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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition, the accrual for research and development expenses, the valuation of common stock prior to the Company's IPO, and the valuation of stock-based awards. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Segment Information

The Company manages its operations as a single segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions. The Company's singular focus is improving the lives of cancer patients by tackling key mechanisms of drug resistance that limit the rate and/or durability of response to existing cancer therapies. All of the Company's tangible assets are held in the U.S.

Revenues

The Company accounts for its one license arrangement, entered into in June 2019, under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue From Contracts With Customers (ASC 606). For additional information on the Company's license agreement, please read Note 3, License Agreement, to these consolidated financial statements. Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration, if any; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration to which it is entitled in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.

The Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations. Arrangements that include rights to additional goods or services that are exercisable at a customer's discretion are generally considered options. The Company assesses if these options provide a material right to the customer and if so, they are considered performance obligations. The identification of material rights requires judgments related to the determination of the value of the underlying license relative to the option exercise price, including assumptions about technical feasibility and the probability of developing a candidate that would be subject to the option rights. The exercise of a material right is accounted for as a contract modification for accounting purposes.

The Company assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct for the purpose of identifying the performance obligations in the contract. This assessment involves subjective determinations and requires management to make judgments about the individual promised goods or services and whether such are separable from the other aspects of the contractual relationship. Promised goods and services are considered distinct provided that: (i) the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer (that is, the good or service is capable of being distinct) and (ii) the entity's promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract (that is, the promise to transfer the good or service is distinct within the context of the contract). In assessing whether a promised good or service is distinct, the Company considers factors such as the research, manufacturing and commercialization capabilities of the collaboration partner and the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. The Company also considers the intended benefit of the contract in assessing whether a promised good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. If a promised good or service is not distinct, an entity is required to combine that good or service with other promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services that is distinct.

The transaction price is then determined and allocated to the identified performance obligations in proportion to their standalone selling prices (SSP) on a relative SSP basis. SSP is determined at contract inception and is not updated to reflect changes between contract inception and when the performance obligations are satisfied. Determining the SSP for performance obligations requires significant judgment. In developing the SSP for a performance obligation, the Company considers applicable market conditions and relevant entity-specific factors, including factors that were contemplated in negotiating the agreement with the customer and estimated costs. The Company validates the SSP for performance obligations by evaluating whether changes in the key assumptions used to determine the SSP will have a significant effect on the allocation of arrangement consideration between multiple performance obligations.

If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to a customer. The Company determines the amount of variable consideration by using the expected value method or the most likely amount method. The Company includes the unconstrained amount of estimated variable consideration in the transaction price. The amount included in the transaction price is constrained to the amount for which it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the estimated variable consideration included in the transaction price and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period of adjustment.

If an arrangement includes development and regulatory milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the Company's control or the licensee's control, such as regulatory approvals, are generally not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received.

For arrangements with licenses of intellectual property that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes royalty revenue and sales-based milestones at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied.

In determining the transaction price, the Company adjusts consideration for the effects of the time value of money if the timing of payments provides the Company with a significant benefit of financing. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the licensees and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the licensees will be one year or less.

The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied, either at a point in time or over time, and if over time, recognition is based on the use of an output or input method.

Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents.

Marketable Securities

Marketable securities consist of investments with original maturities greater than 90 days at the date of purchase. As of December 31, 2019, Company's marketable securities were comprised of debt securities and the Company considers its marketable securities portfolio to be available-for-sale.

Available-for-sale marketable debt securities are recorded at fair market value and unrealized gains and losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in equity, net of related tax effects. Unless the security has experienced a credit loss, the Company has determined that the Company has the intent to sell the security or the Company has determined that it is more likely than not that the Company will have to sell the security before its expected recovery. Realized gains and losses are reported in other income (expense), net, within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss on a specific identification basis.

The Company conducts periodic reviews to identify and evaluate each investment in the Company's portfolio that has an unrealized loss, in accordance with the meaning of other-than-temporary impairment and its application to certain investments. An unrealized loss exists when the current fair value of an individual security is less than its amortized cost basis. Unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities that are determined to be temporary, and not related to credit loss, are recorded, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

When determining whether a decline in value is other than temporary, the Company considers several factors, including whether the Company has the intent to sell the security and whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis. No declines in value were deemed to be other than temporary during the year ended December 31, 2019.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and of Significant Suppliers

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities. The Company maintains all cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities at one accredited financial institution. The Company attempts to minimize the risks related to cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities by investing in a broad and diverse range of financial instruments as defined by the Company. The Company has established guidelines related to credit ratings and maturities intended to safeguard principal balances and maintain liquidity. The marketable securities portfolio is maintained in accordance with the Company's investment policy, which defines allowable investments, specifies credit quality standards and limits the credit exposure of any single issuer. The Company does not believe that it is subject to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships.

The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers to supply products for research and development activities in its programs. In particular, the Company relies and expects to continue to rely on a small number of manufacturers to supply it with its requirements for the active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs related to these programs. These programs could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs.

Long-Term Investment-Restricted

Long-Term Investment—Restricted

The Company's long-term investment—restricted balance is comprised of certificates of deposit. The certificates of deposit are held to secure letters of credit associated with the Company's lease for space at its headquarters location and to secure a credit card. The balances of such accounts are classified as non-current and are measured at carrying value in the consolidated balance sheets.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is recognized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each asset as follows:


Asset Category			Estimated Useful Life
Lab equipment			5 to 7 years
Computer equipment			3 to 5 years
Furniture and fixtures			7 years
Leasehold improvements			Shorter of life of lease or 15 years

Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The cost of normal, recurring, or periodic repairs and maintenance activities are expensed as incurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets consist of property, equipment, and operating lease assets. Long-lived assets to be held and used are tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets or asset group may not be fully recoverable. Factors that the Company considers in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant underperformance of the business in relation to expectations, significant negative industry or economic trends, and significant changes or planned changes in the use of the assets. If an impairment review is performed to evaluate a long-lived asset group for recoverability, the Company compares forecasts of undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the long-lived asset group to its carrying value. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of an asset group are less than its carrying amount. The impairment loss would be based on the excess of the carrying value of the impaired asset group over its fair value, determined based on discounted cash flows. The Company did not record any impairment losses on long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, or 2017.

Fair Value Measurements

Certain assets and liabilities are carried at fair value under GAAP. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable:

•Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2—Observable inputs (other than Level 1 quoted prices), such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

•Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to determining the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, and similar techniques.

The Company's cash equivalents and marketable securities are carried at fair value, determined according to the fair value hierarchy described above. For additional information on the Company's fair value hierarchy, please read Note 4, Marketable Securities and Fair Value Measurements, to these consolidated financial statements. The carrying values of the Company's accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these liabilities. Notes payable to a related party are measured at carrying value in the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the Company's outstanding notes payable to related party as of December 31, 2018 approximated $1.1 million. In December 2019, the Company repaid the outstanding balance of its notes payable to related party. The fair value of the outstanding debt was estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis based on current market interest rates for debt issuances with similar remaining years to maturity, adjusted for credit risk, which represented a Level 3 measurement. For additional information on the Company's notes payable to related party, please read Note 8, Related Party Transactions, to these consolidated financial statements.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses are comprised of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including salaries, stock-based compensation and benefits, facilities costs, depreciation, manufacturing expenses, and external costs of outside vendors engaged to conduct preclinical development activities and trials. Prior to initial regulatory approval, the Company expenses costs relating to the production of inventory for the Company's drug candidates, including ripretinib, as research and development expenses within the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period incurred, unless the Company believes regulatory approval and subsequent commercialization of the drug candidate is probable and the Company expects the future economic benefit from sales of the drug to be realized.

Advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses within the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The prepaid amounts are expensed as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed.

Research Contract Costs and Accruals

The Company has entered into various research and development contracts with research institutions and other companies both inside and outside of the U.S. These agreements are generally cancelable, and related payments are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the studies or trials, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received, and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company's estimates. The Company's historical accrual estimates have not been materially different from the actual costs.

Patent Costs

All patent-related costs incurred in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty about the recovery of the expenditure. Amounts incurred are classified as selling, general, and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures all stock options and other stock-based awards granted to employees and directors based on the fair value on the date of the grant and recognizes compensation expense of those awards over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. The straight-line method of expense recognition is applied to all awards with service-only conditions while the graded-vesting method is applied to all awards with both service and performance conditions. During 2019, the Company granted performance-based awards under which the fair market value of the awards is expensed after assessing the probability that certain performance criteria will be met and the associated targeted payout level that is forecasted will be achieved. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

The Company classifies stock-based compensation expense in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient's payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipient's service payments are classified.

Income Taxes

Upon consummation of the Conversion on October 2, 2017, the Company became subject to corporate U.S. federal and state income taxes. Prior to the Conversion, the Company was treated as a partnership for income tax purposes and was not subject to U.S. federal or state income taxation. As a result, the Company had not recorded any U.S. federal or state income tax benefits prior to October 2, 2017 for the net losses incurred in each reporting period or for any earned research and orphan drug credits as the operating losses incurred by the Company had been passed through to its members.

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the consolidated financial statements or in the Company's tax returns. Deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent it believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income tax expense. Potential for recovery of deferred tax assets is evaluated by estimating the future taxable profits expected and considering prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.

The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in its consolidated financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized. First, the tax position must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the taxing authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than- not to be sustained, the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than

50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any resulting tax reserves, or unrecognized tax benefits, that are considered appropriate as well as the related net interest and penalties.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes net loss as well as other changes in stockholders' equity (deficit) that result from transactions and economic events other than those with shareholders. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company's other comprehensive income (loss) consisted of unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, there was no difference between net loss and comprehensive loss.

Net Loss per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the diluted net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares, including potential dilutive common shares assuming the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and unvested restricted common stock, as determined using the treasury stock method. For periods in which the Company has reported net losses, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share, since dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is antidilutive.

The Company did not have any common shares outstanding during the period from January 1, 2017 through the closing of its initial public offering on October 2, 2017. To determine the weighted average shares outstanding for purpose of calculating net loss per share during those periods, the Company used the weighted average number of Series A convertible preferred shares outstanding because such shares represented the most subordinate share class outstanding during those periods. Share amounts for periods prior to the IPO have been retrospectively adjusted to give effect to the exchange of Series A convertible preferred shares into shares of common stock upon the Conversion. For additional information, please read Note 1, Nature of the Business and Basis of Presentation, to these consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Leases

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (ASU 2016-02).

ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize leases on their balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and a lease liability as well as provide disclosures with respect to certain qualitative and quantitative information related to a company's leasing arrangements to meet the objective of allowing users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. Leases are classified as either operating or finance, and classification is based on criteria similar to current lease accounting, but without explicit bright lines. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The FASB subsequently issued the following amendments to ASU 2016-02 that have the same effective date and transition date: ASU No. 2018-01, Leases (Topic 842): Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842, ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, ASU No. 2018-20, Narrow-Scope Improvement for Lessors, and ASU No. 2019-01, Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements. The Company adopted these amendments with ASU 2016-02 (collectively, the new leasing standards) effective January 1, 2019.

The Company adopted the new leasing standards using a modified retrospective approach, as of January 1, 2019, with no restatement of prior periods or cumulative adjustment to retained earnings. The Company elected the package of practical expedients, which permits the Company not to reassess under the new standards for prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. The Company did not apply the hindsight practical expedient when determining the lease term for existing leases and assessing impairment of expired or existing leases. The Company elected the practical expedient for short-term leases and does not apply the recognition requirements to leases with a term of 12 months or less and recognizes those lease payments in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for real estate leases. The Company elected to utilize its incremental borrowing rate based on the remaining lease term as of the date of adoption.

In connection with the adoption, the Company recognized right-of-use assets of $0.8 million and lease liabilities of $0.8 million on its consolidated balance sheet. The underlying assets of the Company's leases consist of office and laboratory space. In addition, the Company reversed its build to suit asset of $11.9 million and related liabilities of $11.9 million because under the new leasing standards, the Company was no longer deemed the owner of the leased space. The adoption of the new leasing standards did not have a material impact on the Company's results of operations or cash flows. For additional information, please read Note 6, Leases, to these consolidated financial statements.

The Company accounts for a contract as a lease when it has the right to control the asset for a period of time while obtaining substantially all of the asset's economic benefits. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains an embedded lease at inception. For arrangements that meet the definition of a lease, the Company determines the initial classification and measurement of its operating right-of-use asset and operating lease liability at the lease commencement date and thereafter if modified. The lease term includes any renewal options that the Company is reasonably assured to exercise. The present value of lease payments is determined by using the interest rate implicit in the lease, if that rate is readily determinable; otherwise, the Company uses its estimated secured incremental borrowing rate for that lease term.

In addition to rent, the leases may require the Company to pay additional amounts for taxes, insurance, maintenance, and other expenses, which are generally referred to as non-lease components. The Company has elected to not separate lease and non-lease components. Only the fixed costs for lease components and their associated non-lease components are accounted for as a single lease component and recognized as part of a right-of-use asset and liability. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the reasonably assured lease term based on the total lease payments and is included in operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Stock-Based Awards

In September 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718) – Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2018-07). This ASU is intended to simplify aspects of share-based compensation issued to non-employees by making the guidance consistent with the accounting for employee share-based compensation. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2018-07 as of January 1, 2019, which had no impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.