Exhibit 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We have issued our report dated March 22, 2024, with respect to the consolidated financial statements included in the Annual Report of Moleculin Biotech, Inc. on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.  We consent to the incorporation by reference of said report in the Registration Statements of Moleculin Biotech, Inc. on Form S-1 ( File No. 333-276851), on Forms S-3 (File No. 333-219434, File No. 333-252676, File No. 333-235686 and File No. 333-256627) and on Forms S-8 (File No. 333-212619, File No. 333-225867, File No. 333-248240, File No. 333-266225 and File No. 333-272814).

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

Fort Lauderdale, Florida

March 22, 2024