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Goodwill and other intangible assets, net
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by operating segment are as follows:
 
Operating Segments
 
 
In millions
Performance Chemicals
 
Performance Materials
 
Total
December 31, 2015
$
7.6

 
$
4.3

 
$
11.9

Foreign currency translation
0.5

 

 
0.5

December 31, 2016
$
8.1

 
$
4.3

 
$
12.4

Foreign currency translation

 

 

December 31, 2017
$
8.1

 
$
4.3

 
$
12.4


Our fiscal year 2017 annual goodwill impairment test was performed as of October 1, 2017. We determined no goodwill impairment existed. There were no events or circumstances indicating that goodwill might be impaired as of December 31, 2017.
All of Ingevity's other intangible assets, net are related to the Performance Chemicals operating segment. The following table summarizes intangible assets:
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
In millions
Gross carrying amount
 
Accumulated amortization
 
Net
 
Gross carrying amount
 
Accumulated amortization
 
Net
Brands (1)
$
13.9

 
$
11.8

 
$
2.1

 
$
13.9

 
$
11.3

 
$
2.6

Customer contracts and relationships
28.2

 
25.4

 
2.8

 
28.2

 
23.5

 
4.7

Other intangibles, net
$
42.1

 
$
37.2

 
$
4.9

 
$
42.1

 
$
34.8

 
$
7.3

_______________
(1)    Represents trademarks, trade names and know-how.
The amortization expense related to our intangible assets in the table above for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is shown in the table below. Amortization expense is included within "Cost of sales" and "Selling, general and administrative expenses" on our consolidated statements of operations.
 
Years Ended December 31,
In millions
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Amortization expense
$
2.4

 
$
2.7

 
$
3.2



Based on the current carrying values of intangible assets, estimated pre-tax amortization expense for the next five years is as follows: 2018 - $1.8 million, 2019 - $1.6 million, 2020 - $0.5 million, 2021 - $0.3 million and 2022 - $0.3 million. The estimated pre-tax amortization expense may fluctuate due to changes in foreign currency.