Other operating income/(expenses)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

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Other operating income/(expenses)

7. Other operating income/(expenses)

Million US dollar	2018			2017			2016
Government grants		317			404			432
License income		45			65			65
Net (additions to)/reversals of provisions		(11	)		(4	)		(50	)
Net gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and assets held for sale		80			154			37
Net rental and other operating income		249			235			248
Other operating income/(expenses)		680			854			732

The government grants relate primarily to fiscal incentives given by certain Brazilian states and Chinese provinces, based on the company’s operations and developments in those regions.

In 2018, the company expensed 285m US dollar in research, compared to 276m US dollar in 2017 and 244m US dollar in 2016. The spend focused on product innovations, market research, as well as process optimization and product development.