, 2023 and 2022, the net of tax accumulated other comprehensive loss of $503 million and $569 million, respectively, was comprised of net unrealized translation losses of $499 million and $571 million, respectively, unrecognized prior service costs as a result of certain employee benefit plan amendments of $1 million and $1 million, respectively, and unrealized losses on commodity hedges of $3 million and unrealized gains on commodity hedges of $3 million, respectively.

[2] Common shares issued were 193,767, 168,270, and 183,281 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

[3] Includes income tax expense resulting from the exercise of stock appreciation rights of zero in 2023 and 2022 and $1 million in 2021. Also includes a benefit of $11 million, $9 million and $7 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, for stock based compensation employee withholding taxes paid in cash.

[4] Common shares repurchased were 3,082,928, 2,853,312, and 3,922,423 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

[5] Represents the cumulative-effect adjustment related to the adoption of the new guidance related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments during fiscal 2021. See Note A for more information.

[6] Includes $3 million of accrued excise taxes on stock repurchases for 2023.

XML

Statements of Consolidated Equity (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Dividend per common share	$ 0.385	$ 0.335	$ 1.44	$ 1.27	$ 1.15
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax	$ 503	$ 569	$ 503	$ 569
Unrecognized prior service costs	1	1	1	1
Net unrealized translation loss	499	571	499	571
Unrealized gains on commodity hedges	$ (3)	$ 3	(3)	3
Income tax benefits resulting from the exercise of stock options			0	0	$ 1
Benefit from stock based compensation employee withholding taxes paid			$ 11	$ 9	$ 7
Common shares issued (in shares)			193,767	168,270	183,281
Common shares repurchased (in shares)			3,082,928	2,853,312	3,922,423
Excise taxes on stock repurchase accrued			$ 3

XML

Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Cash flows provided (used) by operating activities from continuing operations
Net income		$ 178	$ 927	$ 220
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(10)	(746)	(47)
Adjustments to reconcile income from continuing operations to cash flows from operating activities
Depreciation and amortization		243	241	244
Original issue discount and debt issuance cost amortization		6	7	7
Deferred income taxes		(32)	(35)	(26)
Distributions from equity affiliates		0	0	1
Gain from sales of property and equipment		(1)	0	(4)
Stock based compensation expense - Note O		22	18	15
Excess tax benefits on stock based compensation		2	1	2
Loss on early retirement of debt		0	0	16
Loss (income) from restricted investments		(43)	86	(33)
Income on acquisitions and divestitures, net - Notes B		(7)	(42)	(15)
Asset impairments		4	0	13
Pension contributions		(8)	(5)	(8)
Loss (gain) on pension and other postretirement plan remeasurements		(2)	(22)	1
Change in operating assets and liabilities	[1]	(58)	(237)	80
Total cash flows provided by operating activities from continuing operations		294	193	466
Cash flows provided (used) by investing activities from continuing operations
Additions to property, plant and equipment		(170)	(113)	(105)
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment		11	51	5
Purchase of operations - net of cash acquired		0	0	(309)
Proceeds from sale or restructuring of operations		0	0	14
Proceeds from settlement of company-owned life insurance contracts		6	3	91
Company-owned life insurance payments		(5)	(4)	(6)
Funds restricted for specific transactions		(9)	(74)	(91)
Reimbursement from restricted investments		58	35	33
Proceeds from sale of securities		47	87	149
Purchase of securities		(47)	(87)	(149)
Proceeds from the settlement of derivative instruments		0	0	1
Total cash flows used by investing activities from continuing operations		(109)	(102)	(367)
Cash flows provided (used) by financing activities from continuing operations
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt		0	0	450
Repayment of long-term debt		0	(250)	(411)
Premium on long-term debt repayment		0	0	(16)
Proceeds from (repayment of) short-term debt		16	(365)	84
Repurchase of common stock		(300)	(200)	(450)
Debt issuance costs		0	(2)	(6)
Cash dividends paid		(76)	(70)	(70)
Stock based compensation employee withholding taxes paid in cash		(11)	(9)	(7)
Total cash flows used by financing activities from continuing operations		(371)	(896)	(426)
Cash used by continuing operations		(186)	(805)	(327)
Cash provided (used) by discontinued operations
Operating cash flows		(51)	(406)	94
Investing cash flows		0	1,658	(14)
Total cash provided (used) by discontinued operations		(51)	1,252	80
Effect of currency exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		8	(11)	3
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(229)	436	(244)
Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of year		646	210	454
Cash and cash equivalents - end of year		417	646	210
Changes in assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable		58	(23)	72
Inventories		(7)	(141)	41
Trade and other payables		(112)	34	3
Other assets and liabilities		3	(107)	(36)
Change in operating assets and liabilities	[1]	(58)	(237)	80
Supplemental disclosures
Interest paid		53	56	62
Income taxes paid (including discontinued operations)		$ 63	$ 406	$ 1

[1] Excludes changes resulting from operations acquired or sold.

XML

Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Significant Accounting Policies

NOTE A – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of consolidation and basis of presentation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulations. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Ashland Inc. (Ashland) and its majority owned subsidiaries and, when applicable, entities for which Ashland has a controlling financial interest or is the primary beneficiary. Investments in joint ventures and 20% to 50% owned affiliates where Ashland has the ability to exert significant influence are accounted for under the equity method. Ashland has no significant equity method investments as of September 30, 2023. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Ashland is comprised of the following reportable segments: Life Sciences, Personal Care, Specialty Additives and Intermediates. Unallocated and Other includes corporate governance activities and certain legacy matters. See Note Q for more information.

Use of estimates, risks and uncertainties

The preparation of Ashland’s Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Significant items that are subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, environmental remediation, asbestos litigation, the accounting for goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets and income taxes. Although management bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, actual results could differ significantly from the estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Ashland’s results are affected by domestic and international economic, political, legislative, regulatory and legal actions. Economic conditions, such as recessionary trends, inflation, interest and monetary exchange rates, government fiscal policies and changes in the prices of certain key raw materials, can have a significant effect on operations. While Ashland maintains reserves for anticipated liabilities and carries various levels of insurance, Ashland could be affected by civil, criminal, regulatory or administrative actions, claims or proceedings relating to asbestos, environmental remediation, income taxes or other matters.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and highly liquid investments maturing within three months after purchase.

Allowance for credit losses on accounts receivable

Ashland records an allowance for credit losses using the expected credit loss model. Ashland estimates expected credit losses based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. When measuring expected credit losses, Ashland pools assets with similar country risk and credit risk characteristics. Each period the allowance for credit losses is adjusted through earnings to reflect expected credit losses over the remaining lives of the assets. No significant credit losses were incurred in 2023, 2022 and 2021.

A progression of activity in the allowance for credit losses is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Allowance for credit losses - beginning of year	$	4		$	3		$	3
Adjustments to allowances for credit losses		1			2			1
Reserves utilized		(2	)		(1	)		(1	)
Allowance for credit losses - end of year	$	3		$	4		$	3

Inventories

Inventories are carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories are stated at cost using the weighted-average cost method. This method values inventories using average costs for raw materials and most recent production costs for labor and overhead.

The following summarizes Ashland’s inventories as of the Consolidated Balance Sheet dates.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Finished products	$	390	$	391
Raw materials, supplies and work in process		236		238
	$	626	$	629

A progression of activity in the inventory reserves for obsolete and slow moving inventories, which reduce the amounts of finished products and raw materials, supplies and work in process reported, is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Inventory reserves - beginning of year	$	13		$	13		$	16
Adjustments to inventory reserves		11			3			2
Reserves utilized		(3	)		(3	)		(5	)
Inventory reserves - end of year	$	21		$	13		$	13

Property, plant and equipment

The cost of property, plant and equipment is depreciated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Buildings are depreciated principally over 12 to 35 years and machinery and equipment principally over 2 to 25 years. Such costs are periodically reviewed for recoverability when impairment indicators are present. Such indicators include, among other factors, operating losses, unused capacity, market value declines and technological obsolescence. Recorded values of asset groups of property, plant and equipment that are not expected to be recovered through undiscounted future net cash flows are written down to current fair value, which generally is determined from estimated discounted future net cash flows (assets held for use) or net realizable value (assets held for sale). See Note F for additional information related to property, plant and equipment.

Leasing arrangements

Ashland determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception based on whether or not it has the right to control the asset during the contract period and other facts and circumstances.

Operating lease right-of-use assets represent Ashland’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent Ashland’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease, both of which are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. Leases with a lease term of 12 months or less at inception are not recorded within the Consolidated Balance Sheet and are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). The lease term is determined by assuming the exercise of renewal options that are reasonably certain. As most leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, Ashland used its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. When contracts contain lease and non-lease components, Ashland generally accounts for both components as a single lease component. For additional information on leasing arrangements, see Note J.

Goodwill and other intangibles

Ashland tests goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually as of July 1 and when events and circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred. Ashland reviews goodwill for impairment based on its identified reporting units. Ashland determined that its reporting units are Life Sciences, Personal Care, Specialty Additives and Intermediates. Ashland tests goodwill for impairment by comparing the carrying value to the estimated fair value of its reporting units. If the fair value of the reporting unit is lower than its carrying amount, goodwill is written down for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. However, the loss recognized cannot exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.

Using the quantitative approach, Ashland makes various estimates and assumptions in determining the estimated fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of discounted cash flow models and valuations based on earnings multiples for guideline public companies in each reporting unit’s industry peer group, when externally quoted market prices are not readily available. Discounted cash flow models are

reliant on various assumptions, including projected business results, long-term growth factors and weighted-average cost of capital. Management judgment is involved in estimating these variables, and they include uncertainties since they are forecasting future events. Ashland performs sensitivity analyses by using a range of inputs to confirm the reasonableness of the long-term growth rate and weighted average cost of capital. Additionally, Ashland compares the indicated equity value to Ashland’s market capitalization and evaluates the resulting implied control premium/discount to determine if the estimated enterprise value is reasonable.

Ashland tests at least annually its indefinite-lived intangible assets, principally trademarks and trade names. If the carrying value of an individual indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, such individual indefinite-lived intangible asset is written down by an amount equal to such excess. Ashland performs a quantitative impairment test for the trademarks and trade names during which, trademarks and trade names are valued using a “relief-from-royalty” valuation method compared to the carrying value. Assumptions inherent in the valuation methodologies include, but are not limited to, such estimates as future projected business results, growth rates, the weighted-average cost of capital for a market participant, and royalty rates.

Finite-lived intangible assets principally consist of certain trademarks and trade names, intellectual property, and customer lists. These intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The cost of trademarks and trade names is amortized principally over 3 to 20 years, intellectual property over 3 to 20 years and customer and supplier relationships over 10 to 24 years. Ashland reviews finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Ashland monitors these changes and events on at least a quarterly basis. The intangibles amortization expense caption within the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) includes amortization expense related to trademarks and trade names, intellectual property and customer and supplier relationships. Intangible assets classified as finite are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. For further information on goodwill and other intangible assets, see Note G.

Derivative instruments

Ashland regularly uses derivative instruments to manage its exposure to fluctuations in foreign currencies and certain commodities. All derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and are measured at fair value. Changes in the fair value of all derivatives are recognized immediately in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) unless the derivative qualifies as a hedge of future cash flows or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. Gains and losses related to an instrument that qualifies for hedge accounting are either recognized in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) immediately to offset the gain or loss on the hedged item, or deferred and recorded in the stockholders’ equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently recognized in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) when the hedged item affects net income. For additional information on derivative instruments, see Note E.

Restricted investments

During 2015, Ashland placed $335 million of insurance proceeds into a renewable annual trust for asbestos (Asbestos trust) that Ashland determined is restricted for the purpose of paying ongoing and future litigation defense and claim settlement costs incurred in conjunction with asbestos claims. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the funds within the Asbestos trust had a balance of $243 million and $245 million, respectively, and were primarily invested in public equity, U.S. government bonds and investment grade corporate bond investments with a portion maintained in demand deposits. These funds are presented primarily as noncurrent assets within the restricted investments caption of the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with $37 million and $27 million classified within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

During 2021, Ashland established a renewable annual trust for environmental remediation (Environmental trust) that Ashland determined is restricted for ongoing and future environmental remediation and related litigation costs. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the funds within the Environmental trust had a balance of $124 million and $129 million, respectively, and were primarily invested in public equity, U.S. government bonds and investment grade corporate bond investments with a portion maintained in demand deposits. These funds are presented primarily as noncurrent assets within the restricted investments caption of the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with $40 million and $34 million classified within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The funds within these trusts are classified as investment securities reported at fair value. Interest income and gains and losses (realized and unrealized) on the investment securities are reported in the net interest and other expense caption in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). See Note E for additional information regarding the fair value of these investments within the trusts.

Revenue recognition

Ashland’s revenue is measured as the amount of consideration it expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods and is recognized when performance obligations are satisfied under the terms of contracts or purchase orders with customers. Ashland generally utilizes standardized language for the terms of contracts or purchase orders.

A performance obligation is deemed to be satisfied by Ashland when control of the product or service is transferred to the customer. The transaction price of a contract or purchase order, or the amount Ashland expects to receive upon satisfaction of all performance obligations, is determined by reference to the applicable terms. Ashland generally collects the cash from its customers within 60 days of the product delivery date. Sales and other similar taxes collected from customers on behalf of third parties are excluded from the contract price.

All of Ashland’s revenue is derived from contracts or purchase orders with customers, and nearly all contracts or purchase orders with customers contain a single performance obligation for the transfer of goods where such performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time. Control of a product is deemed to be transferred to the customer generally upon shipment or delivery. Costs for shipping and handling activities, whether performed before or after the customer obtains control of the goods, are accounted for as fulfillment costs when not reimbursed.

Costs incurred to obtain contracts with customers are not significant and are expensed immediately as the period of performance is generally one year or less. Ashland records credit losses in specific situations when it is determined that the customer is unable to meet its financial obligation.

Expense recognition

Cost of sales include material and production costs, as well as the costs of inbound and outbound freight, purchasing and receiving, inspection, warehousing, internal transfers and all other distribution network costs. Selling, general and administrative expense includes sales and marketing costs, advertising, customer support, environmental remediation, corporate and divisional administrative and other costs. Advertising costs ($2 million in 2023, $2 million in 2022 and $1 million in 2021) and research and development costs ($51 million in 2023, $55 million in 2022 and $50 million in 2021) are expensed as incurred.

Income taxes

Ashland is subject to income taxes in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. The provision for income taxes includes income taxes paid, currently payable or receivable, and deferred taxes. Ashland recognizes the income tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. Ashland evaluates and adjusts these accruals based on changing facts and circumstances. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences reverse. Deferred tax assets are also recognized for the estimated future effects of tax loss and credit carryforwards. The effect on deferred taxes of changes in tax rates is recognized in the period in which the enactment date occurs. Taxes due on future Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) inclusions in U.S. are recognized as a current period expense when incurred. Valuation allowances are established when necessary on a jurisdictional basis to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. In the event that the actual outcome of future tax consequences differs from Ashland’s estimates and assumptions due to changes or future events such as tax legislation, geographic mix of earnings, completion of tax audits or earnings repatriation plans, the resulting change to the provision for income taxes could have a material effect on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Consolidated Balance Sheets. For additional information on income taxes, see Note K.

A progression of activity in the tax valuation allowances is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Tax valuation allowances - beginning of year	$	56		$	74		$	75
Adjustments to valuation allowances		(1	)		(19	)		9
Reserves utilized		1			1			(10	)
Tax valuation allowances - end of year	$	56		$	56		$	74

Asbestos-related litigation

Ashland is subject to liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Such claims result from indemnification obligations undertaken in 1990 in connection with the sale of Riley Stoker Corporation (Riley) and the acquisition of Hercules in November 2008. Although Riley, a former subsidiary, was neither a producer nor a manufacturer of asbestos, its industrial boilers contained some asbestos-containing components provided by other companies. Hercules, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Ashland, has liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Such claims typically arise from alleged exposure to asbestos fibers from resin encapsulated pipe and tank products sold by one of Hercules’ former subsidiaries to a limited industrial market.

Ashland retained Gnarus Advisors LLC (Gnarus) to assist in developing and annually updating independent reserve estimates for future asbestos claims and related costs given various assumptions. The methodology used to project future asbestos costs is based largely on Ashland’s recent experience, including claim-filing and settlement rates, disease mix, open claims, and litigation defense. Ashland’s claim experience is compared to the results of previously conducted epidemiological studies estimating the number of people likely to develop asbestos-related diseases. Those studies were undertaken in connection with national analyses of the population expected to have been exposed to asbestos. Using that information, Gnarus estimates a range of the number of future claims that may be filed, as well as the related costs that may be incurred in resolving those claims. Ashland records the amount it believes to be the best estimate of future payments for litigation defense and claim settlement costs using the results of a non-inflated, non-discounted approximate 40-year model. For additional information on asbestos-related litigation, see Note M.

Environmental remediation

Accruals for environmental remediation are recognized when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of that liability can be reasonably estimated. Such costs are charged to expense if they relate to the remediation of conditions caused by past operations or are not expected to mitigate or prevent contamination from future operations. Accruals for environmental remediation reflect Ashland's estimates of the most likely costs that will be incurred over an extended period of time to remediate identified conditions for which costs are reasonably estimatible and probable of being incurred, without regard to any third-party recoveries, and are regularly adjusted as environmental assessments and remediation efforts continue. For additional information on environmental remediation, see Note M.

Pension and other postretirement benefits

The funded status of Ashland’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans is recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at September 30, the measurement date. For defined benefit pension plans, the benefit obligation is the projected benefit obligation (PBO) and for the other postretirement benefit plans, the benefit obligation is the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO). The PBO represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on estimated future compensation levels. The APBO represents the actuarial present value of postretirement benefits attributed to employee services already rendered. The measurement of the benefit obligation is based on Ashland’s estimates and actuarial valuations. These valuations reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions that require judgment, including, but not limited to, estimates of discount rates, rate of compensation increases, interest rates and mortality rates. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value of assets held by an irrevocable trust fund for the sole benefit of participants. For additional information regarding plan assumptions and the current financial position of the pension and other postretirement plans, see Note L.

Ashland recognizes the change in the fair value of plan assets and net actuarial gains and losses annually in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year and whenever a plan is determined to qualify for a remeasurement. The remaining components of pension and other postretirement benefits expense are recorded ratably on a quarterly basis. Pension and other postretirement benefits adjustments charged directly to cost of sales that are applicable to inactive participants are excluded from inventoriable costs. The service cost component of pension and other postretirement benefits costs is allocated to each reportable segment; while the remaining components of pension and other postretirement benefits costs are recorded within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Foreign currency translation

Subsidiaries outside the United States primarily use the local currency as the functional currency. Upon consolidation, the results of operations of the subsidiaries and affiliates whose functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates for the year while assets and liabilities are translated at year-end exchange rates. Adjustments to translate assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars are recorded in the stockholders’ equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are included in net earnings only upon sale or substantial liquidation of the underlying foreign subsidiary or affiliated company.

Stock incentive plans

Ashland recognizes compensation expense for stock incentive plans awarded to key employees and directors over the requisite service period based upon the grant-date fair value. Stock incentive awards are primarily in the form of restricted stock and restricted stock units, performance shares and other non-vested stock awards. Ashland utilizes several industry accepted valuation models to determine grant-date fair value. For further information concerning stock incentive plans, see Note O.

Earnings per share

The following is the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) from continuing operations attributable to Ashland. Earnings per share are reported under the treasury stock method. SARs and warrants for each reported year whose grant price was greater than the market price of Ashland Common Stock at the end of each fiscal year were not included in the computation of earnings per share from continuing operations per diluted share because the effect of these instruments would be antidilutive. The total number of these shares outstanding was 1.2 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021. The majority of these shares are for warrants with a strike price of $128.66.

(In millions except per share data)	2023		2022		2021
Numerator
Numerator for basic and diluted EPS - Income (loss) from continuing operations, net of tax	$	168	$	181	$	173
Denominator
Denominator for basic EPS - Weighted-average common shares outstanding		53		55		60
Share based awards convertible to common shares		1		1		1
Denominator for diluted EPS - Adjusted weighted - average shares and assumed conversions		54		56		61
EPS from continuing operations
Basic	$	3.18	$	3.26	$	2.85
Diluted	$	3.13	$	3.20	$	2.82

Other accounting pronouncements

In December 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2022-06 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848." The ASU was issued to provide an update on ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01 that were issued in March 2020 and January 2021, respectively, which provided practical expedients simplifying the U.S. GAAP treatment of certain reference rate related contract modifications including hedging relationships and other agreements. Specifically, the guidance eased the accounting burden of the modification of the reference rate of contracts where the underlying reference rate was the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). With the issuance of ASU 2022-06, the sunset date of Topic 848 has been deferred from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. This guidance did not have a material impact on Ashland's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13 "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments." The ASU amended accounting guidance related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. The amended accounting guidance changes the impairment model for most financial assets to require measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held. This guidance became effective for Ashland on October 1, 2020. As a result, Ashland recorded a $3 million increase in its allowance for credit losses, primarily related to asbestos receivables, and a $2 million decrease to retained earnings, net of tax, reflecting the cumulative effect on retained earnings.

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Divestitures

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Divestitures [Abstract]

Divestitures

NOTE B – DIVESTITURES

Performance Adhesives

On February 28, 2022, Ashland completed the sale of its Performance Adhesives business to Arkema, a French société anonyme. Proceeds from the sale were approximately $1.7 billion, net of transaction costs. Ashland recognized a $726 million after-tax gain on sale within the Income (loss) from Discontinued Operations caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the twelve months ended September 30, 2022.

The transaction represented a strategic shift in Ashland’s business and had a major effect on Ashland’s operations and financial results. Accordingly, the operating results and cash flows related to Performance Adhesives have been reflected as discontinued operations in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows, while the assets and liabilities that were sold have been classified within the Consolidated Balance Sheets as held for sale in periods preceding the sale. See Note C for the results of operations for Performance Adhesives for all periods presented.

Certain indirect corporate costs included within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) that were previously allocated to the Performance Adhesives segment do not qualify for classification within discontinued operations and are now reported as selling, general and administrative expense within continuing operations on a consolidated basis and within the Unallocated and other segment. These costs were zero, $9 million and $15 million during the twelve months ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively.

Other manufacturing facility sales

During 2023, Ashland entered into and completed a definitive sale agreement to sell a Specialty Additives manufacturing facility for less than $1 million. The net asset value related to this site was $4 million at September 30, 2022. Ashland recorded a $4 million impairment charge within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) during the twelve months ended September 30, 2023 related to this site.

During 2020, Ashland entered into a definitive sale agreement to sell a Specialty Additives facility, the assets and liabilities of which were classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2020. During 2021, Ashland completed the sale of the Specialty Additives facility. Net proceeds received from the sale were approximately $20 million ($14 million of which was received during the twelve months September 30, 2021). The company recognized a pre-tax gain of $14 million recorded within the income on acquisition and divestitures, net caption in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the twelve months ended September 30, 2021.

Ashland determined that these transactions did not qualify for discontinued operations treatment since neither represented a strategic shift that had or will have a major effect on Ashland’s operations and financial results.

Other corporate assets

During 2023, Ashland completed the sale of two excess land properties with a net book value of $2 million. Ashland received net proceeds of approximately $9 million and recorded a pre-tax gain of $7 million within the income on acquisitions and divestitures caption within the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for 2023.

During 2022, Ashland completed the sale of two excess land properties with a net book value of $8 million as of September 30, 2021. Ashland received net proceeds of approximately $50 million and recorded pre-tax gain of $42 million within the income on acquisitions and divestitures caption within the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for 2022.

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Discontinued Operations

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups [Abstract]

Discontinued Operations

NOTE C – DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS

Ashland has divested certain businesses that have qualified as discontinued operations. The operating results from these divested businesses and subsequent adjustments related to ongoing assessments and activities of certain retained liabilities and tax items have been recorded within the discontinued operations caption in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for all periods presented and are discussed further within this note.

Due to the ongoing assessment of certain matters associated with previous divestitures, subsequent adjustments to these divestitures may continue in future periods in the discontinued operations caption in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The following divested businesses represent disposal groups that qualified as discontinued operations in previous periods and impacted discontinued operations:

•The Performance Adhesives business divested in 2022;

•The Composites business and Marl facility (Composites/Marl facility) divested in 2019;

•The separation of Valvoline Inc. (Valvoline) business divested in 2017;

•The sale of Ashland Water Technologies (Water Technologies) business divested in 2014; and

•The sale of the Ashland Distribution (Distribution) business divested in 2011.

Additionally, Ashland is subject to liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Such claims result primarily from indemnification obligations undertaken in 1990 in connection with the sale of Riley Stoker Corporation (Riley), a former subsidiary, which qualified as a discontinued operation and from the acquisition during 2009 of Hercules LLC (formerly Hercules Incorporated), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Ashland. Adjustments to the recorded litigation reserves and related insurance receivables are recorded within the discontinued operations caption. See Note M for more information related to the adjustments on asbestos liabilities and receivables.

Components of amounts reflected in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) related to discontinued operations are presented in the following table for each of the years ended September 30.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Income (loss) from discontinued operations
Performance Adhesives	$	(1	)	$	33		$	83
Composites/Marl facility		(1	)		—			(1	)
Valvoline		15			(7	)		(33	)
Water Technologies		—			5			(4	)
Distribution		(5	)		(9	)		(6	)
Asbestos-related litigation		(6	)		(17	)		(11	)
Gain on disposal of discontinued operations
Performance Adhesives		—			1,063			—
Composites/Marl facility		—			—			(4	)
Water Technologies		—			—			1
Income before taxes		2			1,068			25
Income tax benefit (expense)
Benefit (expense) related to income (loss) from discontinued operations
Performance Adhesives		6			8			(19	)
Composites/Marl facility		—			2			1
Valvoline		—			1			36
Water Technologies		—			(1	)		1
Distribution		1			2			1
Asbestos-related litigation		1			3			2
Expense related to gain on disposal of discontinued operations
Performance Adhesives		—			(337	)		—
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes	$	10		$	746		$	47

Performance Adhesives divestiture

The following table presents a reconciliation of the captions within Ashland’s Statements of Consolidated Income (Loss) for the income from discontinued operations attributable to the Performance Adhesives segment for each of the years ended September 30.

(In millions)	2022			2021
Income(loss) from discontinued operations attributable to Performance Adhesives
Sales	$	171		$	372
Cost of sales		(122	)		(256	)
Selling, general and administrative expense		(12	)		(25	)
Research and development expense		(4	)		(8	)
Intangible amortization expense		—			(1	)
Pretax operating income of discontinued operations		33			82
Other net periodic benefit loss (income)		—			(1	)
Pretax income of discontinued operations		33			83
Income tax expense		8			(19	)
Income from discontinued operations	$	41		$	64

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Restructuring Activities

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Restructuring Activities

NOTE D – RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES

Restructuring activities

Ashland periodically implements company-wide and targeted restructuring programs related to acquisitions, divestitures and other cost reduction programs in order to enhance profitability through streamlined operations and an improved overall cost structure.

Fiscal 2023 restructuring costs

During fiscal 2023, Ashland implemented targeted organizational restructuring actions to reduce costs. Ashland recorded severance expense of $5 million during 2023 within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of September 30, 2023, the severance reserve associated with this program was $3 million within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Fiscal 2023 Life Sciences restructuring program

During 2023, Ashland implemented a restructuring program within the Nutraceuticals business of the Life Sciences segment. Ashland recorded severance expense of $1 million during 2023 within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of September 30, 2023, the severance reserve associated with this program was zero.

Fiscal 2020 restructuring costs

During 2022 and 2021, Ashland realized severance income of $2 million and $1 million, respectively, attributable to executive management changes and business management changes within the organization initiated in fiscal 2020 within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of September 30, 2023 and 2022 the severance reserve associated with this transition was zero and $1 million, respectively.

The following table details at September 30, 2023, the amount of restructuring severance reserves related to this program. The severance reserves were primarily recorded within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2022.

(In millions)	Severance costs
Balance as of September 30, 2021	$	6
Restructuring reserve		(2	)
Utilization (cash paid)		(3	)
Balance as of September 30, 2022	$	1
Restructuring reserve		(1	)
Utilization (cash paid)		—
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	—

Impairments

During 2021, Ashland incurred $3 million of asset impairment charges related to restructuring activities at a plant originating from the shutdown of a product line recorded within the cost of sales caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). In addition, Ashland incurred a $10 million capital project impairment recorded within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

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Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

NOTE E – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

As required by U.S. GAAP, Ashland uses applicable guidance for defining fair value, the initial recording and periodic remeasurement of certain assets and liabilities measured at fair value and related disclosures for instruments measured at fair value. Fair value accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). An instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the instrument’s fair value measurement. The three levels within the fair value hierarchy are described as follows.

Level 1 – Observable inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability for which there is little, if any, market activity at the measurement date. Unobservable inputs reflect Ashland’s own assumptions about what market participants would use to price the asset or liability. The inputs are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances, which might include Ashland’s own financial data such as internally developed pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, as well as instruments for which the fair value determination requires significant management judgment.

For assets that are measured using quoted prices in active markets (Level 1), the total fair value is the published market price per unit multiplied by the number of units held without consideration of transaction costs. Assets and liabilities that are measured using significant other observable inputs (Level 2) are primarily valued by reference to quoted prices of similar assets or liabilities in active markets, adjusted for any terms specific to that asset or liability. For all other assets and liabilities for which unobservable inputs are used (Level 3), fair value is derived through the use of fair value models, such as a discounted cash flow model or other standard pricing models that Ashland deems reasonable.

The following table summarizes financial instruments subject to recurring fair value measurements as of September 30, 2023. For additional information on fair value hierarchy measurements of pension plan asset holdings, see Note L.

					Quoted prices
					in active		Significant
					markets for		other		Significant
					identical		observable		unobservable
	Carrying		Total fair		assets		inputs		inputs
(In millions)	value		value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	417	$	417	$	417	$	—	$	—
Restricted investments (a) (b)		367		367		367		—		—
Investments of captive insurance company (c)		6		6		6		—		—
Foreign currency derivatives (d)		1		1		—		1		—
Total assets at fair value	$	791	$	791	$	790	$	1	$	—
Liabilities
Foreign currency derivatives (e)	$	1	$	1	$	—	$	1	$	—
Commodity derivatives (e)		4		4		—		4		—
Total liabilities at fair value	$	5	$	5	$	—	$	5	$	—

(a) Included in restricted investments and $77 million within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(b) Includes $243 million related to the Asbestos trust and $124 million related to the Environmental trust. See Note A for additional details.

(c) Included in other noncurrent assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(d) Included in accounts receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(e) Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes financial instruments subject to recurring fair value measurements as of September 30, 2022.

					Quoted prices
					in active		Significant
					markets for		other		Significant
					identical		observable		unobservable
	Carrying		Total fair		assets		inputs		inputs
(In millions)	value		value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	646	$	646	$	646	$	—	$	—
Restricted investments (a) (b)		374		374		374		—		—
Investments of captive insurance company (c)		9		9		9		—		—
Foreign currency derivatives		1		1		—		1		—
Commodity derivatives (d)		4		4		—		4		—
Total assets at fair value	$	1,034	$	1,034	$	1,029	$	5	$	—
Liabilities
Foreign currency derivatives (e)	$	9	$	9	$	—	$	9	$	—
Commodity derivatives (e)		1		1		—		1		—
Total liabilities at fair value	$	10	$	10	$	—	$	10	$	—

(a) Included in restricted investments and $61 million within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(b) Includes $245 million related to the Asbestos trust and $129 million related to the Environmental trust. See Note A for additional details.

(c) Included in other noncurrent assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(d) Included in accounts receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(e) Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Restricted investments

As discussed in Note A, Ashland maintains certain investments in a company restricted renewable annual trusts for the purpose of paying future asbestos indemnity and defense costs and future environmental remediation and related litigation costs. The financial instruments are designated as investment securities, primarily classified as Level 1 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. These securities were

classified primarily as noncurrent restricted investment assets, with $77 million and $61 million classified within other current assets, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the periods ended in September 30, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

The following table presents gross unrealized gains and losses for the restricted securities as of September 30, 2023 and 2022:

			Gross		Gross
(In millions)	Adjusted Cost		Unrealized Gain		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value
As of September 30, 2023
Demand deposit	$	12	$	—	$	—		$	12
Equity mutual fund		155		24		(2	)		177
Fixed income mutual fund		226		—		(48	)		178
Fair value	$	393	$	24	$	(50	)	$	367
As of September 30, 2022
Demand deposit	$	6	$	—	$	—		$	6
Equity mutual fund		186		20		(25	)		181
Fixed income mutual fund		234		—		(47	)		187
Fair value	$	426	$	20	$	(72	)	$	374

The following table presents the investment income, net gains and losses realized, funds restricted for specific transactions, and disbursements related to the investments within the restricted investments portfolio during 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Investment income (a)	$	13		$	16		$	12
Net gains (losses) (a)		29			(102	)		21
Funds restricted for specific transactions		9			74			91
Disbursements		(58	)		(35	)		(33	)

(a) Included in the net interest and other expense caption within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Foreign currency derivatives

Ashland conducts business in a variety of foreign currencies. Accordingly, Ashland regularly uses foreign currency derivative instruments to manage exposure on certain transactions denominated in foreign currencies to curtail potential earnings volatility effects of certain assets and liabilities, including short-term intercompany loans denominated in currencies other than Ashland’s functional currency of an entity. These derivative contracts generally require exchange of one foreign currency for another at a fixed rate at a future date and generally have maturities of less than twelve months. All contracts are valued at fair value with net changes in fair value recorded within the selling, general and administrative expense caption. The impacts of these contracts were largely offset by gains and losses resulting from the impact of changes in exchange rates on transactions denominated in non-functional currencies.

The following table summarizes the gains and losses recognized during 2023, 2022 and 2021 within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(In millions)	2023		2022			2021
Foreign currency derivative gains (losses) (a)	$	10	$	(40	)	$	4

(a) Includes a $1 million gain reported within the income on acquisitions and divestitures, net caption for fiscal 2021.

The following table summarizes the fair values of the outstanding foreign currency derivatives as of September 30, 2023, and 2022 included in accounts receivable and accrued expenses and other liabilities of the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Foreign currency derivative assets	$	1	$	1
Notional contract values		147		133
Foreign currency derivative liabilities	$	1	$	9
Notional contract values		103		535

Commodity derivatives

To manage its exposure to the market price volatility of natural gas consumed by its U.S. plants during the manufacturing process, Ashland regularly enters into forward contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges. See Note A for more information.

The following table summarizes the gains and losses recognized during 2023, 2022, 2021 within the cost of sales caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(In millions)	2023			2022		2021
Commodity derivative gains (losses)	$	(3	)	$	10	$	1

The following table summarizes the fair values of the outstanding commodity derivatives as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 included in accounts receivable and accrued expenses and other liabilities of the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Commodity derivative assets	$	—	$	4
Notional contract values		2		13
Commodity derivative liabilities	$	4	$	1
Notional contract values		16		9

Other financial instruments

At September 30, 2023 and 2022, Ashland’s long-term debt (including the current portion and excluding debt issuance cost discounts) had carrying values of $1,327 million and $1,284 million, respectively, compared to a fair value of $1,160 million and $1,102 million, respectively. The fair values of long-term debt are based on quoted market prices.

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Property, Plant and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, Plant and Equipment

NOTE F – PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

The following table describes the various components of property, plant and equipment within the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(In millions)	2023			2022
Land	$	146		$	138
Buildings		467			458
Machinery and equipment		2,371			2,324
Construction in progress		227			130
Total property, plant and equipment (gross)		3,211			3,050
Accumulated depreciation		(1,838	)		(1,712	)
Total property, plant and equipment (net)	$	1,373		$	1,338

The following table summarizes various property, plant and equipment charges recognized during 2023, 2022, 2021 within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income.

(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Depreciation	$	150	$	147	$	154
Capitalized interest		4		1		2

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Goodwill and Other Intangibles

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

NOTE G – GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLES

Goodwill

Ashland performed its annual goodwill impairment test using the quantitative approach as of July 1, 2023, and concluded that the reporting unit fair values for all reporting units exceeded their carrying values. No impairment existed as of that date and no subsequent impairment indicators have been identified.

The following is a progression of goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(In millions)	Life Sciences			Personal Care (a)			Specialty Additives (a)			Intermediates (a)		Total
Balance at September 30, 2021	$	856		$	129		$	445		$	—	$	1,430
Currency translation and other		(69	)		(11	)		(38	)		—		(118	)
Balance at September 30, 2022		787			118			407			—		1,312
Currency translation and other		32			4			14			—		50
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	819		$	122		$	421		$	—	$	1,362

(a)As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, there were accumulated impairments of $356 million, $174 million, and $90 million related to the Personal Care, Specialty Additives, and Intermediates reportable segments, respectively.

Other intangible assets

Intangible assets principally consist of trademarks and trade names, intellectual property and customer and supplier relationships. Intangible assets classified as finite are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The cost of trademarks and trade names is amortized principally over 3 to 20 years, intellectual property over 3 to 20 years, and customer and supplier relationships over 10 to 24 years.

Ashland performed its annual impairment test for other indefinite lived intangible assets using the quantitative approach as of July 1, 2023 and concluded that the assets fair values exceeded their carrying values. No impairment existed as of that date.

Other intangible assets were comprised of the following as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.

	2023							2022
	Gross					Net		Gross					Net
	carrying		Accumulated			carrying		carrying		Accumulated			carrying
(In millions)	amount		amortization			amount		amount		amortization			amount
Definite-lived intangible assets
Trademarks and trade names	$	97	$	(43	)	$	54	$	95	$	(37	)	$	58
Intellectual property		731		(581	)		150		718		(523	)		195
Customer and supplier relationships		821		(417	)		404		801		(369	)		432
Total definite-lived intangible assets		1,649		(1,041	)		608		1,614		(929	)		685
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
Trademarks and trade names		278		—			278		278		—			278
Total intangible assets	$	1,927	$	(1,041	)	$	886	$	1,892	$	(929	)	$	963

Amortization expense recognized on intangible assets was $93 million for 2023, $94 million for 2022 and $90 million for 2021, and is included in the intangibles amortization expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of September 30, 2023, all of Ashland’s intangible assets that had a carrying value were being amortized except for certain trademarks and trade names that have been determined to have indefinite lives. Estimated amortization expense for future periods is $80 million in 2024, $76 million in 2025, $74 million in 2026, $52 million in 2027 and $50 million in 2028. The amortization expense for future periods is an estimate. Actual amounts may change from such estimated amounts due to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, additional intangible asset acquisitions and divestitures, potential impairment, accelerated amortization, or other events.

Goodwill and Other Intangible assets

Ashland’s assessment of an impairment on any of these assets classified currently as having indefinite lives, including goodwill, could change in future periods if significant events happen and/or circumstances change that effect the previously mentioned assumptions such as: a significant change in projected business results, a divestiture decision, increase in Ashland’s weighted-average cost of capital rates, decrease in growth rates or assumptions, economic deterioration that is more severe or of a longer duration than anticipated, or another significant economic event.

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Debt

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

NOTE H – DEBT

The following table summarizes Ashland’s current and long-term debt at September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(In millions)	2023		2022
3.375% Senior Notes, due 2031	$	450	$	450
2.00% Senior Notes, due 2028 (Euro 500 million principal)		528		489
6.875% notes, due 2043		282		282
6.50% junior subordinated notes, due 2029		64		60
Other (a)		6		(11	)
Total debt		1,330		1,270
Short-term debt		16		—
Long-term debt (less debt issuance costs)	$	1,314	$	1,270

(a)Other includes $13 million and $14 million of debt issuance costs as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The current portion of the long-term debt was zero for both September 30, 2023 and 2022.

At September 30, 2023, Ashland’s total debt had an outstanding principal balance of $1,376 million, discounts of $33 million and debt issuance costs of $13 million. As of September 30, 2023, Ashland had no long-term debt (excluding debt issuance costs) maturing within the next 3 years, $4 million due in fiscal 2027 and $528 million in 2028.

Credit Agreements and Refinancing

Note Issuances

During August 2021, Ashland, through one of its subsidiaries, completed the issuance of 3.375% senior unsecured notes due 2031 with an aggregate principal amount of $450 million (the 2031 Notes). The notes are guaranteed on an unsecured basis by Ashland. Ashland used the net proceeds of the offering (after deducting initial purchasers' discounts and other fees and expenses) to redeem its obligations under the existing 4.750% senior notes due 2022 described below in debt repayments, and to pay fees and expenses associated therewith.

Ashland incurred $6 million of new debt issuance costs in connection with the 2031 Notes, which is amortized using the effective interest method over the 2031 Notes' term and was included in the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) during 2021.

2022 Credit Agreement

During July 2022, Ashland, through two of its subsidiaries, enacted an amendment to the 2020 credit agreement. The amended credit agreement (the 2022 Credit Agreement) provides for a $600 million five-year revolving credit facility (the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility). The 2022 Credit Agreement and the obligations of Ashland Services B.V. under the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by Ashland.

At Ashland’s option, loans issued under the 2022 Credit Agreement will bear interest at (a) in the case of loans denominated in U.S. dollars, either Term SOFR or an alternate base rate and (b) in the case of loans denominated in Euros, EURIBOR, in each case plus the applicable interest rate margin. Loans will initially bear interest at Term SOFR or EURIBOR plus 1.250% per annum, in the case of Term SOFR borrowings or EURIBOR borrowings, respectively, or at the alternate base rate plus 0.250% per annum, in the case of alternate base rate borrowings, through and including the date of delivery of a quarterly compliance certificate and thereafter the interest rate will fluctuate between Term SOFR or EURIBOR plus 1.250% per annum and Term SOFR or EURIBOR plus 1.750% per annum (or between the alternate base rate plus 0.250% per annum and the alternate base rate plus 0.750% per annum), based upon the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement) at such time. Term SOFR borrowings are subject to a credit spread adjustment of 0.10% per annum. In addition, the Company will initially be required to pay fees of 0.125% per annum on the daily unused amount of the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility through and including the date of delivery of a quarterly compliance certificate, and thereafter the fee rate will fluctuate between 0.125% and

0.275% per annum, based upon the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio. Borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement may be prepaid at any time without premiums.

As a result of the amendment of the 2020 Credit Agreement, Ashland recognized a $1 million charge for accelerated amortization of previously capitalized debt issuance costs during 2022, which is included in the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). Ashland also incurred $2 million of new debt issuance costs in connection with the 2022 Credit Agreement, of which $1 million was expensed immediately during 2022 within the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). The remaining balance is amortized using the straight-line method.

The 2022 Credit Agreement contains financial covenants for leverage and interest coverage ratios akin to those in effect under the 2020 Credit Agreement. The 2022 Credit Agreement contains usual and customary representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants for leverage and interest coverage ratios, limitations on liens, additional indebtedness, further negative pledges, investments, mergers, sale of assets and restricted payments, and other customary limitations.

Debt repayments and repurchases

Cash repatriation

During 2023 and 2022, Ashland repatriated approximately $92 million and $250 million, respectively, in cash. In 2022 the repatriation was primarily used to repay existing debt, principally the prepayment of the Term loan A in 2022.

2022 Debt repayments and repurchases

2020 Credit Agreement

During 2022, Ashland prepaid its Term loan A principal balance of $250 million.

Other Debt

During 2022, Ashland repaid the outstanding balance on its European short-term loan facility for $23 million.

2021 Debt repayments and repurchases

Redemption of 4.750% senior notes due 2022

During 2021, Ashland redeemed all of its outstanding 4.750% senior notes due 2022 (the 2022 Notes), of which approximately $411 million were outstanding. Ashland recognized a $1 million charge related to accelerated accretion on debt discounts and accelerated amortization of previously capitalized debt issuance costs, which is included in the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Total premiums paid for all the tender offers in 2021 noted above were $16 million, which is included in the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Accounts receivable facilities and off-balance sheet arrangements

U.S. accounts receivable sales program

On March 17, 2021, a wholly-owned, bankruptcy-remote special purpose entity and consolidated Ashland subsidiary (SPE) entered into an agreement with a group of entities (buyers) to sell certain trade receivables, without recourse beyond the pledged receivables, of two other U.S. based Ashland subsidiaries. Under the agreement, Ashland can transfer whole receivables up to a limit established by the buyer, which was set at $125 million between February and October of each year and up to $100 million all other times. Ashland’s continuing involvement is limited to servicing the receivables, including billing, collections and remittance of payments to the buyers as well as a limited guarantee on over-collateralization. The arrangement was set to terminate on May 31, 2023.

On April 14, 2023, Ashland entered into Second and Third Amendments associated with this current program. As part of this amendment the buyer's limit was reduced to $115 million between April and October of each year, and up to $100 million at all other times. Additionally, the scheduled termination date was extended from May 31, 2023 to April 14, 2025.

Ashland determined that any receivables transferred under this agreement are put presumptively beyond the reach of Ashland and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership. Ashland received a true sale at law and non-consolidation opinions to support the legal

isolation of these receivables. Ashland accounts for the receivables transferred to buyers as sales. Ashland recognizes any gains or losses based on the excess of proceeds received net of buyer’s discounts and fees compared to the carrying value of the assets. Proceeds received, net of buyer’s discounts and fees, are recorded within the operating activities of the Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows. Losses on sale of assets, including related transaction expenses are recorded within the net interest and other expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). Ashland regularly assesses its servicing obligations and records them as assets or liabilities when appropriate. Ashland also monitors its obligation with regards to the limited guarantee and records the resulting guarantee liability when warranted. When applicable, Ashland discloses the amount of the receivable that serves as over-collateralization as a restricted asset.

Ashland recognized a $3 million and $1 million loss within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for 2023 and 2022, respectively, within the net interest and other expense caption associated with sales under the program. Ashland has recorded $86 million of sales against the buyer’s limit, which was $115 million at September 30, 2023, compared to $110 million of sales against the buyer's limit, which was $125 million at September 30, 2022. Ashland transferred $106 million and $136 million in receivables to the SPE as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Ashland recorded liabilities related to its service obligations and limited guarantee as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 of less than $1 million. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the year-to-date gross cash proceeds received for receivables transferred and derecognized were $217 million and $312 million, respectively, of which $241 million and $315 million were collected by Ashland in our capacity as a servicer of the receivables and remitted to the buyer. The difference between receivables transferred and derecognized versus collected of $24 million and $3 million for the periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, represents the impact of a net reduction in account receivable sales volume during each year. The prior year period included the impact of a $21 million net reduction in accounts receivables sales volume attributable to the Adhesives business sold in 2022.

2018 foreign accounts receivable securitization

During July 2018, Ashland entered into a €115 million accounts receivable securitization facility (the Program) for the transfer by certain subsidiaries of Ashland (the Sellers) directly or indirectly to Ester Finance Titrisation (the Purchaser), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank (the Arranger), of certain receivables and/or collections originated by the Sellers towards certain corporate debtors located in multiple European jurisdictions and denominated in multiple currencies. The Program originally had a term of two years, but was extended to August 2021 in September 2019. During July 2021, the termination date of the Program was extended to July 2023. During July 2020, the available funding for qualified receivables under the accounts receivable securitization facility decreased from €115 million to €100 million. The program was extended on July 12, 2023 to September 30, 2023.

Under the Program, each Seller assigns, on an ongoing basis, certain of its accounts receivable and the right to the collections on those accounts receivable to the Purchaser. Under the terms of the Program, the Sellers could, from time to time, obtain up to €100 million from the Purchaser through the sale of an undivided interest in such accounts receivable and collections. Ashland accounts for the securitization facility as secured borrowings, and the receivables sold pursuant to the facility are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as accounts receivable. Fundings under the Program will be repaid as accounts receivable are collected, with new fundings being advanced (through daily advanced purchase price) as new accounts receivable are originated by the Sellers and assigned to the Purchaser, with settlement occurring monthly. Ashland classifies any borrowings under this facility as a short-term debt instrument within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Once sold to the Purchaser, the accounts receivable and rights to collection described above are separate and distinct from each Sellers’ own assets and are not available to its creditors should such Sellers become insolvent.

At September 30, 2023 and 2022, the outstanding amounts of accounts receivable transferred by Ashland to the Purchaser were $124 million and $162 million, respectively and there were no borrowings (denominated in multiple currencies) under the facility for either period. The weighted-average interest rate for this instrument was 0.5% for 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Other debt

At September 30, 2023 and 2022, Ashland held other debt totaling $83 million and $63 million, respectively, comprised primarily of the 6.50% notes due 2029 and other notes.

Covenants related to current Ashland debt agreements

Ashland’s debt contains usual and customary representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants for leverage and interest coverage ratios, limitations on liens, additional subsidiary indebtedness, restrictions on subsidiary

distributions, investments, mergers, sale of assets and restricted payments and other customary limitations. As of September 30, 2023, Ashland was in compliance with all debt agreement covenant restrictions.

The maximum consolidated net leverage ratio permitted under Ashland’s most recent credit agreement (the 2022 Credit Agreement) is 4.0. The 2022 Credit Agreement defines the consolidated net leverage ratio as the ratio of consolidated indebtedness minus unrestricted cash and cash equivalents to consolidated EBITDA (Covenant Adjusted EBITDA) for any measurement period. In general, the 2022 Credit Agreement defines Covenant Adjusted EBITDA as net income plus consolidated interest charges, taxes, depreciation and amortization expense, fees and expenses related to capital market transactions and proposed or actual acquisitions and divestitures, restructuring and integration charges, certain environmental charges, non-cash stock and equity compensation expense, and any other nonrecurring expenses or losses that do not represent a cash item in such period or any future period; less any non-cash gains or other items increasing net income. In general, consolidated indebtedness includes debt plus all purchase money indebtedness, banker’s acceptances and bank guaranties, deferred purchase price of property or services, attributable indebtedness and guarantees. At September 30, 2023, Ashland’s calculation of the consolidated net leverage ratio was 1.9.

The minimum required consolidated interest coverage ratio under the 2022 Credit Agreement is 3.0. The 2022 Credit Agreement defines the consolidated interest coverage ratio as the ratio of Covenant Adjusted EBITDA to consolidated interest charges for any measurement period. At September 30, 2023, Ashland’s calculation of the consolidated interest coverage ratio was 8.6.

Net interest and other expense (income)

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Interest expense (a)	$	54		$	62		$	69
Interest income		(12	)		(4	)		(1	)
Loss on the accounts receivables sale program		3			1			1
Investment securities loss (income) (b)		(42	)		86			(33	)
Other financing costs (c)		3			4			20
	$	6		$	149		$	56

(a)Includes $1 million and $1 million of accelerated accretion and/or amortization for original issue discounts and debt issuance costs during 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(b)Represents investment loss (income) related to the restricted investments discussed in Note E.

(c)Includes costs of $16 million related to early redemption premium payments for the 2022 notes during 2021.

The following table details the debt issuance cost and original issue discount amortization included in interest expense during 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Normal amortization	$	6	$	6	$	6
Accelerated amortization (a)		—		1		1
Total	$	6	$	7	$	7

(a)Fiscal year 2022 includes $1 million of accelerated debt issuance costs for the 2020 credit agreement. 2021 includes $1 million of accelerated debt issuance cost for the 2022 Notes.

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Other Noncurrent Assets and Liabilities

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Other Noncurrent Assets And Liabilities [Abstract]

Other Noncurrent Assets and Liabilities

NOTE I – OTHER NONCURRENT ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

The following table provides the components of other noncurrent assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Deferred compensation investments	$	87	$	85
Tax and tax indemnity receivables		6		2
Life insurance policies		76		73
Manufacturing catalyst supplies		24		25
Defined benefit plan assets		17		21
Equity and other unconsolidated investments		3		3
Land use rights		6		6
Environmental insurance receivables		15		17
Debt issuance costs		2		2
Other		15		20
	$	251	$	254

Deferred compensation investments

Deferred compensation investments consist of insurance policies valued at cash surrender value. Gains and losses related to deferred compensation investments are immediately recognized within the selling, general and administrative expense caption on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). These investments had gains of $5 million during 2023, losses of $2 million during 2022, and gains of $10 million during 2021. During 2021, Ashland liquidated $90 million of deferred compensation investments to fund the Environmental trust. These cash inflows exclude company-owned life insurance death benefits of $6 million, $3 million and $1 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See Note A for additional details.

The following table provides the components of other noncurrent liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Tax liabilities	$	79	$	127
Environmental remediation reserves		165		157
Deferred compensation		25		25
Other		22		16
	$	291	$	325

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Leasing Arrangements

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Leasing Arrangements

NOTE J – LEASING ARRANGEMENTS

Ashland leases certain office buildings, transportation equipment, warehouses and storage facilities, and equipment. Substantially all of Ashland’s leases are operating leases or short-term leases. Real estate leases represented over 85% of the total lease liability at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note A for additional information related to Ashland’s leasing policies.

The components of lease cost recognized within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:

(In millions)	Location	2023		2022		2021
Lease cost:
Operating lease cost	Selling, General & Administrative	$	13	$	13	$	13
Operating lease cost	Cost of Sales		15		16		15
Variable lease cost	Selling, General & Administrative		4		5		3
Variable lease cost	Cost of Sales		6		4		3
Short-term leases	Cost of Sales		2		3		3
Total lease cost (a)		$	40	$	41	$	37

(a)Includes $2 million lease termination fee in fiscal 2022.

The following table summarizes Ashland’s lease assets and liabilities as presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30:

(In millions)	2023		2022
Assets
Operating lease assets, net	$	122	$	107
Total lease assets	$	122	$	107
Liabilities
Current operating lease obligations	$	22	$	19
Non-current operating lease obligations		106		94
Total lease liabilities	$	128	$	113

Ashland often has options to renew lease terms for buildings and other assets. The exercise of lease renewal options are generally at Ashland's sole discretion. In addition, certain lease arrangements may be terminated prior to their original expiration date at Ashland's discretion. Ashland evaluates renewal and termination options at the lease commencement date to determine if it is reasonably certain to exercise the option on the basis of economic factors. The weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 was approximately 17 years in both periods.

Residual value guarantees are not common within Ashland's lease agreements nor are restrictions or covenants imposed by leases. Ashland has elected the practical expedient to combine lease and non-lease components. The discount rate implicit within the leases is generally not determinable. Therefore, Ashland determines the discount rate based on its incremental borrowing rate. The incremental borrowing rate is determined using a buildup method resulting in an estimated range of secured borrowing rates matching the lease term and the currency of the jurisdiction in which lease payments are made, adjusted for impacts of collateral. Consideration was given to Ashland’s own relevant debt issuances as well as debt instruments of comparable companies with similar credit characteristics. The weighted average discount rate used to measure operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 was 3.5% and 2.6%, respectively. There are no leases that have not yet commenced but that create significant rights and obligations for Ashland.

Right-of-use assets exchanged for new operating lease obligations was $32 million and $14 million for the twelve months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table provides cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities for during 2023, 2022 and 2021:

(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	27	$	29	$	29

The following table summarizes Ashland's maturities of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023:

(In millions)	2023
2024	$	24
2025		20
2026		15
2027		13
2028		10
Thereafter		85
Total lease payments		167
Less amount of lease payment representing interest		(39	)
Total present value of lease payments	$	128

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

NOTE K – INCOME TAXES

Income Tax Provision

A summary of the provision for income taxes related to continuing operations follows.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Current
Federal	$	(17	)	$	3		$	(35	)
State		(5	)		7			(2	)
Foreign		46			50			25
		24			60			(12	)
Deferred		(32	)		(35	)		(26	)
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	(8	)	$	25		$	(38	)

Temporary differences that give rise to significant deferred tax assets and liabilities as of September 30 are presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022
Deferred tax assets
Foreign net operating loss carryforwards (a)	$	24		$	23
Employee benefit obligations		17			18
Environmental, self-insurance and litigation reserves (net of receivables)		110			116
State net operating loss carryforwards (net of unrecognized tax benefits) (b)		18			19
Compensation accruals		25			29
Credit carryforwards (net of unrecognized tax benefits) (c)		18			20
Other items		25			21
Other lease liability		13			17
Valuation allowances (d)		(56	)		(56	)
Total deferred tax assets		194			207
Deferred tax liabilities
Goodwill and other intangibles (e)		150			169
Property, plant and equipment		158			175
Right of use assets		12			16
Other		—			3
Total deferred tax liabilities		320			363
Net deferred tax liability	$	(126	)	$	(156	)

(a)Gross net operating loss carryforwards of $99 million will expire in future years beyond 2024 or have no expiration, and primarily relate to European and Asian subsidiaries.

(b)Apportioned net operating loss carryforwards generated of $462 million will expire in future years as follows: $78 million in 2024, $56 million in 2025 and the remaining balance in other future years.

(c)Credit carryforwards consist primarily of foreign tax credits of $17 million expiring in future years, and state tax credits of $1 million that will expire in 2026 and other future years.

(d)Valuation allowances primarily relate to certain state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards and certain federal credit carryforwards.

(e)The total gross amount of goodwill as of September 30, 2023 expected to be deductible for tax purposes is $42 million.

The U.S. and foreign components of income from continuing operations before income taxes and a reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax with the provision for income taxes follow. The foreign components of income from continuing operations disclosed in the following table exclude any allocations of certain corporate expenses incurred in the U.S.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes
United States	$	(112	)	$	(133	)	$	(96	)
Foreign		272			339			231
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	$	160		$	206		$	135
Income taxes computed at U.S. statutory rate	$	34		$	43		$	28
Increase (decrease) in amount computed resulting from
Uncertain tax positions		(26	)		(6	)		(49	)
Deemed inclusions, foreign dividends and other restructuring (a)		32			40			25
Foreign tax credits		(22	)		(32	)		(20	)
Valuation allowance changes (b)		(7	)		(4	)		4
Research and development credits		(3	)		(2	)		(3	)
State taxes		(1	)		(4	)		(5	)
Goodwill impairment		—			—			2
International rate differential		(16	)		(27	)		(18	)
Other items (c)		1			17			(2	)
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	(8	)	$	25		$	(38	)

(a)2023 includes $19 million related to GILTI permanent adjustments and $12 million related to Subpart F. 2022 includes $31 million primarily related to GILTI permanent adjustment. 2021 includes $17 million primarily related to GILTI permanent adjustments.

(b)2023 includes net $2 million related to deferred taxes and foreign tax credits. 2022 includes $4 million related to state NOL's. 2021 includes $13 million related to certain foreign tax credits partially offset by $5 million related to state NOL's and $4 million related to foreign jurisdictions.

(c)2023 includes miscellaneous items of $1 million. 2022 includes $8 million related to withholding tax. 2021 includes $14 million related to the sale of a Specialty Additives facility partially offset by miscellaneous other items.

Unrecognized tax benefits

U.S. GAAP prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the accounting and financial statement disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The evaluation of a tax position is a two-step process. The first step requires Ashland to determine whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. The second step requires Ashland to recognize in the financial statements each tax position that meets the more likely than not criteria, measured at the amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized. Ashland had $59 million and $84 million of unrecognized tax benefits at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, recorded within other noncurrent liabilities. As of September 30, 2023, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the tax rate for continuing and discontinued operations was $48 million. The remaining unrecognized tax benefits relate to tax positions for which ultimate deductibility is highly certain but for which there is uncertainty as to the timing of such deductibility. Recognition of these tax benefits would not have an impact on the effective tax rate.

Ashland recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense (benefit) in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). Such interest and penalties totaled a $1 million benefit in 2023, $3 million expense in 2022 and $15 million benefit in 2021. Ashland had $10 million in interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits accrued as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Changes in unrecognized tax benefits were as follows:

(In millions)
Balance at September 30, 2021	$	82
Decreases related to positions taken on items from prior years		(5	)
Increases related to positions taken in the current year		19
Lapse of statute of limitations		(12	)
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	84
Decreases related to positions taken on items from prior years		(30	)
Increases related to positions taken in the current year		8
Increases related to positions taken in the prior year		1
Lapse of statute of limitations		(4	)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	59

From a combination of statute expirations and audit settlements in the next twelve months, Ashland expects a decrease in the amount of accrual for uncertain tax positions of between $3 million and $5 million for continuing operations. For the remaining balance as of September 30, 2023, it is reasonably possible that there could be material changes to the amount of uncertain tax positions due to activities of the taxing authorities, settlement of audit issues, reassessment of existing uncertain tax positions or the expiration of applicable statute of limitations; however, Ashland is not able to estimate the impact of these items at this time.

Ashland or one of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. Foreign taxing jurisdictions significant to Ashland include Belgium, Brazil, China, Germany, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Ashland is subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by tax authorities for periods after September 30, 2019 and U.S. state income tax examinations by tax authorities for periods after September 30, 2017. With respect to countries outside of the United States, with certain exceptions, Ashland’s foreign subsidiaries are subject to income tax audits for years after 2017.

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Employee Benefit Plans

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Employee Benefit Plans

NOTE L – EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Pension plans

Ashland and its subsidiaries have several contributory and noncontributory qualified defined benefit pension plans that generally cover international employees and a small portion of certain U.S. manufacturing union employees. Pension obligations for applicable employees of non-U.S. consolidated subsidiaries are provided for in accordance with local practices and regulations of the respective countries. The majority of these foreign pension plans are closed to new participants while those that remain open relate to areas where jurisdictions require plans to operate within the applicable country.

Benefits for those eligible for Ashland’s U.S. pension plans generally are based on employees’ years of service and compensation during the years immediately preceding their retirement. The remaining U.S. plans are still open for enrollment for qualifying union employees within certain manufacturing sites.

Other postretirement benefit plans

Ashland and its subsidiaries maintain limited health care for certain eligible employees in the U.S. who are retired or disabled. Ashland shares the costs of providing health care coverage with certain eligible retired employees through premiums, deductibles and coinsurance provisions. Ashland funds its share of the costs of the postretirement benefit plans as the benefits are paid.

Postretirement health care plans include a limit on Ashland’s share of costs for recent and future retirees. The assumed pre-65 health care cost increase trend rate as of September 30, 2023 was 6.6% and continues to be reduced to 4.5% in 2040 and thereafter. The assumptions used to project the liability anticipate future cost-sharing changes to the written plans that are consistent with the increase in health care costs.

Plan Amendments and Remeasurements

Following the completion of the sale of its Performance Adhesives business segment on February 28, 2022, the post-retirement benefits for approximately 40 employees transferred to Arkema, all of whom participated in a non-contributory defined benefit plan in the U.S., were frozen. This resulted in a decrease in total expected future years of service within the plan and required Ashland to remeasure the plan as February 28, 2022. As a result, Ashland recorded a $1 million actuarial gain within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for fiscal 2022.

Net periodic benefit loss (income) allocation

Consistent with Ashland’s historical accounting policies, service cost for continuing operations is allocated to each reportable segment, excluding the Unallocated and other segment, while all other costs for continuing operations are recorded within the Unallocated and other segment.

The following table summarizes the components of pension and other postretirement benefit costs for continuing operations and the assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit loss (income) for the plans.

	Pension benefits									Other postretirement benefits
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021			2023			2022			2021
Net periodic benefit loss (income)
Service cost (a)	$	3		$	4		$	5		$	1		$	1		$	1
Interest cost (b)		13			8			6			2			2			2
Curtailment, settlement and other (b)		—			(1	)		—			—			—			—
Expected return on plan assets (b)		(7	)		(7	)		(8	)		—			—			—
Actuarial (gain) loss (b)		—			(16	)		3			(2	)		(8	)		(2	)
	$	9		$	(12	)	$	6		$	1		$	(5	)	$	1
Weighted-average plan assumptions (c)
Discount rate for service cost		4.56	%		2.99	%		1.81	%		5.80	%		3.19	%		3.15	%
Discount rate for interest cost		5.44	%		3.33	%		1.69	%		5.54	%		2.10	%		1.93	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.07	%		2.50	%		2.53	%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets		4.25	%		2.89	%		2.43	%

(a)Service cost is classified within the selling, general and administrative expense and cost of sales captions on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(b)These components are classified within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(c)The plan assumptions discussed are a blended weighted-average rate for Ashland’s U.S. and non-U.S. plans.

The changes in prior service credit recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income during both 2023 and 2022 were less than $1 million each. At September 30, 2023, Ashland expects to recognize less than $1 million of the prior service credit in accumulated other comprehensive income as net periodic benefit loss (income) during the next fiscal year.

At September 30, 2023 and 2022, the amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive income are shown in the following table.

	Pension				Postretirement
(In millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Prior service cost	$	2	$	2	$	—	$	—

Obligations and funded status

Actuarial valuations are performed for the pension and other postretirement benefit plans to determine Ashland’s obligation for each plan. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, Ashland recognizes the unfunded status of the plans as a liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Summaries of the change in benefit obligations, plan assets, funded status of the plans, amounts recognized in the balance sheet, and assumptions used to determine the benefit obligations for 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

							Other postretirement
	Pension plans						benefit plans
(In millions)	2023			2022			2023			2022
Change in benefit obligations
Benefit obligations at October 1	$	250		$	422		$	36		$	47
Service cost		3			4			1			1
Interest cost		13			8			2			2
Participant contributions		—			—			—			—
Benefits paid		(16	)		(16	)		(4	)		(6	)
Actuarial (gain) loss		(10	)		(123	)		(1	)		(8	)
Curtailments		—			(1	)		—			—
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		15			(38	)		—			—
Other (including acquisitions)		—			(1	)		—			—
Settlements		—			(5	)		—			—
Benefit obligations at September 30	$	255		$	250		$	34		$	36
Change in plan assets
Value of plan assets at October 1	$	201		$	351		$	—		$	—
Actual return on plan assets		(2	)		(100	)		—			—
Employer contributions		8			5			—			—
Participant contributions		—			—			—			—
Benefits paid		(16	)		(16	)		—			—
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		14			(33	)		—			—
Settlements		—			(5	)		—			—
Other		(2	)		(1	)		—			—
Value of plan assets at September 30	$	203		$	201		$	—		$	—
Unfunded status of the plans	$	(52	)	$	(49	)	$	(34	)	$	(36	)
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet
Other assets (noncurrent)	$	17		$	21		$	—		$	—
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(4	)		(3	)		(3	)		(4	)
Employee benefit obligations		(65	)		(67	)		(31	)		(32	)
Net amount recognized	$	(52	)	$	(49	)	$	(34	)	$	(36	)
Weighted-average plan assumptions
Discount rate		5.43	%		5.09	%		5.72	%		2.98	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.07	%		2.50	%

The accumulated benefit obligation for all pension plans was $250 million at September 30, 2023 and $245 million at September 30, 2022. All Ashland pension plans are either qualified U.S. or non-US plans. Information for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets follows:

(In millions)	2023		2022
Projected benefit obligation	$	149	$	146
Accumulated benefit obligation		144		141
Fair value of plan assets		80		76

Plan assets

The expected long-term rate of return on pension plan assets was 4.25% and 2.89% for September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The basis for determining the expected long-term rate of return is a combination of future return assumptions for various asset classes in Ashland’s investment portfolio, historical analysis of previous returns, market indices and a projection of inflation.

The following table summarizes the various investment categories that the pension plan assets are invested in and the applicable fair value hierarchy that the financial instruments are classified within these investment categories as of September 30, 2023. For additional information and a detailed description of each level within the fair value hierarchy, see Note E.

			Quoted prices
			in active		Significant
			markets for		other		Significant
			identical		observable		unobservable
	Total fair		assets		inputs		inputs
(In millions)	value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and cash equivalents	$	11	$	11	$	—	$	—
U.S. Government securities		6		—		6		—
Non-U.S. Government securities		39		—		39		—
Corporate debt instruments		80		—		80		—
Listed real assets		9		—		9		—
Asset-backed securities		7		—		7		—
Corporate stocks		25		—		25		—
Insurance contracts		26		—		26		—
Total assets at fair value	$	203	$	11	$	192	$	—

The following table summarizes the various investment categories that the pension plan assets are invested in and the applicable fair value hierarchy that the financial instruments are classified within these investment categories as of September 30, 2022.

			Quoted prices
			in active		Significant
			markets for		other		Significant
			identical		observable		unobservable
	Total fair		assets		inputs		inputs
(In millions)	value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1	$	1	$	—	$	—
U.S. Government securities		10		—		10		—
Non-U.S. Government securities		24		—		24		—
Corporate debt instruments		90		—		90		—
Listed real assets		9		—		9		—
Asset-backed securities		17		—		17		—
Corporate stocks		27		—		27		—
Insurance contracts		23		—		23		—
Total assets at fair value	$	201	$	1	$	200	$	—

Ashland’s pension plan holds a variety of investments designed to diversify risk. Investments classified as a Level 1 fair value measure principally represent marketable securities priced in active markets. Cash and cash equivalents and public equity and debt securities are well diversified and invested in U.S. and international small-to-large companies across various asset managers and styles. Investments classified as a Level 2 fair value measure principally represents fixed-income securities and other investment grade corporate bonds and debt obligations.

Investments and Strategy

In developing an investment strategy for its defined benefit plans, Ashland has considered the following factors: the nature of the plans’ liabilities, the allocation of liabilities between active, deferred and retired members, the funded status of the plans, the applicable investment horizon, the respective size of the plans and historical and expected capital market returns. Ashland’s U.S. pension plan assets are managed by outside investment managers, which are monitored against investment return benchmarks and Ashland’s established investment strategy. Investment managers are selected based on an analysis of, among other things, their investment process, historical investment results, frequency of management turnover, cost structure and assets under management. Assets are periodically reallocated between investment managers to maintain an appropriate asset mix and diversification of investments and to optimize returns.

The current asset allocation for the U.S. plans is 47.6% fixed income securities, 38.8% equity securities and 13.6% other securities. Fixed income securities primarily include cash and cash equivalents, long duration corporate debt obligations and U.S. government debt obligations. In addition, Ashland’s non-U.S. plan fixed income securities include insurance contracts. Equity securities are comprised solely of traditional public equity investments. Investment managers may employ a limited use of derivatives to gain efficient exposure to markets.

Ashland’s investment strategy and management practices relative to plan assets of non-U.S. plans generally are consistent with those for U.S. plans, except in those countries where investment of plan assets is dictated by applicable regulations. Although the investment allocation may vary based on funding percentages and whether plans are still accruing additional liabilities, the weighted-average asset allocations for Ashland’s U.S. and non-U.S. plans at September 30, 2023 and 2022 by asset category follow.

		Actual at September 30
(In millions)	Target	2023			2022
Plan assets allocation
Equity securities	5 - 45%		18	%		14	%
Fixed income securities	55 - 95%		78	%		81	%
Other	0 - 5%		4	%		5	%
			100	%		100	%

Cash flows

During 2023 and 2022, Ashland contributed $3 million and less than $1 million to its U.S. pension plans, respectively, and $5 million in each year to its non-U.S. pension plans, respectively. Ashland expects to contribute approximately $6 million to its U.S. pension plans and expects to contribute approximately $5 million to its non-U.S. pension plans during 2024.

The following benefit payments, which reflect future service expectations, are projected to be paid from plan assets in each of the next five years and in aggregate for five years thereafter.

			Other
	Pension		postretirement
(In millions)	benefits		benefits
2024	$	15	$	3
2025		16		3
2026		17		3
2027		18		3
2028		17		3
2029 - 2033		90		15

Other plans

Ashland sponsors savings plans to assist eligible employees in providing for retirement or other future needs. Under such plans, company contributions amounted to $23 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $21 million in 2021. Ashland also sponsors various other employee benefit plans, some of which are required by different countries. The total noncurrent liabilities associated with these plans was $4 million for September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Litigation, Claims and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Litigation, Claims and Contingencies

NOTE M – LITIGATION, CLAIMS AND CONTINGENCIES

Asbestos litigation

Ashland and Hercules have liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. To assist in developing and annually updating independent reserve estimates for future asbestos claims and related costs, Ashland has retained third party actuarial experts Gnarus. The methodology used by Gnarus to project future asbestos costs is based largely on recent experience, including claim-filing and settlement rates, disease mix, open claims and litigation defense. The claim experience of Ashland and Hercules are separately compared to the results of previously conducted third party epidemiological studies estimating the number of people likely to develop asbestos-related diseases. Those studies were undertaken in connection with national analyses of the population expected to have been exposed to asbestos. Using that information, Gnarus estimates a range of the number of future claims that may be filed, as well as the related costs that may be incurred in resolving those claims. Changes in asbestos-related liabilities and receivables are recorded on an after-tax basis within the discontinued operations caption in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Ashland asbestos-related litigation

The claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos asserted against Ashland result primarily from indemnification obligations undertaken in 1990 in connection with the sale of Riley, a former subsidiary. The amount and timing of settlements and number of open claims can fluctuate from period to period. A summary of Ashland asbestos claims activity, excluding Hercules claims, follows.

(In thousands)	2023			2022			2021
Open claims - beginning of year		44			46			49
New claims filed		2			2			2
Claims settled		(1	)		(1	)		(1	)
Claims dismissed		(3	)		(3	)		(4	)
Open claims - end of year		42			44			46

Ashland asbestos-related liability

From the range of estimates, Ashland records the amount it believes to be the best estimate of future payments for litigation defense and claim settlement costs. Ashland reviews this estimate and related assumptions quarterly and annually updates the results of a non-inflated, non-discounted approximate 40-year model developed with the assistance of Gnarus.

During the most recent update completed during 2023, it was determined that the liability for Ashland asbestos-related claims should be increased by $9 million. Total reserves for asbestos claims were $281 million at September 30, 2023 compared to $305 million at September 30, 2022.

A progression of activity in the asbestos reserve is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Asbestos reserve - beginning of year	$	305		$	320		$	335
Reserve adjustment		9			16			12
Amounts paid		(33	)		(31	)		(27	)
Asbestos reserve - end of year (a)	$	281		$	305		$	320

(a)Included $28 million and $29 million classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Ashland asbestos-related receivables

Ashland has insurance coverage for certain litigation defense and claim settlement costs incurred in connection with its asbestos claims, and coverage-in-place agreements exist with the insurance companies that provide substantially all of the coverage that will be accessed.

For the Ashland asbestos-related obligations, Ashland has estimated the value of probable insurance recoveries associated with its asbestos reserve based on management’s interpretations and estimates surrounding the available or applicable insurance coverage, including an assumption that all solvent insurance carriers remain solvent. Substantially all of the estimated receivables from insurance companies are expected to be due from domestic insurers, all of which are solvent.

At September 30, 2023, Ashland’s receivable for recoveries of litigation defense and claim settlement costs from insurers amounted to $95 million (excluding the Hercules receivable for asbestos claims discussed below). Receivables from insurers amounted to $101 million at

September 30, 2022. During 2023, the annual update of the model used for purposes of valuing the asbestos reserve and its impact on valuation of future recoveries from insurers, was completed. This model update resulted in a $3 million increase in the receivable for probable insurance recoveries.

A progression of activity in the Ashland insurance receivable is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Insurance receivable - beginning of year	$	101		$	100		$	103
Receivable adjustment (a)		3			7			6
Insurance settlement		—			—			—
Amounts collected		(9	)		(6	)		(9	)
Insurance receivable - end of year (b)	$	95		$	101		$	100

(a)2021 includes a $2 million reserve adjustment related to allowances for credit losses as a result of Ashland's adoption of the new credit measurement standard described in Note A. The total allowance for credit losses were $1 million and $2 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(b)Included $11 million and $12 million classified in accounts receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Hercules asbestos-related litigation

Hercules has liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Such claims typically arise from alleged exposure to asbestos fibers from resin encapsulated pipe and tank products which were sold by one of Hercules’ former subsidiaries to a limited industrial market. The amount and timing of settlements and number of open claims can fluctuate from period to period. A summary of Hercules’ asbestos claims activity follows.

(In thousands)	2023		2022			2021
Open claims - beginning of year		11		12			12
New claims filed		1		1			1
Claims dismissed		—		(2	)		(1	)
Open claims - end of year		12		11			12

Hercules asbestos-related liability

From the range of estimates, Ashland records the amount it believes to be the best estimate of future payments for litigation defense and claim settlement costs. Ashland reviews this estimate and related assumptions quarterly and annually updates the results of a non-inflated, non-discounted approximate 40-year model developed with the assistance of Gnarus. As a result of the most recent annual update of this estimate, completed during 2023, it was determined that the liability for Hercules asbestos-related claims should be decreased by $2 million. Total reserves for asbestos claims were $191 million at September 30, 2023 compared to $213 million at September 30, 2022.

A progression of activity in the asbestos reserve is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Asbestos reserve - beginning of year	$	213		$	217		$	229
Reserve adjustments		(2	)		15			8
Amounts paid		(20	)		(19	)		(20	)
Asbestos reserve - end of year (a)	$	191		$	213		$	217

(a)Included $17 million and $18 million classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Hercules asbestos-related receivables

For the Hercules asbestos-related obligations, certain reimbursement obligations pursuant to coverage-in-place agreements with insurance carriers exist. As a result, any increases in the asbestos reserve have been partially offset by probable insurance recoveries. Ashland has estimated the value of probable insurance recoveries associated with its asbestos reserve based on management’s interpretations and estimates surrounding the available or applicable insurance coverage, including an assumption that all solvent insurance carriers remain solvent. The estimated receivable consists exclusively of solvent domestic insurers.

As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the receivables from insurers amounted to $47 million and $52 million, respectively. During 2023, the annual update of the model used for purposes of valuing the asbestos reserve and its impact on valuation of future recoveries from insurers was completed. This model update resulted in a $3 million decrease in the receivable for probable insurance recoveries.

A progression of activity in the Hercules insurance receivable is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Insurance receivable - beginning of year	$	52		$	47		$	47
Receivable adjustment (a)		(3	)		7			1
Amounts collected		(2	)		(2	)		(1	)
Insurance receivable - end of year (b)	$	47		$	52		$	47

(a)2021 includes a $1 million reserve adjustment related to allowances for credit losses as a result of Ashland's adoption of the new credit measurement standard described in Note A. The total allowance for credit losses was $1 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(b)Included $4 million and $3 million classified in accounts receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Asbestos litigation cost projection

Projecting future asbestos costs is subject to numerous variables that are difficult to predict. In addition to the uncertainties surrounding the number of claims that might be received, other variables include the type and severity of the disease alleged by each claimant and the related costs incurred in resolving those claims, mortality rates, dismissal rates, uncertainties surrounding the litigation process from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and from case to case. Furthermore, any predictions with respect to these variables are subject to even greater uncertainty as the projection period lengthens. In light of these inherent uncertainties, Ashland believes that the asbestos reserves for Ashland and Hercules represent the best estimate within a range of possible outcomes. As a part of the process to develop these estimates of future asbestos costs, a range of long-term cost models was developed. These models are based on national studies that predict the number of people likely to develop asbestos-related diseases and are heavily influenced by assumptions regarding long-term inflation rates for indemnity payments and legal defense costs, as well as other variables mentioned previously. Ashland has currently estimated in various models ranging from approximately 40 year periods that it is reasonably possible that total future litigation defense and claim settlement costs on an inflated and undiscounted basis could range as high as approximately $422 million for the Ashland asbestos-related litigation (current reserve of $281 million) and approximately $288 million for the Hercules asbestos-related litigation (current reserve of $191 million), depending on the combination of assumptions selected in the various models. While the timeframe used in Ashland's models for projecting asbestos liabilities generally decreases over time based on the expected lifetime of the liabilities, these models have been consistently applied within all periods presented. If actual experience is worse than projected, relative to the number of claims filed, the severity of alleged disease associated with those claims or costs incurred to resolve those claims, or actuarial refinement or improvements to the assumptions used within these models are initiated, Ashland may need to further increase the estimates of the costs associated with asbestos claims and these increases could be material over time.

Environmental remediation and asset retirement obligations

Ashland is subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations that require environmental assessment or remediation efforts (collectively environmental remediation) at multiple locations. At September 30, 2023, such locations included 57 sites where Ashland has been identified as a potentially responsible party under Superfund or similar state laws, 108 current and former operating facilities and about 1,225 service station properties, of which 14 are being actively remediated.

Ashland’s reserves for environmental remediation and related environmental litigation amounted to $214 million at September 30, 2023 compared to $211 million at September 30, 2022, of which $165 million at September 30, 2023 and $157 million at September 30, 2022 were classified in other noncurrent liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The remaining reserves were classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the changes in the environmental remediation reserves during 2023 and 2022.

(In millions)	2023			2022
Environmental remediation reserve - beginning of year	$	211		$	207
Disbursements		(54	)		(63	)
Revised obligation estimates and accretion		57			67
Environmental remediation reserve - end of year	$	214		$	211

The total reserves for environmental remediation reflect Ashland’s estimates of the most likely costs that will be incurred over an extended period to remediate identified conditions for which the costs are reasonably estimable, without regard to any third-party recoveries. Engineering studies, historical experience and other factors are used to identify and evaluate remediation alternatives and their related costs in determining the estimated reserves for environmental remediation. Ashland regularly adjusts its reserves as environmental remediation continues. Ashland has estimated the value of its probable insurance recoveries associated with its environmental reserve based on management’s interpretations

and estimates surrounding the available or applicable insurance coverage. At September 30, 2023 and 2022, Ashland’s recorded receivable for these probable insurance recoveries was $17 million and $21 million, respectively, of which $15 million and $17 million was classified in other noncurrent assets in the respective Consolidated Balance Sheets.

During 2023, 2022 and 2021, Ashland recognized $56 million, $66 million and $50 million of expense, respectively, for certain environmental liabilities related to normal ongoing remediation cost estimate updates for sites, which is consistent with Ashland’s historical environmental accounting policy.

Components of environmental remediation expense included within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) are presented in the following table for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Environmental expense	$	56		$	66		$	50
Accretion		1			1			1
Legal expense		3			4			4
Total expense		60			71			55
Insurance receivable		(1	)		(5	)		(4	)
Total expense, net of receivable activity (a)	$	59		$	66		$	51

(a)Net expense of $5 million, $13 million and $6 million for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to divested businesses which qualified for treatment as discontinued operations and for which certain environmental liabilities were retained by Ashland. These amounts are classified within the income from discontinued operations caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Environmental remediation reserves are subject to uncertainties that affect Ashland’s ability to estimate its share of the costs. Such uncertainties involve the nature and extent of contamination at each site and the extent of required cleanup efforts under existing environmental regulations. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the ultimate costs of environmental remediation, Ashland currently estimates that the upper end of the reasonably possible range of future costs for identified sites could be as high as approximately $465 million. The largest reserve for any site is 21% of the remediation reserve.

Brazil tax credits

In March 2017, the Federal Supreme Court of Brazil (Brazil Supreme Court) ruled in a leading case that a Brazilian value-added tax (ICMS) should not be included in the base used to calculate a taxpayer’s federal contribution on total revenue known as PIS/COFINS (2017 Decision). As a result, two of Ashland’s Brazilian subsidiaries filed lawsuits challenging the inclusion of ICMS in Ashland’s calculation of PIS/COFINs, seeking recovery of excess taxes paid plus interest.

In response to the 2017 Decision, the Brazilian tax authority filed an appeal of the 2017 Decision seeking clarification of the amount of ICMS tax to exclude from the calculation of PIS/COFINS. In May 2021, the Brazil Supreme Court ruled that the ICMS tax be excluded from the calculation of PIS/COFINS. In May 2023, Law 14592/23 was passed in Brazil, converting the 2017 Decision provisional measure effective for PIS/COFINS legislation excluding ICMS from the calculation basis.

As of September 30, 2023, Ashland had received all favorable court rulings for previously filed suits, completed its analysis of certain prior year overpayments related to ICMS and received acknowledgment from the Brazilian tax authority that allows Ashland to begin the process to recover the taxes. As a result, Ashland recorded a pre-tax gain of $12 million for period ended September 30, 2023 for certain excess PIS/COFINS paid from 2012 to February 2023 plus interest. The gain was recognized within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). Ashland plans to start utilizing these credits in December 2023.

Other legal proceedings and claims

In addition to the matters described above, there are other various claims, lawsuits and administrative proceedings pending or threatened against Ashland and its current and former subsidiaries. Such actions are with respect to commercial matters, product liability, toxic tort liability, and other environmental matters, which seek remedies or damages, some of which are for substantial amounts. While Ashland cannot predict with certainty the outcome of such actions, it believes that adequate reserves have been recorded and losses already recognized with respect to such actions were immaterial as of September 30, 2023 and 2022. There is a reasonable possibility that a loss exceeding amounts already

recognized may be incurred related to these actions; however, Ashland believes that such potential losses were immaterial as of September 30, 2023.

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Equity Items

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Equity Items

NOTE N – EQUITY ITEMS

Stock repurchase programs

On June 28, 2023, Ashland's board of directors authorized a new evergreen $1 billion common share repurchase program (2023 stock repurchase program). The new authorization terminates and replaces the company's 2022 stock repurchase program, which had $200 million outstanding at the date of termination. In 2022, the 2022 stock repurchase program replaced and terminated the 2018 $1 billion share repurchase program, which had $150 million outstanding at its date of termination on May 22, 2022. As of September 30, 2023, $1 billion remained available for repurchase under the 2023 stock repurchase program.

Stock repurchase program agreements

During May 2023, under the 2022 stock repurchase program, Ashland initiated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan agreement to repurchase up to $100 million of its outstanding shares. The program was completed during June 2023, when Ashland paid a total of $100 million and received a delivery of 1.1 million shares of common stock.

During March 2023, under the 2022 stock repurchase program, Ashland initiated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan agreement to repurchase up to $100 million of its outstanding shares. The program was completed during April 2023, when Ashland paid a total of $100 million and received a delivery of 1.0 million shares of common stock.

During February 2023, under the 2022 stock repurchase program, Ashland initiated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan agreement to repurchase up to $100 million of its outstanding shares. The program was completed during February 2023, when Ashland paid a total of $100 million and received a delivery of 1.0 million shares of common stock.

On March 1, 2022, under the 2018 stock repurchase program, Ashland entered into an agreement to repurchase an aggregate amount of $200 million of Ashland common stock using open-market purchases under rule 10b-18. On April 8, 2022, Ashland completed repurchases under this agreement repurchasing a total of 2.15 million shares for a total amount of $200 million.

In September 2021, under the 2018 stock repurchase program, Ashland announced that it entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement (2021 ASR Agreement). Under the 2021 ASR Agreement, Ashland paid an initial purchase price of $450 million and received an initial delivery of 3.9 million shares of common stock during September 2021. The bank exercised its early termination option under the 2021 ASR Agreement in February 2022, and an additional 0.7 million shares were repurchased, bringing the total shares repurchased upon settlement to 4.6 million.

Stockholder dividends

Ashland paid dividends per common share of $1.44, $1.27 and $1.15 during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

In May 2023, the Board of Directors of Ashland announced a quarterly cash dividend of 38.5 cents per share to eligible stockholders at record, which represented an increase from the previous quarterly cash dividend of 33.5 cents per share. The dividend was paid in the third and fourth quarter of fiscal 2023.

In May 2022, the Board of Directors of Ashland announced a quarterly cash dividend of 33.5 cents per share to eligible stockholders at record, which represented an increase from the previous quarterly cash dividend of 30.0 cents per share. This dividend was paid in the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2022 and the first and second quarters of fiscal 2023.

In May 2021, the Board of Directors of Ashland announced a quarterly cash dividend of 30.0 cents per share to eligible stockholders at record, which represented an increase from the previous quarterly cash dividend of 27.5 cents per share. This dividend was paid in the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2021 and the first and second quarters of fiscal 2022.

In May 2019, the Board of Directors of Ashland announced a quarterly cash dividend of 27.5 cents per share to eligible stockholders at record, which represented an increase from the previous quarterly cash dividend of 25.0 cents per share. This dividend was paid in the first and second quarters of fiscal 2021.

Shares reserved for issuance

At September 30, 2023, 17.3 million common shares were reserved for issuance under stock incentive and deferred compensation plans.

Other comprehensive income (loss)

Components of other comprehensive income (loss) recorded in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) are presented in the following table, before tax and net of tax effects.

				Tax
	Before			(expense)			Net of
(In millions)	tax			benefit			tax
Year ended September 30, 2023
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized translation gain	$	72		$	—		$	72
Unrealized loss on commodity hedges		(8	)		2			(6	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	$	64		$	2		$	66
Year ended September 30, 2022
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized translation loss	$	(199	)	$	2		$	(197	)
Unrealized loss on commodity hedges		(2	)		1			(1	)
Pension and postretirement obligation adjustment		1			—			1
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(200	)	$	3		$	(197	)
Year ended September 30, 2021
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized translation gain	$	8		$	(1	)	$	7
Unrealized gain on commodity hedges		5			(1	)		4
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	$	13		$	(2	)	$	11

Summary of Stockholders’ Equity

A reconciliation of changes in stockholders’ equity are as follows:

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Common stock and paid in capital
Balance, beginning of period	$	136		$	328		$	770
Common shares issued under stock incentive and other plans (a)		12			8			8
Common shares purchased under repurchase program (b) (c)		(143	)		(200	)		(450	)
Balance, end of period		5			136			328
Retained earnings
Balance, beginning of period		3,653			2,796			2,649
Adoption of new accounting pronouncements (d)		—			—			(2	)
Common shares purchased under repurchase program (b)		(160	)		—			—
Net income		178			927			220
Regular dividends		(76	)		(70	)		(71	)
Balance, end of period		3,595			3,653			2,796
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Balance, beginning of period		(569	)		(372	)		(383	)
Unrealized translation gain (loss)		72			(197	)		7
Unrealized gain (loss) on commodity hedges		(6	)		(1	)		4
Pension and postretirement obligation adjustment		—			1			—
Balance, end of period		(503	)		(569	)		(372	)
Total stockholders' equity	$	3,097		$	3,220		$	2,752
Cash dividends declared per common share	$	1.44		$	1.27		$	1.15

(a)Common shares issued were 193,767, 168,270 and 183,281 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(b)Common shares repurchased were 3,082,928, 2,853,312 and 3,922,423 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(c)Includes $3 million in excise tax on stock repurchases for 2023.

(d)Represents the cumulative-effect adjustment related to the adoption of the new guidance related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments during fiscal 2021. See Note A for more information.

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Stock Incentive Plans

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock Incentive Plans

NOTE O – STOCK INCENTIVE PLANS

Ashland has stock incentive plans under which key employees or directors are granted performance share awards or nonvested stock awards. Each program is typically a long-term incentive plan designed to link employee compensation with increased shareholder value or reward superior performance and encourage continued employment with Ashland. Ashland recognizes compensation expense for the grant date fair value of stock-based awards over the requisite service period and accounts for forfeitures when they occur across all stock-based awards.

The components of Ashland's pretax compensation expense for stock-based awards (net of forfeitures) and associated income tax benefits are as follows.

(In millions)	2023 (a)		2022 (b)		2021 (c)
SARs	$	—	$	1	$	2
Nonvested stock awards		11		12		10
Performance share awards		11		11		6
	$	22	$	24	$	18
Income tax benefit	$	5	$	6	$	4

(a)The year ended September 30, 2023 included $1 million of expense and $1 million of income related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

(b)The year ended September 30, 2022 included $4 million and $2 million of expense related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

(c)The year ended September 30, 2021 included $3 million and zero of expense related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

Stock Appreciation Rights

SARs were granted to employees or directors at a price equal to the fair market value of the stock on the date of grant and typically become exercisable over periods of one to three years. Unexercised SARs lapse ten years after the date of grant. Ashland estimated the fair value of SARs granted using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Ashland has not granted any SARs since August 2020.

A progression of activity and various other information relative to SARs and previously issued and vested stock options is presented in the following table.

	2023					2022					2021
	Number			Weighted-		Number			Weighted-		Number			Weighted-
	of			average		of			average		of			average
(In thousands except per	common			exercise price		common			exercise price		common			exercise price
share data)	shares			per share		shares			per share		shares			per share
Outstanding - beginning of year		1,142		$	63.85		1,543		$	62.14		1,993		$	61.11
Exercised		(114	)		52.31		(392	)		57.32		(386	)		54.44
Forfeitures and expirations		(5	)		46.67		(9	)		54.70		(64	)		77.17
Outstanding - end of year (a)		1,023			65.22		1,142			63.85		1,543			62.14
Exercisable - end of year		1,023			65.22		1,094			63.24		1,415			60.68

(a)Exercise prices per share for SARs outstanding at September 30, 2023 ranged from $47.63 to $59.95 for 521 thousand shares and from $67.16 to $82.34 for 502 thousand shares. The weighted-average remaining contractual life of outstanding and exercisable SARs and stock options was 3.7 years.

The total intrinsic value of SARs exercised was $6 million in 2023, $19 million in 2022 and $12 million in 2021. The actual tax benefit realized from the exercised SARs was $1 million in 2023, $4 million in 2022 and $3 million in 2021. The total grant date fair value of SARs that vested during 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $1 million each year. As of September 30, 2023, there was zero unrecognized compensation costs related to SARs. As of September 30, 2023, the aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding and exercisable SARs was $17 million.

Nonvested stock awards

Nonvested stock awards are granted to employees or directors at a price equal to the fair market value of the stock on the date of grant and generally vest over a one-to-three-year period. However, such shares or units are subject to forfeiture upon termination of service before the vesting period ends. Beginning in 2016, these awards were primarily granted as stock units that will convert to shares upon vesting, while the grants in prior years were generally made in nonvested shares. Only nonvested stock awards granted in the form of shares entitle employees or directors to vote the shares. Dividends on nonvested stock awards granted are in the form of additional units or shares of nonvested stock awards, which are subject to vesting and forfeiture provisions.

A progression of activity and various other information relative to nonvested stock awards is presented in the following table.

	2023					2022					2021
	Number			Weighted-		Number			Weighted-		Number			Weighted-
	of			average		of			average		of			average
(In thousands except per	common			grant date		common			grant date		common			grant date
share data)	shares			fair value		shares			fair value		shares			fair value
Nonvested - beginning of year		209		$	82.55		211		$	76.10		199		$	74.57
Granted		92			105.72		80			92.34		93			78.96
Vested		(106	)		82.04		(72	)		78.81		(69	)		75.10
Forfeitures		(7	)		106.25		(10	)		80.06		(12	)		79.02
Nonvested - end of year		188			97.66		209			82.55		211			76.10

The total grant date fair value of nonvested stock awards that vested during 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $8 million, $6 million and $5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, there was $6 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested stock awards. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.3 years.

Cash-settled nonvested stock awards

Certain nonvested stock awards are granted to employees and are settled in cash upon vesting. As of September 30, 2023, 54 thousand cash-settled nonvested stock awards were outstanding. The value of these cash-settled nonvested stock awards changes in connection with changes in the fair market value of the Ashland Common Stock. These awards generally vest over a period of three years. The expense recognized related to cash-settled nonvested stock awards was zero, $6 million, and $3 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Performance awards

Ashland sponsors a long-term incentive plan that awards performance shares/units to certain key employees that are tied to Ashland’s overall financial performance relative to the financial performance of selected industry peer groups and/or internal targets. Awards are granted annually, with each award covering a three-year measurement period and vesting over a one to three year period. Nonvested performance shares/units do not entitle employees to vote the shares or to receive any dividends thereon.

Each awarded performance share is convertible to one share of Ashland Common Stock and recorded as a component of stockholders’ equity. Performance measures used to determine the actual number of performance shares issuable upon vesting includes 60:40 weighting of Ashland’s total shareholder return (TSR) performance and Ashland’s return on net assets (RONA) performance as compared to internal targets. TSR relative to peers is considered a market condition while RONA is considered a performance condition in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The following table shows the performance shares/units granted for all plans that award Ashland Common Stock.

				Weighted-
		Target		average
		shares/units		fair value per
(In thousands)	Vesting period	granted (a)		share/unit (a)
Fiscal Year 2023	October 1, 2022 - September 30, 2025		98	$	135.93
Fiscal Year 2022	October 1, 2021 - September 30, 2024		110	$	131.33
Fiscal Year 2021	October 1, 2020 - September 30, 2023		122	$	90.44

(a)At the end of the performance period, the actual number of shares/units awarded can range from zero to 200% of the target shares/units granted, which is assumed to be 100%. Both the shares granted and weighted-average fair value per share/unit are as of the grant date.

For these awards, the fair value of the performance unit awards is equal to the fair market value of Ashland’s Common Stock as of the end of each reporting period. Compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period if it is probable that the performance condition will be satisfied.

The fair values of the TSR portion of the performance share awards and TSR modifier of the performance unit awards are calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model using key assumptions included in the following table. Compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied.

	2023			2022			2021
Risk-free interest rate		4.22	%		1.18	%		0.2	%
Expected dividend yield		1.3	%		1.3	%	1.6%
Expected life (in years)		3			3			3
Expected volatility		35.1	%		33.4	%	32.7%

The following table shows changes in nonvested performance shares/units for all plans that award Ashland Common Stock.

	2023					2022					2021
				Weighted-					Weighted-					Weighted-
				average					average					average
(In thousands except per	Shares/			grant date		Shares/			grant date		Shares/			grant date
share data)	Units			fair value		Units			fair value		Units			fair value
Nonvested - beginning of year		310		$	105.78		253		$	88.66		227		$	80.86
Granted		98			135.93		110			131.33		122			90.44
Vested		(88	)		84.33		(1	)		96.32		(79	)		68.93
Forfeitures		(33	)		94.53		(52	)		85.78		(17	)		89.36
Nonvested - end of year		287			118.43		310			105.78		253			88.66

As of September 30, 2023, there was $10 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested performance share/unit awards. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.5 years.

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Revenue

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue

NOTE P – REVENUE

Trade receivables

Trade receivables are defined as receivables arising from contracts with customers and are recorded within the accounts receivable caption within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Ashland’s trade receivables were $288 million and $369 million as of September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. See Note H for additional information on Ashland's program to sell certain receivables on a revolving basis to third party banks up to an aggregate purchase limit.

Disaggregation of revenue

Ashland disaggregates its revenue from contracts with customers by segment and geographical region, as Ashland believes these categories best depict how management reviews the financial performance of its operations for the twelve months ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Ashland includes only U.S. and Canada in its North America designation and includes Europe, the Middle East and Africa in its Europe designation. See the following tables for details (Intersegment sales eliminations have been excluded. See Note Q for additional information.):

Sales by geography
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Life Sciences
North America	$	228	$	244	$	229
Europe		305		267		242
Asia Pacific		233		218		192
Latin America & other		103		86		74
	$	869	$	815	$	737
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Personal Care
North America	$	176	$	198	$	180
Europe		233		270		240
Asia Pacific		105		126		100
Latin America & other		84		84		72
	$	598	$	678	$	592
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Specialty Additives
North America	$	203	$	247	$	203
Europe		214		258		246
Asia Pacific		153		182		171
Latin America & other		30		32		35
	$	600	$	719	$	655
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Intermediates
North America	$	128	$	163	$	114
Europe		27		39		28
Asia Pacific		22		43		29
Latin America & other		8		11		7
	$	185	$	256	$	178

For fiscal 2023, Ashland had two product categories that represented 10% or greater of Ashland's total consolidated sales which were cellulosics representing 37% of total consolidated sales and polyvinylprrolidones (PVP) representing 25% of total consolidated sales.

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Reportable Segment Information

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Reportable Segment Information

NOTE Q – REPORTABLE SEGMENT INFORMATION

Ashland determines its reportable segments based on how operations are managed internally for the products and services sold to customers, including how the results are reviewed by the chief operating decision maker, which includes determining resource allocation methodologies used for reportable segments. Operating income and EBITDA are the primary measures of performance that are reviewed by the chief operating decision maker in assessing each reportable segment's financial performance. Ashland does not aggregate operating segments to arrive at these reportable segments.

Change in reportable segments

On February 28, 2022, Ashland completed the sale of its Performance Adhesives segment. The operating results and cash flows for the Performance Adhesives segment have been classified as discontinued operations within the Consolidated Financial Statements for all periods presented. As a result, Ashland’s reportable segments include Life Sciences, Personal Care, Specialty Additives, and Intermediates.

Unallocated and Other includes corporate governance activities and certain legacy matters. The historical segment information has been recast to conform to the current segment structure.

Reportable segment business descriptions

Life Sciences is comprised of pharmaceuticals, nutrition, nutraceuticals, agricultural chemicals, diagnostic films (formerly known as advanced materials) and fine chemicals. Pharmaceutical solutions include controlled release polymers, disintegrants, film coatings, solubilizers, and tablet binders. Nutrition solutions include thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers and additives for enhancing mouthfeel, controlling moisture migration, reducing oil uptake and controlling color. Nutraceutical solutions include products for weight management, joint comfort, stomach and intestinal health, sports nutrition and general wellness, and provide custom formulation, toll processing and particle engineering solutions. Customers include pharmaceutical, food, beverage, nutraceuticals and supplements manufacturers, hospitals and radiologists and industrial manufacturers.

Personal Care is comprised of biofunctionals, microbial protectants (preservatives), skin care, sun care, oral care, hair care and household. These businesses have a broad range of natural, nature-derived, biodegradable, and high-performance ingredients for customer-driven solutions to help protect, renew, moisturize and revitalize skin and hair, and provide solutions for toothpastes, mouth washes and rinses, denture cleaning and care for teeth. Household supplies nature-derived rheology ingredients, biodegradable surface wetting agents, performance encapsulates, and specialty polymers for household, industrial and institutional cleaning products. Customers include formulators at large multinational branded consumer products companies and smaller, independent boutique companies.

Specialty Additives is comprised of rheology and performance-enhancing additives serving the architectural coatings, construction, energy, automotive and various industrial markets. Solutions include coatings additives for architectural paints, finishes and lacquers, cement and gypsum based dry mortars, ready-mixed joint compounds, synthetic plasters for commercial and residential construction, and specialty materials for industrial applications. Products include rheology modifiers (cellulosic and associative thickeners), foam control agents, surfactants and wetting agents, pH neutralizers, advanced ceramics used in catalytic converters, and environmental filters, ingredients that aid the manufacturing process of ceramic capacitors, plasma display panels and solar cells, ingredients for textile printing, thermoplastic metals and alloys for welding. Products help improve desired functional outcomes through rheology modification and control, water retention, workability, adhesive strength, binding power, film formation, deposition and suspension and emulsification. Customers include global paint manufacturers, electronics and automotive manufacturers, textile mills, the construction industry, and welders.

Intermediates is comprised of the production of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) and related derivatives, including n-methylpyrrolidone. These products are used as chemical intermediates in the production of engineering polymers and polyurethanes, and as specialty process solvents in a wide array of applications including electronics, pharmaceuticals, water filtration membranes and more. Butanediol is also supplied to Life Sciences, Personal Care, and Specialty Additives for use as a raw material.

Unallocated and Other generally includes items such as certain significant company-wide restructuring activities, corporate governance costs and legacy costs or activities that relate to divested businesses that are no longer operated by Ashland.

International data

Information about Ashland’s domestic and international operations follows. Ashland has no operations in any individual international country or single customer that represented more than 10% of sales in 2023, 2022 and 2021.

	Sales to external customers						Net assets (liabilities)				Property, plant and equipment - net
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021		2023		2022		2023		2022
United States	$	634	$	731	$	637	$	1,532	$	1,857	$	1,032	$	1,042
International		1,557		1,660		1,474		1,565		1,363		341		296
	$	2,191	$	2,391	$	2,111	$	3,097	$	3,220	$	1,373	$	1,338

Reportable segment results

Results of Ashland’s reportable segments are presented based on its management and internal accounting structure. The structure is specific to Ashland; therefore, the financial results of Ashland’s reportable segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information for other comparable companies. Ashland allocates all costs to its reportable segments except for certain significant company-wide restructuring activities, certain corporate governance costs and other costs or activities that relate to former businesses that Ashland no longer operates. The service cost component of pension and other postretirement benefits costs is allocated to each reportable segment on a ratable basis; while the remaining components of pension and other postretirement benefits costs are recorded within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption of the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (loss). Ashland refines its expense allocation methodologies to the reportable segments from time to time as internal accounting practices are improved, more refined information becomes available and the industry or market changes. Significant revisions to Ashland’s methodologies are adjusted for all segments on a retrospective basis. This includes changes in prior years for indirect corporate costs previously allocated to Performance Adhesives. These costs are now reflected in Unallocated and Other for all periods presented.

Ashland determined that disclosing sales by specific product was impracticable due to the highly customized and extensive portfolio of products offered to customers and since no one product or a small group of products could be aggregated together to represent a majority of revenue within a reportable segment.

The following table presents various financial information for each reportable segment for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Ashland Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries
Reportable Segment Information
Years Ended September 30
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Sales
Life Sciences	$	869		$	815		$	737
Personal Care		598			678			592
Specialty Additives		600			719			655
Intermediates		185			256			178
Intersegment sales (a)		(61	)		(77	)		(51	)
	$	2,191		$	2,391		$	2,111
Equity income
Life Sciences	$	—		$	—		$	—
Personal Care		1			1			—
Specialty Additives		—			—			—
Intermediates		—			—			—
	$	1		$	1		$	—
Other income
Life Sciences	$	—		$	—		$	—
Personal Care		—			—			2
Specialty Additives		—			—			—
Intermediates		—			—			—
Unallocated and Other		6			2			7
	$	6		$	2		$	9
Equity and other income	$	7		$	3		$	9
Operating income (loss)
Life Sciences	$	172		$	155		$	130
Personal Care (b)		52			102			73
Specialty Additives (b)		10			103			61
Intermediates		50			87			35
Unallocated and Other (b)		(112	)		(114	)		(107	)
	$	172		$	333		$	192

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Depreciation expense
Life Sciences	$	41		$	35		$	36
Personal Care		38			37			39
Specialty Additives		58			63			66
Intermediates		13			12			12
Unallocated and Other		—			—			1
	$	150		$	147		$	154
Amortization expense
Life Sciences	$	28		$	28		$	28
Personal Care		47			47			42
Specialty Additives		18			18			19
Intermediates		—			1			1
Unallocated and Other		—			—			—
	$	93		$	94		$	90
EBITDA (c)
Life Sciences	$	241		$	218		$	194
Personal Care		137			186			154
Specialty Additives		86			184			146
Intermediates		63			100			48
Unallocated and Other		(112	)		(114	)		(106	)
	$	415		$	574		$	436
Additions to property, plant and equipment
Life Sciences	$	46		$	28		$	27
Personal Care		20			14			7
Specialty Additives		99			61			67
Intermediates		3			7			2
Unallocated and Other		2			3			2
	$	170		$	113		$	105

(In millions)	2023		2022
Assets
Life Sciences	$	1,904	$	1,905
Personal Care		1,004		1,073
Specialty Additives		1,580		1,567
Intermediates		136		170
Unallocated and Other		1,315		1,498
	$	5,939	$	6,213
Property, plant and equipment - net
Life Sciences	$	419	$	422
Personal Care		160		153
Specialty Additives		642		603
Intermediates		47		56
Unallocated and Other		105		104
	$	1,373	$	1,338

(a)Intersegment sales from Intermediates are accounted for at prices that approximate fair value. All other intersegment sales are accounted for at cost.

(b)Includes income on acquisitions and divestitures, net for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021 within Unallocated and Other. Includes a $4 million impairment charge related to a Specialty Additives facility in 2023. Includes a fixed asset impairment of $3 million related to Personal Care and a capital project impairment of $10 million related to Specialty Additives in 2021.

(c)Excludes income from discontinued operations and other net periodic benefit loss (income). See the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for applicable amounts excluded.

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Subsequent Events

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

NOTE R – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On October 19, 2023, Ashland entered, through an Ireland based, wholly-owned, bankruptcy-remote consolidated special purpose entity (SPE), into a three-year agreement with a group of entities (buyers) to sell certain trade receivables, without recourse beyond the pledged receivables, of certain wholly-owned Ashland subsidiaries (foreign accounts receivable sales program) in Europe. Under the agreement, Ashland can transfer whole receivables up to a limit established by the buyer, which is currently set at €125 million. Ashland’s continuing involvement is limited to servicing the receivables, including billing, collections and remittance of payments to the buyers as well as a limited guarantee on over-collateralization.

Ashland determined that any receivables transferred under this agreement are put presumptively beyond the reach of Ashland and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership. Ashland received true sale at law and non-consolidation opinions from independent qualified legal advisors in the jurisdiction of each originating subsidiary to support the legal isolation of these receivables. Consequently, Ashland will account for receivables transferred to buyers as part of this agreement as sales.

In addition, the 2018 foreign accounts receivable securitization was not extended in October 2023 with the initiation of the foreign accounts receivable sales program.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

Principles of consolidation and basis of presentation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulations. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Ashland Inc. (Ashland) and its majority owned subsidiaries and, when applicable, entities for which Ashland has a controlling financial interest or is the primary beneficiary. Investments in joint ventures and 20% to 50% owned affiliates where Ashland has the ability to exert significant influence are accounted for under the equity method. Ashland has no significant equity method investments as of September 30, 2023. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Ashland is comprised of the following reportable segments: Life Sciences, Personal Care, Specialty Additives and Intermediates. Unallocated and Other includes corporate governance activities and certain legacy matters. See Note Q for more information.

Use of Estimates, Risks and Uncertainties

Use of estimates, risks and uncertainties

The preparation of Ashland’s Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Significant items that are subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, environmental remediation, asbestos litigation, the accounting for goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets and income taxes. Although management bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, actual results could differ significantly from the estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Ashland’s results are affected by domestic and international economic, political, legislative, regulatory and legal actions. Economic conditions, such as recessionary trends, inflation, interest and monetary exchange rates, government fiscal policies and changes in the prices of certain key raw materials, can have a significant effect on operations. While Ashland maintains reserves for anticipated liabilities and carries various levels of insurance, Ashland could be affected by civil, criminal, regulatory or administrative actions, claims or proceedings relating to asbestos, environmental remediation, income taxes or other matters.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and highly liquid investments maturing within three months after purchase.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Accounts Receivable

Allowance for credit losses on accounts receivable

Ashland records an allowance for credit losses using the expected credit loss model. Ashland estimates expected credit losses based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. When measuring expected credit losses, Ashland pools assets with similar country risk and credit risk characteristics. Each period the allowance for credit losses is adjusted through earnings to reflect expected credit losses over the remaining lives of the assets. No significant credit losses were incurred in 2023, 2022 and 2021.

A progression of activity in the allowance for credit losses is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Allowance for credit losses - beginning of year	$	4		$	3		$	3
Adjustments to allowances for credit losses		1			2			1
Reserves utilized		(2	)		(1	)		(1	)
Allowance for credit losses - end of year	$	3		$	4		$	3

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories are carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories are stated at cost using the weighted-average cost method. This method values inventories using average costs for raw materials and most recent production costs for labor and overhead.

The following summarizes Ashland’s inventories as of the Consolidated Balance Sheet dates.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Finished products	$	390	$	391
Raw materials, supplies and work in process		236		238
	$	626	$	629

A progression of activity in the inventory reserves for obsolete and slow moving inventories, which reduce the amounts of finished products and raw materials, supplies and work in process reported, is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Inventory reserves - beginning of year	$	13		$	13		$	16
Adjustments to inventory reserves		11			3			2
Reserves utilized		(3	)		(3	)		(5	)
Inventory reserves - end of year	$	21		$	13		$	13

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment

The cost of property, plant and equipment is depreciated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Buildings are depreciated principally over 12 to 35 years and machinery and equipment principally over 2 to 25 years. Such costs are periodically reviewed for recoverability when impairment indicators are present. Such indicators include, among other factors, operating losses, unused capacity, market value declines and technological obsolescence. Recorded values of asset groups of property, plant and equipment that are not expected to be recovered through undiscounted future net cash flows are written down to current fair value, which generally is determined from estimated discounted future net cash flows (assets held for use) or net realizable value (assets held for sale). See Note F for additional information related to property, plant and equipment.

Leasing Arrangements

Leasing arrangements

Ashland determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception based on whether or not it has the right to control the asset during the contract period and other facts and circumstances.

Operating lease right-of-use assets represent Ashland’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent Ashland’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease, both of which are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. Leases with a lease term of 12 months or less at inception are not recorded within the Consolidated Balance Sheet and are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). The lease term is determined by assuming the exercise of renewal options that are reasonably certain. As most leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, Ashland used its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. When contracts contain lease and non-lease components, Ashland generally accounts for both components as a single lease component. For additional information on leasing arrangements, see Note J.

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill and other intangibles

Ashland tests goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually as of July 1 and when events and circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred. Ashland reviews goodwill for impairment based on its identified reporting units. Ashland determined that its reporting units are Life Sciences, Personal Care, Specialty Additives and Intermediates. Ashland tests goodwill for impairment by comparing the carrying value to the estimated fair value of its reporting units. If the fair value of the reporting unit is lower than its carrying amount, goodwill is written down for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. However, the loss recognized cannot exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.

Using the quantitative approach, Ashland makes various estimates and assumptions in determining the estimated fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of discounted cash flow models and valuations based on earnings multiples for guideline public companies in each reporting unit’s industry peer group, when externally quoted market prices are not readily available. Discounted cash flow models are

reliant on various assumptions, including projected business results, long-term growth factors and weighted-average cost of capital. Management judgment is involved in estimating these variables, and they include uncertainties since they are forecasting future events. Ashland performs sensitivity analyses by using a range of inputs to confirm the reasonableness of the long-term growth rate and weighted average cost of capital. Additionally, Ashland compares the indicated equity value to Ashland’s market capitalization and evaluates the resulting implied control premium/discount to determine if the estimated enterprise value is reasonable.

Ashland tests at least annually its indefinite-lived intangible assets, principally trademarks and trade names. If the carrying value of an individual indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, such individual indefinite-lived intangible asset is written down by an amount equal to such excess. Ashland performs a quantitative impairment test for the trademarks and trade names during which, trademarks and trade names are valued using a “relief-from-royalty” valuation method compared to the carrying value. Assumptions inherent in the valuation methodologies include, but are not limited to, such estimates as future projected business results, growth rates, the weighted-average cost of capital for a market participant, and royalty rates.

Finite-lived intangible assets principally consist of certain trademarks and trade names, intellectual property, and customer lists. These intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The cost of trademarks and trade names is amortized principally over 3 to 20 years, intellectual property over 3 to 20 years and customer and supplier relationships over 10 to 24 years. Ashland reviews finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Ashland monitors these changes and events on at least a quarterly basis. The intangibles amortization expense caption within the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) includes amortization expense related to trademarks and trade names, intellectual property and customer and supplier relationships. Intangible assets classified as finite are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. For further information on goodwill and other intangible assets, see Note G.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative instruments

Ashland regularly uses derivative instruments to manage its exposure to fluctuations in foreign currencies and certain commodities. All derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and are measured at fair value. Changes in the fair value of all derivatives are recognized immediately in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) unless the derivative qualifies as a hedge of future cash flows or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. Gains and losses related to an instrument that qualifies for hedge accounting are either recognized in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) immediately to offset the gain or loss on the hedged item, or deferred and recorded in the stockholders’ equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently recognized in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) when the hedged item affects net income. For additional information on derivative instruments, see Note E.

Restricted Investments

Restricted investments

During 2015, Ashland placed $335 million of insurance proceeds into a renewable annual trust for asbestos (Asbestos trust) that Ashland determined is restricted for the purpose of paying ongoing and future litigation defense and claim settlement costs incurred in conjunction with asbestos claims. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the funds within the Asbestos trust had a balance of $243 million and $245 million, respectively, and were primarily invested in public equity, U.S. government bonds and investment grade corporate bond investments with a portion maintained in demand deposits. These funds are presented primarily as noncurrent assets within the restricted investments caption of the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with $37 million and $27 million classified within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

During 2021, Ashland established a renewable annual trust for environmental remediation (Environmental trust) that Ashland determined is restricted for ongoing and future environmental remediation and related litigation costs. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the funds within the Environmental trust had a balance of $124 million and $129 million, respectively, and were primarily invested in public equity, U.S. government bonds and investment grade corporate bond investments with a portion maintained in demand deposits. These funds are presented primarily as noncurrent assets within the restricted investments caption of the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with $40 million and $34 million classified within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The funds within these trusts are classified as investment securities reported at fair value. Interest income and gains and losses (realized and unrealized) on the investment securities are reported in the net interest and other expense caption in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss). See Note E for additional information regarding the fair value of these investments within the trusts.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue recognition

Ashland’s revenue is measured as the amount of consideration it expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods and is recognized when performance obligations are satisfied under the terms of contracts or purchase orders with customers. Ashland generally utilizes standardized language for the terms of contracts or purchase orders.

A performance obligation is deemed to be satisfied by Ashland when control of the product or service is transferred to the customer. The transaction price of a contract or purchase order, or the amount Ashland expects to receive upon satisfaction of all performance obligations, is determined by reference to the applicable terms. Ashland generally collects the cash from its customers within 60 days of the product delivery date. Sales and other similar taxes collected from customers on behalf of third parties are excluded from the contract price.

All of Ashland’s revenue is derived from contracts or purchase orders with customers, and nearly all contracts or purchase orders with customers contain a single performance obligation for the transfer of goods where such performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time. Control of a product is deemed to be transferred to the customer generally upon shipment or delivery. Costs for shipping and handling activities, whether performed before or after the customer obtains control of the goods, are accounted for as fulfillment costs when not reimbursed.

Costs incurred to obtain contracts with customers are not significant and are expensed immediately as the period of performance is generally one year or less. Ashland records credit losses in specific situations when it is determined that the customer is unable to meet its financial obligation.

Expense Recognition

Expense recognition

Cost of sales include material and production costs, as well as the costs of inbound and outbound freight, purchasing and receiving, inspection, warehousing, internal transfers and all other distribution network costs. Selling, general and administrative expense includes sales and marketing costs, advertising, customer support, environmental remediation, corporate and divisional administrative and other costs. Advertising costs ($2 million in 2023, $2 million in 2022 and $1 million in 2021) and research and development costs ($51 million in 2023, $55 million in 2022 and $50 million in 2021) are expensed as incurred.

Income Taxes

Income taxes

Ashland is subject to income taxes in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. The provision for income taxes includes income taxes paid, currently payable or receivable, and deferred taxes. Ashland recognizes the income tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. Ashland evaluates and adjusts these accruals based on changing facts and circumstances. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences reverse. Deferred tax assets are also recognized for the estimated future effects of tax loss and credit carryforwards. The effect on deferred taxes of changes in tax rates is recognized in the period in which the enactment date occurs. Taxes due on future Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) inclusions in U.S. are recognized as a current period expense when incurred. Valuation allowances are established when necessary on a jurisdictional basis to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. In the event that the actual outcome of future tax consequences differs from Ashland’s estimates and assumptions due to changes or future events such as tax legislation, geographic mix of earnings, completion of tax audits or earnings repatriation plans, the resulting change to the provision for income taxes could have a material effect on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Consolidated Balance Sheets. For additional information on income taxes, see Note K.

A progression of activity in the tax valuation allowances is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Tax valuation allowances - beginning of year	$	56		$	74		$	75
Adjustments to valuation allowances		(1	)		(19	)		9
Reserves utilized		1			1			(10	)
Tax valuation allowances - end of year	$	56		$	56		$	74

Asbestos-related Litigation

Asbestos-related litigation

Ashland is subject to liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Such claims result from indemnification obligations undertaken in 1990 in connection with the sale of Riley Stoker Corporation (Riley) and the acquisition of Hercules in November 2008. Although Riley, a former subsidiary, was neither a producer nor a manufacturer of asbestos, its industrial boilers contained some asbestos-containing components provided by other companies. Hercules, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Ashland, has liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Such claims typically arise from alleged exposure to asbestos fibers from resin encapsulated pipe and tank products sold by one of Hercules’ former subsidiaries to a limited industrial market.

Ashland retained Gnarus Advisors LLC (Gnarus) to assist in developing and annually updating independent reserve estimates for future asbestos claims and related costs given various assumptions. The methodology used to project future asbestos costs is based largely on Ashland’s recent experience, including claim-filing and settlement rates, disease mix, open claims, and litigation defense. Ashland’s claim experience is compared to the results of previously conducted epidemiological studies estimating the number of people likely to develop asbestos-related diseases. Those studies were undertaken in connection with national analyses of the population expected to have been exposed to asbestos. Using that information, Gnarus estimates a range of the number of future claims that may be filed, as well as the related costs that may be incurred in resolving those claims. Ashland records the amount it believes to be the best estimate of future payments for litigation defense and claim settlement costs using the results of a non-inflated, non-discounted approximate 40-year model. For additional information on asbestos-related litigation, see Note M.

Ashland and Hercules have liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. To assist in developing and annually updating independent reserve estimates for future asbestos claims and related costs, Ashland has retained third party actuarial experts Gnarus. The methodology used by Gnarus to project future asbestos costs is based largely on recent experience, including claim-filing and settlement rates, disease mix, open claims and litigation defense. The claim experience of Ashland and Hercules are separately compared to the results of previously conducted third party epidemiological studies estimating the number of people likely to develop asbestos-related diseases. Those studies were undertaken in connection with national analyses of the population expected to have been exposed to asbestos. Using that information, Gnarus estimates a range of the number of future claims that may be filed, as well as the related costs that may be incurred in resolving those claims. Changes in asbestos-related liabilities and receivables are recorded on an after-tax basis within the discontinued operations caption in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Environmental Remediation

Environmental remediation

Accruals for environmental remediation are recognized when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of that liability can be reasonably estimated. Such costs are charged to expense if they relate to the remediation of conditions caused by past operations or are not expected to mitigate or prevent contamination from future operations. Accruals for environmental remediation reflect Ashland's estimates of the most likely costs that will be incurred over an extended period of time to remediate identified conditions for which costs are reasonably estimatible and probable of being incurred, without regard to any third-party recoveries, and are regularly adjusted as environmental assessments and remediation efforts continue. For additional information on environmental remediation, see Note M.

The total reserves for environmental remediation reflect Ashland’s estimates of the most likely costs that will be incurred over an extended period to remediate identified conditions for which the costs are reasonably estimable, without regard to any third-party recoveries. Engineering studies, historical experience and other factors are used to identify and evaluate remediation alternatives and their related costs in determining the estimated reserves for environmental remediation. Ashland regularly adjusts its reserves as environmental remediation continues. Ashland has estimated the value of its probable insurance recoveries associated with its environmental reserve based on management’s interpretations

and estimates surrounding the available or applicable insurance coverage.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits

Pension and other postretirement benefits

The funded status of Ashland’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans is recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at September 30, the measurement date. For defined benefit pension plans, the benefit obligation is the projected benefit obligation (PBO) and for the other postretirement benefit plans, the benefit obligation is the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO). The PBO represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on estimated future compensation levels. The APBO represents the actuarial present value of postretirement benefits attributed to employee services already rendered. The measurement of the benefit obligation is based on Ashland’s estimates and actuarial valuations. These valuations reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions that require judgment, including, but not limited to, estimates of discount rates, rate of compensation increases, interest rates and mortality rates. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value of assets held by an irrevocable trust fund for the sole benefit of participants. For additional information regarding plan assumptions and the current financial position of the pension and other postretirement plans, see Note L.

Ashland recognizes the change in the fair value of plan assets and net actuarial gains and losses annually in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year and whenever a plan is determined to qualify for a remeasurement. The remaining components of pension and other postretirement benefits expense are recorded ratably on a quarterly basis. Pension and other postretirement benefits adjustments charged directly to cost of sales that are applicable to inactive participants are excluded from inventoriable costs. The service cost component of pension and other postretirement benefits costs is allocated to each reportable segment; while the remaining components of pension and other postretirement benefits costs are recorded within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign currency translation

Subsidiaries outside the United States primarily use the local currency as the functional currency. Upon consolidation, the results of operations of the subsidiaries and affiliates whose functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates for the year while assets and liabilities are translated at year-end exchange rates. Adjustments to translate assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars are recorded in the stockholders’ equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are included in net earnings only upon sale or substantial liquidation of the underlying foreign subsidiary or affiliated company.

Stock Incentive Plans

Stock incentive plans

Ashland recognizes compensation expense for stock incentive plans awarded to key employees and directors over the requisite service period based upon the grant-date fair value. Stock incentive awards are primarily in the form of restricted stock and restricted stock units, performance shares and other non-vested stock awards. Ashland utilizes several industry accepted valuation models to determine grant-date fair value. For further information concerning stock incentive plans, see Note O.

Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share

The following is the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) from continuing operations attributable to Ashland. Earnings per share are reported under the treasury stock method. SARs and warrants for each reported year whose grant price was greater than the market price of Ashland Common Stock at the end of each fiscal year were not included in the computation of earnings per share from continuing operations per diluted share because the effect of these instruments would be antidilutive. The total number of these shares outstanding was 1.2 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021. The majority of these shares are for warrants with a strike price of $128.66.

(In millions except per share data)	2023		2022		2021
Numerator
Numerator for basic and diluted EPS - Income (loss) from continuing operations, net of tax	$	168	$	181	$	173
Denominator
Denominator for basic EPS - Weighted-average common shares outstanding		53		55		60
Share based awards convertible to common shares		1		1		1
Denominator for diluted EPS - Adjusted weighted - average shares and assumed conversions		54		56		61
EPS from continuing operations
Basic	$	3.18	$	3.26	$	2.85
Diluted	$	3.13	$	3.20	$	2.82

Other Accounting Pronouncements

Other accounting pronouncements

In December 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2022-06 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848." The ASU was issued to provide an update on ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01 that were issued in March 2020 and January 2021, respectively, which provided practical expedients simplifying the U.S. GAAP treatment of certain reference rate related contract modifications including hedging relationships and other agreements. Specifically, the guidance eased the accounting burden of the modification of the reference rate of contracts where the underlying reference rate was the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). With the issuance of ASU 2022-06, the sunset date of Topic 848 has been deferred from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. This guidance did not have a material impact on Ashland's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13 "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments." The ASU amended accounting guidance related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. The amended accounting guidance changes the impairment model for most financial assets to require measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held. This guidance became effective for Ashland on October 1, 2020. As a result, Ashland recorded a $3 million increase in its allowance for credit losses, primarily related to asbestos receivables, and a $2 million decrease to retained earnings, net of tax, reflecting the cumulative effect on retained earnings.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Policy

As required by U.S. GAAP, Ashland uses applicable guidance for defining fair value, the initial recording and periodic remeasurement of certain assets and liabilities measured at fair value and related disclosures for instruments measured at fair value. Fair value accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). An instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the instrument’s fair value measurement. The three levels within the fair value hierarchy are described as follows.

Level 1 – Observable inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability for which there is little, if any, market activity at the measurement date. Unobservable inputs reflect Ashland’s own assumptions about what market participants would use to price the asset or liability. The inputs are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances, which might include Ashland’s own financial data such as internally developed pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, as well as instruments for which the fair value determination requires significant management judgment.

For assets that are measured using quoted prices in active markets (Level 1), the total fair value is the published market price per unit multiplied by the number of units held without consideration of transaction costs. Assets and liabilities that are measured using significant other observable inputs (Level 2) are primarily valued by reference to quoted prices of similar assets or liabilities in active markets, adjusted for any terms specific to that asset or liability. For all other assets and liabilities for which unobservable inputs are used (Level 3), fair value is derived through the use of fair value models, such as a discounted cash flow model or other standard pricing models that Ashland deems reasonable.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Goodwill

Goodwill

Ashland performed its annual goodwill impairment test using the quantitative approach as of July 1, 2023, and concluded that the reporting unit fair values for all reporting units exceeded their carrying values. No impairment existed as of that date and no subsequent impairment indicators have been identified.

Finite-Lived Intangible Asset

Intangible assets principally consist of trademarks and trade names, intellectual property and customer and supplier relationships. Intangible assets classified as finite are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The cost of trademarks and trade names is amortized principally over 3 to 20 years, intellectual property over 3 to 20 years, and customer and supplier relationships over 10 to 24 years.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Intangible Assets, Indefinite-Lived

Ashland performed its annual impairment test for other indefinite lived intangible assets using the quantitative approach as of July 1, 2023 and concluded that the assets fair values exceeded their carrying values. No impairment existed as of that date.

Segment Reporting

Ashland determines its reportable segments based on how operations are managed internally for the products and services sold to customers, including how the results are reviewed by the chief operating decision maker, which includes determining resource allocation methodologies used for reportable segments. Operating income and EBITDA are the primary measures of performance that are reviewed by the chief operating decision maker in assessing each reportable segment's financial performance. Ashland does not aggregate operating segments to arrive at these reportable segments.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]

Summary of Inventories

The following summarizes Ashland’s inventories as of the Consolidated Balance Sheet dates.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Finished products	$	390	$	391
Raw materials, supplies and work in process		236		238
	$	626	$	629

Computation of Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share

The following is the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) from continuing operations attributable to Ashland. Earnings per share are reported under the treasury stock method. SARs and warrants for each reported year whose grant price was greater than the market price of Ashland Common Stock at the end of each fiscal year were not included in the computation of earnings per share from continuing operations per diluted share because the effect of these instruments would be antidilutive. The total number of these shares outstanding was 1.2 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021. The majority of these shares are for warrants with a strike price of $128.66.

(In millions except per share data)	2023		2022		2021
Numerator
Numerator for basic and diluted EPS - Income (loss) from continuing operations, net of tax	$	168	$	181	$	173
Denominator
Denominator for basic EPS - Weighted-average common shares outstanding		53		55		60
Share based awards convertible to common shares		1		1		1
Denominator for diluted EPS - Adjusted weighted - average shares and assumed conversions		54		56		61
EPS from continuing operations
Basic	$	3.18	$	3.26	$	2.85
Diluted	$	3.13	$	3.20	$	2.82

Allowance for Credit Losses [Member]

Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]

Schedule of Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Disclosure

A progression of activity in the allowance for credit losses is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Allowance for credit losses - beginning of year	$	4		$	3		$	3
Adjustments to allowances for credit losses		1			2			1
Reserves utilized		(2	)		(1	)		(1	)
Allowance for credit losses - end of year	$	3		$	4		$	3

Inventory Reserve [Member]

Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]

Schedule of Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Disclosure

A progression of activity in the inventory reserves for obsolete and slow moving inventories, which reduce the amounts of finished products and raw materials, supplies and work in process reported, is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Inventory reserves - beginning of year	$	13		$	13		$	16
Adjustments to inventory reserves		11			3			2
Reserves utilized		(3	)		(3	)		(5	)
Inventory reserves - end of year	$	21		$	13		$	13

Valuation Allowance of Deferred Tax Assets [Member]

Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]

Schedule of Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Disclosure

A progression of activity in the tax valuation allowances is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Tax valuation allowances - beginning of year	$	56		$	74		$	75
Adjustments to valuation allowances		(1	)		(19	)		9
Reserves utilized		1			1			(10	)
Tax valuation allowances - end of year	$	56		$	56		$	74

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Discontinued Operations (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Components of Amounts in the Statements of Consolidated Income (Loss) Related To Discontinued Operations

Components of amounts reflected in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) related to discontinued operations are presented in the following table for each of the years ended September 30.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Income (loss) from discontinued operations
Performance Adhesives	$	(1	)	$	33		$	83
Composites/Marl facility		(1	)		—			(1	)
Valvoline		15			(7	)		(33	)
Water Technologies		—			5			(4	)
Distribution		(5	)		(9	)		(6	)
Asbestos-related litigation		(6	)		(17	)		(11	)
Gain on disposal of discontinued operations
Performance Adhesives		—			1,063			—
Composites/Marl facility		—			—			(4	)
Water Technologies		—			—			1
Income before taxes		2			1,068			25
Income tax benefit (expense)
Benefit (expense) related to income (loss) from discontinued operations
Performance Adhesives		6			8			(19	)
Composites/Marl facility		—			2			1
Valvoline		—			1			36
Water Technologies		—			(1	)		1
Distribution		1			2			1
Asbestos-related litigation		1			3			2
Expense related to gain on disposal of discontinued operations
Performance Adhesives		—			(337	)		—
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes	$	10		$	746		$	47

Performance Adhesives [Member]

Components of Amounts in the Statements of Consolidated Income (Loss) Related To Discontinued Operations

The following table presents a reconciliation of the captions within Ashland’s Statements of Consolidated Income (Loss) for the income from discontinued operations attributable to the Performance Adhesives segment for each of the years ended September 30.

(In millions)	2022			2021
Income(loss) from discontinued operations attributable to Performance Adhesives
Sales	$	171		$	372
Cost of sales		(122	)		(256	)
Selling, general and administrative expense		(12	)		(25	)
Research and development expense		(4	)		(8	)
Intangible amortization expense		—			(1	)
Pretax operating income of discontinued operations		33			82
Other net periodic benefit loss (income)		—			(1	)
Pretax income of discontinued operations		33			83
Income tax expense		8			(19	)
Income from discontinued operations	$	41		$	64

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Restructuring Activities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Summary of Amount of Restructuring Reserves Related to Program

The following table details at September 30, 2023, the amount of restructuring severance reserves related to this program. The severance reserves were primarily recorded within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2022.

(In millions)	Severance costs
Balance as of September 30, 2021	$	6
Restructuring reserve		(2	)
Utilization (cash paid)		(3	)
Balance as of September 30, 2022	$	1
Restructuring reserve		(1	)
Utilization (cash paid)		—
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	—

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value, off-Balance-Sheet Risks, Disclosure Information [Line Items]

Summary of Financial Instruments Subject to Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The following table summarizes financial instruments subject to recurring fair value measurements as of September 30, 2023. For additional information on fair value hierarchy measurements of pension plan asset holdings, see Note L.

					Quoted prices
					in active		Significant
					markets for		other		Significant
					identical		observable		unobservable
	Carrying		Total fair		assets		inputs		inputs
(In millions)	value		value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	417	$	417	$	417	$	—	$	—
Restricted investments (a) (b)		367		367		367		—		—
Investments of captive insurance company (c)		6		6		6		—		—
Foreign currency derivatives (d)		1		1		—		1		—
Total assets at fair value	$	791	$	791	$	790	$	1	$	—
Liabilities
Foreign currency derivatives (e)	$	1	$	1	$	—	$	1	$	—
Commodity derivatives (e)		4		4		—		4		—
Total liabilities at fair value	$	5	$	5	$	—	$	5	$	—

(a) Included in restricted investments and $77 million within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(b) Includes $243 million related to the Asbestos trust and $124 million related to the Environmental trust. See Note A for additional details.

(c) Included in other noncurrent assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(d) Included in accounts receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(e) Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes financial instruments subject to recurring fair value measurements as of September 30, 2022.

					Quoted prices
					in active		Significant
					markets for		other		Significant
					identical		observable		unobservable
	Carrying		Total fair		assets		inputs		inputs
(In millions)	value		value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	646	$	646	$	646	$	—	$	—
Restricted investments (a) (b)		374		374		374		—		—
Investments of captive insurance company (c)		9		9		9		—		—
Foreign currency derivatives		1		1		—		1		—
Commodity derivatives (d)		4		4		—		4		—
Total assets at fair value	$	1,034	$	1,034	$	1,029	$	5	$	—
Liabilities
Foreign currency derivatives (e)	$	9	$	9	$	—	$	9	$	—
Commodity derivatives (e)		1		1		—		1		—
Total liabilities at fair value	$	10	$	10	$	—	$	10	$	—

(a) Included in restricted investments and $61 million within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(b) Includes $245 million related to the Asbestos trust and $129 million related to the Environmental trust. See Note A for additional details.

(c) Included in other noncurrent assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(d) Included in accounts receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(e) Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Summary of Restricted Investment Portfolio

The following table presents gross unrealized gains and losses for the restricted securities as of September 30, 2023 and 2022:

			Gross		Gross
(In millions)	Adjusted Cost		Unrealized Gain		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value
As of September 30, 2023
Demand deposit	$	12	$	—	$	—		$	12
Equity mutual fund		155		24		(2	)		177
Fixed income mutual fund		226		—		(48	)		178
Fair value	$	393	$	24	$	(50	)	$	367
As of September 30, 2022
Demand deposit	$	6	$	—	$	—		$	6
Equity mutual fund		186		20		(25	)		181
Fixed income mutual fund		234		—		(47	)		187
Fair value	$	426	$	20	$	(72	)	$	374

Summary of Investment Income, Net Gains and Losses, Funds restricted for Specific Transactions and Disbursements Related to Investments

The following table presents the investment income, net gains and losses realized, funds restricted for specific transactions, and disbursements related to the investments within the restricted investments portfolio during 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Investment income (a)	$	13		$	16		$	12
Net gains (losses) (a)		29			(102	)		21
Funds restricted for specific transactions		9			74			91
Disbursements		(58	)		(35	)		(33	)

(a) Included in the net interest and other expense caption within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Summary of Net Gains and Losses on Foreign Currency Derivatives

The following table summarizes the gains and losses recognized during 2023, 2022 and 2021 within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(In millions)	2023		2022			2021
Foreign currency derivative gains (losses) (a)	$	10	$	(40	)	$	4

(a) Includes a $1 million gain reported within the income on acquisitions and divestitures, net caption for fiscal 2021.

Summary of Fair Values of Outstanding Foreign Currency Derivatives

The following table summarizes the fair values of the outstanding foreign currency derivatives as of September 30, 2023, and 2022 included in accounts receivable and accrued expenses and other liabilities of the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Foreign currency derivative assets	$	1	$	1
Notional contract values		147		133
Foreign currency derivative liabilities	$	1	$	9
Notional contract values		103		535

Commodity Derivatives [Member]

Fair Value, off-Balance-Sheet Risks, Disclosure Information [Line Items]

Summary of Net Gains and Losses on Derivatives

The following table summarizes the gains and losses recognized during 2023, 2022, 2021 within the cost of sales caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(In millions)	2023			2022		2021
Commodity derivative gains (losses)	$	(3	)	$	10	$	1

Summary of Fair Values of Outstanding Derivatives

The following table summarizes the fair values of the outstanding commodity derivatives as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 included in accounts receivable and accrued expenses and other liabilities of the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Commodity derivative assets	$	—	$	4
Notional contract values		2		13
Commodity derivative liabilities	$	4	$	1
Notional contract values		16		9

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Property, Plant and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Components of Property, Plant and Equipment in Consolidated Balance Sheets

The following table describes the various components of property, plant and equipment within the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(In millions)	2023			2022
Land	$	146		$	138
Buildings		467			458
Machinery and equipment		2,371			2,324
Construction in progress		227			130
Total property, plant and equipment (gross)		3,211			3,050
Accumulated depreciation		(1,838	)		(1,712	)
Total property, plant and equipment (net)	$	1,373		$	1,338

Summary of Property, Plant and Equipment Charges Included in Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income

The following table summarizes various property, plant and equipment charges recognized during 2023, 2022, 2021 within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income.

(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Depreciation	$	150	$	147	$	154
Capitalized interest		4		1		2

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Goodwill and Other Intangibles (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Goodwill by Reportable Segment

The following is a progression of goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(In millions)	Life Sciences			Personal Care (a)			Specialty Additives (a)			Intermediates (a)		Total
Balance at September 30, 2021	$	856		$	129		$	445		$	—	$	1,430
Currency translation and other		(69	)		(11	)		(38	)		—		(118	)
Balance at September 30, 2022		787			118			407			—		1,312
Currency translation and other		32			4			14			—		50
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	819		$	122		$	421		$	—	$	1,362

(a)As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, there were accumulated impairments of $356 million, $174 million, and $90 million related to the Personal Care, Specialty Additives, and Intermediates reportable segments, respectively.

Summary of Other Intangible Assets

Other intangible assets were comprised of the following as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.

	2023							2022
	Gross					Net		Gross					Net
	carrying		Accumulated			carrying		carrying		Accumulated			carrying
(In millions)	amount		amortization			amount		amount		amortization			amount
Definite-lived intangible assets
Trademarks and trade names	$	97	$	(43	)	$	54	$	95	$	(37	)	$	58
Intellectual property		731		(581	)		150		718		(523	)		195
Customer and supplier relationships		821		(417	)		404		801		(369	)		432
Total definite-lived intangible assets		1,649		(1,041	)		608		1,614		(929	)		685
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
Trademarks and trade names		278		—			278		278		—			278
Total intangible assets	$	1,927	$	(1,041	)	$	886	$	1,892	$	(929	)	$	963

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Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Current and Long-term Debt

The following table summarizes Ashland’s current and long-term debt at September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(In millions)	2023		2022
3.375% Senior Notes, due 2031	$	450	$	450
2.00% Senior Notes, due 2028 (Euro 500 million principal)		528		489
6.875% notes, due 2043		282		282
6.50% junior subordinated notes, due 2029		64		60
Other (a)		6		(11	)
Total debt		1,330		1,270
Short-term debt		16		—
Long-term debt (less debt issuance costs)	$	1,314	$	1,270

(a)Other includes $13 million and $14 million of debt issuance costs as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The current portion of the long-term debt was zero for both September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Summary of Net Interest and Other Expense (Income)

Net interest and other expense (income)

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Interest expense (a)	$	54		$	62		$	69
Interest income		(12	)		(4	)		(1	)
Loss on the accounts receivables sale program		3			1			1
Investment securities loss (income) (b)		(42	)		86			(33	)
Other financing costs (c)		3			4			20
	$	6		$	149		$	56

(a)Includes $1 million and $1 million of accelerated accretion and/or amortization for original issue discounts and debt issuance costs during 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(b)Represents investment loss (income) related to the restricted investments discussed in Note E.

(c)Includes costs of $16 million related to early redemption premium payments for the 2022 notes during 2021.

Summary of Debt Issuance Cost Amortization

The following table details the debt issuance cost and original issue discount amortization included in interest expense during 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Normal amortization	$	6	$	6	$	6
Accelerated amortization (a)		—		1		1
Total	$	6	$	7	$	7

(a)Fiscal year 2022 includes $1 million of accelerated debt issuance costs for the 2020 credit agreement. 2021 includes $1 million of accelerated debt issuance cost for the 2022 Notes.

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Other Noncurrent Assets and Liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Other Noncurrent Assets And Liabilities [Abstract]

Schedule of Other Assets and Other Liabilities

The following table provides the components of other noncurrent assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Deferred compensation investments	$	87	$	85
Tax and tax indemnity receivables		6		2
Life insurance policies		76		73
Manufacturing catalyst supplies		24		25
Defined benefit plan assets		17		21
Equity and other unconsolidated investments		3		3
Land use rights		6		6
Environmental insurance receivables		15		17
Debt issuance costs		2		2
Other		15		20
	$	251	$	254

The following table provides the components of other noncurrent liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30.

(In millions)	2023		2022
Tax liabilities	$	79	$	127
Environmental remediation reserves		165		157
Deferred compensation		25		25
Other		22		16
	$	291	$	325

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Leasing Arrangements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Components of Lease Cost Recognized

The components of lease cost recognized within the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:

(In millions)	Location	2023		2022		2021
Lease cost:
Operating lease cost	Selling, General & Administrative	$	13	$	13	$	13
Operating lease cost	Cost of Sales		15		16		15
Variable lease cost	Selling, General & Administrative		4		5		3
Variable lease cost	Cost of Sales		6		4		3
Short-term leases	Cost of Sales		2		3		3
Total lease cost (a)		$	40	$	41	$	37

(a)Includes $2 million lease termination fee in fiscal 2022.

Summary of Lease Assets and Liabilities

The following table summarizes Ashland’s lease assets and liabilities as presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30:

(In millions)	2023		2022
Assets
Operating lease assets, net	$	122	$	107
Total lease assets	$	122	$	107
Liabilities
Current operating lease obligations	$	22	$	19
Non-current operating lease obligations		106		94
Total lease liabilities	$	128	$	113

Schedule of Cash Paid for Amounts Included in the Measurement of Operating Lease Liabilities

The following table provides cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities for during 2023, 2022 and 2021:

(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	27	$	29	$	29

Schedule of Maturities Analysis of Lease Liabilities

The following table summarizes Ashland's maturities of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023:

(In millions)	2023
2024	$	24
2025		20
2026		15
2027		13
2028		10
Thereafter		85
Total lease payments		167
Less amount of lease payment representing interest		(39	)
Total present value of lease payments	$	128

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Provision for Income Taxes Related to Continuing Operations

A summary of the provision for income taxes related to continuing operations follows.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Current
Federal	$	(17	)	$	3		$	(35	)
State		(5	)		7			(2	)
Foreign		46			50			25
		24			60			(12	)
Deferred		(32	)		(35	)		(26	)
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	(8	)	$	25		$	(38	)

Summary of Temporary Differences of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Temporary differences that give rise to significant deferred tax assets and liabilities as of September 30 are presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022
Deferred tax assets
Foreign net operating loss carryforwards (a)	$	24		$	23
Employee benefit obligations		17			18
Environmental, self-insurance and litigation reserves (net of receivables)		110			116
State net operating loss carryforwards (net of unrecognized tax benefits) (b)		18			19
Compensation accruals		25			29
Credit carryforwards (net of unrecognized tax benefits) (c)		18			20
Other items		25			21
Other lease liability		13			17
Valuation allowances (d)		(56	)		(56	)
Total deferred tax assets		194			207
Deferred tax liabilities
Goodwill and other intangibles (e)		150			169
Property, plant and equipment		158			175
Right of use assets		12			16
Other		—			3
Total deferred tax liabilities		320			363
Net deferred tax liability	$	(126	)	$	(156	)

(a)Gross net operating loss carryforwards of $99 million will expire in future years beyond 2024 or have no expiration, and primarily relate to European and Asian subsidiaries.

(b)Apportioned net operating loss carryforwards generated of $462 million will expire in future years as follows: $78 million in 2024, $56 million in 2025 and the remaining balance in other future years.

(c)Credit carryforwards consist primarily of foreign tax credits of $17 million expiring in future years, and state tax credits of $1 million that will expire in 2026 and other future years.

(d)Valuation allowances primarily relate to certain state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards and certain federal credit carryforwards.

(e)The total gross amount of goodwill as of September 30, 2023 expected to be deductible for tax purposes is $42 million.

Summary of Income from Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes and Reconciliation of Provision for Income Taxes

The U.S. and foreign components of income from continuing operations before income taxes and a reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax with the provision for income taxes follow. The foreign components of income from continuing operations disclosed in the following table exclude any allocations of certain corporate expenses incurred in the U.S.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes
United States	$	(112	)	$	(133	)	$	(96	)
Foreign		272			339			231
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	$	160		$	206		$	135
Income taxes computed at U.S. statutory rate	$	34		$	43		$	28
Increase (decrease) in amount computed resulting from
Uncertain tax positions		(26	)		(6	)		(49	)
Deemed inclusions, foreign dividends and other restructuring (a)		32			40			25
Foreign tax credits		(22	)		(32	)		(20	)
Valuation allowance changes (b)		(7	)		(4	)		4
Research and development credits		(3	)		(2	)		(3	)
State taxes		(1	)		(4	)		(5	)
Goodwill impairment		—			—			2
International rate differential		(16	)		(27	)		(18	)
Other items (c)		1			17			(2	)
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	(8	)	$	25		$	(38	)

(a)2023 includes $19 million related to GILTI permanent adjustments and $12 million related to Subpart F. 2022 includes $31 million primarily related to GILTI permanent adjustment. 2021 includes $17 million primarily related to GILTI permanent adjustments.

(b)2023 includes net $2 million related to deferred taxes and foreign tax credits. 2022 includes $4 million related to state NOL's. 2021 includes $13 million related to certain foreign tax credits partially offset by $5 million related to state NOL's and $4 million related to foreign jurisdictions.

(c)2023 includes miscellaneous items of $1 million. 2022 includes $8 million related to withholding tax. 2021 includes $14 million related to the sale of a Specialty Additives facility partially offset by miscellaneous other items.

Summary of Changes in Unrecognized Tax Benefits

Changes in unrecognized tax benefits were as follows:

(In millions)
Balance at September 30, 2021	$	82
Decreases related to positions taken on items from prior years		(5	)
Increases related to positions taken in the current year		19
Lapse of statute of limitations		(12	)
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	84
Decreases related to positions taken on items from prior years		(30	)
Increases related to positions taken in the current year		8
Increases related to positions taken in the prior year		1
Lapse of statute of limitations		(4	)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	59

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Employee Benefit Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Schedule of Costs of Retirement Plans

The following table summarizes the components of pension and other postretirement benefit costs for continuing operations and the assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit loss (income) for the plans.

	Pension benefits									Other postretirement benefits
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021			2023			2022			2021
Net periodic benefit loss (income)
Service cost (a)	$	3		$	4		$	5		$	1		$	1		$	1
Interest cost (b)		13			8			6			2			2			2
Curtailment, settlement and other (b)		—			(1	)		—			—			—			—
Expected return on plan assets (b)		(7	)		(7	)		(8	)		—			—			—
Actuarial (gain) loss (b)		—			(16	)		3			(2	)		(8	)		(2	)
	$	9		$	(12	)	$	6		$	1		$	(5	)	$	1
Weighted-average plan assumptions (c)
Discount rate for service cost		4.56	%		2.99	%		1.81	%		5.80	%		3.19	%		3.15	%
Discount rate for interest cost		5.44	%		3.33	%		1.69	%		5.54	%		2.10	%		1.93	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.07	%		2.50	%		2.53	%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets		4.25	%		2.89	%		2.43	%

(a)Service cost is classified within the selling, general and administrative expense and cost of sales captions on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(b)These components are classified within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(c)The plan assumptions discussed are a blended weighted-average rate for Ashland’s U.S. and non-U.S. plans.

Total Prior Service Credits Recognized In Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

At September 30, 2023 and 2022, the amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive income are shown in the following table.

	Pension				Postretirement
(In millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Prior service cost	$	2	$	2	$	—	$	—

Schedule of Defined Benefit Plans Disclosures

Actuarial valuations are performed for the pension and other postretirement benefit plans to determine Ashland’s obligation for each plan. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, Ashland recognizes the unfunded status of the plans as a liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Summaries of the change in benefit obligations, plan assets, funded status of the plans, amounts recognized in the balance sheet, and assumptions used to determine the benefit obligations for 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

							Other postretirement
	Pension plans						benefit plans
(In millions)	2023			2022			2023			2022
Change in benefit obligations
Benefit obligations at October 1	$	250		$	422		$	36		$	47
Service cost		3			4			1			1
Interest cost		13			8			2			2
Participant contributions		—			—			—			—
Benefits paid		(16	)		(16	)		(4	)		(6	)
Actuarial (gain) loss		(10	)		(123	)		(1	)		(8	)
Curtailments		—			(1	)		—			—
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		15			(38	)		—			—
Other (including acquisitions)		—			(1	)		—			—
Settlements		—			(5	)		—			—
Benefit obligations at September 30	$	255		$	250		$	34		$	36
Change in plan assets
Value of plan assets at October 1	$	201		$	351		$	—		$	—
Actual return on plan assets		(2	)		(100	)		—			—
Employer contributions		8			5			—			—
Participant contributions		—			—			—			—
Benefits paid		(16	)		(16	)		—			—
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		14			(33	)		—			—
Settlements		—			(5	)		—			—
Other		(2	)		(1	)		—			—
Value of plan assets at September 30	$	203		$	201		$	—		$	—
Unfunded status of the plans	$	(52	)	$	(49	)	$	(34	)	$	(36	)
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet
Other assets (noncurrent)	$	17		$	21		$	—		$	—
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(4	)		(3	)		(3	)		(4	)
Employee benefit obligations		(65	)		(67	)		(31	)		(32	)
Net amount recognized	$	(52	)	$	(49	)	$	(34	)	$	(36	)
Weighted-average plan assumptions
Discount rate		5.43	%		5.09	%		5.72	%		2.98	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.07	%		2.50	%

Schedule of Accumulated Benefit Obligations in Excess of Fair Value of Plan Assets

The accumulated benefit obligation for all pension plans was $250 million at September 30, 2023 and $245 million at September 30, 2022. All Ashland pension plans are either qualified U.S. or non-US plans. Information for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets follows:

(In millions)	2023		2022
Projected benefit obligation	$	149	$	146
Accumulated benefit obligation		144		141
Fair value of plan assets		80		76

Schedule of Expected Benefit Payments

The following benefit payments, which reflect future service expectations, are projected to be paid from plan assets in each of the next five years and in aggregate for five years thereafter.

			Other
	Pension		postretirement
(In millions)	benefits		benefits
2024	$	15	$	3
2025		16		3
2026		17		3
2027		18		3
2028		17		3
2029 - 2033		90		15

Plan Asset Fair Value Heirarchy [Member]

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation

The following table summarizes the various investment categories that the pension plan assets are invested in and the applicable fair value hierarchy that the financial instruments are classified within these investment categories as of September 30, 2023. For additional information and a detailed description of each level within the fair value hierarchy, see Note E.

			Quoted prices
			in active		Significant
			markets for		other		Significant
			identical		observable		unobservable
	Total fair		assets		inputs		inputs
(In millions)	value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and cash equivalents	$	11	$	11	$	—	$	—
U.S. Government securities		6		—		6		—
Non-U.S. Government securities		39		—		39		—
Corporate debt instruments		80		—		80		—
Listed real assets		9		—		9		—
Asset-backed securities		7		—		7		—
Corporate stocks		25		—		25		—
Insurance contracts		26		—		26		—
Total assets at fair value	$	203	$	11	$	192	$	—

The following table summarizes the various investment categories that the pension plan assets are invested in and the applicable fair value hierarchy that the financial instruments are classified within these investment categories as of September 30, 2022.

			Quoted prices
			in active		Significant
			markets for		other		Significant
			identical		observable		unobservable
	Total fair		assets		inputs		inputs
(In millions)	value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1	$	1	$	—	$	—
U.S. Government securities		10		—		10		—
Non-U.S. Government securities		24		—		24		—
Corporate debt instruments		90		—		90		—
Listed real assets		9		—		9		—
Asset-backed securities		17		—		17		—
Corporate stocks		27		—		27		—
Insurance contracts		23		—		23		—
Total assets at fair value	$	201	$	1	$	200	$	—

Plan Asset Allocation by Asset Type [Member]

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Schedule of Allocation of Plan Assets

Ashland’s investment strategy and management practices relative to plan assets of non-U.S. plans generally are consistent with those for U.S. plans, except in those countries where investment of plan assets is dictated by applicable regulations. Although the investment allocation may vary based on funding percentages and whether plans are still accruing additional liabilities, the weighted-average asset allocations for Ashland’s U.S. and non-U.S. plans at September 30, 2023 and 2022 by asset category follow.

		Actual at September 30
(In millions)	Target	2023			2022
Plan assets allocation
Equity securities	5 - 45%		18	%		14	%
Fixed income securities	55 - 95%		78	%		81	%
Other	0 - 5%		4	%		5	%
			100	%		100	%

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Litigation, Claims and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Loss Contingencies [Line Items]

Reconciliation of Changes in Environmental Contingencies and Asset Retirement Obligations Reserve

The following table provides a reconciliation of the changes in the environmental remediation reserves during 2023 and 2022.

(In millions)	2023			2022
Environmental remediation reserve - beginning of year	$	211		$	207
Disbursements		(54	)		(63	)
Revised obligation estimates and accretion		57			67
Environmental remediation reserve - end of year	$	214		$	211

Components of Environmental Remediation Expense

Components of environmental remediation expense included within the selling, general and administrative expense caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) are presented in the following table for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Environmental expense	$	56		$	66		$	50
Accretion		1			1			1
Legal expense		3			4			4
Total expense		60			71			55
Insurance receivable		(1	)		(5	)		(4	)
Total expense, net of receivable activity (a)	$	59		$	66		$	51

(a)Net expense of $5 million, $13 million and $6 million for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to divested businesses which qualified for treatment as discontinued operations and for which certain environmental liabilities were retained by Ashland. These amounts are classified within the income from discontinued operations caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Ashland [Member]

Loss Contingencies [Line Items]

Summary of Asbestos Claims Activity

A summary of Ashland asbestos claims activity, excluding Hercules claims, follows.

(In thousands)	2023			2022			2021
Open claims - beginning of year		44			46			49
New claims filed		2			2			2
Claims settled		(1	)		(1	)		(1	)
Claims dismissed		(3	)		(3	)		(4	)
Open claims - end of year		42			44			46

Progression of Activity in Asbestos Reserve Accounts

A progression of activity in the asbestos reserve is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Asbestos reserve - beginning of year	$	305		$	320		$	335
Reserve adjustment		9			16			12
Amounts paid		(33	)		(31	)		(27	)
Asbestos reserve - end of year (a)	$	281		$	305		$	320

(a)Included $28 million and $29 million classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Progression of Insurance Receivable

A progression of activity in the Ashland insurance receivable is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Insurance receivable - beginning of year	$	101		$	100		$	103
Receivable adjustment (a)		3			7			6
Insurance settlement		—			—			—
Amounts collected		(9	)		(6	)		(9	)
Insurance receivable - end of year (b)	$	95		$	101		$	100

(a)2021 includes a $2 million reserve adjustment related to allowances for credit losses as a result of Ashland's adoption of the new credit measurement standard described in Note A. The total allowance for credit losses were $1 million and $2 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(b)Included $11 million and $12 million classified in accounts receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Hercules [Member]

Loss Contingencies [Line Items]

Summary of Asbestos Claims Activity

The amount and timing of settlements and number of open claims can fluctuate from period to period. A summary of Hercules’ asbestos claims activity follows.

(In thousands)	2023		2022			2021
Open claims - beginning of year		11		12			12
New claims filed		1		1			1
Claims dismissed		—		(2	)		(1	)
Open claims - end of year		12		11			12

Progression of Activity in Asbestos Reserve Accounts

A progression of activity in the asbestos reserve is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Asbestos reserve - beginning of year	$	213		$	217		$	229
Reserve adjustments		(2	)		15			8
Amounts paid		(20	)		(19	)		(20	)
Asbestos reserve - end of year (a)	$	191		$	213		$	217

(a)Included $17 million and $18 million classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Progression of Insurance Receivable

A progression of activity in the Hercules insurance receivable is presented in the following table.

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Insurance receivable - beginning of year	$	52		$	47		$	47
Receivable adjustment (a)		(3	)		7			1
Amounts collected		(2	)		(2	)		(1	)
Insurance receivable - end of year (b)	$	47		$	52		$	47

(a)2021 includes a $1 million reserve adjustment related to allowances for credit losses as a result of Ashland's adoption of the new credit measurement standard described in Note A. The total allowance for credit losses was $1 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(b)Included $4 million and $3 million classified in accounts receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Equity Items (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Components of other comprehensive income (loss) recorded in the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) are presented in the following table, before tax and net of tax effects.

				Tax
	Before			(expense)			Net of
(In millions)	tax			benefit			tax
Year ended September 30, 2023
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized translation gain	$	72		$	—		$	72
Unrealized loss on commodity hedges		(8	)		2			(6	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	$	64		$	2		$	66
Year ended September 30, 2022
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized translation loss	$	(199	)	$	2		$	(197	)
Unrealized loss on commodity hedges		(2	)		1			(1	)
Pension and postretirement obligation adjustment		1			—			1
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(200	)	$	3		$	(197	)
Year ended September 30, 2021
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized translation gain	$	8		$	(1	)	$	7
Unrealized gain on commodity hedges		5			(1	)		4
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	$	13		$	(2	)	$	11

Summary of Reconciliation of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

A reconciliation of changes in stockholders’ equity are as follows:

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Common stock and paid in capital
Balance, beginning of period	$	136		$	328		$	770
Common shares issued under stock incentive and other plans (a)		12			8			8
Common shares purchased under repurchase program (b) (c)		(143	)		(200	)		(450	)
Balance, end of period		5			136			328
Retained earnings
Balance, beginning of period		3,653			2,796			2,649
Adoption of new accounting pronouncements (d)		—			—			(2	)
Common shares purchased under repurchase program (b)		(160	)		—			—
Net income		178			927			220
Regular dividends		(76	)		(70	)		(71	)
Balance, end of period		3,595			3,653			2,796
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Balance, beginning of period		(569	)		(372	)		(383	)
Unrealized translation gain (loss)		72			(197	)		7
Unrealized gain (loss) on commodity hedges		(6	)		(1	)		4
Pension and postretirement obligation adjustment		—			1			—
Balance, end of period		(503	)		(569	)		(372	)
Total stockholders' equity	$	3,097		$	3,220		$	2,752
Cash dividends declared per common share	$	1.44		$	1.27		$	1.15

(a)Common shares issued were 193,767, 168,270 and 183,281 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(b)Common shares repurchased were 3,082,928, 2,853,312 and 3,922,423 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(c)Includes $3 million in excise tax on stock repurchases for 2023.

(d)Represents the cumulative-effect adjustment related to the adoption of the new guidance related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments during fiscal 2021. See Note A for more information.

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Stock Incentive Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Components of Pretax Compensation Expense Associated With Income Tax Benefits

The components of Ashland's pretax compensation expense for stock-based awards (net of forfeitures) and associated income tax benefits are as follows.

(In millions)	2023 (a)		2022 (b)		2021 (c)
SARs	$	—	$	1	$	2
Nonvested stock awards		11		12		10
Performance share awards		11		11		6
	$	22	$	24	$	18
Income tax benefit	$	5	$	6	$	4

(a)The year ended September 30, 2023 included $1 million of expense and $1 million of income related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

(b)The year ended September 30, 2022 included $4 million and $2 million of expense related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

(c)The year ended September 30, 2021 included $3 million and zero of expense related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Stock appreciation rights award activity

A progression of activity and various other information relative to SARs and previously issued and vested stock options is presented in the following table.

	2023					2022					2021
	Number			Weighted-		Number			Weighted-		Number			Weighted-
	of			average		of			average		of			average
(In thousands except per	common			exercise price		common			exercise price		common			exercise price
share data)	shares			per share		shares			per share		shares			per share
Outstanding - beginning of year		1,142		$	63.85		1,543		$	62.14		1,993		$	61.11
Exercised		(114	)		52.31		(392	)		57.32		(386	)		54.44
Forfeitures and expirations		(5	)		46.67		(9	)		54.70		(64	)		77.17
Outstanding - end of year (a)		1,023			65.22		1,142			63.85		1,543			62.14
Exercisable - end of year		1,023			65.22		1,094			63.24		1,415			60.68

(a)Exercise prices per share for SARs outstanding at September 30, 2023 ranged from $47.63 to $59.95 for 521 thousand shares and from $67.16 to $82.34 for 502 thousand shares. The weighted-average remaining contractual life of outstanding and exercisable SARs and stock options was 3.7 years.

Nonvested Stock Awards [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Nonvested stock awards and performance shares activity

A progression of activity and various other information relative to nonvested stock awards is presented in the following table.

	2023					2022					2021
	Number			Weighted-		Number			Weighted-		Number			Weighted-
	of			average		of			average		of			average
(In thousands except per	common			grant date		common			grant date		common			grant date
share data)	shares			fair value		shares			fair value		shares			fair value
Nonvested - beginning of year		209		$	82.55		211		$	76.10		199		$	74.57
Granted		92			105.72		80			92.34		93			78.96
Vested		(106	)		82.04		(72	)		78.81		(69	)		75.10
Forfeitures		(7	)		106.25		(10	)		80.06		(12	)		79.02
Nonvested - end of year		188			97.66		209			82.55		211			76.10

Performance Shares [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Weighted-average of key assumptions used in pricing model

The fair values of the TSR portion of the performance share awards and TSR modifier of the performance unit awards are calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model using key assumptions included in the following table. Compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied.

	2023			2022			2021
Risk-free interest rate		4.22	%		1.18	%		0.2	%
Expected dividend yield		1.3	%		1.3	%	1.6%
Expected life (in years)		3			3			3
Expected volatility		35.1	%		33.4	%	32.7%

Nonvested stock awards and performance shares activity

The following table shows changes in nonvested performance shares/units for all plans that award Ashland Common Stock.

	2023					2022					2021
				Weighted-					Weighted-					Weighted-
				average					average					average
(In thousands except per	Shares/			grant date		Shares/			grant date		Shares/			grant date
share data)	Units			fair value		Units			fair value		Units			fair value
Nonvested - beginning of year		310		$	105.78		253		$	88.66		227		$	80.86
Granted		98			135.93		110			131.33		122			90.44
Vested		(88	)		84.33		(1	)		96.32		(79	)		68.93
Forfeitures		(33	)		94.53		(52	)		85.78		(17	)		89.36
Nonvested - end of year		287			118.43		310			105.78		253			88.66

Performance shares/units granted

The following table shows the performance shares/units granted for all plans that award Ashland Common Stock.

				Weighted-
		Target		average
		shares/units		fair value per
(In thousands)	Vesting period	granted (a)		share/unit (a)
Fiscal Year 2023	October 1, 2022 - September 30, 2025		98	$	135.93
Fiscal Year 2022	October 1, 2021 - September 30, 2024		110	$	131.33
Fiscal Year 2021	October 1, 2020 - September 30, 2023		122	$	90.44

(a)At the end of the performance period, the actual number of shares/units awarded can range from zero to 200% of the target shares/units granted, which is assumed to be 100%. Both the shares granted and weighted-average fair value per share/unit are as of the grant date.

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Revenue (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Disaggregation of Revenue

Ashland disaggregates its revenue from contracts with customers by segment and geographical region, as Ashland believes these categories best depict how management reviews the financial performance of its operations for the twelve months ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Ashland includes only U.S. and Canada in its North America designation and includes Europe, the Middle East and Africa in its Europe designation. See the following tables for details (Intersegment sales eliminations have been excluded. See Note Q for additional information.):

Sales by geography
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Life Sciences
North America	$	228	$	244	$	229
Europe		305		267		242
Asia Pacific		233		218		192
Latin America & other		103		86		74
	$	869	$	815	$	737
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Personal Care
North America	$	176	$	198	$	180
Europe		233		270		240
Asia Pacific		105		126		100
Latin America & other		84		84		72
	$	598	$	678	$	592
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Specialty Additives
North America	$	203	$	247	$	203
Europe		214		258		246
Asia Pacific		153		182		171
Latin America & other		30		32		35
	$	600	$	719	$	655
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021
Intermediates
North America	$	128	$	163	$	114
Europe		27		39		28
Asia Pacific		22		43		29
Latin America & other		8		11		7
	$	185	$	256	$	178

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Reportable Segment Information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Information About Domestic and International Operations

Information about Ashland’s domestic and international operations follows. Ashland has no operations in any individual international country or single customer that represented more than 10% of sales in 2023, 2022 and 2021.

	Sales to external customers						Net assets (liabilities)				Property, plant and equipment - net
(In millions)	2023		2022		2021		2023		2022		2023		2022
United States	$	634	$	731	$	637	$	1,532	$	1,857	$	1,032	$	1,042
International		1,557		1,660		1,474		1,565		1,363		341		296
	$	2,191	$	2,391	$	2,111	$	3,097	$	3,220	$	1,373	$	1,338

Summary of Financial Information for Each Reportable Segment

The following table presents various financial information for each reportable segment for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Ashland Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries
Reportable Segment Information
Years Ended September 30
(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Sales
Life Sciences	$	869		$	815		$	737
Personal Care		598			678			592
Specialty Additives		600			719			655
Intermediates		185			256			178
Intersegment sales (a)		(61	)		(77	)		(51	)
	$	2,191		$	2,391		$	2,111
Equity income
Life Sciences	$	—		$	—		$	—
Personal Care		1			1			—
Specialty Additives		—			—			—
Intermediates		—			—			—
	$	1		$	1		$	—
Other income
Life Sciences	$	—		$	—		$	—
Personal Care		—			—			2
Specialty Additives		—			—			—
Intermediates		—			—			—
Unallocated and Other		6			2			7
	$	6		$	2		$	9
Equity and other income	$	7		$	3		$	9
Operating income (loss)
Life Sciences	$	172		$	155		$	130
Personal Care (b)		52			102			73
Specialty Additives (b)		10			103			61
Intermediates		50			87			35
Unallocated and Other (b)		(112	)		(114	)		(107	)
	$	172		$	333		$	192

(In millions)	2023			2022			2021
Depreciation expense
Life Sciences	$	41		$	35		$	36
Personal Care		38			37			39
Specialty Additives		58			63			66
Intermediates		13			12			12
Unallocated and Other		—			—			1
	$	150		$	147		$	154
Amortization expense
Life Sciences	$	28		$	28		$	28
Personal Care		47			47			42
Specialty Additives		18			18			19
Intermediates		—			1			1
Unallocated and Other		—			—			—
	$	93		$	94		$	90
EBITDA (c)
Life Sciences	$	241		$	218		$	194
Personal Care		137			186			154
Specialty Additives		86			184			146
Intermediates		63			100			48
Unallocated and Other		(112	)		(114	)		(106	)
	$	415		$	574		$	436
Additions to property, plant and equipment
Life Sciences	$	46		$	28		$	27
Personal Care		20			14			7
Specialty Additives		99			61			67
Intermediates		3			7			2
Unallocated and Other		2			3			2
	$	170		$	113		$	105

(In millions)	2023		2022
Assets
Life Sciences	$	1,904	$	1,905
Personal Care		1,004		1,073
Specialty Additives		1,580		1,567
Intermediates		136		170
Unallocated and Other		1,315		1,498
	$	5,939	$	6,213
Property, plant and equipment - net
Life Sciences	$	419	$	422
Personal Care		160		153
Specialty Additives		642		603
Intermediates		47		56
Unallocated and Other		105		104
	$	1,373	$	1,338

(a)Intersegment sales from Intermediates are accounted for at prices that approximate fair value. All other intersegment sales are accounted for at cost.

(b)Includes income on acquisitions and divestitures, net for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021 within Unallocated and Other. Includes a $4 million impairment charge related to a Specialty Additives facility in 2023. Includes a fixed asset impairment of $3 million related to Personal Care and a capital project impairment of $10 million related to Specialty Additives in 2021.

(c)Excludes income from discontinued operations and other net periodic benefit loss (income). See the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for applicable amounts excluded.

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Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2015
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease term	12 months
Restricted Cash and Investments [Abstract]
Restricted Investments, Current	$ 77,000,000	$ 61,000,000
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Maximum cash collection period from customer	60 days
Expense Recognition [Abstract]
Advertising costs	$ 2,000,000	2,000,000	$ 1,000,000
Research and development expense	$ 51,000,000	$ 55,000,000	$ 50,000,000
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Antidilutive securities excluded from calculation of earnings per share	1.2	1.2	1.2
New Accounting Pronouncements and Changes in Accounting Principles [Abstract]
Net decrease to retained earnings	$ (3,097,000,000)	$ (3,220,000,000)
Shares of warrants with a strike price	$ 128.66
Allowance for credit losses on accounts receivable incurred	$ 0	0	$ 0
Asbestos Trust [Member]
Restricted Cash and Investments [Abstract]
Increase (Decrease) in Restricted Cash				$ 335,000,000
Restricted Investments, Current	37,000,000	27,000,000
Available-for-sale securities, fair value	243,000,000	245,000,000
Environmental Trust [Member]
Restricted Cash and Investments [Abstract]
Restricted Investments, Current	40,000,000	34,000,000
Available-for-sale securities, fair value	$ 124,000,000	$ 129,000,000
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 [Member]
New Accounting Pronouncements and Changes in Accounting Principles [Abstract]
Change in accounting principle, accounting standards update, adoption date	Oct. 01, 2020
Increase in allowance in credit losses	$ 3,000,000
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member] | Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 [Member] | Retained Earnings [Member]
New Accounting Pronouncements and Changes in Accounting Principles [Abstract]
Net decrease to retained earnings	$ 2,000,000
Minimum [Member] | Affiliates [Member]
Principles of consolidation and basis of presentation [Abstract]
Percentage of ownership under equity method	20.00%
Minimum [Member] | Trademarks and Trade Names [Member]
Goodwill and other intangibles [Abstract]
Useful life (in years)	3 years
Minimum [Member] | Intellectual Property [Member]
Goodwill and other intangibles [Abstract]
Useful life (in years)	3 years
Minimum [Member] | Customer and Supplier Relationships [Member]
Goodwill and other intangibles [Abstract]
Useful life (in years)	10 years
Minimum [Member] | Buildings [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	12 years
Minimum [Member] | Machinery and Equipment [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	2 years
Maximum [Member] | Affiliates [Member]
Principles of consolidation and basis of presentation [Abstract]
Percentage of ownership under equity method	50.00%
Maximum [Member] | Trademarks and Trade Names [Member]
Goodwill and other intangibles [Abstract]
Useful life (in years)	20 years
Maximum [Member] | Intellectual Property [Member]
Goodwill and other intangibles [Abstract]
Useful life (in years)	20 years
Maximum [Member] | Customer and Supplier Relationships [Member]
Goodwill and other intangibles [Abstract]
Useful life (in years)	24 years
Maximum [Member] | Buildings [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	35 years
Maximum [Member] | Machinery and Equipment [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	25 years

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Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Activity in Allowance for Credit Losses (Details) - Allowance for Credit Losses [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Reserves deducted from asset accounts [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 4	$ 3	$ 3
Adjustments to allowances for credit losses	1	2	1
Reserves utilized	(2)	(1)	(1)
Ending balance	$ 3	$ 4	$ 3

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Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Inventories [Abstract]
Finished products	$ 390	$ 391
Raw materials, supplies and work in process	236	238
Total	$ 626	$ 629

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Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Activity in Inventory Reserves (Details) - Inventory Reserve [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Reserves deducted from asset accounts [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 13	$ 13	$ 16
Adjustments to inventory reserves	11	3	2
Reserves utilized	(3)	(3)	(5)
Ending balance	$ 21	$ 13	$ 13

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Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Activity in Tax Valuation Allowances (Details) - Valuation Allowance of Deferred Tax Assets [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Reserves deducted from asset accounts [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 56	$ 74	$ 75
Adjustments to allowances for credit losses	(1)	(19)	9
Reserves utilized	1	1	(10)
Ending balance	$ 56	$ 56	$ 74

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Significant Accounting Policies - Computation of Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Numerator
Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Ashland, net of tax	$ 168	$ 181	$ 173
Denominator
Denominator for basic EPS - Weighted-average common shares outstanding	53	55	60
Share based awards convertible to common shares	1	1	1
Denominator for diluted EPS - Adjusted weighted - average shares and assumed conversions	54	56	61
Earnings Per Share from Continuing Operations [Abstract]
Basic	$ 3.18	$ 3.26	$ 2.85
Diluted	$ 3.13	$ 3.2	$ 2.82

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Significant Accounting Policies - Computation of Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share (Parenthetical) (Details) - shares shares in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from diluted EPS calculation	1.2	1.2	1.2

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Divestitures - Additional Information (Details)		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) Property	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) Property	Sep. 30, 2021 USD ($)
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Net proceeds from sale of business	$ 1,700,000,000
Gain on divestitures after-tax recognized in comprehensive income (loss)			$ 726,000,000
Discontinued Operation, Gain (Loss) on Disposal, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]			Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operations, Net of Tax, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest
Income (loss) on acquisitions and divestitures		$ 6,000,000	$ 42,000,000	$ 11,000,000
Performance Adhesives [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Stranded divestitures costs		0	9,000,000	15,000,000
Specialty Additives facility [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Impairment charge		4,000,000
Specialty Additives facility [Member] | Discontinued Operations, Held-for-sale [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Transaction value in sale of business			4,000,000
Specialty Additives facility [Member] | Discontinued Operations, Held-for-sale [Member] | Selling, General and Administrative Expenses [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Impairment charge		4,000,000
Specialty Additives facility [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Discontinued Operations, Held-for-sale [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Transaction value in sale of business		1,000,000
Composites Segment and the Intermediates and Solvents Marl Facility [Member] | Land and Buildings [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Net proceeds from sale of business		9,000,000	50,000,000
Sale of properties with net book value		2,000,000		8,000,000
Income (loss) on acquisitions and divestitures		$ 7,000,000	$ 42,000,000
Number of properties | Property		2	2
Specialty Ingredients Facility [Member] | Specialty Ingredients [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Net proceeds from sale of business				14,000,000
Proceeds from sale of businesses including deposits received in previous fiscal year				20,000,000
Income (loss) on acquisitions and divestitures				$ 14,000,000

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Discontinued Operations - Components of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) Related to Discontinued Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Income (loss) before taxes	$ 2	$ 1,068	$ 25
Income from discontinued operations	10	746	47
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes	10	746	47
Performance Adhesives [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Income (loss) before taxes	(1)	33	83
Income from discontinued operations		41	64
Gain on disposal of discontinued operations	0	1,063	0
Benefit (expense) related to income (loss) from discontinued operations	6	8	(19)
Expense related to gain on disposal of discontinued operations	0	(337)	0
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		41	64
Composites Or Marl Facility [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Income (loss) before taxes	(1)	0	(1)
Gain on disposal of discontinued operations	0	0	(4)
Benefit (expense) related to income (loss) from discontinued operations	0	2	1
Valvoline [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Income (loss) before taxes	15	(7)	(33)
Benefit (expense) related to income (loss) from discontinued operations	0	1	36
Water Technologies [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Income (loss) before taxes	0	5	(4)
Gain on disposal of discontinued operations	0	0	1
Benefit (expense) related to income (loss) from discontinued operations	0	(1)	1
Distribution [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Income (loss) before taxes	(5)	(9)	(6)
Benefit (expense) related to income (loss) from discontinued operations	1	2	1
Asbestos [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Income (loss) before taxes	(6)	(17)	(11)
Benefit (expense) related to income (loss) from discontinued operations	$ 1	$ 3	$ 2

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Discontinued Operations - Reconciliation of Consolidated Income (Loss) From Discontinued Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Income(loss) from discontinued operations attributable to Composites/Marl facility disposal group
Pretax income of discontinued operations	$ 2	$ 1,068	$ 25
Income from discontinued operations	10	746	47
Performance Adhesives [Member]
Income(loss) from discontinued operations attributable to Composites/Marl facility disposal group
Sales		171	372
Cost of sales		(122)	(256)
Selling, general and administrative expense		(12)	(25)
Research and development expense		(4)	(8)
Intangible amortization expense		0	(1)
Pretax operating income of discontinued operations		33	82
Other net periodic benefit loss (income)		0	(1)
Pretax income of discontinued operations	(1)	33	83
Benefit (expense) related to income (loss) from discontinued operations	6	8	(19)
Income from discontinued operations		41	64
Composites/Marl facility [Member]
Income(loss) from discontinued operations attributable to Composites/Marl facility disposal group
Pretax income of discontinued operations	(1)	0	(1)
Benefit (expense) related to income (loss) from discontinued operations	$ 0	$ 2	$ 1

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Restructuring Activities - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Asset impairments	$ 4	$ 0	$ 13
Cost of Sales [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Asset impairments			3
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Asset impairments			10
Fiscal 2023 Restructuring Severance Costs [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring reserve	0	1	6
Fiscal 2023 Restructuring Severance Costs [Member] | Selling, General and Administrative Expenses [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Severance income (expenses)	(5)
Fiscal 2023 Restructuring Severance Costs [Member] | Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring reserve	3
Fiscal 2023 Life Sciences Restructuring Program [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring reserve	0
Fiscal 2023 Life Sciences Restructuring Program [Member] | Selling, General and Administrative Expenses [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Severance income (expenses)	(1)
Fiscal 2020 Restructuring Severance Costs [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring reserve	$ 0	1
Fiscal 2020 Restructuring Severance Costs [Member] | Selling, General and Administrative Expenses [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Severance income (expenses)		$ 2	$ 1

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Restructuring Activities - Summary of Severance Reserves and Facility Cost Reserves (Details) - Fiscal 2023 Restructuring Severance Costs [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Beginning balance	$ 1	$ 6
Restructuring reserve	(1)	(2)
Utilization (cash paid)	0	(3)
Ending balance	$ 0	$ 1

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Fair Value Measurements - Summary of Financial Instruments Subject to Recurring Fair Value Measurements (Details) - Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions		Sep. 30, 2023		Sep. 30, 2022
Carrying (Reported) Amount, Fair Value Disclosure [Member]
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$ 417		$ 646
Restricted investments		367	[1],[2]	374	[3],[4]
Investments of captive insurance company		6	[5]	9	[6]
Foreign currency derivatives		1	[7]	1
Total assets at fair value		791		1,034
Liabilities
Foreign currency derivatives		1	[8]	9	[9]
Total liabilities at fair value		5		10
Carrying (Reported) Amount, Fair Value Disclosure [Member] | Commodity Derivatives [Member]
Assets
Commodity derivatives	[10]			$ 4
Derivative Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]				Accounts Receivable, after Allowance for Credit Loss, Current
Liabilities
Commodity derivatives		$ 4	[8]	$ 1	[9]
Derivative Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]		Accrued Liabilities, Current		Accrued Liabilities, Current
Estimate of Fair Value, Fair Value Disclosure [Member]
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$ 417		$ 646
Restricted investments		367	[1],[2]	374	[3],[4]
Investments of captive insurance company		6	[5]	9	[6]
Foreign currency derivatives		1	[7]	1
Total assets at fair value		791		1,034
Liabilities
Foreign currency derivatives		1	[8]	9	[9]
Total liabilities at fair value		5		10
Estimate of Fair Value, Fair Value Disclosure [Member] | Commodity Derivatives [Member]
Assets
Commodity derivatives	[10]			$ 4
Derivative Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]				Accounts Receivable, after Allowance for Credit Loss, Current
Liabilities
Commodity derivatives		$ 4	[8]	$ 1	[9]
Derivative Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]		Accrued Liabilities, Current		Accrued Liabilities, Current
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$ 417		$ 646
Restricted investments		367	[1],[2]	374	[3],[4]
Investments of captive insurance company		6	[5]	9	[6]
Foreign currency derivatives		0	[7]	0
Total assets at fair value		790		1,029
Liabilities
Foreign currency derivatives		0	[8]	0	[9]
Total liabilities at fair value		0		0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] | Commodity Derivatives [Member]
Assets
Commodity derivatives	[10]			0
Liabilities
Commodity derivatives		0	[8]	0	[9]
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		0		0
Restricted investments		0	[1],[2]	0	[3],[4]
Investments of captive insurance company		0	[5]	0	[6]
Foreign currency derivatives		1	[7]	1
Total assets at fair value		1		5
Liabilities
Foreign currency derivatives		1	[8]	9	[9]
Total liabilities at fair value		5		10
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] | Commodity Derivatives [Member]
Assets
Commodity derivatives	[10]			4
Liabilities
Commodity derivatives		4	[8]	1	[9]
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		0		0
Restricted investments		0	[1],[2]	0	[3],[4]
Investments of captive insurance company		0	[5]	0	[6]
Foreign currency derivatives		0	[7]	0
Total assets at fair value		0		0
Liabilities
Foreign currency derivatives		0	[8]	0	[9]
Total liabilities at fair value		0		0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member] | Commodity Derivatives [Member]
Assets
Commodity derivatives	[10]			0
Liabilities
Commodity derivatives		$ 0	[8]	$ 0	[9]

[1] Included in restricted investments and $77 million within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

[2] Includes $243 million related to the Asbestos trust and $124 million related to the Environmental trust. See Note A for additional details.

[3] Included in restricted investments and $61 million within other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

[4] Includes $245 million related to the Asbestos trust and $129 million related to the Environmental trust. See Note A for additional details.

[5] Included in other noncurrent assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

[6] Included in other noncurrent assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

[7] Included in accounts receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

[8] Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

[9] Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

[10] Included in accounts receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Summary of Financial Instruments Subject to Recurring Fair Value Measurements (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Restricted Investments, Current	$ 77	$ 61
Asbestos Trust [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Restricted Investments, Current	37	27
Available-for-sale securities, fair value	243	245
Environmental Trust [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Restricted Investments, Current	40	34
Available-for-sale securities, fair value	$ 124	$ 129

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Restricted Investments, Current	$ 77	$ 61
Long-term debt, carrying value	1,327	1,284
Long-term debt, fair value	$ 1,160	$ 1,102

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Summary of Restricted Investment Portfolio (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Demand Deposit [Member]
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Adjusted cost	$ 12	$ 6
Gross Unrealized Gain	0	0
Gross Unrealized Loss	0	0
Fair Value	12	6
Fixed Income Mutual Fund [Member]
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Adjusted cost	226	234
Gross Unrealized Gain	0	0
Gross Unrealized Loss	(48)	(47)
Fair Value	178	187
Equity Mutual Fund [Member]
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Adjusted cost	155	186
Gross Unrealized Gain	24	20
Gross Unrealized Loss	(2)	(25)
Fair Value	177	181
Restricted Securities [Member]
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Adjusted cost	393	426
Gross Unrealized Gain	24	20
Gross Unrealized Loss	(50)	(72)
Fair Value	$ 367	$ 374

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Summary of Investment Income, Net Gains and Losses, Funds Restricted for Specific Transactions and Disbursements Related to Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Investment income	$ 13	$ 16	$ 12
Net gains (losses)	29	(102)	21
Funds restricted for specific transactions	9	74	91
Disbursements	$ (58)	$ (35)	$ (33)

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Summary of Gains and Losses on Foreign Currency Derivatives (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Foreign Exchange Contract [Member] | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Foreign currency derivative gain (losses)	[1]	$ 10	$ (40)	$ 4

[1] Includes a $1 million gain reported within the income on acquisitions and divestitures, net caption for fiscal 2021.

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Summary of Gains and Losses on Foreign Currency Derivatives (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Income on acquisitions and divestitures	$ 6	$ 42	$ 11
Foreign Exchange Contract [Member] | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Income on acquisitions and divestitures			$ 1

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Summary of Fair Values of Outstanding Foreign Currency Derivatives (Details) - Foreign Exchange Contract [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Accounts Receivable [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Foreign currency derivative assets	$ 1	$ 1
Notional contract values	147	133
Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Notional contract values	103	535
Foreign currency derivative liabilities	$ 1	$ 9

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Summary of Gains and Losses on Commodity Derivatives (Details) - Commodity Derivatives [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Commodity derivative gains (losses)	$ 3	$ 10	$ 1
Derivative, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Cost of Revenue	Cost of Revenue	Cost of Revenue

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Summary of Fair Values of Outstanding Commodity Derivatives (Details) - Commodity Contract [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Accounts Receivable [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Commodity derivative assets	$ 0	$ 4
Notional contract values	2	13
Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Notional contract values	16	9
Commodity derivative liabilities	$ 4	$ 1

XML

Property, Plant and Equipment - Components of Property, Plant and Equipment in Consolidated Balance Sheets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross	$ 3,211	$ 3,050
Accumulated depreciation	(1,838)	(1,712)
Net property, plant and equipment	1,373	1,338
Land [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross	146	138
Buildings [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross	467	458
Machinery and Equipment [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross	2,371	2,324
Construction in Progress [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross	$ 227	$ 130

XML

Property, Plant and Equipment - Summary of Property, Plant and Equipment Charges Included in Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Property Plant and Equipment Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Depreciation	$ 150	$ 147	$ 154
Capitalized interest	$ 4	$ 1	$ 2

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net [Abstract]
Intangibles amortization expense	$ 93	$ 94	$ 90
Expected future amortization expense [Abstract]
2024	80
2025	76
2026	74
2027	52
2028	$ 50
Minimum [Member] | Trademarks and Trade Names [Member]
Intangible Assets, Net [Abstract]
Useful life (in years)	3 years
Minimum [Member] | Intellectual Property [Member]
Intangible Assets, Net [Abstract]
Useful life (in years)	3 years
Minimum [Member] | Customer and Supplier Relationships [Member]
Intangible Assets, Net [Abstract]
Useful life (in years)	10 years
Maximum [Member] | Trademarks and Trade Names [Member]
Intangible Assets, Net [Abstract]
Useful life (in years)	20 years
Maximum [Member] | Intellectual Property [Member]
Intangible Assets, Net [Abstract]
Useful life (in years)	20 years
Maximum [Member] | Customer and Supplier Relationships [Member]
Intangible Assets, Net [Abstract]
Useful life (in years)	24 years

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Summary of Goodwill by Reportable Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period		$ 1,312	$ 1,430
Currency translation and other		50	(118)
Balance at end of period		1,362	1,312
Life Sciences [Member]
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period		787	856
Currency translation and other		32	(69)
Balance at end of period		819	787
Personal Care [Member]
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	[1]	118	129
Currency translation and other	[1]	4	(11)
Balance at end of period	[1]	122	118
Specialty Additives [Member]
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	[1]	407	445
Currency translation and other	[1]	14	(38)
Balance at end of period	[1]	421	407
Intermediates [Member]
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	[1]	0	0
Currency translation and other	[1]	0	0
Balance at end of period	[1]	$ 0	$ 0

[1] As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, there were accumulated impairments of $356 million, $174 million, and $90 million related to the Personal Care, Specialty Additives, and Intermediates reportable segments, respectively.

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Summary of Goodwill by Reportable Segment (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Personal Care [Member]
Goodwill [Line Items]
Accumulated impairment	$ 356	$ 356
Specialty Additives [Member]
Goodwill [Line Items]
Accumulated impairment	174	174
Intermediates [Member]
Goodwill [Line Items]
Accumulated impairment	$ 90	$ 90

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Summary of Other Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross carrying amount	$ 1,649	$ 1,614
Accumulated amortization	(1,041)	(929)
Net carrying amount	608	685
Intangible Assets, Net [Abstract]
Gross carrying amount	1,927	1,892
Net carrying amount	886	963
Trademarks and Trade Names [Member]
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross carrying amount	97	95
Accumulated amortization	(43)	(37)
Net carrying amount	54	58
Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets (Excluding Goodwill) [Abstract]
Indefinite-lived intangible assets	278	278
Intellectual Property [Member]
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross carrying amount	731	718
Accumulated amortization	(581)	(523)
Net carrying amount	150	195
Customer and Supplier Relationships [Member]
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross carrying amount	821	801
Accumulated amortization	(417)	(369)
Net carrying amount	$ 404	$ 432

XML

Debt - Summary of Current and Long-term Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying value of debt		$ 1,327	$ 1,284
Other	[1]	6	(11)
Total debt		1,330	1,270
Short-term debt		16	0
Long-term debt (less debt issuance costs)		1,314	1,270
3.375% Senior Notes, due 2031 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying value of debt		450	450
2.00% Senior Notes Due 2028 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying value of debt		528	489
6.875% Notes due 2043 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying value of debt		282	282
6.50% Junior Subordinated Notes, Due 2029 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying value of debt		$ 64	$ 60

[1] Other includes $13 million and $14 million of debt issuance costs as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The current portion of the long-term debt was zero for both September 30, 2023 and 2022.

XML

Debt - Summary of Current and Long-term Debt (Parenthetical) (Details) € in Millions, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 EUR (€)	Sep. 30, 2022 EUR (€)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Unamortized debt issuance expense, long-term debt				$ 13	$ 14
Current portion of long-term debt				$ 0	$ 0
3.375% Senior Notes, due 2031 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage	3.375%	3.375%	3.375%	3.375%	3.375%
Debt instrument, maturity year	2031	2031	2031
Principal amount	$ 450
2.00% Senior Notes Due 2028 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage		2.00%	2.00%	2.00%	2.00%
Debt instrument, maturity year		2028	2028
Principal amount | €		€ 500	€ 500
6.875% Notes due 2043 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage		6.875%	6.875%	6.875%	6.875%
Debt instrument, maturity year		2043	2043
6.50% Junior Subordinated Notes, Due 2029 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage		6.50%	6.50%	6.50%	6.50%
Debt instrument, maturity year		2029	2029

XML

Debt - Summary of Current and Long-term Debt - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Total debt outstanding principal balance	$ 1,376,000,000
Discounts on outstanding debt balance	33,000,000
Unamortized debt issuance expense, long-term debt	13,000,000	$ 14,000,000
Scheduled aggregate debt maturities by fiscal year [Abstract]
2024	0
2025	0
2026	0
2027	4,000,000
2028	$ 528,000,000

XML

Debt - Credit Agreement and Refinancing - Additional Information (Details) € in Millions, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Aug. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2020	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 EUR (€)	Sep. 30, 2022 EUR (€)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Payments of debt issuance costs				$ 0	$ 2	$ 6
2020 Credit Agreement [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of debt, accelerated accretion					1
2022 Credit Agreement [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Payments of debt issuance costs					2
Debt issuance costs immediately recognized					$ 1
Credit Agreement [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of credit facility, unused capacity, commitment fee percentage				0.125%
Credit Agreement [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of credit facility, unused capacity, commitment fee percentage				0.125%
Credit Agreement [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of credit facility, unused capacity, commitment fee percentage				0.275%
Credit Agreement [Member] | SOFR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instruments, percentage points added to variable rate							1.25%
Debt instrument credit spread adjustment rate				0.10%
Credit Agreement [Member] | SOFR [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instruments, percentage points added to variable rate							1.25%
Credit Agreement [Member] | SOFR [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instruments, percentage points added to variable rate							1.75%
Credit Agreement [Member] | EURIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instruments, percentage points added to variable rate							1.25%
Credit Agreement [Member] | EURIBOR [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instruments, percentage points added to variable rate							1.25%
Credit Agreement [Member] | EURIBOR [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instruments, percentage points added to variable rate							1.75%
Credit Agreement [Member] | Alternate base rate [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instruments, percentage points added to variable rate							0.25%
Credit Agreement [Member] | Alternate base rate [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instruments, percentage points added to variable rate							0.25%
Credit Agreement [Member] | Alternate base rate [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instruments, percentage points added to variable rate							0.75%
3.375% Senior Notes, due 2031 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage		3.375%					3.375%	3.375%
Debt instrument, maturity year		2031		2031	2031
Aggregate principal amount		$ 450
Payments of debt issuance costs		$ 6
2.00% Senior Notes Due 2028 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage							2.00%	2.00%
Debt instrument, maturity year				2028	2028
Aggregate principal amount | €							€ 500	€ 500
4.750% Senior Notes Due 2022 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage			4.75%
Debt instrument, maturity year			2022
Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility [Member] | 2022 Credit Agreement [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Unsecured line of credit	$ 600
Debt instrument, term	5 years

XML

Debt - Financing Activity and Covenants - Additional Information (Details)				1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Apr. 14, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 17, 2021 USD ($)	Jul. 31, 2018 EUR (€)	Jul. 31, 2021	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 EUR (€)	Jul. 31, 2020 EUR (€)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Cash repatriation						$ 92,000,000	$ 250,000,000
Premiums paid								$ 16,000,000
Repayment of outstanding principal balance						0	250,000,000	411,000,000
Gain (loss) on sale of receivables						$ 3,000,000	1,000,000	$ 1,000,000
Covenant restrictions [Abstract]
Maximum consolidated leverage ratio						4			4
Consolidated net leverage ratio						1.9			1.9
Minimum required consolidated interest coverage ratio						3			3
Consolidated interest coverage ratio						8.6			8.6
2018 Accounts Receivable Securitization [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of credit facility, maximum borrowing capacity | €			€ 115,000,000						€ 100,000,000	€ 100,000,000
Debt instrument, term			2 years
Extended maturity period				2023-07	2021-08
Outstanding amount of receivables sold to affiliate						$ 124,000,000	162,000,000
Debt instrument, outstanding principal amount						$ 0	$ 0
Debt, weighted average interest rate						0.50%	0.50%		0.50%
U.S. Accounts Receivable Sales Program [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum limit of receivables can transfer	$ 100,000,000	$ 100,000,000				$ 115,000,000	$ 125,000,000
Gain (loss) on sale of receivables						3,000,000	1,000,000
Sales against the buyers limit						86,000,000	110,000,000
Amount transferred in receivables						106,000,000	136,000,000
Gross cash proceeds received for receivables transferred and derecognized						217,000,000	312,000,000
Cash proceeds collected						241,000,000	315,000,000
Payments for (proceeds from) new transfers of receivables						24,000,000	3,000,000
U.S. Accounts Receivable Sales Program [Member] | Performance Adhesives [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Payments for (proceeds from) new transfers of receivables							21,000,000
U.S. Accounts Receivable Sales Program [Member] | Between February and October of Each Year [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum limit of receivables can transfer		$ 125,000,000
U.S. Accounts Receivable Sales Program [Member] | Between April and October of Each Year [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum limit of receivables can transfer	$ 115,000,000
Maximum [Member] | U.S. Accounts Receivable Sales Program [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Recorded liabilities related to service obligations and limited guarantee						$ 1,000,000	1,000,000
2017 Revolving Credit Facility [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of debt, accelerated amortization							$ 1,000,000
2.00% Senior Notes Due 2028 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage						2.00%	2.00%		2.00%
Debt instrument, maturity year						2028	2028
4.750% Notes due 2022 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage								4.75%
Debt instrument, maturity year								2022
Repayments of debt								$ 411,000,000
Repayment of debt, accelerated amortization								$ 1,000,000
6.875% Notes due 2043 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage						6.875%	6.875%		6.875%
Debt instrument, maturity year						2043	2043
6.50% Junior Subordinated Notes, Due 2029 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage						6.50%	6.50%		6.50%
Debt instrument, maturity year						2029	2029
Term Loan A [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of outstanding principal balance							$ 250,000,000
European Facility [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of outstanding principal balance							23,000,000
Other Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, outstanding principal amount						$ 83,000,000	$ 63,000,000

XML

Debt - Summary of Net Interest and Other Expense (Income) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Interest expense	[1]	$ 54	$ 62	$ 69
Interest income		(12)	(4)	(1)
Loss on the accounts receivables sale program		3	1	1
Investment securities income	[2]	(42)	86	(33)
Other financing costs	[3]	3	4	20
Interest Income (Expense), Net		$ 6	$ 149	$ 56

[1] Includes $1 million and $1 million of accelerated accretion and/or amortization for original issue discounts and debt issuance costs during 2022 and 2021, respectively.

[2] Represents investment loss (income) related to the restricted investments discussed in Note E.

[3] Includes costs of $16 million related to early redemption premium payments for the 2022 notes during 2021.

XML

Debt - Summary of Net Interest and Other Expense (Income) (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Accelerated amortization	[1]	$ 1	$ 1
Notes due 2022 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Loss on early retirement of debt			$ 16

[1] Fiscal year 2022 includes $1 million of accelerated debt issuance costs for the 2020 credit agreement. 2021 includes $1 million of accelerated debt issuance cost for the 2022 Notes.

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Debt - Summary of Debt Issuance Cost Amortization (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Normal amortization		$ 6	$ 6	$ 6
Accelerated amortization	[1]		1	1
Total		$ 6	$ 7	$ 7

[1] Fiscal year 2022 includes $1 million of accelerated debt issuance costs for the 2020 credit agreement. 2021 includes $1 million of accelerated debt issuance cost for the 2022 Notes.

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Debt - Summary of Debt Issuance Cost Amortization (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
2020 Credit Agreement [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of debt, accelerated accretion	$ 1
Notes due 2022 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of debt, accelerated accretion		$ 1

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Other Noncurrent Assets and Liabilities - Components of Other Noncurrent Assets in Consolidated Balance Sheets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Other Assets, Noncurrent [Abstract]
Deferred compensation investments	$ 87	$ 85
Tax and tax indemnity receivables	6	2
Life insurance policies	76	73
Manufacturing catalyst supplies	24	25
Defined benefit plan assets	17	21
Equity and other unconsolidated investments	3	3
Land use rights	6	6
Environmental insurance receivables	15	17
Debt issuance costs	2	2
Other	15	20
Other noncurrent assets, Total	$ 251	$ 254

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Other Noncurrent Assets and Liabilities - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Other Assets, Noncurrent [Abstract]
Gains (losses) related to deferred compensation investments	$ 5	$ (2)	$ 10
Liquidation of deferred compensation investments			90
Bank Owned Life Insurance Death Benefits	$ 6	$ 3	$ 1

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Other Noncurrent Assets and Liabilities - Components of Other Noncurrent Liabilities in Consolidated Balance Sheets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Other Liabilities, Noncurrent [Abstract]
Tax liabilities	$ 79	$ 127
Environmental remediation reserves	$ 165	$ 157
Environmental Loss Contingency, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Liabilities, Noncurrent	Other Liabilities, Noncurrent
Deferred compensation	$ 25	$ 25
Other	22	16
Other noncurrent liabilities, Total	$ 291	$ 325

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Leasing Arrangements - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Weighted average remaining operating lease term	17 years	17 years
Weighted average operating discount rate, percent	3.50%	2.60%
Right-of-use assets exchanged for new operating lease obligations	$ 32	$ 14
Operating lease obligations	128	113
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$ 122	$ 107
Real Estate [Member]
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Lease liability percentage	85.00%	85.00%

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Leasing Arrangements - Components of Lease Cost Recognized (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Lease cost:
Total lease cost	[1]	$ 40	$ 41	$ 37
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses [Member]
Lease cost:
Operating lease cost		13	13	13
Variable lease cost		4	5	3
Cost of Sales [Member]
Lease cost:
Operating lease cost		15	16	15
Variable lease cost		6	4	3
Short-term leases		$ 2	$ 3	$ 3

[1] Includes $2 million lease termination fee in fiscal 2022

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Leasing Arrangements - Components of Lease Cost Recognized (Parenthetical) - (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Leases [Abstract]
Lease termination fee	$ 2

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Leasing Arrangements - Summary of Lease Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Assets
Operating lease assets, net	$ 122	$ 107
Operating lease right-of-use assets	122	107
Liabilities
Current operating lease obligations	22	19
Non-current operating lease obligations	106	94
Total lease liabilities	$ 128	$ 113

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Leasing Arrangements - Schedule of Cash Paid for Amounts Included in the Measurement of Operating Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Leases [Abstract]
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$ 27	$ 29	$ 29

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Leasing Arrangements - Schedule of Maturities Analysis of Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
2024	$ 24
2025	20
2026	15
2027	13
2028	10
Thereafter	85
Total lease payments	167
Less amount of lease payment representing interest	(39)
Total present value of lease payments	$ 128	$ 113

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Income Taxes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Unrecognized tax benefits	$ 59	$ 84	$ 82
Total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the tax rate for continuing and discontinued operations	48
Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions	(1)	3	$ (15)
Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits accrued	10	$ 10
Minimum [Member]
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Decrease in Unrecognized Tax Benefits is Reasonably Possible	3
Maximum [Member]
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Decrease in Unrecognized Tax Benefits is Reasonably Possible	$ 5

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Income Taxes - Summary of Provision for Income Taxes Related to Continuing Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Current
Federal	$ (17)	$ 3	$ (35)
State	(5)	7	(2)
Foreign	46	50	25
Total current income tax expense (benefit)	24	60	(12)
Deferred	(32)	(35)	(26)
Income tax expense (benefit)	$ (8)	$ 25	$ (38)

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Income Taxes - Summary of Temporary Differences of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Deferred tax assets
Foreign net operating loss carryforwards	[1]	$ 24	$ 23
Employee benefit obligations		17	18
Environmental, self-insurance and litigation reserves (net of receivables)		110	116
State net operating loss carryforwards (net of unrecognized tax benefits)	[2]	18	19
Compensation accruals		25	29
Credit carryforwards (net of unrecognized tax benefits)	[3]	18	20
Other items		25	21
Other lease liability		13	17
Valuation allowances	[4]	(56)	(56)
Total deferred tax assets		194	207
Deferred tax liabilities
Goodwill and other intangibles	[5]	150	169
Property, plant and equipment		158	175
Right of use assets		12	16
Other		0	3
Total deferred tax liabilities		320	363
Net deferred tax liability		$ (126)	$ (156)

[1] Gross net operating loss carryforwards of $99 million will expire in future years beyond 2024 or have no expiration, and primarily relate to European and Asian subsidiaries.

[2] Apportioned net operating loss carryforwards generated of $462 million will expire in future years as follows: $78 million in 2024, $56 million in 2025 and the remaining balance in other future years.

[3] Credit carryforwards consist primarily of foreign tax credits of $17 million expiring in future years, and state tax credits of $1 million that will expire in 2026 and other future years.

[4] Valuation allowances primarily relate to certain state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards and certain federal credit carryforwards.

[5] The total gross amount of goodwill as of September 30, 2023 expected to be deductible for tax purposes is $42 million.

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Income Taxes - Summary of Temporary Differences of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Parenthetical) (Details) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Tax Credit Carryforward [Line Items]
Goodwill expected to be deductible for tax purposes	$ 42
Foreign Tax Authority [Member]
Tax Credit Carryforward [Line Items]
Operating Loss Carryforwards	99
Tax credits	17
State and Local Jurisdiction [Member]
Tax Credit Carryforward [Line Items]
Operating Loss Carryforwards	462
Operating loss carryforwards expiring in next fiscal year	78
Operating loss carry forwards expiring 2025	56
Tax credits	$ 1

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Income Taxes - Summary of Income from Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes and Reconciliation of Provision for Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Amount [Abstract]
United States		$ (112)	$ (133)	$ (96)
Foreign		272	339	231
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		160	206	135
Income taxes computed at U.S. statutory rate		34	43	28
Uncertain tax positions		(26)	(6)	(49)
Deemed inclusions, foreign dividends and other restructuring	[1]	32	40	25
Foreign tax credits		(22)	(32)	(20)
Valuation allowance changes	[2]	(7)	(4)	4
Research and development credits		(3)	(2)	(3)
State taxes		(1)	(4)	(5)
Goodwill impairment		0	0	2
International rate differential		(16)	(27)	(18)
Other items	[3]	1	17	(2)
Income tax expense (benefit)		$ (8)	$ 25	$ (38)

[1] 2023 includes $19 million related to GILTI permanent adjustments and $12 million related to Subpart F. 2022 includes $31 million primarily related to GILTI permanent adjustment. 2021 includes $17 million primarily related to GILTI permanent adjustments.

[2] 2023 includes net $2 million related to deferred taxes and foreign tax credits. 2022 includes $4 million related to state NOL's. 2021 includes $13 million related to certain foreign tax credits partially offset by $5 million related to state NOL's and $4 million related to foreign jurisdictions.

[3] 2023 includes miscellaneous items of $1 million. 2022 includes $8 million related to withholding tax. 2021 includes $14 million related to the sale of a Specialty Additives facility partially offset by miscellaneous other items.

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Income Taxes - Summary of Income from Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes and Reconciliation of Provision for Income Taxes (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Tax Credit Carryforward [Line Items]
Valuation allowance charges	[1]	$ (7)	$ (4)	$ 4
Other items	[2]	1	17	(2)
Uncertain tax positions		(26)	(6)	(49)
Withholding tax included in other items			8
Miscellaneous items		1
Sale of a Specialty Additives facility				14
GILTI [Member]
Tax Credit Carryforward [Line Items]
Other items		19	31	17
Subpart F [Member]
Tax Credit Carryforward [Line Items]
Other items		12
Foreign Tax Authority [Member]
Tax Credit Carryforward [Line Items]
Valuation allowance charges				4
Tax credit valuation allowance		2		13
State and Local Jurisdiction [Member]
Tax Credit Carryforward [Line Items]
Valuation allowance charges			$ 4	$ 5
Tax credit valuation allowance		$ 2

[1] 2023 includes net $2 million related to deferred taxes and foreign tax credits. 2022 includes $4 million related to state NOL's. 2021 includes $13 million related to certain foreign tax credits partially offset by $5 million related to state NOL's and $4 million related to foreign jurisdictions.

[2] 2023 includes miscellaneous items of $1 million. 2022 includes $8 million related to withholding tax. 2021 includes $14 million related to the sale of a Specialty Additives facility partially offset by miscellaneous other items.

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Income Taxes - Summary of Changes in Unrecognized Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Balance at beginning of period	$ 84	$ 82
Decreases related to positions taken on items from prior years	(30)	(5)
Increases related to positions taken in the current year	8	19
Increases related to positions taken on items from prior years	1
Lapse of statute of limitations	(4)	(12)
Balance at end of period	$ 59	$ 84

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Employee Benefit Plans - Additional Information (Details) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) Employee	Sep. 30, 2021 USD ($)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Pre-65 health care cost increase trend rate		6.60%
Future Pre-65 health care cost trend rate		4.50%
Number of employees transferred upon divestiture | Employee			40
Actuarial gain			$ 1
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Historical investment strategy asset mix, fixed income (in hundredths)		47.60%
Historical investment strategy asset mix, risk assets (in hundredths)		38.80%
Historical investment strategy asset mix, other securities assets (in hundredths)		13.60%
United States Pension Plans of US Entity, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Actual contributions to benefit plans in period		$ 3
Estimated future contributions in current next fiscal year		6
Foreign Pension Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Actual contributions to benefit plans in period		5	5
Estimated future contributions in current next fiscal year		5
Maximum [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, expects to recognize of prior service credit in accumulated other comprehensive income as next fiscal year		1
Prior service credit recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income		1	1
Maximum [Member] | United States Pension Plans of US Entity, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Actual contributions to benefit plans in period			1
Pension Plans [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Actuarial gain	[1]	(0)	16	$ (3)
Prior service credit recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income		2	2
Weighted-Average Plan Assumptions [Abstract]
Defined benefit plan, accumulated benefit obligation		$ 250	$ 245
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets		4.25%	2.89%	2.43%
Other Pension Plan, Postretirement or Supplemental Plans [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payments, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
Company contributions to other employee benefit savings plans		$ 23	$ 23	$ 21
Postemployment benefits liability, noncurrent		$ 4	$ 4

[1] These components are classified within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

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Employee Benefit Plans - Components of Net Periodic Benefit Loss (Income) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Net Periodic Benefit Costs [Abstract]
Actuarial (gain) loss			$ (1)
Pension Plans [Member]
Net Periodic Benefit Costs [Abstract]
Service cost	[1]	$ 3	4	$ 5
Interest cost	[2]	13	8	6
Curtailment, settlement and other	[2]	0	(1)	0
Expected return on plan assets	[2]	$ (7)	$ (7)	$ (8)
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit (Cost) Credit, Expected Return (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]		Other Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Income Expense	Other Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Income Expense	Other Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Income Expense
Actuarial (gain) loss	[2]	$ 0	$ (16)	$ 3
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit (Cost) Credit, Immediate Recognition of Actuarial Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible List]		Other net periodic benefit loss (income) - Note L	Other net periodic benefit loss (income) - Note L	Other net periodic benefit loss (income) - Note L
Total net periodic benefit cost (income)		$ 9	$ (12)	$ 6
Weighted-Average Plan Assumptions [Abstract]
Discount rate for service cost	[3]	4.56%	2.99%	1.81%
Discount rate for interest cost	[3]	5.44%	3.33%	1.69%
Rate of compensation increase	[3]	3.07%	2.50%	2.53%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets		4.25%	2.89%	2.43%
Other Postretirement Benefit Plan [Member]
Net Periodic Benefit Costs [Abstract]
Service cost	[1]	$ 1	$ 1	$ 1
Interest cost	[2]	2	2	2
Curtailment, settlement and other	[2]	0	0	0
Expected return on plan assets	[2]	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit (Cost) Credit, Expected Return (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]		Other Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Income Expense	Other Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Income Expense	Other Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Income Expense
Actuarial (gain) loss	[2]	$ (2)	$ (8)	$ (2)
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit (Cost) Credit, Immediate Recognition of Actuarial Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible List]		Other net periodic benefit loss (income) - Note L	Other net periodic benefit loss (income) - Note L	Other net periodic benefit loss (income) - Note L
Total net periodic benefit cost (income)		$ 1	$ (5)	$ 1
Weighted-Average Plan Assumptions [Abstract]
Discount rate for service cost	[3]	5.80%	3.19%	3.15%
Discount rate for interest cost	[3]	5.54%	2.10%	1.93%

[1] Service cost is classified within the selling, general and administrative expense and cost of sales captions on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

[2] These components are classified within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

[3] The plan assumptions discussed are a blended weighted-average rate for Ashland’s U.S. and non-U.S. plans.

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Employee Benefit Plans - Prior Service Credits Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Pension [Member]
Prior service credit recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income [Abstract]
Prior service credit	$ 2	$ 2
Postretirement [Member]
Prior service credit recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income [Abstract]
Prior service credit	$ 0	$ 0

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Employee Benefit Plans - Obligations and Funded Status (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Change in plan assets
Value of plan assets at October 1		$ 201
Value of plan assets at September 30		203	$ 201
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet
Other assets (noncurrent)		17	21
Employee benefit obligations		(100)	(103)
Pension Plans [Member]
Change in benefit obligations
Service cost	[1]	3	4	$ 5
Interest cost	[2]	13	8	6
Other Postretirement Benefit Plan [Member]
Change in benefit obligations
Service cost	[1]	1	1	1
Interest cost	[2]	2	2	2
Continuing Operations [Member] | Pension Plans [Member]
Change in benefit obligations
Benefit obligations at October 1		250	422
Service cost		3	4
Interest cost		$ 13	$ 8
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Credit), Interest Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]		Other Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Income Expense	Other Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Income Expense
Benefits paid		$ (16)	$ (16)
Actuarial (gain) loss		(10)	(123)
Curtailments			(1)
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		$ 15	(38)
Other (including acquisitions)			(1)
Settlements			$ (5)
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit (Cost) Credit, Settlement Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]		Other Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Income Expense	Other Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Income Expense
Benefit obligations at September 30		$ 255	$ 250	422
Change in plan assets
Value of plan assets at October 1		201	351
Actual return on plan assets		(2)	(100)
Employer contributions		8	5
Benefits paid		(16)	(16)
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		14	(33)
Settlements			(5)
Other		(2)	(1)
Value of plan assets at September 30		203	201	351
Unfunded status of the plans		(52)	(49)
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet
Other assets (noncurrent)		17	21
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(4)	(3)
Employee benefit obligations		(65)	(67)
Net amount recognized		$ (52)	$ (49)
Weighted-average plan assumptions
Discount rate		5.43%	5.09%
Rate of compensation increase		3.07%	2.50%
Continuing Operations [Member] | Other Postretirement Benefit Plan [Member]
Change in benefit obligations
Benefit obligations at October 1		$ 36	$ 47
Service cost		1	1
Interest cost		$ 2	$ 2
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Credit), Interest Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]		Other Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Income Expense	Other Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Income Expense
Benefits paid		$ (4)	$ (6)
Actuarial (gain) loss		(1)	(8)
Benefit obligations at September 30		34	36	$ 47
Change in plan assets
Unfunded status of the plans		(34)	(36)
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(3)	(4)
Employee benefit obligations		(31)	(32)
Net amount recognized		$ (34)	$ (36)
Weighted-average plan assumptions
Discount rate		5.72%	2.98%

[1] Service cost is classified within the selling, general and administrative expense and cost of sales captions on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

[2] These components are classified within the other net periodic benefit loss (income) caption on the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

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Employee Benefit Plans - Schedule of Accumulated Benefit Obligations in Excess of Fair Value of Plan Assets (Details) - Pension Plans [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Pension Plans with an Accumulated Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets [Abstract]
Projected benefit obligation	$ 149	$ 146
Accumulated benefit obligation	144	141
Fair value of plan assets	$ 80	$ 76

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Employee Benefit Plans - Plan Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	$ 203	$ 201
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	11	1
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	192	200
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	11	1
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	11	1
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
U.S. Government Securities [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	6	10
U.S. Government Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
U.S. Government Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	6	10
U.S. Government Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Non-U.S. Government Securities [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	39	24
Non-U.S. Government Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Non-U.S. Government Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	39	24
Non-U.S. Government Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Corporate Debt Instruments [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	80	90
Corporate Debt Instruments [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Corporate Debt Instruments [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	80	90
Corporate Debt Instruments [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Listed Real Assets [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	9	9
Listed Real Assets [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Listed Real Assets [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	9	9
Listed Real Assets [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Asset-backed Securities [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	7	17
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	7	17
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Corporate Stocks [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	25	27
Corporate Stocks [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Corporate Stocks [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	25	27
Corporate Stocks [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Insurance Contracts [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	26	23
Insurance Contracts [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	0	0
Insurance Contracts [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	26	23
Insurance Contracts [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined benefit plan, assets for plan benefits	$ 0	$ 0

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Employee Benefit Plans - Plan Assets Allocations (Details)	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Asset target allocation, actual	100.00%	100.00%
Equity Securities [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Asset target allocation, actual	18.00%	14.00%
Equity Securities [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Asset target allocation, minimum	5.00%
Equity Securities [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Asset target allocation, minimum	45.00%
Fixed Income Securities [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Asset target allocation, actual	78.00%	81.00%
Fixed Income Securities [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Asset target allocation, minimum	55.00%
Fixed Income Securities [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Asset target allocation, minimum	95.00%
Other [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Asset target allocation, actual	4.00%	5.00%
Other [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Asset target allocation, minimum	0.00%
Other [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets Allocation [Abstract]
Asset target allocation, minimum	5.00%

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Employee Benefit Plans - Cash Flows (Details) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Pension Plans [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payments, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
2024	$ 15
2025	16
2026	17
2027	18
2028	17
2029 - 2033	90
Other Postretirement Benefit Plan [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payments, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
2024	3
2025	3
2026	3
2027	3
2028	3
2029 - 2033	$ 15

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Litigation, Claims and Contingencies - Summary of Asbestos Claims Activity (Details) - Claim Claim in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Ashland [Member]
Asbestos claims [Roll Forward]
Open claims - beginning of year	44	46	49
New claims filed	2	2	2
Claims settled	(1)	(1)	(1)
Claims dismissed	(3)	(3)	(4)
Open claims - end of year	42	44	46
Hercules [Member]
Asbestos claims [Roll Forward]
Open claims - beginning of year	11	12	12
New claims filed	1	1	1
Claims dismissed	0	(2)	(1)
Open claims - end of year	12	11	12

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Litigation, Claims and Contingencies - Additional Information (Details) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) ServiceStationProperty Facility Site		Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)		Sep. 30, 2021 USD ($)		Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Movement in Loss Contingency Receivable, Increase (Decrease) [Roll Forward]
Insurance receivable	[1]					$ 47
Asbestos litigation cost projection [Abstract]
Number of Years Included in Asbestos Assumption		40 years
Environmental Remediation Costs Recognized [Abstract]
Number of sites were company is identified as a potentially responsible party under the superfund or similar state law | Site		57
Number of current and former operating facilities subject to various environmental laws | Facility		108
Total number of service station properties subject to various environmental laws | ServiceStationProperty		1,225
Number of service stations being actively remediated | ServiceStationProperty		14
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies		$ 214		$ 211		207
Environmental Loss Contingency, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]		Other Liabilities, Noncurrent		Other Liabilities, Noncurrent
Accrued environmental loss contingencies, noncurrent		$ 165		$ 157
Recorded third-party environmental recoveries receivable		17		21
Recorded third-party environmental recoveries, noncurrent		15		17
Environmental liabilities recognized		56		66		50
Environmental exit costs, reasonably possible additional loss		$ 465
Maximum reserve for remediation reserve related to any one site (in hundredths)		21.00%
Brazil Tax Credits [Abstract]
Pre-tax gain		$ (6)		(42)		(11)
Ashland [Member]
Asbestos reserve [Roll Forward]
Increase (decrease) in asbestos related reserve		9		16		12
Movement in Loss Contingency Receivable, Increase (Decrease) [Roll Forward]
Insurance receivable		95	[2]	101	[2]	100	[2]	$ 103
Receivable adjustment		3
Asbestos litigation cost projection [Abstract]
Possible total future litigation defense and claim settlement costs		422
Total reserves for asbestos claims		281	[3]	305	[3]	320	[3]	335
Brazil Tax Credits [Abstract]
Pre-tax gain		(12)
Hercules [Member]
Asbestos reserve [Roll Forward]
Increase (decrease) in asbestos related reserve		(2)		15		8
Movement in Loss Contingency Receivable, Increase (Decrease) [Roll Forward]
Insurance receivable		47	[1]	52	[1]	47		47
Receivable adjustment		3
Asbestos litigation cost projection [Abstract]
Possible total future litigation defense and claim settlement costs		288
Total reserves for asbestos claims		$ 191	[4]	$ 213	[4]	$ 217	[4]	$ 229

[1] Included $4 million and $3 million classified in accounts receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

[2] Included $11 million and $12 million classified in accounts receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

[3] Included $28 million and $29 million classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

[4] Included $17 million and $18 million classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Litigation, Claims and Contingencies - Schedule of Progression of Activity in the Asbestos Reserve (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023		Sep. 30, 2022		Sep. 30, 2021
Ashland [Member]
Asbestos reserve [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance		$ 305	[1]	$ 320	[1]	$ 335
Reserve adjustment		9		16		12
Amounts paid		(33)		(31)		(27)
Ending balance	[1]	281		305		320
Hercules [Member]
Asbestos reserve [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance		213	[2]	217	[2]	229
Reserve adjustment		(2)		15		8
Amounts paid		(20)		(19)		(20)
Ending balance	[2]	$ 191		$ 213		$ 217

[1] Included $28 million and $29 million classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

[2] Included $17 million and $18 million classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Litigation, Claims and Contingencies - Schedule of Progression of Activity in the Asbestos Reserve (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023		Sep. 30, 2022		Sep. 30, 2021		Sep. 30, 2020
Ashland [Member]
Asbestos reserve [Roll Forward]
Asbestos reserve	$ 281	[1]	$ 305	[1]	$ 320	[1]	$ 335
Ashland [Member] | Other Current Liabilities [Member]
Asbestos reserve [Roll Forward]
Asbestos reserve	28		29
Hercules [Member]
Asbestos reserve [Roll Forward]
Asbestos reserve	191	[2]	213	[2]	$ 217	[2]	$ 229
Hercules [Member] | Other Current Liabilities [Member]
Asbestos reserve [Roll Forward]
Asbestos reserve	$ 17		$ 18

[1] Included $28 million and $29 million classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

[2] Included $17 million and $18 million classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Litigation, Claims and Contingencies - Summary of Progression of Insurance Receivable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023		Sep. 30, 2022		Sep. 30, 2021
Movement in Loss Contingency Receivable, Increase (Decrease) [Roll Forward]
Insurance receivable - beginning of year	[1]			$ 47
Insurance settlement		$ 1		5		$ 4
Insurance receivable - end of year	[1]					47
Ashland [Member]
Movement in Loss Contingency Receivable, Increase (Decrease) [Roll Forward]
Insurance receivable - beginning of year		101	[2]	100	[2]	103
Receivable adjustment	[3]	3		7		6
Amounts collected		(9)		(6)		(9)
Insurance receivable - end of year	[2]	95		101		100
Hercules [Member]
Movement in Loss Contingency Receivable, Increase (Decrease) [Roll Forward]
Insurance receivable - beginning of year		52	[1]	47		47
Receivable adjustment	[4]	(3)		7		1
Amounts collected		(2)		(2)		(1)
Insurance receivable - end of year		$ 47	[1]	$ 52	[1]	$ 47

[1] Included $4 million and $3 million classified in accounts receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

[2] Included $11 million and $12 million classified in accounts receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

[3] 2021 includes a $2 million reserve adjustment related to allowances for credit losses as a result of Ashland's adoption of the new credit measurement standard described in Note A. The total allowance for credit losses were $1 million and $2 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022.

[4] 2021 includes a $1 million reserve adjustment related to allowances for credit losses as a result of Ashland's adoption of the new credit measurement standard described in Note A. The total allowance for credit losses was $1 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Litigation, Claims and Contingencies - Summary of Progression of Insurance Receivable (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2021		Sep. 30, 2023		Sep. 30, 2022		Sep. 30, 2020
Movement in Loss Contingency Receivable, Increase (Decrease) [Roll Forward]
Insurance receivable	[1]	$ 47
Ashland [Member]
Movement in Loss Contingency Receivable, Increase (Decrease) [Roll Forward]
Insurance receivable		100	[2]	$ 95	[2]	$ 101	[2]	$ 103
Allowance for credit losses		2
Total allowance for credit losses				1		2
Ashland [Member] | Accounts Receivable [Member]
Movement in Loss Contingency Receivable, Increase (Decrease) [Roll Forward]
Insurance receivable				11		12
Hercules [Member]
Movement in Loss Contingency Receivable, Increase (Decrease) [Roll Forward]
Insurance receivable		47		47	[1]	52	[1]	$ 47
Allowance for credit losses		$ 1
Total allowance for credit losses				1		1
Hercules [Member] | Accounts Receivable [Member]
Movement in Loss Contingency Receivable, Increase (Decrease) [Roll Forward]
Insurance receivable				$ 4		$ 3

[1] Included $4 million and $3 million classified in accounts receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

[2] Included $11 million and $12 million classified in accounts receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Litigation, Claims and Contingencies - Summary of Reconciliation of Changes in Environmental Remediation Reserves (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Environmental remediation reserve - beginning of year	$ 211	$ 207
Disbursements	(54)	(63)
Revised obligation estimates and accretion	57	67
Environmental remediation reserve - end of year	$ 214	$ 211

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Litigation, Claims and Contingencies - Summary of Components of Environmental Remediation Expense Included within Selling, General and Administrative Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Environmental expense		$ 56	$ 66	$ 50
Accretion		1	1	1
Legal expense		3	4	4
Total expense		$ 60	$ 71	$ 55
Environmental Remediation Expense, before Recovery, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]		Selling, General and Administrative Expense	Selling, General and Administrative Expense	Selling, General and Administrative Expense
Insurance receivable		$ (1)	$ (5)	$ (4)
Total expense, net of receivable activity	[1]	$ 59	$ 66	$ 51

[1] Net expense of $5 million, $13 million and $6 million for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to divested businesses which qualified for treatment as discontinued operations and for which certain environmental liabilities were retained by Ashland. These amounts are classified within the income from discontinued operations caption of the Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

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Litigation, Claims and Contingencies - Summary of Components of Environmental Remediation Expense Included within Selling, General and Administrative Expense (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Net expense relates to divested businesses	$ 5	$ 13	$ 6

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Equity Items - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions			1 Months Ended					3 Months Ended																			12 Months Ended
		Mar. 01, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023	Feb. 28, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Sep. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2021	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Sep. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Sep. 30, 2023		Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Jun. 28, 2023	May 31, 2023
Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]
Stock repurchase during period value	[1]																										$ 303	[2]	$ 200	$ 450
Common shares repurchased																											3,082,928		2,853,312	3,922,423
Dividend per common share								$ 0.385	$ 0.385			$ 0.335	$ 0.335														$ 1.44		$ 1.27	$ 1.15
Common stock, dividends, per share, declared								$ 0.385	$ 0.385	$ 0.335	$ 0.335	$ 0.335	$ 0.335	$ 0.300	$ 0.300	$ 0.300	$ 0.300	$ 0.275	$ 0.275	$ 0.275	$ 0.275	$ 0.275	$ 0.25	$ 0.25	$ 0.25	$ 0.25
Common shares reserved (in shares)								17,300,000																			17,300,000
2022 Stock Repurchase Program [Member]
Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]
Stock repurchase during period value			$ 100	$ 100	$ 100
Aggregate amount of common stock to be repurchased					$ 100							$ 1,000																	$ 1,000			$ 100
Stock repurchase program amount outstanding												$ 150																	$ 150		$ 200
Stock repurchased and retired during period shares			1,100,000	1,000,000	1,000,000
2023 Stock Repurchase Program [Member]
Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]
Aggregate amount of common stock to be repurchased																															$ 1,000
Stock Repurchase Program, Remaining Authorized Repurchase Amount								$ 1,000																			$ 1,000
2018 Stock Repurchase Program [Member]
Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]
Stock repurchase during period value		$ 200
Aggregate amount of common stock to be repurchased		$ 200
Stock repurchased and retired during period shares		2,150,000
2021 Accelerated Share Repurchase Agreement [Member]
Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]
Stock repurchase during period value							$ 450
Stock repurchased and retired during period shares							3,900,000																				4,600,000
Common shares repurchased						700,000

[1] Common shares repurchased were 3,082,928, 2,853,312, and 3,922,423 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

[2] Includes $3 million of accrued excise taxes on stock repurchases for 2023.

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Equity Items - Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Equity [Abstract]
Unrealized translation gain (loss), before tax	$ 72	$ (199)	$ 8
Unrealized translation gain (loss), tax	0	2	(1)
Unrealized translation gain (loss), net of tax	72	(197)	7
Unrealized gain (loss) on commodity hedges, before Tax	(8)	(2)	5
Unrealized gain (loss) on commodity hedges, tax	2	1	(1)
Unrealized gain (loss) on commodity hedges, net of tax	(6)	(1)	4
Pension and postretirement obligation adjustment, before tax		1
Pension and postretirement obligation adjustment, tax		0
Pension and postretirement obligation adjustment, net of tax		1
Total other comprehensive gain (loss), before tax	64	(200)	13
Total other comprehensive gain (loss), tax	2	3	(2)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$ 66	$ (197)	$ 11

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Equity Items - Summary of Reconciliation of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Balance, beginning of period		$ 3,220	$ 2,752
Balance, end of period		$ 3,097	$ 3,220	$ 2,752
Cash dividends declared per common share		$ 1.44	$ 1.27	$ 1.15
Common Stock and Paid in Capital [Member]
Balance, beginning of period		$ 136	$ 328	$ 770
Common shares issued under stock incentive and other plans	[1]	12	8	8
Common shares purchased under repurchase program	[2],[3]	(143)	(200)	(450)
Balance, end of period		5	136	328
Retained earnings [Member]
Balance, beginning of period		3,653	2,796	2,649
Adoption of new accounting pronouncements	[4]	0	0	(2)
Net income		178	927	220
Regular dividends		(76)	(70)	(71)
Common shares purchased under repurchase program	[2]	(160)	0	0
Balance, end of period		3,595	3,653	2,796
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) [Member]
Balance, beginning of period		(569)	(372)	(383)
Unrealized translation gain (loss)		72	(197)	7
Unrealized gain (loss) on commodity hedges		(6)	(1)	4
Pension and postretirement obligation adjustment		0	1	0
Balance, end of period		$ (503)	$ (569)	$ (372)

[1] Common shares issued were 193,767, 168,270 and 183,281 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

[2] Common shares repurchased were 3,082,928, 2,853,312 and 3,922,423 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

[3] Includes $3 million in excise tax on stock repurchases for 2023.

[4] Represents the cumulative-effect adjustment related to the adoption of the new guidance related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments during fiscal 2021. See Note A for more information.

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Equity Items - Summary of Reconciliation of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Equity [Abstract]
Common shares issued	193,767	168,270	183,281
Common shares repurchased	3,082,928	2,853,312	3,922,423
Excise tax on stock repurchases	$ 3

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Stock Incentive Plans - Components of Pretax Compensation Expense for Stock-Based Awards (Net of Forfeitures) and Associated Income Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	[1]	Sep. 30, 2022	[2]	Sep. 30, 2021	[3]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	$ 22		$ 24		$ 18
Income tax benefit	5		6		4
Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs)
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	0		1		2
Nonvested Stock Awards [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	11		12		10
Performance Shares [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	$ 11		$ 11		$ 6

[1] The year ended September 30, 2023 included $1 million of expense and $1 million of income related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

[2] The year ended September 30, 2022 included $4 million and $2 million of expense related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

[3] The year ended September 30, 2021 included $3 million and zero of expense related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

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Stock Incentive Plans - Components of Pretax Compensation Expense for Stock-Based Awards (Net of Forfeitures) and Associated Income Tax Benefits (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023		Sep. 30, 2022		Sep. 30, 2021
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	$ 22	[1]	$ 24	[2]	$ 18	[3]
Cash-settled Nonvested Restricted Stock Awards [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	1		4		3
Cash-settled Performance Shares [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	$ 1		$ 2		$ 0

[1] The year ended September 30, 2023 included $1 million of expense and $1 million of income related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

[2] The year ended September 30, 2022 included $4 million and $2 million of expense related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

[3] The year ended September 30, 2021 included $3 million and zero of expense related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

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Stock Incentive Plans - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023		Sep. 30, 2022		Sep. 30, 2021		Sep. 30, 2020
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	$ 22	[1]	$ 24	[2]	$ 18	[3]
Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unexercised SARs lapse expiration period	10 years
Intrinsic value of stock appreciation rights and stock options exercised	$ 6		19		12
Tax benefit realized from the exercised stock appreciation rights and stock options	1		4		3
Total grant date fair value of SARs and stock options that vested	1		$ 1		$ 1
Total unrecognized compensation costs	0
Aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding stock appreciation rights and stock options	17
Aggregate intrinsic value of exercisable stock appreciation rights and stock options	$ 17
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number	1,023,000	[4]	1,142,000	[4]	1,543,000	[4]	1,993,000
Stock-based compensation	$ 0	[1]	$ 1	[2]	$ 2	[3]
Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period of share-based payment award	1 year
Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period of share-based payment award	3 years
Nonvested Stock Awards [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total unrecognized compensation costs	$ 6
Unrecognized cost expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period (in years)	1 year 3 months 18 days
Total grant date fair value of nonvested stock awards that vested	$ 8		6		5
Stock-based compensation	$ 11	[1]	12	[2]	10	[3]
Nonvested Stock Awards [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period of share-based payment award	1 year
Nonvested Stock Awards [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period of share-based payment award	3 years
Cash-settled Nonvested Stock Awards [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period of share-based payment award	3 years
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number	54,000
Stock-based compensation	$ 0		6		3
Performance Shares [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Measurement period of share-based payment award	3 years
Model to fair value share-based payment awards	Monte Carlo simulation valuation model
Total unrecognized compensation costs	$ 10
Unrecognized cost expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period (in years)	1 year 6 months
Stock-based compensation	$ 11	[1]	$ 11	[2]	$ 6	[3]
Number of common shares for each converted performance share	1
Percentage of performance measures used to determine actual number of performance shares issuable upon vesting includes weighting of total shareholder return performance and return on net assets performance	1.50%
Performance Shares [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period of share-based payment award	1 year
Performance Shares [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period of share-based payment award	3 years

[1] The year ended September 30, 2023 included $1 million of expense and $1 million of income related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

[2] The year ended September 30, 2022 included $4 million and $2 million of expense related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

[3] The year ended September 30, 2021 included $3 million and zero of expense related to cash-settled nonvested restricted stock awards and cash-settled performance units, respectively.

[4] Exercise prices per share for SARs outstanding at September 30, 2023 ranged from $47.63 to $59.95 for 521 thousand shares and from $67.16 to $82.34 for 502 thousand shares. The weighted-average remaining contractual life of outstanding and exercisable SARs and stock options was 3.7 years.

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Stock Incentive Plans - Stock Appreciation Rights (Details) - $ / shares shares in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023		Sep. 30, 2022		Sep. 30, 2021
Assumptions (weighted-average) [Abstract]
Risk-free interest rate		4.22%		1.18%		0.20%
Expected dividend yield		1.30%		1.30%		1.60%
Expected volatility		35.10%		33.40%		32.70%
Expected life (in years)		3 years		3 years		3 years
Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding [Roll Forward]
Outstanding - beginning of year (in shares)		1,142	[1]	1,543	[1]	1,993
Exercised (in shares)		(114)		(392)		(386)
Forfeitures and expirations (in shares)		(5)		(9)		(64)
Outstanding - end of year (in shares)	[1]	1,023		1,142		1,543
Exercisable - end of year (in shares)		1,023		1,094		1,415
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price [Abstract]
Weighted-average exercise price per share, outstanding - beginning of year (in usd per share)		$ 63.85	[1]	$ 62.14	[1]	$ 61.11
Weighted-average exercise price per share, exercised (in usd per share)		52.31		57.32		54.44
Weighted-average exercise price per share, forfeitures and expirations (in usd per share)		46.67		54.7		77.17
Weighted-average exercise price per share, outstanding - end of year (in usd per share)	[1]	65.22		63.85		62.14
Weighted-average exercise price per share, exercisable - end of year (in usd per share)		$ 65.22		$ 63.24		$ 60.68

[1] Exercise prices per share for SARs outstanding at September 30, 2023 ranged from $47.63 to $59.95 for 521 thousand shares and from $67.16 to $82.34 for 502 thousand shares. The weighted-average remaining contractual life of outstanding and exercisable SARs and stock options was 3.7 years.

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Stock Incentive Plans - Stock Appreciation Rights (Parenthetical) (Details) shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 $ / shares shares
Exercise Price Range 1 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exercise price per share range, minimum (in usd per share)	$ 47.63
Exercise price per share range, maximum (in usd per share)	$ 59.95
Exercise price per share range, number of exercisable SARs and options | shares	521
Exercise Price Range 2 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exercise price per share range, minimum (in usd per share)	$ 67.16
Exercise price per share range, maximum (in usd per share)	$ 82.34
Exercise price per share range, number of exercisable SARs and options | shares	502
Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted-average remaining contractual life of outstanding SARs and stock options (in years)	3 years 8 months 12 days
Weighted-average remaining contractual life of outstanding, exercisable SARs and stock options (in years)	3 years 8 months 12 days

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Stock Incentive Plans - Summary of Progression of Activity and Various Other Information Relative Nonvested Stock Awards (Details) - Nonvested Stock Awards [Member] - $ / shares shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Roll Forward]
Nonvested - beginning of year	209	211	199
Granted	92	80	93
Vested	(106)	(72)	(69)
Forfeitures	(7)	(10)	(12)
Nonvested - end of year	188	209	211
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Weighted-average grant date fair value, nonvested - beginning of year	$ 82.55	$ 76.10	$ 74.57
Weighted-average grant date fair value, granted	105.72	92.34	78.96
Weighted-average grant date fair value, vested	82.04	78.81	75.1
Weighted-average grant date fair value, forfeitures	106.25	80.06	79.02
Weighted-average grant date fair value, nonvested - end of year	$ 97.66	$ 82.55	$ 76.10

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Stock Incentive Plans - Summary of Performance Shares/units Granted (Details) - Performance Shares [Member] - $ / shares shares in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period, start date		Oct. 01, 2022	Oct. 01, 2021	Oct. 01, 2020
Vesting period, end date		Sep. 30, 2025	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Target shares granted	[1]	98	110	122
Weighted-average fair value per share	[1]	$ 135.93	$ 131.33	$ 90.44

[1] At the end of the performance period, the actual number of shares/units awarded can range from zero to 200% of the target shares/units granted, which is assumed to be 100%. Both the shares granted and weighted-average fair value per share/unit are as of the grant date.

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Stock Incentive Plans - Summary of Performance Shares/units Granted (Parenthetical) (Details) - Performance Shares [Member]	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Actual to Target Number of Shares Issued Percentage, Minimum	0.00%
Actual to Target Number of Shares Issued Percentage, Maximum	200.00%
Target Number of Shares Issued Percentage	100.00%

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Stock Incentive Plans - Summary of Fair Values Assumptions Using Monte Carlo Simulation Valuation Model (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Assumptions (weighted-average) [Abstract]
Risk-free interest rate	4.22%	1.18%	0.20%
Expected dividend yield	1.30%	1.30%	1.60%
Expected life (in years)	3 years	3 years	3 years
Expected volatility	35.10%	33.40%	32.70%

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Stock Incentive Plans - Summary of Nonvested Stock Awards and Performance Shares Activity (Details) - Performance Shares [Member] - $ / shares shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Roll Forward]
Nonvested - beginning of year	310	253	227
Granted	98	110	122
Vested	(88)	(1)	(79)
Forfeitures	(33)	(52)	(17)
Nonvested - end of year	287	310	253
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Weighted-average grant date fair value, nonvested - beginning of year	$ 105.78	$ 88.66	$ 80.86
Weighted-average grant date fair value, granted	135.93	131.33	90.44
Weighted-average grant date fair value, vested	84.33	96.32	68.93
Weighted-average grant date fair value, forfeitures	94.53	85.78	89.36
Weighted-average grant date fair value, nonvested - end of year	$ 118.43	$ 105.78	$ 88.66

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Revenue - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Product Concentration Risk [Member] | Sales Revenue [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Revenue From Contracts With Customers [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	10.00%
Cellulosics [Member] | Product Concentration Risk [Member] | Sales Revenue [Member]
Revenue From Contracts With Customers [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	37.00%
Polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP) [Member] | Product Concentration Risk [Member] | Sales Revenue [Member]
Revenue From Contracts With Customers [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	25.00%
Trade Receivable [Member]
Revenue From Contracts With Customers [Line Items]
Trade receivables	$ 288	$ 369

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Revenue - Disaggregation of Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 2,191	$ 2,391	$ 2,111
Life Sciences [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	869	815	737
Life Sciences [Member] | North America [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	228	244	229
Life Sciences [Member] | Europe [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	305	267	242
Life Sciences [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	233	218	192
Life Sciences [Member] | Latin America & Other [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	103	86	74
Personal Care [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	598	678	592
Personal Care [Member] | North America [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	176	198	180
Personal Care [Member] | Europe [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	233	270	240
Personal Care [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	105	126	100
Personal Care [Member] | Latin America & Other [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	84	84	72
Specialty Additives [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	600	719	655
Specialty Additives [Member] | North America [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	203	247	203
Specialty Additives [Member] | Europe [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	214	258	246
Specialty Additives [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	153	182	171
Specialty Additives [Member] | Latin America & Other [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	30	32	35
Intermediates [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	185	256	178
Intermediates [Member] | North America [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	128	163	114
Intermediates [Member] | Europe [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	27	39	28
Intermediates [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	22	43	29
Intermediates [Member] | Latin America & Other [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 8	$ 11	$ 7

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Reportable Segment Information - Schedule of Information About Domestic and International Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales to external customers	$ 2,191	$ 2,391	$ 2,111
Net assets (liabilities)	3,097	3,220
Property, plant and equipment, net	1,373	1,338
United States [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales to external customers	634	731	637
Net assets (liabilities)	1,532	1,857
Property, plant and equipment, net	1,032	1,042
International [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales to external customers	1,557	1,660	$ 1,474
Net assets (liabilities)	1,565	1,363
Property, plant and equipment, net	$ 341	$ 296

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Reportable Segment Information - Summary of Financial Information for Each Reportable Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales		$ 2,191	$ 2,391	$ 2,111
Equity income		1	1	0
Other income		6	2	9
Equity and other income		7	3	9
Operating income (loss)		172	333	192
Depreciation		150	147	154
Amortization expense		93	94	90
EBITDA	[1]	415	574	436
Additions to property, plant and equipment		170	113	105
Assets		5,939	6,213
Property, plant and equipment, net		1,373	1,338
Intersegment Eliminations [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	[2]	(61)	(77)	(51)
Life Sciences [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales		869	815	737
Equity income		0	0	0
Other income		0	0	0
Operating income (loss)		172	155	130
Depreciation		41	35	36
Amortization expense		28	28	28
EBITDA	[1]	241	218	194
Additions to property, plant and equipment		46	28	27
Assets		1,904	1,905
Property, plant and equipment, net		419	422
Life Sciences [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales		869	815	737
Personal Care [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Equity income		1	1	0
Other income		0	0	2
Operating income (loss)	[3]	52	102	73
Depreciation		38	37	39
Amortization expense		47	47	42
EBITDA	[1]	137	186	154
Additions to property, plant and equipment		20	14	7
Assets		1,004	1,073
Property, plant and equipment, net		160	153
Personal Care [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales		598	678	592
Specialty Additives [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales		600	719	655
Equity income		0	0	0
Other income		0	0	0
Operating income (loss)	[3]	10	103	61
Depreciation		58	63	66
Amortization expense		18	18	19
EBITDA	[1]	86	184	146
Additions to property, plant and equipment		99	61	67
Assets		1,580	1,567
Property, plant and equipment, net		642	603
Specialty Additives [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales		600	719	655
Intermediates [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Equity income		0	0	0
Other income		0	0	0
Operating income (loss)		50	87	35
Depreciation		13	12	12
Amortization expense		0	1	1
EBITDA	[1]	63	100	48
Additions to property, plant and equipment		3	7	2
Assets		136	170
Property, plant and equipment, net		47	56
Intermediates [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales		185	256	178
Unallocated and Other [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Other income		6	2	7
Operating income (loss)	[3]	(112)	(114)	(107)
Depreciation		0	0	1
Amortization expense		0	0	0
EBITDA	[1]	(112)	(114)	(106)
Additions to property, plant and equipment		2	3	$ 2
Assets		1,315	1,498
Property, plant and equipment, net		$ 105	$ 104

[1] Excludes income from discontinued operations and other net periodic benefit loss (income). See the Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Loss) for applicable amounts excluded.

[2] Intersegment sales from Intermediates are accounted for at prices that approximate fair value. All other intersegment sales are accounted for at cost.

[3] Includes income on acquisitions and divestitures, net for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021 within Unallocated and Other. Includes a $4 million impairment charge related to a Specialty Additives facility in 2023. Includes a fixed asset impairment of $3 million related to Personal Care and a capital project impairment of $10 million related to Specialty Additives in 2021.

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Reportable Segment Information - Summary of Financial Information for Each Reportable Segment (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2021
Specialty Additives facility [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Impairment charge	$ 4
Personal Care [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Fixed asset impairment		$ 3
Impairment, Long-Lived Asset, Held-for-Use, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]		Operating Income (Loss)
Specialty Additives [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Capital project impairment		$ 10

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Subsequent Events - Additional Information (Details) - Subsequent Event [Member] - Ashland [Member] € in Millions	Oct. 19, 2023 EUR (€)
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Maximum limit of receivables can transfer	€ 125
Agreement term to sell trade receivables	3 years