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Deferred policy acquisition costs
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Disclosures [Abstract]  
Deferred policy acquisition costs Deferred policy acquisition costs
The following table presents the amounts of policy acquisition costs deferred and amortized for the years ended:
 
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of year
 
$
14,801

 
$
11,775

 
$
10,150

Policy acquisition costs deferred:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Direct commissions
 
56,841

 
40,546

 
32,927

Ceding commissions
 
(12,373
)
 
(11,239
)
 
(9,984
)
Other underwriting and policy acquisition costs
 
3,727

 
3,141

 
2,827

Policy acquisition costs deferred
 
48,195

 
32,448

 
25,770

Amortization of net policy acquisition costs
 
(39,432
)
 
(29,422
)
 
(24,145
)
Balance, end of year
 
$
23,564

 
$
14,801

 
$
11,775


Amortization of net policy acquisition costs is included in the line item "Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.