10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023

OR

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-40819

Toast, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		45-4168768
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
401 Park Drive
Boston,	Massachusetts	02215
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip code)

(617) 297-1005

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, par value of $0.000001 per share	TOST	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The registrant had outstanding 410,843,910 shares of Class A common stock and 124,789,025 shares of Class B common stock as of August 1, 2023.

i

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements about us and our industry that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including statements regarding our future results of operations, financial condition, business strategy, plans and objectives of management for future operations, our market opportunity and the potential growth of that market, our liquidity and capital needs and other similar matters, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “target,” “will,” or “would,” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions. These forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions about future events, which are inherently subject to uncertainties, risks, and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following:

•our future financial performance, including our revenue, costs of revenue or expenses, or other operating results;

•our ability to successfully execute our business and growth strategy;

•anticipated trends and growth rates in our business and in the markets in which we operate;

•our ability to effectively manage our growth and future expenses;

•our ability to maintain the security and availability of our platform;

•our ability to increase the number of customers using our platform;

•our ability to retain, and to sell additional products and services to, our existing customers;

•our ability to successfully expand in our existing markets and into new markets;

•our expectations concerning relationships with third parties;

•our estimated total addressable market;

•our ability to maintain, protect and enhance our intellectual property;

•our ability to comply with modified or new laws and regulations applying to our business;

•the attraction and retention of qualified employees and key personnel;

•our anticipated investments in sales and marketing and research and development;

•our ability to successfully defend litigation brought against us;

•our ability to successfully remediate and prevent material weaknesses in internal controls over financial reporting;

•the increased expenses associated with being a public company;

•the impact of global financial, economic, political, and health events such as rising inflation, capital market disruptions, sanctions, economic slowdowns or recessions, or the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and the restaurant industry;

•our ability to compete effectively with existing competitors and new market entrants;

•our ability to source, finance and integrate companies and assets that we have or may acquire; and

•the sufficiency of our cash, cash equivalents, and investments to meet our liquidity needs.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The results, events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, or investments we may make.

ii

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. And while we believe such information provides a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete. Our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and you are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
Part I. Financial Information		1
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)	1
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	21
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	31
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	31
Part II. Other Information		33
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	33
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	33
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	81
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	81
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	81
Item 5.	Other Information	81
Item 6.	Exhibits	82
	Signatures	83

iv

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

TOAST, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(unaudited)

(in millions, except share and per share amounts)

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets:
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	488	$	547
Marketable securities	502		474
Accounts receivable, net	115		77
Inventories, net	107		110
Deferred costs, net	52		44
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	191		155
Total current assets	1,455		1,407
Property and equipment, net	61		61
Operating lease right-of-use assets	25		77
Intangible assets, net	30		29
Goodwill	113		107
Restricted cash	43		28
Deferred costs, non-current	52		38
Other non-current assets	16		14
Total non-current assets	340		354
Total assets	$	1,795	$	1,761
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity:
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	42	$	30
Operating lease liabilities	8		14
Deferred revenue	41		39
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	493		413
Total current liabilities	584		496
Warrants to purchase common stock	90		68
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	25		80
Deferred revenue, non-current	12		7
Other long-term liabilities	5		12
Total liabilities	716		663
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 14)
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock- par value $0.000001; 100,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding	—		—
Class A common stock, $0.000001 par value; 7,000,000,000 shares authorized; 376,140,827 and 353,094,009 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	—		—
Class B common stock, $0.000001 par value; 700,000,000 shares authorized; 156,795,897 and 169,933,289 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	—		—
Treasury stock, at cost; 225,000 shares outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	—		—
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(2)		(2)
Additional paid-in capital	2,637		2,477
Accumulated deficit	(1,556)		(1,377)
Total stockholders’ equity	1,079		1,098
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,795	$	1,761

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

1

TOAST, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited)

(in millions, except share and per share amounts)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenue:
Subscription services	$	121	$	76	$	227	$	139
Financial technology solutions	808		562		1,482		1,000
Hardware	41		30		72		59
Professional services	8		7		16		12
Total revenue	978		675		1,797		1,210
Costs of revenue:
Subscription services	39		27		75		51
Financial technology solutions	631		448		1,155		796
Hardware	67		61		123		113
Professional services	32		25		60		46
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	1		1		2		2
Total costs of revenue	770		562		1,415		1,008
Gross profit	208		113		382		202
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing	100		77		199		148
Research and development	92		67		177		129
General and administrative	96		68		179		125
Total operating expenses	288		212		555		402
Loss from operations	(80)		(99)		(173)		(200)
Other income (expense):
Interest income, net	9		1		17		1
Change in fair value of warrant liability	(26)		44		(23)		123
Other income (expense), net	—		—		1		(1)
Loss before provision for income taxes	(97)		(54)		(178)		(77)
Provision for income taxes	(1)		—		(1)		—
Net loss	$	(98)	$	(54)	$	(179)	$	(77)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic	$	(0.19)	$	(0.11)	$	(0.34)	$	(0.15)
Diluted	$	(0.19)	$	(0.11)	$	(0.34)	$	(0.39)
Weighted average shares used in computing net loss per share:
Basic	529,226,266		509,532,418		526,677,000		507,420,257
Diluted	529,226,266		509,532,418		526,677,000		508,176,495

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

2

TOAST, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(unaudited)

(in millions)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net loss	$	(98)	$	(54)	$	(179)	$	(77)
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized losses on marketable securities, net of tax effect of $0	(2)		(1)		—		(3)
Currency translation adjustments	—		(1)		—		(1)
Total other comprehensive loss	(2)		(2)		—		(4)
Comprehensive loss	$	(100)	$	(56)	$	(179)	$	(81)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

TOAST, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

(in millions, except share amounts)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023

	Class A and Class B Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balances at December 31, 2022	523,027,298	$	—	225,000	$	—	$	2,477	$	(1,377)	$	(2)	$	1,098
Repurchase of common stock	(44,440)	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock upon net exercise of common stock warrants	19,494	—		—	—		1		—		—		1
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options	4,790,307	—		—	—		11		—		—		11
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units	4,791,017	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		141		—		—		141
Vesting of restricted stock	—	—		—	—		2		—		—		2
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan	287,086	—		—	—		4		—		—		4
Issuance of common stock in connection with business combinations	65,962	—		—	—		1		—		—		1
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(179)		—		(179)
Balances at June 30, 2023	532,936,724	$	—	225,000	$	—	$	2,637	$	(1,556)	$	(2)	$	1,079

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

TOAST, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

(in millions, except share amounts)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2022

	Class A and Class B Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders' (Deficit) Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balances at December 31, 2021	507,170,365	$	—	225,000	$	—	$	2,194	$	(1,102)	$	(1)	$	1,091
Repurchase of common stock	(33,475)	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock upon net exercise of common stock warrants	371,573	—		—	—		18		—		—		18
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options	4,410,300	—		—	—		7		—		—		7
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units	1,450,869	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		112		—		—		112
Vesting of restricted stock	—	—		—	—		2		—		—		2
Issuance of common stock in connection with business combination	37,179	—		—	—		1		—		—		1
Cumulative translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—		—		(1)		(1)
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	—	—		—	—		—		—		(3)		(3)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(77)		—		(77)
Balances at June 30, 2022	513,406,811	$	—	225,000	$	—	$	2,334	$	(1,179)	$	(5)	$	1,150

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

TOAST, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

(in millions, except share amounts)

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023

	Class A and Class B Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balances at March 31, 2023	528,568,895	$	—	225,000	$	—	$	2,556	$	(1,458)	$	—	$	1,098
Repurchase of common stock	(44,440)	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock upon net exercise of common stock warrants	19,494	—		—	—		1		—		—		1
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options	1,999,541	—		—	—		5		—		—		5
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units	2,393,234	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		74		—		—		74
Vesting of restricted stock	—	—		—	—		1		—		—		1
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	—	—		—	—		—		—		(2)		(2)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(98)		—		(98)
Balances at June 30, 2023	532,936,724	$	—	225,000	$	—	$	2,637	$	(1,556)	$	(2)	$	1,079

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

TOAST, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

(in millions, except share amounts)

Three Months Ended June 30, 2022

	Class A and Class B Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders' (Deficit) Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balances at March 31, 2022	510,425,065	$	—	225,000	$	—	$	2,271	$	(1,125)	$	(3)	$	1,143
Repurchase of common stock	(3,000)	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options	1,659,609	—		—	—		3		—		—		3
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units	1,325,137	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		59		—		—		59
Vesting of restricted stock	—	—		—	—		1		—		—		1
Cumulative translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—		—		(1)		(1)
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	—	—		—	—		—		—		(1)		(1)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(54)		—		(54)
Balances at June 30, 2022	513,406,811	$	—	225,000	$	—	$	2,334	$	(1,179)	$	(5)	$	1,150

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

TOAST, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

(in millions)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(179)	$	(77)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	14		12
Stock-based compensation expense	135		110
Amortization of deferred costs	28		20
Change in fair value of warrant liability	23		(123)
Credit loss expense	25		7
Change in deferred income taxes	(1)		—
Asset impairments	15		—
Other	(12)		3
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	(42)		(15)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(3)		(11)
Deferred costs, net	(50)		(35)
Inventories, net	4		(20)
Accounts payable	12		(4)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	24		76
Deferred revenue	7		(4)
Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities	1		—
Other assets and liabilities	(6)		(7)
Net cash used in operating activities	(5)		(68)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Cash paid for acquisition, net of cash acquired	(9)		—
Capitalized software	(17)		(5)
Purchases of property and equipment	(4)		(7)
Purchases of marketable securities	(351)		(140)
Proceeds from the sale of marketable securities	13		32
Maturities of marketable securities	315		78
Other investing activities	(1)		—
Net cash used in investing activities	(54)		(42)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Change in customer funds obligations, net	31		37
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	15		7
Payment of contingent consideration	—		(2)
Net cash provided by financing activities	46		42
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, cash held on behalf of customers and restricted cash	(13)		(68)
Cash, cash equivalents, cash held on behalf of customers and restricted cash at beginning of period	635		851
Cash, cash equivalents, cash held on behalf of customers and restricted cash at end of period	$	622	$	783
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, cash held on behalf of customers and restricted cash
Cash and cash equivalents	$	488	$	697
Cash held on behalf of customers	91		72
Restricted cash	43		14
Total cash, cash equivalents, cash held on behalf of customers and restricted cash	$	622	$	783
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Issuance of Class B common stock upon exercise of common stock warrants	1		18

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

TOAST, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

(amounts in millions, except share and per share amounts)

1. Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Toast, Inc. (“we,” or “the Company”), is a cloud-based all-in-one digital technology platform purpose-built for the entire restaurant community. We provide a comprehensive platform of software as a service (SaaS) products and financial technology solutions, including integrated payment processing, restaurant-grade hardware, and a broad ecosystem of third-party partners. We serve as the restaurant operating system, connecting front of house and back of house operations across dine-in, takeout, and delivery channels.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all of the financial information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the interim periods, but are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2023 or any other future interim periods.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, or the 2022 Annual Report. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2022 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date.

Risks and Uncertainties

We are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including global events and macroeconomic conditions such as inflation and its potential impact on consumer spending, rising interest rates, global supply chain issues, and public health concerns, which may also impact consumer behavior, the restaurant industry, and our business.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts in prior period financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

9

2. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents information about our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the level of the fair value hierarchy used to determine such fair values:

	Fair Value Measurement at June 30, 2023 Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	265	$	—	$	—	$	265
Commercial paper	—		104		—		104
Certificates of deposit	—		78		—		78
Corporate bonds	—		17		—		17
U.S. government agency securities	—		113		—		113
Treasury securities	—		134		—		134
Asset-backed securities	—		56		—		56
	$	265	$	502	$	—	$	767
Liabilities:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	—	$	—	$	90	$	90
	$	—	$	—	$	90	$	90

	Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2022 Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	483	$	—	$	—	$	483
Commercial paper	—		140		—		140
Certificates of deposit	—		104		—		104
Corporate bonds	—		109		—		109
U.S. government agency securities	—		33		—		33
Treasury securities	—		60		—		60
Asset-backed securities	—		28		—		28
	$	483	$	474	$	—	$	957
Liabilities:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	—	$	—	$	68	$	68
Contingent consideration	—		—		4		4
	$	—	$	—	$	72	$	72

During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, there were no transfers into or out of Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy.

Valuation of Warrants to Purchase Common Stock

The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The following table indicates the weighted-average assumptions made in estimating the fair value as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	June 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Risk-free interest rate	4.3		%	4.1		%
Contractual term (in years)	4			4
Expected volatility	61.4		%	60.3		%
Expected dividend yield	—		%	—		%
Exercise price per share	$	17.16		$	17.16

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Fair Value of Liabilities

The following tables provide a roll-forward of the aggregate fair value of our common stock warrant liability and contingent consideration liability for which fair value is determined using Level 3 inputs:

	Common Stock Warrant Liability		Contingent Consideration Liability
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	68	$	4
Change in fair value	23		—
Settlement	(1)		(4)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	90	$	—

	Common Stock Warrant Liability		Contingent Consideration Liability
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	181	$	5
Change in fair value	(123)		2
Settlement	(18)		(4)
Balance as of June 30, 2022	$	40	$	3

The contingent consideration liability relates to the Company’s acquisition of xtraCHEF, Inc., or xtraCHEF, in fiscal 2021. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, we paid $2 in cash and issued 38,908 shares of our Class A common stock to settle the remaining contingent consideration liability based on the achievement of 2022 revenue targets. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we paid $2 in cash and issued 37,179 shares of our Class B common stock to settle the portion of our contingent consideration liability based on the achievement of 2021 revenue targets.

3. Marketable Securities

The amortized cost, gross unrealized holding losses and fair value of marketable securities, excluding accrued interest receivable, consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Commercial paper	$	104	$	—	$	104
Certificates of deposit	78		—		78
Corporate bonds	17		—		17
U.S. government agency securities	113		—		113
Treasury securities	136		(2)		134
Asset-backed securities	56		—		56
Total	$	504	$	(2)	$	502

	December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Commercial paper	$	140	$	—	$	140
Certificates of deposit	104		—		104
Corporate bonds	110		(1)		109
U.S. government agency securities	33		—		33
Treasury securities	61		(1)		60
Asset-backed securities	28		—		28
Total	$	476	$	(2)	$	474

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The fair values of marketable securities by contractual maturities at June 30, 2023:

	June 30, 2023
Due within 1 year	$	337
Due after 1 year through 5 years	163
Due after 5 years through 10 years	2
Total marketable securities	$	502

We review marketable securities for impairment during each reporting period to determine if any of the securities have experienced an other-than-temporary decline in fair value. There were no impairment losses or expected credit losses related to our marketable securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

4. Loan Servicing Activities and Acquired Loans Receivable, Net

We service loans originated by our bank partner and assume liability for loan defaults on a limited basis based on a specified percentage of the total loans originated, which are measured on a quarterly basis. If the merchant’s payments are delayed for a defined period of time, the loan is considered delinquent and we are required to purchase the loan from our bank partner. The loan purchase, net of expected recoveries, reduces our potential liability with respect to the quarterly cohort of loans from which the defaulted loan originated. This obligation represents a financial guarantee with a contingent aspect related to our contingent obligation to purchase defaulted loans, and a non-contingent aspect related to our obligation to perform under the guarantee.

We recognize a liability for both these elements which are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Changes in the contingent liability for expected credit losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	19	$	3	$	14	$	2
Credit loss expense	10		3		22		5
Reductions due to loan purchase	(7)		(1)		(14)		(2)
Ending balance	$	22	$	5	$	22	$	5

The balance of the non-contingent stand-ready liability was $11 and $6, respectively, as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

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5. Lessee Arrangements

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, we entered into an agreement to terminate the lease for a portion of our corporate headquarters in Boston, MA, and modify the remaining lease term to end on December 31, 2024. As a result, we agreed to pay a net fee of $11. We recorded a net charge of $12 within general and administrative expenses on our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations, inclusive of a loss on impairment of certain property plant and equipment associated with the terminated portion of the lease.

The components of lease expense were as follows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Operating lease expense	$	4	$	7	$	8	$	11
Variable lease expense	—		1		1		2
Total	$	4	$	8	$	9	$	13

The following table summarizes supplemental cash flow information related to cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Operating cash flows for operating leases	$	(11)	$	(13)
Supplemental non-cash amounts of increases in lease liabilities from obtaining right-of-use assets/ (decreases) of lease liabilities from lease terminations and modifications	(55)		3
Total	$	(66)	$	(10)

6. Debt

Revolving Line of Credit

On March 2, 2023, we entered into an amendment to our revolving credit facility agreement, as amended, the 2021 Facility, to replace the London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR. Under the terms of the amendment, interest on loans will be determined based on loan type and accrue at an annual rate, as defined in the agreement, of 1.50% per annum; or 0.5% per annum plus the highest of: (i) the Prime Rate, (ii) the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Rate plus 0.5%, or (iii) the Adjusted SOFR based upon loan duration plus 1.00%. The 2021 Facility is subject to a minimum liquidity covenant of $250. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no amounts were drawn or outstanding under the 2021 Facility which had $330 available as of each period end.

7. Business Combinations

Delphi Display Systems, Inc.

On February 14, 2023, we acquired 100% of the outstanding capital stock of Delphi Display Systems, Inc., or Delphi, a provider of digital display solutions and drive-thru technology, for a total purchase price of $10, to extend our growing suite of products benefiting quick-service restaurants and enterprise brands.

We have not finalized the purchase price allocation. The purchase price was preliminarily allocated to goodwill, intangible assets and other net assets of $6, $3 and $1, respectively. Intangible assets consisted of $2 of developed technology and $1 of customer relationships, each with estimated useful lives of 5 years. Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes, and primarily attributable to synergies expected to arise after the acquisition.

The operating results of Delphi have been reflected in our results of operations from the date of the acquisition, but were not material to our consolidated financial statements.

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8. Other Balance Sheet Information

Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts receivable	$	72	$	45
Unbilled receivables	53		44
Less: Allowance for credit losses	(10)		(12)
Accounts receivable, net	$	115	$	77

Our allowance for credit losses was comprised of the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	(9)	$	(4)	$	(12)	$	(4)
Additions	(3)		(2)		(3)		(3)
Write offs	2		1		5		2
Ending balance	$	(10)	$	(5)	$	(10)	$	(5)

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cash held on behalf of customers	$	91	$	60
Prepaid expenses	24		27
Deposits for inventory purchases	13		20
Other current assets	63		48
	$	191	$	155

Accrued expenses and current liabilities consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accrued transaction-based costs	$	220	$	181
Accrued payroll and bonus	58		59
Customer funds obligation	91		60
Accrued expenses	48		45
Accrued commissions	20		15
Contingent liability for expected credit losses	22		14
Other liabilities	34		39
	$	493	$	413

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9. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The following table summarizes the activity in deferred revenue:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Deferred revenue, beginning of year	$	46	$	56
Deferred revenue, end of period	53		52
Revenue recognized in the period from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of period	$	40	$	35

As of June 30, 2023, approximately $579 of revenue is expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations for customer contracts. We expect to recognize revenue of approximately $535 from these remaining performance obligations over the next 24 months, with the balance recognized thereafter.

The following tables summarize the activity in deferred contract acquisition costs and the classification of deferred costs:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	82	$	55
Capitalization of sales commissions costs	50		35
Amortization of sales commissions costs	(28)		(20)
Ending balance	$	104	$	70

10. Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Costs of revenue	$	11	$	8	$	20	$	16
Sales and marketing	15		13		28		25
Research and development	25		18		46		34
General and administrative	21		19		41		35
Total Stock based compensation	$	72	$	58	$	135	$	110

Stock-based compensation expense of $3 and $6, respectively, was capitalized as software development costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. Stock-based compensation expense of $1 and $2, respectively, was capitalized as software development costs during each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

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Stock Options

The fair value of each option grant was estimated on its grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The following table indicates the weighted-average assumptions made in estimating the fair value for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Risk-free interest rate	3.90		%	2.16		%
Expected term (in years)	6.08			6.06
Expected volatility	56.19		%	51.41		%
Expected dividend yield	—		%	—		%
Weighted-average fair value of common stock	$	18.01		$	17.76
Weighted-average grant date fair value	$	10.24		$	9.02

The following is a summary of stock option activity under our stock option plans for the six months ended June 30, 2023:

(in millions, except share and per share amounts)	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	53,728,512	$	5.98	6.94	$	655
Granted	3,147,911	18.01
Exercised	(4,790,307)	2.33
Forfeited	(433,118)	11.00
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	51,652,998	$	7.01	6.77	$	806
Options vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2023	49,280,264	$	6.72	6.68	$	783
Options exercisable as of June 30, 2023	44,051,781	$	5.11	6.34	$	767

(1) The aggregate intrinsic value was determined as the difference between the closing price of the Class A common stock on the last trading day of June 2023, or the date of exercise, as appropriate, and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their in-the-money options at period end.

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the three months ended June 30, 2023 was $13.16. There were no options granted during the three months ended June 30, 2022. The aggregate intrinsic values of options exercised was $36 and $86, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and $25 and $81, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

As of June 30, 2023, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the option awards was $105 and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average service period of 2.94 years.

Restricted Stock Units 

The following table summarizes RSU activity during the six months ended June 30, 2023:

	RSU	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance as of December 31, 2022	31,242,263	$	22.11
Granted	12,483,091	$	18.43
Vested	(4,806,043)	$	21.93
Forfeited	(1,452,993)	$	22.09
Unvested balance as of June 30, 2023	37,466,318	$	20.90

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The weighted average grant-date fair value of RSUs granted during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $20.95 and $15.88, respectively. The weighted average grant-date fair value of RSUs granted during the six months ended June 30, 2022 was 18.59. The fair value of RSUs vested during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $45 and $26, respectively. The fair value of RSUs vested during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $93 and $29, respectively.

As of June 30, 2023, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the RSUs was $561 and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average service period of 3.14 years.

As of June 30, 2023, we had 67,430,636 shares of Class A common stock available for future issuance under our 2021 Plan.

2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In 2021, our Board adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") which became effective on September 23, 2021. As of June 30, 2023, 21,653,080 shares of our Class A common stock were authorized for issuance to participating employees who are allowed to purchase shares of Class A common stock at a price equal to 85% of its fair market value at the beginning or the end of the offering period, whichever is lower.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, 287,086 shares were purchased under the ESPP at $15.65 per share, resulting in cash proceeds of $4. No shares were purchased under the ESPP during the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Restricted Stock

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we have issued 1,817,462 and 2,703,538 shares of Class A and B common stock subject to restrictions, respectively.

As of June 30, 2023, this included 452,180 shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock issued upon the early exercise of stock options and 1,365,282 shares of restricted Class A common stock issued to certain members of management of Delphi and Sling, Inc. as part of their consideration in connection with the acquisitions.

As of December 31, 2022, this included 1,365,310 shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock issued upon the early exercise of stock options and 1,338,228 shares of restricted Class A common stock issued to certain members of management of Sling, Inc. as part of their consideration in connection with the acquisition in 2022.

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11. Income Taxes

Our effective income tax rate was (0.8)% and (0.5)% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and was (0.5)% and (0.7)% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The effective tax rate for each period differs from the statutory rate primarily as a result of having a full valuation allowance maintained against our U.S. deferred tax assets.

The provision for income taxes was $1 and $0 for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively. The change in the provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022 is due to the tax expense recorded on the earnings of our profitable foreign subsidiaries, and also included a non-recurring benefit of $1 for the release of the valuation allowance as a result of the acquisition of Delphi. The release is due to taxable temporary differences resulting from the Delphi acquisition being available as a source of income to realize certain pre-existing Toast, Inc. deferred tax assets.

12. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per share is determined by dividing net loss by the weighted average shares outstanding for the period. We analyze the potential dilutive effect of stock options, unvested restricted stock, RSUs, our ESPP, and warrants to purchase common stock, during periods we generate net income, or when income is recognized related to changes in fair value of warrant liabilities.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we recorded a loss on fair value remeasurement of warrants to purchase common stock which are excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share due to their anti-dilutive impact.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we recorded a gain on fair value remeasurement of warrants to purchase common stock. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, this was added back to the numerator to adjust net loss for the dilutive impact of the warrants with a corresponding adjustment to the denominator for the incremental dilutive shares using the treasury stock method. For the three months ended June 30, 2022, the exercise price for the warrants exceeded the average trading price of our Class A common stock, therefore, no adjustment was made to the numerator or denominator due to their anti-dilutive impact.

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The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions, except share and per share amounts)	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:
Net loss, basic	$	(98)	$	(54)	$	(179)	$	(77)
Gain on change in fair value of warrant liability	—		—		—		123
Net loss, diluted	$	(98)	$	(54)	$	(179)	$	(200)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding—basic	529,226,266		509,532,418		526,677,000		507,420,257
Effect of dilutive securities:
Warrants to purchase Class B common stock	—		—		—		756,238
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding—diluted	529,226,266		509,532,418		526,677,000		508,176,495
Net loss per share, basic	$	(0.19)	$	(0.11)	$	(0.34)	$	(0.15)
Net loss per share, diluted	$	(0.19)	$	(0.11)	$	(0.34)	$	(0.39)

We excluded the following potential shares of common stock from the computation of diluted net loss per share because including them would have an anti-dilutive effect for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Options to purchase Class A common stock and Class B common stock	51,652,998	56,687,498	51,652,998	56,687,498
Unvested restricted stock	1,817,462	2,624,790	1,817,462	2,624,790
Unvested restricted stock units	37,466,318	26,198,339	37,466,318	26,198,339
Warrants to purchase Class B common stock	6,790,080	6,902,633	6,790,080	—
Employee Stock Purchase Plan	289,219	—	289,219	—
	98,016,077	92,413,260	98,016,077	85,510,627

13. Segment Information

We have significant operations in the United States, Ireland, and India. We did not generate material revenue in any country other than the United States during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of long-lived assets based on geography:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
United States	$	71	$	122
Ireland	9		10
India	5		5
Other	1		1
Total long-lived assets	$	86	$	138

Tangible long-lived assets consist of property and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets. Long-lived assets are based upon the country in which the asset is located.

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14. Commitments and Contingencies

Purchase Commitments

We have non-cancelable purchase obligations with hardware suppliers and cloud service providers. As of June 30, 2023, there were no material changes outside the ordinary course of business to our commitments, as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be involved in legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. Each of these matters is subject to various uncertainties, and it is possible that some of these matters may be resolved unfavorably. We establish accruals for losses that management deems to be probable and subject to a reasonable estimate. We do not expect any claims with a reasonably possible adverse outcome to have a material impact.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, and the related notes that are included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and with our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and Item 1A. Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.

Overview

Toast is a cloud-based, all-in-one digital technology platform purpose-built for the entire restaurant community. We provide a comprehensive platform of software as a service (SaaS) products and financial technology solutions, including integrated payment processing, restaurant-grade hardware, and a broad ecosystem of third-party partners. We serve as the restaurant operating system, connecting front of house and back of house operations across dine-in, takeout, and delivery channels.

As of June 30, 2023, approximately 93,000 restaurant Locations (as defined below), processing approximately $110 billion of gross payment volume in the trailing 12 months on the Toast platform, partnered with Toast to optimize operations, increase sales, engage guests, and maintain happy employees.

By enabling these capabilities through a single, integrated platform, Toast improves experiences for stakeholders across the restaurant ecosystem:

•Restaurant operators. We arm restaurants with a wide range of products and capabilities to address their specific needs regardless of size, location, or business model. As a result, restaurants using Toast often see higher sales and greater operational efficiency.

•Guests. We are laser focused on helping our customers deliver memorable guest experiences at scale. Guests can place orders easily, safely, and accurately across web, mobile, and in-person channels for dine-in, takeout, or delivery. In addition, our platform empowers restaurants to utilize their guest data to deliver targeted and personalized experiences with loyalty programs and marketing solutions.

•Employees. Our easy-to-learn and easy-to-use technology improves the experience of restaurant employees across Toast customers. Employees are core to delivering great hospitality, and it is critical for restaurants to engage and retain employees in an increasingly competitive labor market. Our products enable new employees to learn quickly through guided workflows, facilitate faster table turns and safer, streamlined operations, and provide greater transparency around, and timely access to, employees’ wages.

•Suppliers. Our supplier management and accounting products give restaurants the tools to optimize their back-office operations. Managing supplier networks and procurement, and having high visibility into costs, are critical to efficiently operating a restaurant. Our products enable customers to automate manual billing processes, manage inventory, and improve profitability with real-time cost insights on menu items. The seamless integration across our end-to-end platform gives our customers the rich data and reporting capabilities to efficiently operate and manage their restaurants.

The benefits to all stakeholders using the Toast platform create a powerful, virtuous cycle that amplifies our impact on restaurants. Guest satisfaction generates loyalty to restaurants, driving repeat sales, word-of-mouth referrals, and larger checks and tips. This promotes employee satisfaction, helping reduce turnover and motivating employees to continue to raise the bar on the guest experience. In addition, our integrated software and payments platform consolidates data on restaurant sales and operations, which enables our reporting and analytics as well as financial technology solutions, such as working capital loans, to further support our customers’ success.

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Since our founding, we have translated our love for restaurants into a commitment to innovation and digital transformation for the restaurant industry. As we have expanded our platform, launched new products, and added new partners over time, we have rapidly grown the number of restaurant Locations on the Toast platform.

We define a live location, or Location, as a unique location that has used Toast Point of Sale to record transaction volumes above a minimum threshold, and has not been marked as a churned location as of the date of determination. A Location can use Toast payment services, which we refer to as a Toast Processing Location, or for select enterprise customers, not use Toast’s payment services, which we refer to as a Non-Toast Processing Location. Customers of legacy solutions provided by companies that we have acquired, that do not use Toast Point of Sale, are not included in our Location count.

Recent Developments in Macroeconomic Environment

Global events and macroeconomic conditions such as inflation and its potential impact on consumer spending, rising interest rates, global supply chain issues, and the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted and may continue to impact our business. While our business results remain positive, it is difficult to predict the potential impact these factors may have on our future business results because of the uncertainty they have produced or will produce among consumers and the restaurant industry.

Key Business Metrics

We use the following key business metrics to help us evaluate our business, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
(dollars in billions)	2023		2022		% Growth		2023		2022		% Growth
Gross Payment Volume (GPV)(1)	$	32.1	$	23.3	38	%	$	58.8	$	41.1	43	%

	As of June 30,
(dollars in millions)	2023		2022		% Growth
Annualized Recurring Run-Rate (ARR)	$	1,140	$	787	45	%

Gross Payment Volume (GPV)(1)

Gross Payment Volume represents the sum of total dollars processed through the Toast payments platform across Toast Processing Locations in a given period. GPV is a key measure of the scale of our platform, which in turn drives our financial performance. As our customers generate more sales and therefore more GPV, we generally see higher financial technology solutions revenue.

_________________

(1) Please note that numbers may not tie due to rounding to the nearest hundred million.

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Annualized Recurring Run-Rate (ARR)

We monitor Annualized Recurring Run-Rate as a key operational measure of the scale of our subscription and payment processing services for both new and existing customers. To calculate this metric, we first calculate recurring run-rate on a monthly basis. Monthly Recurring Run-Rate, or MRR, is measured on the final day of each month as the sum of (i) our monthly billings of subscription services fees, which we refer to as the subscription component of MRR, and (ii) our in-month adjusted payments services fees, exclusive of estimated transaction-based costs, which we refer to as the payments component of MRR. MRR does not include fees derived from Toast Capital or related costs. MRR is also not burdened by the impact of SaaS credits offered. The MRR calculation includes all locations on the Toast platform and locations on legacy solutions, which have a negligible impact on ARR.

ARR is determined by taking the sum of (i) twelve times the subscription component of MRR and (ii) four times the trailing-three-month cumulative payments component of MRR. We believe this approach provides an indication of our scale, while also controlling for short-term fluctuations in payments volume. Our ARR may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including customers’ satisfaction with our platform, pricing, competitive offerings, economic conditions, or overall changes in our customers’ and their guests’ spending levels. ARR is an operational measure, does not reflect our revenue or gross profit determined in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP, and should be viewed independently of, and not combined with or substituted for, our revenue, gross profit, and other financial information determined in accordance with GAAP. Further, ARR is not a forecast of future revenue and investors should not place undue reliance on ARR as an indicator of our future or expected results.

Seasonality

We experience seasonality in our financial technology solutions revenue, which is largely driven by the level of GPV processed through our platform. For example, customers typically have greater sales during the warmer months, though this effect varies regionally, and can be impacted by seasonal needs of our customers (which may also impact the total number of Toast Processing Locations in such a period that contributes to our GPV). As a result, our financial technology solutions revenue per Toast Processing Location has historically been stronger in the second and third quarters. We believe that financial technology solutions revenue from both existing and potential future products will continue to represent a significant proportion of our overall revenue mix, and seasonality will continue to impact our results of operations.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate revenue from four main sources that are further described below: (1) subscription services, (2) financial technology solutions, (3) hardware, and (4) professional services.

Our total revenue consists of the following:

Subscription services. We generate subscription services revenue from fees charged to customers for access to our software applications, generally over a term ranging from 12 to 36 months. Our subscription services revenue is primarily based on a rate per location, and this rate varies depending on the number of software products purchased, hardware configuration, and employee count at each location.

Financial technology solutions. Revenue from financial technology solutions consists primarily of transaction-based fees paid by customers to facilitate their payment transactions, which are generally calculated as a percentage of the total transaction amount processed plus a per-transaction fee. The transaction fees collected are recognized as revenue on a gross basis. Financial technology solutions revenue also includes fees earned from marketing and servicing working capital loans to our customers through Toast Capital that are originated by a third-party bank. In these arrangements, Toast Capital’s bank partner originates all loans, and Toast Capital then services the loans using Toast’s payments infrastructure to remit a fixed percentage of daily sales until the loan is paid back. Toast Capital is responsible for purchasing from our bank partner loans in default (or that have been or are scheduled to be charged off) until the aggregate principal amount of such purchased loans equals 15% of the total originated amount for each quarterly loan cohort. Toast Capital earns a servicing fee as well as a credit performance fee that is tied to the portfolio performance.

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Hardware. We generate hardware revenue from the sale of terminals, tablets, handhelds, and related devices and accessories, net of estimated returns.

Professional services. We generate professional services revenue from fees charged to customers for installation services, including business process mapping, configuration, and training. These services can be delivered on-site, remotely, or on a self-guided basis.

Costs of Revenue

Costs of revenue consists of expenses that are directly related or closely correlated to revenue generation, including, but not limited to, employee-related costs for customer support and certain operational roles as well as allocated overhead. Employee-related costs consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation expense. Allocated overhead includes certain facilities costs, depreciation expense, and amortization costs associated with internally developed software. Below are descriptions of the types of costs classified within each component of costs of revenue:

Subscription services. Subscription services costs consist of customer support and associated employee-related costs, hosting costs, professional services costs, other software costs to support our cloud-based platform, and amortization costs associated with internally developed software.

Financial technology solutions. Financial technology solutions costs consist primarily of transaction-based costs, which are mostly fees and costs paid to issuers and card networks as well as other related fees associated with third-party payment processors and fraud management.

Hardware. Hardware costs consist of raw materials and the cost of manufacturing and shipping hardware sold to customers, including terminals, tablets, handhelds, and related devices and accessories. Included in the manufacturing and shipping costs are employee-related costs, professional services costs, and allocated overhead associated with our supply chain and fulfillment teams.

Professional services. Professional services costs consist primarily of employee-related costs and allocated overhead associated with our onboarding team, along with fees paid to third-party service providers engaged to perform installations and other services.

Amortization of acquired intangible assets. Amortization of acquired intangible assets’ costs is related to technologies acquired through acquisitions that have the capability of producing revenue.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of the following:

Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of employee-related costs incurred to acquire new customers and increase product adoption across our existing customer base. Marketing expenses also include fees incurred to generate demand through various advertising channels.

Research and development. Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee-related costs associated with improvements to our platform and the development of new product offerings, as well as allocated overhead and expenses associated with the use of third-party software directly related to development of our products and services.

General and administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of expenses related to management and administrative functions, including finance, legal, human resources, and information technology. General and administrative expenses also include costs related to fees paid for certain professional services, including legal, information technology, and tax and accounting services, as well as bad debt and credit related expenses.

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Other Income (Expense)

Our other income and expenses consist of the following:

Interest income, net. Consists of interest earned from cash held in money market accounts and interest earned on our marketable securities.

Change in fair value of warrant liability. Represents the change in the fair value of our warrant liability related to warrants issued to purchase shares of our common stock. The warrant liability is remeasured at fair value at each reporting date which could have a significant effect on other income (expense) and our results of operations during each period. The fair value is based on the trading price of our Class A common stock and other relevant valuation inputs, including estimated volatility of our Class A common stock, strike price, relevant risk-free interest rates, and time to expiration of the warrants, and may fluctuate in subsequent periods.

Other income (expense), net. Represents foreign currency transaction gains and losses, changes in fair value of our marketable securities, refundable research and development tax credits, and other items.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

Income tax benefit (expense). Consists of U.S. federal and state income tax as well as international taxes in various foreign jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate fluctuates from period to period due to changes in the mix of income and losses in jurisdictions with a wide range of tax rates, the effect of acquisitions, changes resulting from the amount of recorded valuation allowance, and permanent differences between U.S. GAAP and local tax laws.

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Results of Operations

Revenue

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change				Six Months Ended June 30,				Change
(dollars in millions)	2023		2022		Amount		%		2023		2022		Amount		%
Subscription services	$	121	$	76	$	45	59	%	$	227	$	139	$	88	63	%
Financial technology solutions	808		562		246		44	%	1,482		1,000		482		48	%
Hardware	41		30		11		37	%	72		59		13		22	%
Professional services	8		7		1		14	%	16		12		4		33	%
Total revenue	$	978	$	675	$	303	45	%	$	1,797	$	1,210	$	587	49	%

The increase in subscription services revenue during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was attributed to growth in restaurant Locations on the Toast platform and the continued increase in products adopted by customers.

The increase in financial technology solutions revenue during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was attributable to the increase in restaurant Locations on the Toast platform and the increase in GPV per Toast Processing Location.

The increase in hardware revenue during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was largely driven by the growth in new restaurant locations and higher hardware sales to existing restaurant locations.

Costs of Revenue

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change				Six Months Ended June 30,				Change
(dollars in millions)	2023		2022		Amount		%		2023		2022		Amount		%
Subscription services	$	39	$	27	$	12	44	%	$	75	$	51	$	24	47	%
Financial technology solutions	631		448		183		41	%	1,155		796		359		45	%
Hardware	67		61		6		10	%	123		113		10		9	%
Professional services	32		25		7		28	%	60		46		14		30	%
Amortization of acquired technology and customer assets	1		1		—		—	%	2		2		—		—	%
Total costs of revenue	$	770	$	562	$	208	37	%	$	1,415	$	1,008	$	407	40	%

The increase in subscription services costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was attributable to an increase in employee-related costs due to higher headcount.

The increase in financial technology solutions costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was due to an increase in GPV.

The increase in hardware costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was attributable to higher shipment volume as a result of growth in restaurant Locations, partially offset by lower freight costs.

We utilize our hardware and related professional services as customer acquisition tools and price them competitively to reduce barriers to entry for new restaurant locations.

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Operating Expenses

Sales and Marketing

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change				Six Months Ended June 30,				Change
(dollars in millions)	2023		2022		Amount		%		2023		2022		Amount		%
Sales and marketing	$	100	$	77	$	23	30	%	$	199	$	148	$	51	34	%

The increase in sales and marketing expenses during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily attributable to an increase in employee-related costs of $20 million and $43 million, respectively.

Research and Development

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change				Six Months Ended June 30,				Change
(dollars in millions)	2023		2022		Amount		%		2023		2022		Amount		%
Research and development	$	92	$	67	$	25	37	%	$	177	$	129	$	48	37	%

The increase in research and development expenses during the three and six months June 30, 2023 was primarily attributable to an increase in employee-related costs of $22 million and $41 million, respectively.

General and Administrative

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change				Six Months Ended June 30,				Change
(dollars in millions)	2023		2022		Amount		%		2023		2022		Amount		%
General and administrative	$	96	$	68	$	28	41	%	$	179	$	125	$	54	43	%

The increase in general and administrative expenses during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily attributable to an increase in bad debt and credit related expenses of $10 million and $22 million, respectively, driven by growth in our Toast Capital product offering, an increase in employee-related costs of $8 million and $20 million, respectively, and $12 million, net in lease termination expenses related to our corporate headquarters in Boston, MA.

Interest Income, Net

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change			Six Months Ended June 30,				Change
(dollars in millions)	2023		2022		Amount		%	2023		2022		Amount		%
Interest income, net	$	9	$	1	$	8	N/M	$	17	$	1	$	16	N/M
N/M - Not meaningful

The increase in interest income, net during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was attributable to higher interest income generated on our investments in marketable securities.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liability

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change				Six Months Ended June 30,				Change
(dollars in millions)	2023		2022		Amount		%		2023		2022		Amount		%
Change in fair value of warrant liability	$	(26)	$	44	$	(70)	(159)	%	$	(23)	$	123	$	(146)	(119)	%

The change in fair value of warrant liability for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was attributable to an increase in the value of the common stock underlying the outstanding warrants at the end of period relative to the value of the common stock at the beginning of the period.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We use certain non-GAAP financial measures described below to supplement our condensed consolidated financial statements, which are prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP and to understand and evaluate our core operating performance. These non-GAAP financial measures, which may be different than similarly titled measures used by other companies, are presented to enhance investors’ overall understanding of our financial performance and should not be considered substitutes for, or superior to, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP.

We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information about our financial performance, enhance the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects, and allow for greater transparency with respect to important metrics used by our management for financial and operational decision-making. We are presenting these non-GAAP metrics to provide investors insight to the information used by our management to evaluate our business and financial performance. We believe that these measures provide investors increased comparability of our core financial performance over multiple periods with other companies in our industry.

Net Loss (GAAP) and Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)

Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net (loss) income, adjusted to exclude stock-based compensation expense and related payroll tax expense, depreciation and amortization expense, interest income, net, other income (expense) net, acquisition expenses, fair value adjustments on warrant liabilities, expenses related to early termination of leases (which includes associated asset impairments), charitable contribution stock-based expense, and income taxes, as applicable. We have provided below a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful for investors in comparing our financial performance to other companies and from period to period. Adjusted EBITDA is widely used by investors and securities analysts to measure a company’s operating performance without regard to items such as depreciation and amortization, interest expense, and interest income, which can vary substantially from company to company depending on their financing and capital structures and the method by which their assets were acquired. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA eliminates the impact of certain items that may obscure trends in the underlying performance of our business. Adjusted EBITDA also has limitations as an analytical tool, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. For example, although depreciation expense is a non-cash charge, the assets being depreciated may have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new asset acquisitions. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA excludes stock-based compensation expense, which has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a significant recurring expense for our business and an important part of our compensation strategy. Adjusted EBITDA also does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs; interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our debt, which reduces the cash available to us; or tax payments that may represent a reduction in cash available to us. The expenses and other items which are excluded from the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA may differ from the expenses and other items that other companies may exclude from Adjusted EBITDA when they report their financial results.

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The following table reflects the reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net loss	$	(98)	$	(54)	$	(179)	$	(77)
Stock-based compensation expense and related payroll tax	74		59		141		112
Depreciation and amortization	8		6		14		12
Interest income, net	(9)		(1)		(17)		(1)
Acquisition expenses	—		1		1		1
Change in fair value of warrant liability	26		(44)		23		(123)
Termination of leases	13		—		13		(2)
Provision for income taxes	1		—		1		—
Adjusted EBITDA	$	15	$	(33)	$	(3)	$	(78)

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities (GAAP) and Free Cash Flow (Non-GAAP)

Free cash flow is defined as net cash (used in) provided by operating activities reduced by purchases of property and equipment and capitalization of internal-use software costs. We believe that free cash flow is a meaningful indicator of liquidity that provides information to management and investors about the amount of cash generated from operations and used for purchases of property and equipment, capitalization of software costs, and investments in our business. Once our business needs and obligations are met, cash can be used to maintain a strong balance sheet and invest in future growth.

Free cash flow has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Other companies may calculate free cash flow or similarly titled non-GAAP measures differently, which could reduce the usefulness of free cash flow as a tool for comparison. In addition, free cash flow does not reflect mandatory debt service and other non-discretionary expenditures that are required to be made under contractual commitments and does not represent the total increase or decrease in our cash balance for any given period.

The following table presents a reconciliation of free cash flow to the net cash used in operating activities for each of the periods presented:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(5)	$	(68)
Purchases of property and equipment	(4)		(7)
Capitalized software	(17)		(5)
Free cash flow	$	(26)	$	(80)

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. As of June 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of $990 million, excluding cash held on behalf of customers of $91 million, restricted cash of $43 million, and $330 million available under our 2021 Facility (as defined herein). Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less at the time of purchase, other than those held for sale in the ordinary course of business. Marketable securities consisted of commercial paper, certificates of deposit, corporate bonds, U.S. government agency securities, U.S. Treasury securities, and asset-backed securities.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, along with our available borrowing capacity under our 2021 Facility, will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs for at least the next 12 months, including planned capital expenditures, strategic transactions, and investment commitments that we may enter into from time to time. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors”.

In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we cannot be sure that any additional financing will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(5)	$	(68)
Net cash used in investing activities	(54)		(42)
Net cash provided by financing activities	46		42
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(13)	$	(68)

Operating Activities

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, net cash used in operating activities was $5 million as a result of our net loss for the period, adjusted for certain non-cash items, such as stock-based compensation, amortization of deferred costs, credit loss expenses, change in fair value of the warrant liability, asset impairments, depreciation and amortization, as well as a use of cash for working capital. The change in working capital was primarily driven by higher accounts receivable and deferred costs.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $68 million as a result of our net loss for the period, adjusted for certain non-cash items, such as the change in fair value of the warrant liability, stock-based compensation, amortization of deferred costs, depreciation and amortization as well as a use of cash for working capital. The change in working capital was primarily driven by higher deferred costs and inventory, partially offset by higher accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

Investing Activities

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, cash used in investing activities was $54 million, which consisted of cash paid for purchases of marketable securities, cash outflows for capitalized software, and cash paid for an acquisition, partially offset by proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022, cash used in investing activities was $42 million, which consisted of cash paid for marketable securities, purchases of property and equipment, and cash outflows for capitalized software, partially offset by proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities.

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Financing Activities

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, cash provided by financing activities was $46 million, which consisted primarily of increase in customer funds obligations, proceeds from the exercise of stock options, and proceeds from the issuance of common stock upon ESPP purchase.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022, cash provided by financing activities was $42 million, which consisted primarily of increase in customer funds obligations and proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

Credit Facilities

On March 2, 2023 we entered into an amendment to our revolving credit facility agreement, or 2021 Facility, to replace LIBOR with SOFR. The 2021 Facility is subject to a minimum liquidity covenant of $250 million. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no amount were drawn or outstanding under the 2021 Facility which had $330 million available as of each period end. In addition, as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were also $8 million in letters of credit outstanding. Additional information regarding our credit facilities is provided in this Quarterly Report in “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 6. Debt.”

Contractual Obligations and Commitments and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

At June 30, 2023, other than for the changes disclosed in the “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”, or “Results of Operations”, there have been no material changes outside the ordinary course of business to our contractual obligations and commitments, as disclosed in our 2022 Annual Report. Please refer to Note 5, “Lessee Arrangements” and Note 14, “Commitments and Contingencies” to our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of our lease and purchase commitments.

Please refer to Note 4, “Loan Servicing Activities and Acquired Loans Receivable, Net” to our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of credit exposure related to our financial guarantees as of June 30, 2023.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, as well as credit risk on accounts receivable and our loan servicing activities. Our exposure to market and credit risk has not changed materially since the presentation set forth in Part II, Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on management’s review, with participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the quarter ended June 30, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective.

As disclosed in Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures” of our 2022 Annual Report, we previously identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to deficiencies in our information technology general controls. Notwithstanding the identified material weakness, our management believes the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly present, in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows as of and for the periods presented in accordance with GAAP.

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Remediation Plan for Material Weakness

Remediation generally requires making changes to how controls are designed and implemented, and then adhering to those changes for a sufficient period of time such that the effectiveness of those changes is demonstrated with an appropriate amount of consistency. We have continued actions, as previously planned, to remediate this material weakness including (i) creating and filling an IT Compliance Oversight function; (ii) developing and implementing additional training and awareness programs addressing information technology general controls and policies, including educating control owners concerning the principles and requirements of each control, with a focus on user access; (iii) increasing the extent of oversight and verification checks included in operation of user access controls and processes; (iv) deploying additional tools to support administration of user access; and (v) enhancing quarterly management reporting on the remediation measures to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.

We believe that these actions, when fully implemented, will remediate the material weakness. The material weakness will not be considered remediated, however, until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. As we continue to evaluate and improve the applicable controls, management may determine to take additional measures to modify the remediation plan described above. We expect that the remediation of this material weakness will be completed by the end of fiscal year 2023.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Except for the ongoing remediation measures in connection with the material weaknesses described above, there were no other changes to our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended June 30, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are not currently a party to any litigation or claims that, if determined adversely to us, would have a material adverse effect on our business operating results, financial condition, or cash flows. We are, from time to time, party to litigation and subject to claims in the ordinary course of business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of the defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

A description of the risks and uncertainties associated with our business is set forth below. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline.

RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

The following is a summary of the principal risks that could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Additional discussion of the risks included in this summary, and other risks that we face, can be found below and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q in its entirety before making investment decisions regarding our Class A common stock. This summary should not be relied upon as an exhaustive summary of the material risks facing our business.

•If we fail to manage our growth effectively and efficiently, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service and customer satisfaction, or adequately address competitive challenges.

•If we do not attract new customers, retain existing customers, and increase our customers’ use of our platform, our business will suffer.

•We have a limited operating history in an evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and may increase the risk that we will not be successful.

•We have a history of generating net losses, and if we are unable to achieve adequate revenue growth while our expenses increase, we may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

•Our operating results depend in significant part on our payment processing services, and the revenue and gross profit we derive from our payment processing activity in a particular period can vary due to a variety of factors.

•Unfavorable conditions in the restaurant industry or the global economy could limit our ability to grow our business and materially impact our financial performance.

•We depend upon third parties to manufacture our products and to supply key components necessary to manufacture our products. We do not have long-term agreements with all of our manufacturers and suppliers, and if these manufacturers or suppliers become unwilling or unable to provide an adequate supply of components, we may not be able to find alternative sources in a timely manner and our business would be impacted.

•Our future revenue will depend in part on our ability to expand the financial technology services we offer to our customers and increase adoption of those services.

•We rely on third-party payment processors to facilitate payments made by guests, payments made to customers, and payments made on behalf of customers, and if we cannot manage risks related to our relationships with our current or future third-party payment processors, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

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•The markets in which we participate are intensely competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our operating results could be adversely affected.

•A majority of our customers are small- and medium-sized businesses, which can be more difficult and costly to retain than enterprise customers, and are subject to increased impacts of economic fluctuations, which may adversely affect our business and operations.

•We rely in part on revenue from subscription contracts, and because we recognize revenue from subscription contracts over the term of the relevant subscription period, downturns or upturns in sales are not immediately reflected in full in our results of operations.

•We are responsible for transmitting a high volume of sensitive and personal information through our platform and our success depends upon the security of this platform. Any actual or perceived breach of our system that would result in disclosure of such information could materially impact our business.

•Interruptions or performance problems associated with our technology and infrastructure may adversely affect our business and operating results.

•Our success depends upon our ability to continually enhance the performance, reliability, and features of our platform.

•We are subject to additional risks relating to the financial products we make available to our customers, including relationships with partners, the ability of our customers to generate revenue to pay their obligations under these products, general macroeconomic conditions and the risk of fraud.

•If we fail to adequately protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be impaired and we may lose valuable assets or revenue and become subject to costly litigation to protect our rights.

•Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations, many of which are unsettled and still developing, and our or our customers’ failure to comply with such laws and regulations could subject us to claims or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

•The trading price of our Class A common stock may be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

•The dual-class structure of our common stock as contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation has the effect of concentrating voting control with those stockholders who held our capital stock prior to our initial public offering, including our directors, executive officers and their respective affiliates. This ownership will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transactions requiring stockholder approval, and that may adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common stock.

•Our principal stockholders will continue to have significant influence over the election of our board of directors and approval of any significant corporate actions, including any sale of the company.

•We have identified a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting and may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, which may result in material misstatements of our consolidated financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations.

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Risks Related to Our Business and Business Development

If we fail to manage our growth effectively and efficiently, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service and customer satisfaction, or adequately address competitive challenges.

We have experienced significant growth in recent periods, which puts a strain on our business, operations, and employees. We anticipate that our operations will continue to rapidly expand. To manage our current and anticipated future growth effectively, we must continue to maintain, enhance and scale our finance and accounting systems and controls, as well as our information technology, or IT, and security infrastructure. For example, we expect we will need to continue to invest in and seek to enhance our IT systems and capabilities, including with respect to internal information sharing and interconnectivity between various systems within our infrastructure and other business systems.

We must also attract, train, and retain qualified sales and marketing personnel, client support personnel, professional services personnel, software engineers, technical personnel, and management personnel, without undermining our corporate culture of rapid innovation, teamwork, and attention to customer success that has been central to our growth.

Failure to effectively manage our growth could also lead us to over-invest or under-invest in development and operations, result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, systems, or controls, give rise to operational mistakes, financial losses, loss of productivity or business opportunities, and result in loss of employees and reduced productivity of remaining employees. To support our growth, we expect to continue to invest in sales and marketing to increase sales of our platform and increase awareness of our brand and continue to invest in research and development to increase the functionality of our platform and to introduce additional related products and services. A significant portion of our investments in our sales and marketing and research and development activities will precede the benefits from such investments, and we cannot be sure that we will receive an adequate return on our investments. If our management is unable to effectively and efficiently manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our revenue may not increase or may grow more slowly than expected, and we may be unable to implement our business strategy.

If we do not attract new customers, retain existing customers, and increase our customers’ use of our platform, our business will suffer.

We derive, and expect to continue to derive, a majority of our revenue and cash inflows from our integrated cloud-based restaurant management platform, which encompasses software, financial technology, and hardware components. As such, our ability to attract new customers, retain existing customers, and increase use of the platform by existing customers is critical to our success.

Our future revenue will depend in large part on our success in attracting additional customers to our platform. Our ability to attract additional customers will depend on a number of factors, including the effectiveness of our sales team, the success of our marketing efforts, our levels of investment in expanding our sales and marketing teams, referrals by existing customers, and the availability of competitive restaurant technology platforms. We may not experience the same levels of success with respect to our customer acquisition strategies as seen in prior periods, and if the costs associated with acquiring new customers materially rises in the future, our expenses may rise significantly.

In addition, while a majority of our current customer base consists of small- and medium-sized businesses, or SMBs, we continue to pursue customer growth within the enterprise and mid-market segments of the restaurant market, as well as among SMBs. Each of those segments of the overall market poses different sales and marketing challenges, and has different requirements, and we cannot be sure that we will achieve the same success in those market segments as we have achieved to date in sales to SMBs.

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Our business also depends on retaining our existing customers. Our business is subscription-based, and contract terms for our SaaS products generally range from 12 to 36 months. Customers are not obligated to, and may not, renew their subscriptions after their existing subscriptions expire. As a result, even though the number of customers using our platform has grown rapidly in recent years, there can be no assurance that we will be able to retain these customers or any new customers that may enter into subscriptions. Renewals of subscriptions may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including dissatisfaction with our platform or support, the perception that a competitive platform, product or service presents a better or less expensive option, or our failure to successfully deploy sales and marketing efforts towards existing customers as they approach the expiration of their subscription term. In addition, we may terminate our relationships with customers for various reasons, such as heightened credit risk, excessive card chargebacks, unacceptable business practices, or contract breaches.

Further, if customers on our platform were to cease operations, temporarily or permanently, or face financial distress or other business disruption, our ability to retain customers would suffer. This risk is particularly pronounced with restaurants, as each year a meaningful percentage of restaurants go out of business, and this risk has become particularly acute as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, rising inflation and interest rates, and other recent global financial, economic, political, and health events that have impacted consumer behaviors and the restaurant industry.

In addition to attracting new customers and retaining existing customers, we seek to expand usage of our platform by broadening adoption by our customers of the various products included within our platform. Although in recent periods new customers have increasingly adopted our full suite of products, we cannot be certain that new customers will continue to adopt our full suite of products at existing rates or that we will be successful in increasing adoption of additional products by our existing customers. Further, while many of our customers deploy our platform to all of their restaurant locations, some of our customers initially deploy our platform to a subset of locations. For those customers, we seek to expand use of our platform to additional locations over time. Our ability to increase adoption of our products by our customers and to increase penetration of our existing customers’ locations will depend on a number of factors, including our customers’ satisfaction with our platform, competition, pricing, and our ability to demonstrate the value proposition of our products.

Our costs associated with renewals and generating sales of additional products to existing customers are substantially lower than our costs associated with entering into subscriptions with new customers. Accordingly, our business model relies to a significant extent on our ability to renew subscriptions and sell additional products to existing customers, and, if we are unable to retain revenue from existing customers or to increase revenue from existing customers, our operating results would be adversely impacted even if such lost revenue were offset by an increase in revenue from new customers.

We may not be able to sustain our recent revenue growth in future periods.

We have grown rapidly over the last several years, and our recent revenue growth rate and financial performance should not be considered indicative of our future performance. In the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, our revenue was $978 million and $675 million, respectively, representing a 45% growth rate. You should not rely on our revenue or key business metrics for any previous quarterly or annual period as indicative of our revenue, revenue growth, key business metrics, or key business metrics growth in future periods. In particular, our revenue growth rate has fluctuated in prior periods. We expect our revenue growth rate to continue to fluctuate over the short and long term. We may experience declines in our revenue growth rate as a result of a number of factors, including slowing demand for our platform, insufficient growth in the number of customers and their guests that utilize our platform, increasing competition, changing customer and guest behaviors, a decrease in the growth of our overall market, our failure to continue to capitalize on growth opportunities, the impact of regulatory requirements, the maturation of our business, and macroeconomic conditions, among others. In addition, SMBs comprise the majority of our customer base. If the demand for restaurant management platforms by SMBs does not continue to grow, or if we are unable to maintain our category share with SMBs, our revenue and other growth rates could be adversely affected.

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We have a limited operating history in an evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and may increase the risk that we will not be successful.

We launched our operations in 2013, have grown significantly in recent periods, and have a limited operating history, particularly at our current scale. In addition, we operate in an evolving industry and have frequently expanded our platform features and services and changed our pricing methodologies. This limited operating history and our evolving business make it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risks and challenges we may encounter. These risks and challenges include, but are not limited to, our ability to:

•accurately forecast our revenue and plan our operating expenses;

•increase the number of and retain existing customers and their guests using our platform;

•successfully compete with current and future competitors;

•successfully expand our business in existing markets and enter new markets and geographies;

•anticipate and respond to macroeconomic changes and changes in the markets in which we operate;

•maintain and enhance the value of our reputation and brand;

•comply with regulatory requirements in highly regulated markets;

•adapt to rapidly evolving trends in the ways customers and their guests interact with technology;

•avoid interruptions or disruptions in our service;

•develop a scalable, high-performance technology infrastructure that can efficiently and reliably handle significant surges of usage by our customers and their guests as compared to historic levels and increased usage generally, as well as the deployment of new features and services;

•maintain, scale, and effectively manage our internal infrastructure systems, such as information strategy and sharing and interconnectivity between systems;

•hire, integrate, and retain talented technology, sales, customer service, and other personnel;

•effectively manage rapid growth in our personnel and operations; and

•effectively manage our costs.

Further, because we have limited historical financial data relevant to our current scale and operations and operate in a rapidly evolving market, any predictions about our future revenue and expenses may not be as accurate as they would be if we had a longer operating history or operated in a more predictable market. We have encountered in the past, and will encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies with limited operating histories in rapidly changing industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan and operate our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

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Our platform includes our payment services, and our ability to attract new customers and retain existing customers depends in part on our ability to offer payment processing services with the desired functionality at an attractive price.

We generally sell subscriptions to our platform together with our payment services. Except for a small number of enterprise brands, customers are unable to subscribe to our platform without also subscribing to our payment services. While we believe that offering a complete all-in-one platform that includes payment processing functionality along with all the other functionality of our platform offers our customers significant advantages over separate point of sale solutions, some potential or existing customers may not desire to use our payment processing services or to switch from their existing payment processing vendors. Some of our potential customers for our platform may not be willing to switch payment processing vendors for a variety of reasons, such as transition costs, business disruption, and loss of accustomed functionality. There can be no assurance that our efforts to overcome these factors will be successful, and this resistance may adversely affect our growth.

The attractiveness of our payment processing services also depends on our ability to integrate emerging payment technologies, including crypto currencies, other emerging or alternative payment methods, and credit card systems that we or our processing partners may not adequately support or for which we or they do not provide adequate processing rates. In the event such methods become popular among consumers, any failure to timely integrate emerging payment methods into our software, anticipate consumer behavior changes, or contract with processing partners that support such emerging payment technologies could reduce the attractiveness of our payment processing services and of our platform, and adversely affect our operating results.

Our operating results depend in significant part on our payment processing services, and the revenue and gross profit we derive from our payment processing activity in a particular period can vary due to a variety of factors.

Even if we succeed in increasing subscriptions to our platform and retaining subscription customers, the revenue we derive from payment processing services may vary from period to period depending on a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control and difficult to predict. Our revenue from payment processing services is generally calculated as a percentage of payment volume plus a per-transaction fee and, accordingly, varies depending on the total dollar amount processed through the Toast platform across all of our customers’ restaurant locations in a particular period. This amount may vary, depending on, among other things, the success of our customers’ restaurant locations, the proportion of our customers’ payment volumes processed through our platform, ticket size, consumer spending levels in general, and overall economic conditions. In addition, the revenue and gross profit derived from our payment processing services varies depending on the particular type of payment processed on our platform. For example, card-not-present transactions, which are transactions for which the credit card is not physically present at the merchant location at the time of the transaction, are generally associated with higher payment processing revenue and gross profit compared to card-present transactions, and debit card transactions are generally also associated with higher gross profit compared to credit card transactions. The ratio of card-not-present and debit card transactions as a proportion of the total payment transactions processed through our platform can fluctuate from time to time and may be impacted by global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which may lead to corresponding fluctuations in our revenue and gross profit.

A majority of our customers are SMBs, which can be more difficult and costly to retain than enterprise customers and are subject to increased impacts of economic fluctuations, which may adversely affect our business and operations.

A majority of our customers are SMBs and we expect they will continue to comprise a large portion of our customer base for the foreseeable future. We define SMBs in the context of our customer base as customers that have between one and ten restaurant locations. Selling to and retaining SMBs can be more difficult than retaining enterprise customers, as SMBs often have higher rates of business failure and more limited resources, may have decisions related to the choice of payment processor dictated by their affiliated parent entity and are more readily able to change their payment processors than larger organizations.

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SMBs are also typically more susceptible to the adverse effects of economic fluctuations, including those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, rising inflation and interest rates, and economic downturns. Adverse changes in the economic environment or business failures of our SMB customers may have a greater impact on us than on our competitors who do not focus on SMBs to the extent that we do.

We rely in part on revenue from subscription contracts, and because we recognize revenue from subscription contracts over the term of the relevant subscription period, downturns or upturns in sales are not immediately reflected in full in our results of operations.

Subscription services revenue accounts for a significant portion of our total revenue. Sales of new or renewal subscription contracts may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including customers’ level of satisfaction with our platform, the prices of our subscriptions, the prices of subscriptions offered by our competitors, reductions in our customers’ spending levels, or other changes in consumer behavior. If our sales of new or renewal subscription contracts decline, our revenue and revenue growth may decline. We recognize subscription revenue ratably over the term of the relevant subscription period, which generally ranges from 12 to 36 months in duration. As a result, much of the subscription revenue we report each quarter is derived from subscription contracts that we sold in prior periods.

Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscription contracts in any one quarter will not be fully reflected in revenue in that quarter but will negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in new or renewal sales of our subscriptions is not reflected in full in our results of operations in a given period. Also, it is difficult for us to rapidly increase our subscription revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new and renewal subscription contracts must be recognized ratably over the applicable subscription period. Furthermore, any increases in the average term of subscription contracts would result in revenue for those subscription contracts being recognized over longer periods of time.

Our future revenue will depend in part on our ability to expand the financial technology services we offer to our customers and increase adoption of those services.

We offer our customers a variety of financial technology products and services, and we intend to make available additional financial technology products and services to our customers in the future. A number of these services require that we enter into arrangements with financial institutions or other third parties. For example, one of our bank partners, which is a Utah-chartered and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or the FDIC,-insured industrial bank, offers qualified customers working capital loans, which we service. In order to provide these and future financial technology products and services, we may need to establish additional partnerships with third parties, comply with a variety of regulatory requirements, and introduce internal processes and procedures to comply with applicable law and the requirements of our partners, all of which may involve significant cost, require substantial management attention, and expose us to new business and compliance risks. We cannot be sure that our current or future financial technology services will be widely adopted by our customers or that the revenue we derive from such services will justify our investments in developing and introducing these services.

Failure to maintain and enhance our brand recognition in a cost-effective manner could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand identity and reputation is critical to our relationships with, and ability to attract, new customers, partners and employees. Accordingly, we have invested, and expect to continue to invest, increasing amounts of money in and greater resources to branding and other marketing initiatives, which may not be successful or cost effective. If we do not successfully maintain and enhance our brand and reputation in a cost-effective manner, our business may not grow, we may have reduced pricing power relative to competitors with stronger brands or reputations, and we could lose customers or partners, all of which would harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition, any negative publicity about our company or our management, including about the quality, stability, and reliability of our platform or services, changes to our products and services, our privacy and security practices, litigation, regulatory enforcement, and other actions involving us, as well as the perception of us and our products by our customers and their guests, even if inaccurate, could cause a loss of confidence in us and adversely affect our brand.

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We depend on the experience and expertise of our senior management team and key technical employees, and the loss of any key employee could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our success depends upon the continued service of our senior management team and key technical employees. Each of these employees could terminate his or her relationship with us at any time. Further, our competitors may be successful in recruiting and hiring members of our management team or other key employees, and it may be difficult for us to find suitable replacements on a timely basis, on competitive terms, or at all.

The loss of any member of our senior management team or key technical employees might significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives and could harm our business and our customer relationships.

Our ability to recruit, retain, and develop qualified personnel is critical to our success and growth.

All our businesses function at the intersection of rapidly changing technological, social, economic, and regulatory environments that require a wide range of expertise and intellectual capital. For us to successfully compete and grow, we must recruit, retain, and develop personnel who can provide the necessary expertise across a broad spectrum of disciplines. In addition, we must develop, maintain and, as necessary, implement appropriate succession plans to ensure we have the necessary human resources capable of maintaining continuity in our business.

The market for qualified personnel is competitive, and we may not succeed in recruiting additional personnel or may fail to effectively replace current personnel who depart with qualified or effective successors. Our effort to retain and develop personnel may also result in significant additional expenses, which could adversely affect our profitability. In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. The trading price of our Class A common stock has been and may continue to be volatile, could be subject to fluctuations in response to various factors and may not appreciate. If the perceived value of our equity awards declines for these or other reasons, it may adversely affect our ability to attract and retain highly qualified employees. Certain of our employees have received significant proceeds from sales of our equity in previous transactions and many of our employees may receive significant proceeds from sales of our equity in future transactions, which may reduce their motivation to continue to work for us.

We are also substantially dependent on our direct sales force to obtain new customers and increase sales to existing customers. There is significant competition for sales personnel with the skills and technical knowledge that we require. Our ability to achieve significant revenue growth will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, training, and retaining a sufficient number of sales personnel to support our growth. If we are unable to hire, train, and retain a sufficient number of qualified and successful sales personnel, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be harmed.

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From time to time, we are subject to various legal proceedings that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

From time to time, we are or may become involved in claims, lawsuits (whether class actions or individual lawsuits), arbitration proceedings, government investigations, and other legal or regulatory proceedings involving commercial, corporate and securities matters; privacy, marketing and communications practices; labor and employment matters; alleged infringement of third-party patents and other intellectual property rights; and other matters. The results of any such claims, lawsuits, arbitration proceedings, government investigations, or other legal or regulatory proceedings cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty. Any claims against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time-consuming, result in costly litigation, require significant management attention, and divert significant resources. Determining reserves for our pending litigation is a complex and fact-intensive process that requires significant subjective judgment and speculation. It is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings could result in substantial damages, settlement costs, fines, and penalties. These proceedings could also result in harm to our reputation and brand, sanctions, consent decrees, injunctions, or other orders requiring a change in our business practices. Any of these consequences could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Further, under certain circumstances, we have contractual and other legal obligations to indemnify and to incur legal expenses on behalf of our business, customers, and commercial partners and current and former directors and officers. In addition, certain litigation or the resolution of certain litigation may affect the availability or cost of some of our insurance coverage, which could adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows, expose us to increased risks that would be uninsured, and adversely impact our ability to attract directors and officers.

Notwithstanding the terms of our agreements with our customers, it is possible that a default on such obligations by one or more of our customers could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations. For example, if a customer defaults on its obligations under a customer agreement or terminates a customer agreement prior to the contractual termination date, we may be required to assert a claim to acquire the amount in full due under the customer agreement, which we may choose not to pursue. However, if we choose to pursue any such claim, we may incur substantial costs to resolve claims or enter into litigation or arbitration, and even if we were to prevail in the event of claims, litigation or arbitration, such claims, litigation, or arbitration could be costly and time-consuming and divert the attention of our management and other employees from our business operations.

We also include arbitration and class action waiver provisions in our terms of service with the customers that utilize our platform and certain agreements with our employees. These provisions are intended to streamline the litigation process for all parties involved, as they can in some cases be faster and less costly than litigating disputes in state or federal court. However, arbitration can nevertheless be costly and burdensome, and the use of arbitration and class action waiver provisions subjects us to certain risks to our reputation and brand, as these provisions have been the subject of increasing public scrutiny. In order to minimize these risks to our reputation and brand, we may limit our use of arbitration and class action waiver provisions, or we may be required to do so in any particular legal or regulatory proceeding, either of which could cause an increase in our litigation costs and exposure. Additionally, we permit certain customers and other users of our platform to opt out of such provisions, which could cause an increase in our litigation costs and exposure.

Further, with the potential for conflicting rules regarding the scope and enforceability of arbitration and class action waivers on a state-by-state basis, as well as between state and federal law, there is a risk that some or all of our arbitration and class action waiver provisions could be subject to challenge or may need to be revised to exempt certain categories of protection. If these provisions were found to be unenforceable, in whole or in part, or specific claims are required to be exempted, we could experience an increase in our costs to litigate disputes and in the time involved in resolving such disputes, and we could face increased exposure to potentially costly lawsuits, each of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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We have closed multiple acquisitions and may acquire or invest in other companies or technologies in the future, which could divert management’s attention, fail to meet our expectations, result in additional dilution to our stockholders, increase expenses, disrupt our operations, or harm our operating results.

We closed multiple acquisitions since 2019 and may in the future acquire or invest in other businesses, products, or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our platform, enhance our technical capabilities, or otherwise offer growth opportunities. We may not be able to fully realize the anticipated benefits of our past or future acquisitions.

We cannot forecast the number, timing or size of any future acquisitions or other similar strategic transactions. We may not be able to successfully identify future acquisition opportunities or complete any such acquisitions if we cannot reach agreement on commercially favorable terms, if we lack sufficient resources to finance the transaction on our own and cannot obtain financing at a reasonable cost, or if regulatory authorities prevent such transactions from being completed. In addition, the pursuit of potential acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses related to identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not they are consummated. Further, we may have to pay cash, incur debt, or issue securities, including equity-based securities, to pay for acquisitions, joint ventures, or strategic investments, each of which could affect our financial condition or the value of our capital stock or result in dilution to our existing stockholders.

There are inherent risks in integrating and managing acquisitions. When we acquire additional businesses, we may not be able to assimilate or integrate the acquired personnel, operations, and technologies successfully or effectively manage the combined business following the acquisition. We also may not achieve the anticipated benefits from the acquired business due to a number of factors, including but not limited to: unanticipated costs associated with the acquisition, including but not limited to, integration and compliance costs; the inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition costs; the inability to maintain relationships with customers and partners of the acquired business; the difficulty of incorporating acquired technology into our platform and of maintaining quality and security standards consistent with our brand; harm to our existing business relationships as a result of the acquisition; and the potential loss of key employees. Acquisitions also increase the risk of unforeseen legal liability arising from prior or ongoing acts or omissions by the acquired businesses which are not discovered by due diligence during the acquisition process or that prove to have a greater than anticipated adverse impact. We have previously acquired and continue to evaluate companies that operate in highly regulated markets. There is no assurance that acquired businesses will have invested sufficient efforts in their own regulatory compliance, and we may need to invest in and seek to improve the regulatory compliance controls and systems of such businesses. Generally, if an acquired business fails to meet our expectations, or if we are unable to establish effective regulatory compliance controls with respect to an acquired business, our operating results, business, and financial condition may suffer.

In addition, we have previously acquired and may in the future pursue acquisitions of companies with extensive operations outside the United States. These types of acquisitions often involve additional or increased risks compared to acquisitions of operations within the United States.

The diversion of management’s attention and any delays or difficulties encountered in connection with acquisitions and their integration could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

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We do not have sufficient history with our subscription or pricing models to accurately predict optimal pricing strategies necessary to attract new customers and retain existing customers.

We have limited experience with respect to determining the optimal prices for our platform and services. The pricing models of our company and our competitors may be impacted by various other factors and changed from time to time. Given our limited experience, we may not be able to achieve the optimal pricing model at all times, which could lead to reduced profitability or market share. Changes to our pricing model may also lead to reputational damage, competitive harm, regulatory scrutiny, and potential legal liabilities, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Furthermore, as the market for our platform matures, or as competitors introduce new products or services that compete with ours, we may be unable to attract new customers at the same price or based on the same pricing models that we have used historically.

Moreover, while SMBs continue to comprise the majority of our customer base, we have and will continue to seek subscriptions from enterprise customers, which may be more likely to demand substantial price concessions. As a result, in the future, we may be required to reduce our prices, which could adversely affect our revenue, gross margin, profitability, financial position, and cash flow.

Our business is exposed to risks associated with the handling of customer funds.

Our business handles payroll processing administration for certain of our customers. Consequently, at any given time, we may be holding or directing funds of customers, while payroll payments are being processed. This function creates a risk of loss arising from, among other things, fraud by employees or third parties, execution of unauthorized transactions, or errors relating to transaction processing. We are also potentially at risk if the financial institution in which we hold these funds suffers any kind of insolvency or liquidity event or fails, for any reason, to deliver their services in a timely manner. The occurrence of any of these types of events could cause us financial loss and reputational harm.

Any failure to offer high-quality customer support may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In deploying and using our platform, our customers depend on our 24/7 support team to resolve complex technical and operational issues, including ensuring that our platform is implemented in a manner that integrates with a variety of third-party platforms. We also rely on third parties to provide some support services, and our ability to provide effective support is partially dependent on our ability to attract and retain qualified and capable third-party service providers. As we continue to grow our business and improve our offerings, we will face challenges related to providing high-quality support services at scale. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in demand for customer support or to modify the nature, scope, and delivery of our customer support to compete with changes in customer support services provided by our competitors. Increased demand for customer support, without corresponding revenue, could increase costs and adversely affect our operating results. Our sales are highly dependent on our business reputation and on positive recommendations from our existing customers. Any failure to maintain high-quality customer support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality customer support, could adversely affect our reputation and brand, our ability to benefit from referrals by existing customers, our ability to sell our platform to existing and prospective customers, and our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

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The long-term potential of our business may be adversely affected if we are unable to expand our business successfully into international markets.

Although we currently do not derive significant revenue from customers located outside the United States, the long-term potential of our business will depend in part on our ability to expand our business into international markets. We have recently made an initial investment to establish our international presence and plan to continue such efforts, which has and may continue to be accomplished in part through acquisitions of companies located outside of the United States. However, we have limited experience with international customers and in selling our platform internationally. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that our business model will be successful, or that our platform will achieve commercial acceptance, outside the United States.

Conducting international operations subjects us to risks that we have not generally faced in the United States, including but not limited to:

•managing geographically separate organizations, systems, and facilities;

•challenges caused by language, cultural, and ethical differences;

•difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations, including employment laws and regulations;

•presence of more established competitors and/or local competitors favored by local business practices;

•compliance challenges related to the complexity of multiple, conflicting, and changing governmental laws and regulations, including data privacy, employment, tax, anti-money laundering, and anti-bribery laws and regulations and sanction regimes, including but not limited to, additional exposure to GDPR, rules and programs administered by the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, domestic and international anti-corruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and the U.K. Bribery Act, as well as other similar anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws and regulations;

•different pricing environments, sales cycles, and collections issues;

•financial and other impacts to our business resulting from fluctuations in currency exchange rates and unit economics across multiple jurisdictions;

•increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;

•enforcing intellectual property rights outside of the United States;

•difficulty entering new non-U.S. markets due to, among other things, difficulties in achieving consumer acceptance of our platform in new markets and more limited business knowledge of these markets; and

•general economic and political conditions.

Expanding our business internationally requires significant additional investment in our platform, operations, infrastructure, compliance efforts, and sales and marketing organization, and any such investments may not be successful or generate an adequate return on our investment.

Our risk management strategies may not be fully effective in mitigating our risk exposure in all market environments or against all types of risk.

We operate in a rapidly changing industry. Accordingly, our risk management strategies may not be fully effective to identify, monitor, and manage all risks that our business encounters. In addition, when we introduce new services, focus on expanding relationships with new types of customers, or begin to operate in new markets, we may be less able to forecast risk levels and reserve accurately for potential losses, as a result of fraud or otherwise. If our strategies are not fully effective or we are not successful in identifying and mitigating all risks to which we are or may be exposed, we may suffer uninsured liability or harm to our reputation, or be subject to litigation or regulatory actions, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Risks Related to Our Technology and Privacy

We are responsible for transmitting a high volume of sensitive and personal information through our platform and our success depends upon the security of this platform. Any actual or perceived breach of our system that would result in disclosure of such information could materially impact our business.

We, our customers, our partners, and other third parties, including third-party vendors, cloud service providers, and payment processors that we use, obtain and process large amounts of sensitive and personal information, including information related to our customers, their guests, and their transactions. We face risks, including to our reputation as a trusted brand, in the handling and protection of this information, and these risks will increase as our business continues to expand to include new products and technologies. Our operations involve the storage, transmission, and processing of our customers’ proprietary information and sensitive and personal information of our customers and their guests and employees, including contact information and payment information, purchase histories, lending information, and payroll information. Cyber incidents have been increasing in sophistication and frequency and can include third parties gaining access to employee or guest information using stolen or inferred credentials, computer malware, viruses, spamming, phishing attacks, ransomware, card skimming code, and other deliberate attacks and attempts to gain unauthorized access. In addition, these incidents can originate on our vendors’ websites or systems, which can then be leveraged to access our website or systems, further preventing our ability to successfully identify and mitigate the attack. As a result, unauthorized access to, security breaches of, or denial-of-service attacks against our platform (or any platform of our third-party vendors) could result in the unauthorized access to or use of, and/or loss of, such data, as well as loss of intellectual property, guest information, employee data, trade secrets, or other confidential or proprietary information.

We have administrative, technical, and physical security measures in place and proactively employ multiple security measures at different layers of our systems to defend against intrusion and attack and to protect our information; however, we have experienced security incidents in the past, and we may face additional security incidents in the future. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures that will be sufficient to counter all current and emerging technology threats. In addition, any security breaches that occur may remain undetected for extended periods of time. While we also have and will continue to make significant efforts to address any IT security issues with respect to acquisitions we make, we may still inherit such risks when we integrate these companies.

We also have policies and procedures in place to contractually require third parties to which we transfer data to implement and maintain appropriate security measures. Sensitive and personal information is processed and stored by our customers, software and financial institution partners and third-party service providers to whom we outsource certain functions. Threats to third-party systems can originate from human error, fraud, or malice on the part of employees or third parties, or simply from accidental technological failure, and/or computer viruses and other malware that can be distributed and infiltrate systems of third parties on whom we rely. While we select third parties to which we transfer data carefully, we do not control their actions, and these third parties may experience security breaches that result in unauthorized access of data and information stored with them despite these contractual requirements and the security measures these third parties employ.

If any security breach involving our systems or the systems of third parties that store or process our data or significant denial-of-service attacks or other cyber attack occurs or is believed to have occurred, our reputation and brand could be damaged, we could be required to expend significant capital and other resources to alleviate problems caused by such actual or perceived breaches or attacks and remediate our systems. In addition, we could be exposed to a risk of loss, litigation, or regulatory action and possible liability, some or all of which may not be covered by insurance, and our ability to operate our business may be impaired. Unauthorized parties have in the past gained access, and may in the future gain access, to systems or facilities used in our business through various means, including gaining unauthorized access into our systems or facilities or those of customers and their guests, attempting to fraudulently induce our employees, customers, their guests, or others into disclosing usernames, passwords, payment card information, or other sensitive or personal information, which may in turn be used to access our IT systems or fraudulently transfer funds to bad actors.

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If new or existing customers believe that our platform does not provide adequate security for the storage of personal or sensitive information or its transmission over the Internet, they may not adopt our platform or may choose not to renew their subscriptions to our platform, which could harm our business. Additionally, actual, potential, or anticipated attacks may cause us to incur increasing costs, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees, and engage third-party experts and consultants. Our errors and omissions insurance policies covering certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses may not be sufficient to compensate for all potential liability. Although we maintain cyber liability insurance, we cannot be certain that our coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred or that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all.

Further, because data security is a critical competitive factor in our industry, we may make statements in our privacy statements and notices and in our marketing materials describing the security of our platform, including descriptions of certain security measures we employ or security features embedded within our products. Should any of these statements be untrue, become untrue, or be perceived to be untrue, even if through circumstances beyond our reasonable control, we may face claims, including claims of unfair or deceptive trade practices, brought by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, state, local, or foreign regulators (e.g., a European Union-based data protection agency), or private litigants.

Interruptions or performance problems associated with our technology and infrastructure may adversely affect our business and operating results.

Our continued growth depends in part on the ability of our existing and potential customers to access our platform at any time and within an acceptable amount of time. Our platform is proprietary, and we rely on the expertise of members of our engineering, operations, and software development teams for our platform’s continued performance. We have experienced system outages in the past, including in some cases as a result of disruptions at our third-party vendors, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages, and other performance problems related to our platform due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, introductions of new functionality, human or software errors, delays in scaling our technical infrastructure if we do not maintain enough excess capacity and accurately predict our infrastructure requirements, capacity constraints due to an overwhelming number of users accessing our platform simultaneously, denial-of-service attacks, actions or inactions attributable to third parties, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, natural disasters, power losses, disruptions in telecommunications services, fraud, military or political conflicts, terrorist attacks and other geopolitical unrest, computer viruses, ransomware, malware, or other events. Our systems also may be subject to break-ins, sabotage, theft, and intentional acts of vandalism, including by our own employees. Some of our systems are not fully redundant and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all eventualities. Further, our business and/or network interruption insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our losses that may result from interruptions in our service as a result of system failures and similar events.

From time to time, we may experience limited periods of server downtime due to server failure or other technical difficulties. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems within an acceptable period of time. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our performance, especially during peak usage times and as our platform becomes more complex and our user traffic increases. If our platform is unavailable or if our users are unable to access our platform within a reasonable amount of time, or at all, our business would be adversely affected and our brand could be harmed. In the event of any of the factors described above, or certain other failures of our infrastructure, customer or guest data may be permanently lost. Moreover, a limited number of our agreements with customers provide for limited service-level commitments, and we may enter into additional agreements providing such commitments from time to time. If we experience significant periods of service downtime in the future, we may be subject to claims by our customers against these service level commitments. These events have resulted in losses in revenue, though such losses have not been material to date. System failures in the future could result in significant losses of revenue.

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We have and may, from time to time, voluntarily provide certain credits to our customers to compensate them for the inconvenience caused by a system failure or similar event, to support our customers and for the benefit of the restaurant community as part of our ongoing goodwill efforts. We are committed to providing our customers high platform reliability, and may utilize significant time, human capital and other resources to analyze the root causes of these performance problems and address any gaps identified, which in turn may take away resources from other business activities. To the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed, and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business and operating results may be adversely affected.

Our success depends upon our ability to continually enhance the performance, reliability, and features of our platform.

The markets in which we compete are characterized by constant change and innovation, and we expect them to continue to evolve rapidly. Our success has been based on our ability to identify and anticipate the needs of our customers and their guests and design and maintain a platform that provides them with the tools they need to operate their businesses successfully. Our ability to attract new customers, retain existing customers, and increase sales to both new and existing customers will depend in large part on our ability to continue to improve and enhance the performance, reliability, and features of our platform. To grow our business, we must develop products and services that reflect the changing nature of restaurant management software and expand beyond our core functionalities to other areas of managing relationships with our customers, as well as their relationships with their guests. Competitors may introduce new offerings embodying new technologies, or new industry standards and practices could emerge that render our existing technology, services, website, hardware, and mobile applications obsolete. Accordingly, our future success will depend in part on our ability to respond to new product offerings by competitors, technological advances, and emerging industry standards and practices in a cost-effective and timely manner in order to retain existing customers and attract new customers. Furthermore, as the number of our customers with higher volume sales increases, so does the need for us to offer increased functionality, scalability, and support, which requires us to devote additional resources to such efforts.

The success of these and any other enhancements to our platform depends on several factors, including timely completion, adequate quality testing and sufficient demand, and the accuracy of our estimates regarding the total addressable market for new products and/or enhancements and the portion of such total addressable market that we expect to capture for such new products and/or enhancements. Any new product or service that we develop may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner, may contain defects, may not have an adequate total addressable market or market demand or may not achieve the market acceptance necessary to generate meaningful revenue.

We have scaled our business rapidly, and significant new platform features and services have in the past resulted in, and in the future may continue to result in, operational challenges affecting our business. Developing and launching enhancements to our platform and new services on our platform may involve significant technical risks and upfront capital investments that may not generate return on investment. For example, we may use new technologies ineffectively, or we may fail to adapt to emerging industry standards. We may experience difficulties with software development that could delay or prevent the development, introduction or implementation of new products and enhancements. Software development involves a significant amount of time, as it can take our developers months to update, code, and test new and upgraded products and integrate them into our platform. The continual improvement and enhancement of our platform requires significant investment, and we may not have the resources to make such investment.

If we are unable to successfully develop new products or services, enhance the functionality, performance, reliability, design, security, and scalability of our platform in a manner that responds to our customers’ and their guests’ evolving needs, or gain market acceptance of our new products and services, or if our estimates regarding the total addressable market and the portion of such total addressable market which we expect to capture for new products and/or enhancements prove inaccurate, our business and operating results will be harmed.

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Defects, errors, or vulnerabilities in our applications, backend systems, hardware, or other technology systems and those of third-party technology providers could harm our reputation and brand and adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The software underlying our platform is highly complex and may contain undetected errors or vulnerabilities, some of which may only be discovered after the code has been released. Our practice is to effect frequent releases of software updates. Third-party software that we incorporate into our platform and our backend systems, hardware, or other technology systems, or those of third-party technology providers, may also be subject to defects, errors, or vulnerabilities. Any such defects, errors, or vulnerabilities could result in negative publicity, a loss of customers or loss of revenue, and access or other performance issues. Such vulnerabilities could also be exploited by bad actors and result in exposure of customer or guest data, or otherwise result in a security breach or other security incident. We may need to expend significant financial and development resources to analyze, correct, eliminate, or work around errors or defects or to address and eliminate vulnerabilities. Any failure to timely and effectively resolve any such errors, defects, or vulnerabilities could adversely affect our business, reputation, brand, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may use artificial intelligence in our platform and product offerings. Issues relating to the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning could adversely affect our results of operations.

We and our partners may incorporate artificial intelligence, or AI, solutions into our business and operation from time to time. As with many innovations, AI presents risks and challenges that could affect its further development, adoption, and utilization, and therefore affect our business. If the content, recommendation or analyses that AI applications assist in producing are or are alleged to be deficient or inaccurate, we could be subject to competitive risks, potential legal liability, and reputational harm. The use of AI applications may also result in cybersecurity incidents. Any such cybersecurity incidents related to our use of AI applications could adversely affect our business. In addition, AI may present emerging ethical issues. If our use of AI becomes controversial, we may experience reputational harm or legal liability. Further, given the early stage of AI, factors that may impact AI, such as government regulations and market demand, are uncertain, and we may be unsuccessful in our product development efforts.

Our competitors or other third parties may also incorporate AI into their products. If they adopt the use of AI more quickly or more successfully than us, our ability to compete effectively maybe impaired, which may adversely affect our results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

We have a history of generating net losses, and if we are unable to achieve adequate revenue growth while our expenses increase, we may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

We have incurred a net loss in each year since our inception and have a significant accumulated deficit. We incurred net losses of $98 million and $54 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $1,556 million. These losses and our accumulated deficit are a result of the substantial investments we have made to grow our business. We expect our costs will increase over time and our losses to continue as we expect to continue to invest significant additional funds in expanding our business, sales and marketing activities, research and development as we continue to build software and hardware designed specifically for the restaurant industry, and maintaining high levels of customer support, each of which we consider critical to our continued success. We also expect to incur additional general and administrative expenses as a result of our growth and expect our costs to increase to support our operations as a public company. In addition, to support the continued growth of our business and to meet the demands of continuously changing security and operational requirements, we plan to continue investing in our technology infrastructure. Historically, our costs have increased over the years due to these factors, and we expect to continue to incur increasing costs to support our anticipated future growth. If we are unable to generate adequate revenue growth and manage our expenses, we may continue to incur significant losses and may not achieve or maintain profitability.

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Further, we may make decisions that will adversely affect our short-term operating results if we believe those decisions will improve the experiences of our customers and their guests and if we believe such decisions will improve our operating results over the long term. These decisions may not be consistent with the expectations of investors and may not produce the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Unfavorable conditions in the restaurant industry or the global economy could limit our ability to grow our business and materially impact our financial performance.

Our operating results may vary based on the impact of global events and macroeconomic conditions, such as inflation and its potential impact on consumer spending, rising interest rates, global supply chain issues, and pandemics. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic impacted our business and operations in a variety of ways, including supply chain challenges, disruptions in our sales and marketing efforts, restrictions in our ability to conduct research and development and other business activities, uncertainty in restaurant technology spending, and fluctuation on the payment volume processed through our platform.

Furthermore, our revenue growth and potential profitability depend on demand for business management software and platforms serving the restaurant industry. Historically, during economic downturns, there have been reductions in spending on IT as well as pressure for extended billing terms and other financial concessions. The adverse impact of economic downturns may be particularly acute among SMBs, which comprise the majority of our customer base. If economic conditions deteriorate, our current and prospective customers may elect to decrease their IT budgets, which would limit our ability to grow our business and adversely affect our operating results.

A deterioration in general economic conditions (including distress in financial markets, rising inflation and interest rates, and turmoil in specific economies around the world) may adversely affect our financial performance by causing a reduction in locations through restaurant closures or a reduction in gross payment volume. A reduction in the amount of consumer spending or credit card transactions could result in a decrease of our revenue and profits. Adverse economic factors may accelerate the timing, or increase the impact of, risks to our financial performance. These factors could include:

•restrictions on credit lines to consumers or limitations on the issuance of new credit cards;

•uncertainty and volatility in the performance of our customers’ businesses, particularly SMBs;

•customers or consumers decreasing spending for value-added services we market and sell;

•declining economies and the pace of economic recovery which can change consumer spending behaviors;

•low levels of consumer and business confidence typically associated with inflationary or recessionary environments;

•high unemployment levels, which may result in decreased spending by consumers;

•budgetary concerns in the United States and other countries around the world, which could impact consumer confidence and spending; and

•government actions, including the effect of laws and regulations and any related government stimulus.

We are subject to additional risks relating to the financial products we make available to our customers, including relationships with partners, the ability of our customers to generate revenue to pay their obligations under these products, general macroeconomic conditions and the risk of fraud.

Current and any future financial products offered by Toast, Toast Capital, or through either party’s bank partners, subject us to additional risks. If we cannot source capital or partner with financial institutions to fund financial solutions for our customers, we might have to reduce the availability of these services, or cease offering them altogether.

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Toast Capital’s bank partner offers qualified Toast customers working capital loans in accordance with credit policies established by our bank partner. Toast Capital markets the loans and acts as servicer of the loans and receives a servicing fee based on the outstanding balance of loans being serviced as well as a fee that varies depending on the credit performance of the loans extended under the program. We do not currently have similar partnerships with other financial institutions and are solely reliant on our bank partner to support this program. If our bank partner were to terminate its relationship with us, we would be unable to make working capital loans available to our customers, at least in the short-term, until we are able to enter into a relationship with another financial institution to offer similar loans. In addition, our bank partner may not expand its lending under this program to support future demand for such loans from our customers. There can be no assurance that we would be able into a similar relationship with another financial institution to make working capital loans available to our customers on terms our customers would find attractive, or at all.

Under our agreement with our bank partner, on a monthly basis, we are obligated to purchase loans made in a particular quarter that have been (or are scheduled to be) charged off, are otherwise non-performing, or do not satisfy our bank partner’s credit policy, unless such purchase would cause the principal amount of such purchased loans to exceed 15% of the original principal amount of loans made in the applicable quarter. As a result of this potential repurchase obligation, and our servicing fee and credit performance fee, we are subject to credit risk on the loans extended by our bank partner under this program. Accordingly, if we fail to accurately predict the likelihood of default or timely repayment of loans, our business may be materially and adversely affected. For example, if more of our customers cease operations, experience a decline in their revenue, or engage in fraudulent behavior and are not able to repay their loans, our business may be materially and adversely affected. A decline in macroeconomic conditions could increase the risk of non-payment or fraud and could also lead to a decrease in the number of customers eligible for loans or financing. In addition, although our bank partner acts as the lender with respect to these working capital loans, we are subject to numerous contractual and regulatory requirements in connection with our marketing and servicing activities in connection with these loans. If we were to fail to comply with these requirements, we could be subject to liability, regulatory sanctions, or claims by our customers or our bank partner, and our bank partner could terminate its relationship with us.

We intend to continue to explore other financial solutions to offer to our customers. Some of those solutions may require, or be deemed to require, additional procedures, partnerships, licenses, regulatory approvals and requirements, or capabilities. Should we fail to address these requirements, or should these new solutions, or new regulations or interpretations of existing regulations, impose requirements on us that are impractical or that we cannot satisfy, the future growth and success of our financial business may be materially and adversely affected. Macroeconomic factors such as changes in interest rates may also increase our costs in servicing certain financial solutions products. Further, we have and may continue to have obligations to share in certain losses incurred in offering these financial solutions to our customers, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are unable to properly manage the risks of offering financial solutions, either ourselves or through partner financial institutions, our business may be materially and adversely affected. If we are unable to maintain third-party insurance coverage to mitigate these risks, such as errors and omissions insurance, our exposure to losses would increase, which could have an adverse impact on our results. If laws and regulations change, or are interpreted by courts or regulators as subjecting us to licensing or other compliance requirements, we may be subject to government supervision and enforcement actions, litigation, and related liabilities, our ability to offer financial solutions may be negatively impacted, our costs associated with existing financial solutions, including Toast Capital, may increase or we may decide to discontinue offering financial solutions altogether, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be negatively impacted.

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Our failure to raise additional capital or generate cash flows necessary to expand our operations and invest in new technologies in the future could reduce our ability to compete successfully and harm our financial condition.

Historically, we have funded our operations, capital expenditures, and acquisitions primarily through our revenue, the issuance of convertible preferred stock, common stock and convertible notes, payments received for the delivery of our services as well as borrowings under our revolving credit facility. We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges. Although we currently anticipate that our existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, and amounts available under our revolving credit facility will be sufficient to meet our cash needs for at least the next twelve months, our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors. We may require additional financing, and we may not be able to obtain debt or equity financing on favorable terms, if at all. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of debt, equity, or other securities convertible into equity, including convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests, and any new securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our Class A common stock.

We have outstanding debt obligations that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness and require us to maintain specified minimum liquidity amounts, among other restrictive covenants. The terms of any additional debt financing may be similar or more restrictive.

If we need additional capital and cannot raise it on acceptable terms, or at all, we may not be able to, among other things:

•develop and enhance our platform and product offerings and operating infrastructure;

•continue to expand our technology development, sales, and marketing organizations;

•hire, train, and retain employees;

•respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements; or

•acquire complementary businesses and technologies.

Our inability to do any of the foregoing could reduce our ability to compete successfully and harm our results of operations.

Our revolving credit facility provides our lenders with a first-priority lien against substantially all of our assets, and contains financial covenants and other restrictions on our actions that may limit our operational flexibility or otherwise adversely affect our results of operations.

We are party to a revolving credit and guaranty agreement which contains a number of covenants that restrict our and our subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, create or incur liens, merge or consolidate with other companies, sell substantially all of our assets, liquidate or dissolve, make distributions to equity holders, pay dividends, make redemptions and repurchases of stock, or engage in transactions with affiliates. We are also required to maintain a minimum liquidity balance. The terms of our outstanding debt may restrict our current and future operations and could adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs or to execute business strategies in the manner desired. In addition, complying with these covenants may make it more difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy, invest in our growth strategy, and compete against companies who are not subject to such restrictions.

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A failure by us to comply with these covenants or payment requirements specified in the revolving credit and guaranty agreement could result in an event of default under the agreement, which would give the lenders the right to terminate their commitments to provide additional loans and extensions of credit and to declare any and all debt outstanding, together with accrued and unpaid interest and fees, to be immediately due and payable. In addition, the lenders would have the right to proceed against the collateral in which we granted a security interest to them, which consists of substantially all our assets. If our outstanding debt were to be accelerated, we may not have sufficient cash or be able to borrow sufficient funds to refinance the debt or sell sufficient assets to repay the debt, which could materially and adversely affect our cash flows, business, results of operations, and financial condition. Further, the terms of any new or additional financing may be on terms that are more restrictive or less desirable to us.

Our results of operations may be adversely affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Our operations and customer base are currently concentrated in the United States. Therefore, we currently have limited foreign currency diversification and exposure. However, our foreign currency diversification and exposure may increase as international sales of our products and services increase over time. Our revenue and profits generated by any non-U.S. operations may fluctuate from period to period as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. In addition, we may become subject to exchange control regulations that restrict or prohibit the conversion of our other revenue currencies into U.S. dollars. Any of these factors could decrease the value of revenue and profits we derive from our non-U.S. operations and adversely affect our business.

We may also seek to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates through the use of hedging arrangements. To the extent that we hedge our foreign currency exchange rate exposure, we forgo the benefits we would otherwise experience if foreign currency exchange rates changed in our favor. No strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with such fluctuations and our currency exchange rate risk management activities could expose us to substantial losses if such rates move materially differently from our expectations.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

As of December 31, 2022, we had accumulated $597 million and $573 million of federal and state net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, respectively, available to reduce future taxable income. Of the federal NOLs, $513 million have an indefinite carryforward period but may not offset more than 80% of current taxable income annually in accordance with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, and $85 million will expire at various dates through 2037. Of the state NOLs, the majority will begin to expire in 2034. It is possible that we will not generate taxable income in time to use NOLs before their expiration, or at all. Under Section 382 and Section 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOLs and other tax attributes, including R&D tax credits, to offset its post-change income may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” will occur if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by “5 percent stockholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. Our ability to use NOLs and other tax attributes to reduce future taxable income and liabilities may be subject to annual limitations as a result of prior ownership changes and ownership changes that may occur in the future.

We experience elements of seasonal fluctuations in our financial results, which could cause our stock price to fluctuate.

Our business is highly dependent on the behavior patterns of our customers and their guests. We experience seasonality in our financial technology revenue which is largely driven by the level of GPV processed through our platform. For example, our average customers typically have greater sales during the warmer months, though this seasonal effect varies regionally. As a result, our financial technology revenue per location has historically been stronger in the second and third quarters. As a result, seasonality may cause fluctuations in our financial results, and other trends that develop may similarly impact our results of operations.

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We rely primarily on third-party insurance policies to insure our operations-related risks. If our insurance coverage does not cover a particular loss or is insufficient for the needs of our business or our insurance providers are unable to meet their obligations, we may not be able to mitigate the risks facing our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We procure third-party insurance policies to cover various operations-related risks including employment practices liability, workers’ compensation, business interruptions, cybersecurity and data breaches, crime, directors’ and officers’ liability, and general business liabilities, but our insurance may not cover 100% of the costs and losses from all events. For certain types of operations-related risks or future risks related to our new and evolving services, we may not be able to, or may choose not to, acquire insurance. In addition, we may not obtain enough insurance to adequately mitigate such operations-related risks or risks related to our new and evolving services, and we may have to pay high premiums, self-insured retentions, or deductibles for the coverage we do obtain. Additionally, if any of our insurance providers becomes insolvent, it would be unable to pay any operations-related claims that we make. Further, some of our agreements with customers may require that we procure certain types of insurance, and if we are unable to obtain and maintain such insurance, we would be in violation of the terms of these customer agreements.

We are responsible for certain retentions and deductibles that vary by policy, and we may suffer losses that exceed our insurance coverage by a material amount. If the amount of one or more operations-related claims were to exceed our applicable aggregate coverage limits, we would bear the excess, in addition to amounts already incurred in connection with deductibles, or self-insured retentions. Insurance providers have raised premiums and deductibles for many businesses and may do so in the future. As a result, our insurance and claims expenses could increase, or we may decide to raise our deductibles or self-insured retentions when our policies are renewed or replaced. Our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected if the cost per claim, premiums, or the number of claims significantly exceeds our historical experience and coverage limits; we experience a claim in excess of our coverage limits; our insurance providers fail to pay on our insurance claims; we experience a claim for which coverage is not provided; or the number of claims under our deductibles or self-insured retentions differs from historical averages.

Risks Related to Competition, Sales, and Marketing

The markets in which we participate are intensely competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our operating results could be adversely affected.

The overall market for restaurant management software is rapidly evolving and subject to changing technology, shifting customer and guest needs, and frequent introductions of new applications. Our competitors vary in size and in the breadth and scope of the products and services they offer. In addition, there are a number of companies that are not currently direct competitors but that could in the future shift their focus to the restaurant industry and offer competing products and services, which could compete directly in our entire customer community or in a certain segment within the restaurant industry. There is also a risk that certain of our current customers and business partners could terminate their relationships with us and use the insights they have gained from partnering with us to introduce their own competing products.

Some of our current and future competitors may enjoy competitive advantages, such as greater name recognition, longer operating histories, greater category share in certain markets, market-specific knowledge, established relationships with restaurants, larger existing user bases in certain markets, more successful marketing capabilities, more integrated products and/or platforms, and substantially greater financial, technical, sales, and marketing, and other resources than we have. Additionally, some potential customers in the restaurant industry, particularly large organizations, have elected, and may in the future elect, to develop their own business management and point of sale software and platforms. Certain of our competitors have partnered with, or have acquired or been acquired by, and may in the future partner with or acquire, or be acquired by, other competitors, thereby leveraging their collective competitive positions and making it more difficult to compete with them. We believe that there are significant opportunities to further increase our revenue by expanding internationally. As we expand our business by selling subscriptions to our platform in international markets, we will also face competition from local incumbents in these markets.

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Additionally, many of our competitors are well capitalized and offer discounted services, lower customer processing rates and fees, customer discounts and promotions, innovative platforms and offerings, and alternative pay models, any of which may be more attractive than those that we offer. Such competitive pressures may lead us to maintain or lower our processing rates and fees or maintain or increase our incentives, discounts, and promotions in order to remain competitive, particularly in markets where we do not have a leading position. Such efforts have negatively affected, and may continue to negatively affect, our financial performance, and there is no guarantee that such efforts will be successful. Further, the markets in which we compete have attracted significant investments from a wide range of funding sources, and we anticipate that many of our competitors will continue to be highly capitalized. These investments, along with the other competitive advantages discussed above, may allow our competitors to continue to lower their prices and fees, or increase the incentives, discounts, and promotions they offer and thereby compete more effectively against us.

Some of our competitors offer specific point solutions addressing particular needs in the restaurant industry, including subscriptions to software products without the requirement to use related payment processing services. While we believe that our integrated software and payments platform offers significant advantages over such point solutions, customers who have specific needs that are addressed by these point solutions, and customers who do not want to change from an existing payment processing relationship to use our payment processing services, may believe that products and services offered by competitors better address their needs.

Additionally, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than us to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, or customer requirements. With the introduction of new technologies and new market entrants, we expect competition to intensify in the future. For example, our competitors may adopt certain of our platform features or may adopt innovations that customers value more highly than ours, which would render our platform less attractive and reduce our ability to differentiate our platform. Pricing pressures and increased competition generally could result in reduced sales, reduced margins, increased churn, reduced customer retention, losses, or the failure of our platform to achieve or maintain more widespread market acceptance. For all of these reasons, we may fail to compete successfully against our current and future competitors. If we fail to compete successfully, our business will be harmed.

Potential changes in competitive landscape, including disintermediation from other participants in the payments chain, could harm our business.

We expect the competitive landscape in the restaurant technology industry will continue to change in a variety of ways, including:

•rapid and significant changes in technology, resulting in new and innovative payment methods and programs, that could place us at a competitive disadvantage and reduce the use of our platform and services;

•competitors, including third-party processors and integrated payment providers, customers, governments, and/or other industry participants may develop products and services that compete with or replace our platform and services, including products and services that enable payment networks and banks to transact with consumers directly;

•competitors may also elect to focus exclusively on one segment of the restaurant industry and develop product offerings uniquely tailored to that segment, which could impact our addressable market and reduce the use of our platform and services;

•participants in the financial services, payments, and payment technology industries may merge, create joint ventures, or form other business alliances that may strengthen their existing business services or create new payment services that compete with our platform and services; and

•new services and technologies that we develop may be impacted by industry-wide solutions and standards related to migration to Europay, Mastercard, and Visa standards, including chip technology, tokenization, and other safety and security technologies.

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Certain competitors could use strong or dominant positions in one or more markets to gain a competitive advantage against us, such as by integrating competing platforms or features into products they control, including search engines, web browsers, mobile device operating systems, or social networks; by making acquisitions; or by making access to our platform more difficult. Failure to compete effectively against any of these or other competitive threats could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We expend significant resources pursuing sales opportunities, and if we fail to close sales after expending significant time and resources to do so, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

The initial installation and set-up of many of our services often involve significant resource commitments by our customers, particularly those with larger operational scale. Potential customers generally commit significant resources to an evaluation of available services and may require us to expend substantial time, effort, and money educating them as to the value of our services. Our sales cycle may be extended due to our customers’ budgetary constraints or for other reasons. In addition, as we seek to sell subscriptions to our platform to additional enterprise customers, we anticipate that the sales cycle associated with those potential customers will be longer than the typical sales cycle for SMB customers, and that sales to enterprise customers will require us to expend greater sales and marketing and management resources. If we are unsuccessful in closing sales after expending significant funds and management resources, or we experience delays or incur greater than anticipated costs, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Partners and Other Third Parties

We rely on third-party payment processors to facilitate payments made by guests, payments made to customers, and payments made on behalf of customers, and if we cannot manage risks related to our relationships with our current or future third-party payment processors, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We rely on third-party payment processors to facilitate payments made by guests and payments made to customers on our platform. While we may continue to seek payment processing relationships with additional payment processors from time to time, we expect to continue to rely on a limited number of payment processors for the foreseeable future. We have experienced interrupted operations with respect to payments processed through our third-party payment partners, which in some cases resulted in the temporary inability of our customers to collect payments from their guests through our platform and disruptions in certain features, and we may experience similar events in the future. In the event that any of our current or future third-party payment processors fail to maintain adequate levels of support, experience interrupted operations, do not provide high quality service, increase the fees they charge us, discontinue their lines of business, terminate their contractual arrangements with us, or cease or reduce operations, we may suffer additional costs and be required to pursue new third-party relationships, which could materially disrupt our operations and our ability to provide our products and services, and could divert management’s time and resources. In addition, such incidents have resulted in and may result in periods of time during which our platform cannot function properly, and therefore cannot collect payments from customers and their guests, which could adversely affect our relationships with our customers and our business, reputation, brand, financial condition, and results of operations. It would be difficult to replace third-party processors in a timely manner if they were unwilling or unable to provide us with these services in the future, and our business and operations could be adversely affected. If these services fail or are of poor quality, our business, reputation, and operating results could be harmed.

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Further, our contracts with third-party payment processors require, and additional contracts may in the future require, us to bear risk for compliance with the operating rules, or the Payment Network Rules, of Visa, Mastercard, and other payment networks, or collectively, the Payment Networks, with whom we are registered as a payment facilitator or certified service provider, and applicable law, and the risk of fraud. In the event any of our current or future third-party payment processors are subjected to losses, including any fines for reversals, chargebacks, or fraud assessed by the Payment Networks, that are caused by us or our customers due to failure to comply with the Payment Network Rules or applicable law, our third-party payment processor may impose penalties on us, increase our transaction fees, or restrict our ability to process transactions through the Payment Networks, and we may lose our ability to process payments through one or more Payment Networks. Thus, in the event of a significant loss by a third-party payment processor, we may be required to expend a large amount of cash promptly upon notification of the occurrence of such an event. A contractual dispute with our processing partner could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We are also dependent upon various large banks and regulators to execute electronic payments and wire transfers as part of our client payroll, tax, and other money movement services. Termination of any such banking relationship, a bank’s refusal or inability to provide services on which we rely, outages, delays, or systemic shutdown of the banking industry would impede our ability to process funds on behalf of our payroll, tax, and other money movement services clients and could have an adverse impact on our financial results and liquidity.

If we fail to comply with the applicable requirements of payment networks, they could seek to fine us, suspend us, or terminate our registrations. If our customers incur fines or penalties that we cannot collect from them, we may have to bear the cost of such fines or penalties.

In order to provide our transaction processing services, we are registered as a payment facilitator or certified service provider with the Payment Networks. We and our customers must comply with the Payment Network Rules. The Payment Network Rules require us to also comply with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, or the Security Standard, which is a set of rules and standards designed to ensure that all companies that process, store, or transmit payment card information maintain a secure environment to protect cardholder data.

If we fail to, or are alleged to have failed to, comply with the Payment Network Rules or the Security Standard, we may be subject to fines, penalties, or restrictions, including, but not limited to, higher transaction fees that may be levied by the Payment Networks for failure to comply with the Payment Network Rules. If a customer fails or is alleged to have failed to comply with the Payment Network Rules, we could also be subject to a variety of fines or penalties that may be levied by the Payment Networks. If we cannot collect such amounts from the applicable customer, we may have to bear the cost of the fines or penalties, and we may also be unable to continue processing payments for that customer. These potential fines or penalties may result in lower earnings for us. In addition to these fines and penalties, if we or our customers do not comply with the Payment Network Rules or the Security Standard, we may lose our status as a payment facilitator or certified service provider. Our failure to comply with such rules and standards could mean that we may no longer be able to provide certain of our services as they are currently offered, and that existing customers, sales partners, or other third parties may cease using or referring our services. Prospective merchant customers, financial institutions, sales partners, or other third parties may choose to terminate negotiations with us or delay or choose not to consider us for their processing needs. In each of these instances, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

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In addition, as our business continues to develop and expand, and we create new product offerings, we may become subject to additional rules, regulations, and industry standards. We may not always accurately interpret or predict the scope or applicability of certain regulations and standards, including the Security Standard, to our business, particularly as we expand into new product offerings, which could lead us to fall out of compliance with the Security Standard or other rules. Further, the Payment Networks could adopt new operating rules or interpret or re-interpret existing rules in ways that might prohibit us from providing certain services to some users, be costly to implement, or be difficult to follow. Any changes in the Payment Network Rules or the Security Standard, including our interpretation and implementation of the Payment Network Rules or the Security Standard to our existing or future business offerings, or additional contractual obligations imposed on us by our customers relating to privacy, data protection, or information security, may increase our cost of doing business, require us to modify our data processing practices or policies, or increase our potential liability in connection with breaches or incidents relating to privacy, data protection, and information security, including resulting in termination of our registrations with the Payment Networks. The termination of our registrations, or any changes in the Payment Network Rules that would impair our registrations, could require us to stop providing payment facilitation services relating to the affected Payment Network, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

The Payment Network Rules, including rules related to the assessment of interchange and other fees, may be influenced by our competitors. Increases in Payment Network fees or new regulations could negatively affect our earnings.

The Payment Network Rules are set by their boards, which may be influenced by card issuers, and some of those issuers are our competitors with respect to these processing services. Many banks directly or indirectly sell processing services to customers in direct competition with us. These banks could attempt, by virtue of their influence on the Payment Networks, to alter the Payment Networks’ rules or policies to the detriment of other members and non-members including certain of our businesses.

We pay interchange, assessment, transaction, and other fees set by the Payment Networks to such networks and, in some cases, to the card issuing financial institutions for each transaction we process. From time to time, the Payment Networks increase the fees that they charge members or certified service providers. We could attempt to pass these increases along to our customers and their guests, but this strategy might result in the loss of customers to our competitors that do not pass along the increases. If competitive practices prevent us from passing along the higher fees to our customers and their guests in the future, we may have to absorb all or a portion of such increases, which may increase our operating costs and reduce our earnings.

In addition, regulators are subjecting interchange and other fees to increased scrutiny, and new regulations or interpretations of existing regulations could require greater pricing transparency of the breakdown in fees or fee limitations, which could lead to increased price-based competition, lower margins, and higher rates of customer attrition, and affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We rely on customers on our platform for many aspects of our business, and any failure by them to maintain their service levels or any changes to their operating costs could adversely affect our business.

We rely on customers on our platform to provide quality foods, beverages, and service and experience to their guests. Further, an increase in customer operating costs could cause customers on our platform to raise prices, cease operations, or renegotiate processing rates, which could in turn adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Many of the factors affecting customer operating costs, including the cost of offering off-premise dining, are beyond the control of customers and include inflation, costs associated with the goods provided, labor and employee benefit costs, costs associated with third-party delivery services, rent costs, and energy costs. Additionally, if customers try to pass along increased operating costs by raising prices for their guests, order volume may decline, which we expect would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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We depend upon third parties to manufacture our products and to supply key components necessary to manufacture our products. We do not have long-term agreements with all of our manufacturers and suppliers, and if these manufacturers or suppliers become unwilling or unable to provide an adequate supply of components, we may not be able to find alternative sources in a timely manner and our business would be impacted.

Many of the key components used to manufacture our products, such as our customer-facing displays, come from limited or single sources of supply, and therefore a disruption with one manufacturer in our supply chain may have an adverse effect on other aspects of our supply chain and may disrupt our ability to effectively and timely deliver our hardware products. In addition, in some cases, we rely only on one hardware manufacturer to fabricate, test, and assemble our products. In general, our contract manufacturers fabricate or procure components on our behalf, subject to certain approved procedures or supplier lists, and we do not have firm commitments from all of these manufacturers to provide all components, or to provide them in quantities and on timelines that we may require. Due to our reliance on the components or products produced by suppliers such as these, we are subject to the risk of shortages and long lead times in the supply of certain components or products. We are still in the process of identifying alternative manufacturers for the assembly of our products and for many of the single-sourced components used in our products. In the case of off-the-shelf components, we are subject to the risk that our suppliers may discontinue or modify them, or that the components may cease to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. We have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, component shortages, or delays or other problems in product assembly, and the availability and cost of these components or products may be difficult to predict. For example, our manufacturers may experience temporary or permanent disruptions in their manufacturing operations due to equipment breakdowns, labor strikes or shortages, natural disasters, disease outbreaks (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), civil unrest, hostilities or wars (such as the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine), component or material shortages, cost increases, acquisitions, insolvency, changes in legal or regulatory requirements, or other similar problems.

In particular, there has been increased demand for semiconductor chips in recent years, due in part to the COVID-19 pandemic and an increased use of laptop computers, 5G phones, gaming systems, and other IT equipment that use these chips. As a result, our ability to source semiconductor chips used in our hardware products has been adversely affected. The gap between supply and demand may result in increased component delivery lead times, delays in the production of our hardware products, and increased costs to source available semiconductor chips, which may impact our ability to deliver sufficient quantities of our hardware products to support our existing customers and to support our growth through sales to new customers.

As the scale of our hardware production increases, we will also need to accurately forecast, purchase, warehouse, and transport components at high volumes to our manufacturing facilities and servicing locations. If we are unable to accurately match the timing and quantities of component purchases to our actual needs or successfully implement automation, inventory management, and other systems to accommodate the increased complexity in our supply chain and parts management, or if we are affected by adverse global supply chain dynamics, we may incur unexpected production disruption, storage, transportation, and write off costs, which may harm our business and operating results. For example, we have recently experienced elevated freight costs. If freight costs remain elevated in the near-term, it may adversely impact our hardware costs and our profitability. Given the uncertainty and instability of global economic and political environment, we cannot predict how, the duration of and the extent to which our operations and financial results may be affected.

In the event of a shortage or supply interruption from suppliers of components used in our hardware products, we may not be able to develop alternate sources quickly, cost effectively, or at all. This supply interruption could harm our relationships with our customers, prevent us from acquiring new customers, and materially and adversely affect our business.

Additionally, various sources of supply-chain risk, including strikes or shutdowns at delivery ports or loss of or damage to our products while they are in transit or storage, intellectual property theft, losses due to tampering, third-party vendor issues with quality or sourcing control, failure by our suppliers to comply with applicable laws and regulation, potential tariffs (including those applicable to our relationships with vendors in China) or other trade restrictions, or other similar problems could limit or delay the supply of our products, or harm our reputation.

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We also rely on certain suppliers located internationally as part of our supply chain, and the supply risks described above may similarly apply to or be more pronounced in respect of those international suppliers. For example, we have several long-term contracts with companies based in China and other parts of Asia. A violation of these contracts may require us to bring a claim in China or another jurisdiction in Asia and which may be difficult to enforce. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts in these international jurisdictions would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts. Any litigation in international jurisdictions, including in China or other parts of Asia, may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

We primarily rely on Amazon Web Services to deliver our services to customers on our platform, and any disruption of or interference with our use of Amazon Web Services could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We currently host our platform and support our operations on multiple data centers provided by Amazon Web Services, or AWS, a third-party provider of cloud infrastructure services. We do not have control over the operations of the facilities of AWS that we use. AWS’ facilities have been and could in the future be subject to damage or interruption from natural disasters, cybersecurity attacks, terrorist attacks, power outages, and similar events or acts of misconduct. The occurrence of any of the above circumstances or events and the resulting impact on our platform may harm our reputation and brand, reduce the availability or usage of our platform, lead to a significant short-term loss of revenue, increase our costs, and impair our ability to retain existing customers or attract new customers, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Even though our platform is hosted in the cloud solely by AWS, we believe that we could transition to one or more alternative cloud infrastructure providers on commercially reasonable terms. In the event that our agreement with AWS is terminated or we add additional cloud infrastructure service providers, we may experience significant costs or downtime for a short period in connection with the transfer to, or the addition of, new cloud infrastructure service providers. However, we do not believe that such transfer to, or the addition of, new cloud infrastructure service providers would cause substantial harm to our business, financial condition, or results of operations over the longer term.

We depend on the interoperability of our platform across third-party applications and services that we do not control.

We have integrations with various third parties, both within and outside the restaurant ecosystem. Third-party applications, products, and services are constantly evolving, and we may not be able to maintain or modify our platform to ensure its compatibility with third-party offerings. In addition, some of our competitors or customers on our platform may take actions that disrupt the interoperability of our platform with their own products or services, or they may exert strong business influence on our ability to, and the terms on which we operate and distribute our platform. As our platform evolves, we expect the types and levels of competition we face to increase. Should any of our competitors or customers on our platform modify their technologies, standards, or terms of use in a manner that degrades the functionality or performance of our platform or is otherwise unsatisfactory to us or gives preferential treatment to our competitors’ products or services, our platform, business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our partnerships with third parties are an important source of new business for us, and, if those third parties were to reduce their referral of customers to us, our ability to increase our revenue would be adversely affected.

We have partnerships with third parties that are an important source of new business. If any of our third-party partners, such as our partners in the online food marketplace that provide referrals, were to switch to providing marketing support for another payment processor, terminate their relationship with us, merge with or be acquired by one of our competitors, or shut down or become insolvent, we may no longer receive the benefits associated with that relationship, such as new customer referrals, and we also risk losing existing customers and the related payment processing that were originally referred to us by such third party. Any of these events could adversely affect our ability to increase our revenue.

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Risks Related to Government Regulation and Other Compliance Requirements

Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations, many of which are unsettled and still developing, and our or our customers’ failure to comply with such laws and regulations could subject us to claims or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

The restaurant technology industry and the offering of financial products therein is relatively nascent and rapidly evolving. We are or may become subject to a variety of laws and regulations. Laws, regulations, and standards governing issues such as worker classification, labor and employment, anti-discrimination, online credit card payments and other electronic payments, money transmission and money services, payment and payroll processing, on-demand pay, lending and loan brokering, loan servicing, debt collection, insurance, financial services, gratuities, pricing and commissions, text messaging, subscription services, intellectual property, data retention, privacy, data security, consumer protection, background checks, accessibility, wages, and tax are often complex and subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity. The scope and interpretation of existing and new laws, and whether they are applicable to us, is often uncertain and may be conflicting, including varying standards and interpretations between state and federal law, between individual states, and even at the city and municipality level. As a result, their application in practice may change or develop over time through judicial decisions or as new guidance or interpretations are provided by regulatory and governing bodies, such as federal, state, and local administrative agencies.

It is also likely that if our business grows and evolves and our services are used in a greater number of geographies, we would become subject to laws and regulations in additional jurisdictions. It is difficult to predict how existing laws would be applied to our business and the new laws to which it may become subject.

We may not be able to respond quickly or effectively to regulatory, legislative, and other developments, and these changes may in turn impair our ability to offer our existing or planned features, products, and services, and/or increase our cost of doing business. While we have and will need to continue to invest in the development of policies and procedures in order to comply with the requirements of the evolving, highly regulated regulatory regimes applicable to our business and those of our customers, our compliance programs are relatively nascent and we cannot assure that our compliance programs will prevent the violation of one or more laws or regulations. If we are not able to comply with these laws or regulations or if we become liable under these laws or regulations, including any future laws or obligations that we may not be able to anticipate at this time, we could be adversely affected, and we may be forced to implement new measures to reduce our exposure to this liability. This may require us to expend substantial resources, discontinue certain services or platform features, limit our customer base, or find ways to limit our offerings in particular jurisdictions, which would adversely affect our business. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could also subject us to claims and other legal and regulatory proceedings, fines, or other penalties, criminal and civil proceedings, forfeiture of significant assets, revocation of licenses, inability to offer our products and services in all jurisdictions as we do currently, and other enforcement actions. In addition, the increased attention focused upon liability issues as a result of lawsuits and legislative proposals could adversely affect our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business.

Further, from time to time, we may leverage third parties to help conduct our businesses in the United States or abroad. We may be held liable for any corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party partners and intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, channel partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. While we have policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws, we cannot assure you that our employees and agents will not take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible.

Illegal or improper activities of customers or customer noncompliance with laws and regulations governing, among other things, online credit card payments, financial services, gratuities, pricing and commissions, insurance, data retention, privacy, data security, consumer protection, wages, and tax could expose us to liability and adversely affect our business, brand, financial condition, and results of operations. While we have implemented various measures intended to anticipate, identify, and address the risk of these types of activities, these measures may not adequately address or prevent all illegal or improper activities by these parties from occurring and such conduct could expose us to liability, including through litigation, or adversely affect our brand or reputation.

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We are subject to extensive and complex rules and regulations, licensing, and examination by various federal, state and local government authorities, and a failure to comply with the laws and regulations applicable to us could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to extensive and complex rules and regulations, licensing, and examination by various federal, state and local government authorities designed to protect our customers and guests of our customers when using our financial technology solutions. In connection with our financial technology solutions, we must comply with a number of federal, state and local laws and regulations, including state and federal unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts and practices laws, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, and the Dodd Frank Act. We must also comply with laws related to lending, loan brokering, loan servicing, debt collection, on-demand pay, insurance, money laundering, money transfers, and advertising, as well as a number of domestic and international privacy and information security laws, including the CCPA and the GDPR. Noncompliance with these privacy and security laws could result in significant penalties and remediation obligations. For example, under the GDPR, noncompliance can result in penalties up to the greater of 4% of worldwide annual revenue or €20 million depending on the circumstances. Additionally, we are or may become subject to a wide range of complex laws and regulations concerning the withholding, filing, and remittance of income and payroll taxes in connection with our payroll processing business. We may, in the future, offer additional financial technology solutions to guests of our customers that may be subject to additional laws and regulations or be subject to the aforementioned laws and regulations in novel ways.

Lending facilitated through the Toast Capital platform must comply with anti-discrimination statutes such as the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and state law equivalents that prohibit creditors from discriminating against loan applicants and borrowers based on certain characteristics, such as race, religion and national origin. In addition to reputational harm, violations of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act can result in actual damages, punitive damages, injunctive or equitable relief, attorneys’ fees, and civil money penalties.

In addition, federal and state financial services regulators are aggressively enforcing existing laws, regulations, and rules and enhancing their supervisory expectations regarding the management of legal and regulatory compliance risks. This shift in government enforcement policies and priorities may increase the risk that we will be subject to penalties and other materially adverse consequences through government enforcement actions. A finding that we failed to comply with applicable federal, state, and local law could result in actions that make our platform less convenient and attractive to, and potentially unsuitable for, customers and their guests or that have other materially adverse effects on our operations or financial condition.

Our subsidiary, Toast Processing Services LLC, or TPS, holds or is in the process of obtaining money transmitter licenses or similar authorizations in multiple states where they may be required in order for us to offer our payroll processing products. Each of the issuers of licenses has the authority to supervise and examine our activities. Licensing determinations are matters of regulatory interpretation and could change over time. For example, certain states may have a more expansive view than others of what activities qualify as lending, loan brokering, loan servicing, debt collection, on-demand pay, money transmission, or payroll processing and require a license. Government authorities could disagree with our licensing position or our reliance on certain exemptions from licensing requirements or determine that Toast, TPS, or another Toast subsidiary or affiliate should have applied for licenses sooner, and they could require us to obtain such licenses, fine us for unlicensed activity, require us to enter into a consent agreement, or subject us to other investigations and enforcement actions. They could also require us to cease conducting certain aspects of our business until we are properly licensed or deny us a license. An adverse licensing determination or the revocation of a license in one jurisdiction could adversely affect our licensing status in other jurisdictions. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain any such licenses, and, even if we are able to do so, we could be required to make products and services changes in order to obtain and maintain such licenses, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business. As we obtain such licenses, we are and will become subject to many additional requirements and limitations, including those with respect to the custody of customer funds; record-keeping requirements; disclosure requirements; examination requirements; annual or biennial activity reporting and license renewal requirements; notification and approval requirements for changes in our officers, directors, stock ownership, or corporate control; permissible investment requirements; capital or minimum net worth requirements; bonding; restrictions on marketing and advertising; qualified individual requirements; anti-money laundering and compliance program requirements; data security and privacy requirements; and review requirements for customer-facing documents. The cost of obtaining and maintaining licenses can be material.

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Our subsidiary, Toast Insurance Services, Inc., and certain personnel hold insurance related licenses. We cannot assure you that we, or our licensed personnel, are and will remain at all times, in full compliance with insurance laws and regulations and we may be subject to fines, enforcement actions, void contracts, or our insurance operations in that state may be suspended or prohibited in the event of any non-compliance. If we, or our licensed personnel, apply for new licenses, we may become subject to additional licensing requirements, which we may not be in compliance with at all times.

Our relationship with our bank partner that makes loans to our customers may subject us to regulation as a service provider.

The working capital loans that we market to our customers are made by our bank partner. We are a service provider of this bank, providing marketing and loan administration services. Our contract with our bank partner requires us to comply with state and federal lending and servicing-related laws and regulations. In addition, the payroll cards that are offered to our customers’ workers are issued by a bank partner. We are a service provider of this bank, providing marketing and account administration services. Our contract with the bank partner requires us to comply with state and federal laws and regulations (including laws that apply only to the bank directly). These contracts with bank partners may make us responsible for program compliance. In the future, we may enter into similar partner arrangements with other state or federally chartered financial institutions that may require us to comply with the laws to which such third parties are subject. As a service provider to financial institutions, such as banks, we are or may become subject to regulatory oversight and examination by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, an interagency body, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or the Federal Reserve, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, or the OCC, the FDIC, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or CFPB, and various other federal and state regulatory authorities. We also may be subject to similar review by state agencies that regulate our partner financial institutions.

We may be considered a “bank service provider” to our bank partners, and therefore be subject to supervision and regulation by the FDIC in connection with its supervision of the banks. On July 29, 2016, the board of directors of the FDIC released examination guidance relating to third-party lending as part of a package of materials designed to “improve the transparency and clarity of the FDIC’s supervisory policies and practices” and consumer compliance measures that FDIC-supervised institutions should follow when lending through a business relationship with a third party. The proposed guidance would cover relationships for originating loans on behalf of, through or jointly with third parties, or using platforms developed by third parties. If adopted as proposed, the guidance would result in increased supervisory attention to institutions that engage in significant lending activities through third parties. The guidance would require at least one examination every 12 months, and it would include supervisory expectations for third-party lending risk management programs and third-party lending policies that contain certain minimum requirements, such as self-imposed limits as a percentage of total capital for each third-party lending relationship and for the overall loan program, relative to origination volumes, credit exposures (including pipeline risk), growth, loan types, and acceptable credit quality. The future formal adoption of this guidance could impose increased operating costs on us. It could also have a material negative impact on our partner financial institutions by making bank service provider arrangements more costly. As a result, we may have increased difficulty in establishing or maintaining such arrangements, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

These and other potential changes to laws and regulations and enhanced regulatory oversight of our partner financial institutions may require us to divert more resources to our compliance programs and maintaining our relationships with our partner financial institutions, terminate or modify our relationships with our partner financial institutions, or otherwise limit the manner in which we conduct our business. If we are unable to adapt our products and services to conform to the new laws and regulations, or if these laws and regulations have a negative impact on our clients, we may experience client losses or increased operating costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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If loans made by our bank partner were found to violate the laws of one or more states, whether at origination or after sale by our bank partner, loans facilitated through the Toast Capital platform may be unenforceable or otherwise impaired, we may be subject to, among other things, fines and penalties, and/or our commercial relationships may suffer, each of which would adversely affect our business and results of operations.

When establishing the factor rate and payment structures that are charged to borrowers on loans we market and service, our bank partner relies on certain authority under federal law to export the interest requirements of the state where the bank is located to borrowers in all other states. Further, we rely on the ability of subsequent holders to continue charging such factor rate and payment structures and to enforce other contractual terms of the loans that are permissible under federal banking laws following the acquisition of the loans. In some states, the factor rate of some loans facilitated through the Toast Capital platform, if considered interest, would exceed the maximum interest rate permitted for loans made by non-bank lenders to borrowers residing in, or that have nexus to, such states. In addition, the rate structures for some loans facilitated through the Toast Capital platform may not be permissible in all states for non-bank lenders and/or the amounts charged in connection with loans facilitated through the Toast Capital platform may not be permissible in all states for non-bank lenders.

Usury, fee, and disclosure related claims involving loans facilitated through the Toast Capital platform may be raised in multiple ways. We and our bank partner may face litigation, government enforcement, or other challenge, for example, based on claims that the bank did not establish loan terms that were permissible in the state in which it is located or did not correctly identify the home or host state in which it is located for purposes of interest exportation authority under federal law.

If a borrower or any state agency were to successfully bring a claim against us or our bank partner for a state licensing or usury law violation and the rate at issue on the loan was deemed impermissible under applicable state law, we and our bank partner may face various commercial and legal repercussions, including not receiving the total amount of payments expected, and in some cases, the loans could be deemed void, voidable, rescindable, or otherwise impaired or we or our bank partner may be subject to monetary, injunctive or criminal penalties. Were such repercussions to apply to us, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations; and were such repercussions to apply to our bank partner, it could be discouraged from making loans to our customers. We may also be subject to the payment of damages in situations where we agreed to provide indemnification to our bank partner, as well as fines and penalties assessed by state and federal regulatory agencies.

If loans facilitated through our platform were subject to successful challenge that our bank partner was not the “true lender,” such loans may be unenforceable, subject to rescission, or otherwise impaired, we and our bank partner may be subject to penalties, and/or our commercial relationships may suffer, each which would adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Loans facilitated by Toast Capital are made by our bank partner in reliance on the position that the bank is the “true lender” for such loans. That true lender status determines various elements of the structure of the loan program, including that we do not hold licenses required solely for being the party that makes loans to our customers, and loans facilitated through the Toast Capital platform may involve pricing and payment structures permissible at origination because the lender is a bank, and/or the disclosures provided to borrowers are accurate and compliant in reliance of the status of the lender as a bank. Because the loans facilitated through the Toast Capital platform are made by our bank partner, many state financial regulatory requirements, including usury restrictions (other than the restrictions of the state in which our bank partner made a particular loan is located) and many licensing requirements and substantive requirements under state lender licensing laws, are treated as inapplicable based on principles of federal preemption or express exemptions provided in relevant state laws for certain types of financial institutions or loans they make.

Certain recent litigation and regulatory enforcement has challenged, or is currently challenging, the characterization of bank partners as the “true lender” in connection with programs involving marketing, processing, and/or servicing relationships between a bank partner and non-bank lending platforms. In addition, the House Committee on Financial Services has issued statements and held a hearing in response to concerns that bank partner arrangements undermine consumer safeguards, including state usury laws, and encouraged federal regulators to intervene.

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We and our bank partners could also become subject to challenges regarding “true lender” status and, if so, we could face penalties and/or loans facilitated through the Toast Capital platform may be or become void, voidable, or otherwise impaired in a manner that may have adverse effects on our operations (either directly or as a result of an adverse impact on our relationship with our bank partner).

There have been no formal proceedings against us or indications of any proceedings against us to date, but there can be no assurance that state agencies or regulators will not make assertions with respect to the loans facilitated by our platform in the future. If a court or a state or federal enforcement agency were to deem Toast or Toast Capital, rather than our bank partner, the “true lender” for loans facilitated through our platform, and if for this reason (or any other reason) the loans were deemed subject to and in violation of certain state lender licensing and usury laws, we could be subject to fines, damages, injunctive relief (including required modification or discontinuation of our business in certain areas), and other penalties or consequences, and the loans could be rendered void or unenforceable in whole or in part, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business (directly, or as a result of adverse impact on our relationships with our bank partner).

Changes in legislative and regulatory policy affecting payment processing or small business lending could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We provide our financial technology solutions in a constantly changing legal and regulatory environment. New laws or regulations, or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations, affecting our financial technology solutions could have a materially adverse impact on our ability to operate as currently intended and cause us to incur significant expense in order to ensure compliance. For example, government agencies may impose new or additional rules that (i) prohibit, restrict, and/or impose taxes or fees on payment processing transactions in, to or from certain countries or with certain governments, individuals, and entities; (ii) impose additional client identification and client due diligence requirements; (iii) impose additional reporting or recordkeeping requirements, or require enhanced transaction monitoring; (iv) limit the types of entities capable of providing payment processing services, or impose additional licensing or registration requirements; (v) impose minimum capital or other financial requirements; (vi) require enhanced disclosures to our payment processing clients; (vii) cause loans facilitated through the Toast Capital platform, or any of the underlying terms of those loans, to be unenforceable against the relevant borrowers; (viii) limit the number or principal amount of payment processing transactions that may be sent to or from a jurisdiction, whether by an individual or in the aggregate; and (ix) restrict or limit our ability to facilitate processing transactions using centralized databases. These regulatory changes and uncertainties make our business planning more difficult. They could require us to invest significant resources and devote significant management attention to pursuing new business activities, change certain of our business practices or our business model, or expose us to additional costs (including increased compliance costs and/or customer remediation), any of which could adversely impact our results of operations. If we fail to comply with new laws or regulations, or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations, our ability to operate our business, our relationships with our customers, our brand, and our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Further, proposals to change the statutes affecting working capital loans facilitated through the Toast Capital platform may periodically be introduced in Congress and state legislatures. If enacted, those proposals could affect Toast Capital’s operating environment in substantial and unpredictable ways. For example, California, New York, Utah and Virginia have enacted laws requiring non-bank commercial financing providers to register with the state financial services regulators and/or to deliver consumer-style disclosures to certain business customers in accordance with agency regulations, including regulations that are being promulgated. These new laws may impose new compliance requirements on previously unregulated aspects of our business, including but not limited to the requirements for new, consumer-style disclosures for certain financial products that we offer or facilitate.

As we expand our presence internationally, we may become subject to the laws, regulations, licensing schemes, industry standards, and payment card networks rules applicable in such jurisdictions, which may require us to invest additional resources to adopt appropriate compliance policies and measures. If we are unable to timely comply with the rules or laws of new jurisdictions in which we conduct business, our business or reputation may be adversely affected.

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NACHA Rules and related oversight are material to our transaction processing business and our failure to comply could materially harm our business.

Our transaction processing services are subject to the National Automated Clearing House Association Rules, or NACHA Rules. Any changes in the NACHA Rules that increase our cost of doing business or limit our ability to provide processing services to our customers will adversely affect the operation of our business. If we or our customers fail to comply with the NACHA Rules or if our processing of customer transactions is materially or routinely delayed or otherwise disrupted, our partner financial institutions could suspend or terminate our access to NACHA’s clearing and settlement network, which would make it impossible for us to conduct our business on its current scale.

Additionally, we periodically conduct audits and self-assessments to verify our compliance with NACHA Rules. If an audit or self-assessment under NACHA Rules identifies any deficiencies that we need to remediate, the remediation efforts may distract our management team and other staff and be expensive and time consuming. NACHA may update its operating rules and guidelines at any time, which could require us to take more costly compliance measures or to develop more complex monitoring systems. Our partner financial institutions could also change their interpretation of NACHA requirements, similarly requiring costly remediation efforts and potentially preventing us from continuing to provide services through such partner financial institutions until we have remediated such issues to their satisfaction.

Failure to comply with anti-money laundering, economic and trade sanctions regulations, the FCPA, and similar laws could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

TPS is registered with the Treasury Department’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, or FinCEN, as a money services business, or MSB. Registration as an MSB subjects us to the regulatory and supervisory jurisdiction of FinCEN, the anti-money laundering provisions of the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, or the BSA, and its implementing regulations applicable to MSBs. FinCEN may also interpret the BSA and its regulations as requiring registration of our parent company or other subsidiaries as MSBs. State regulators often impose similar requirements on licensed money transmitters. In addition, our contracts with financial institution partners and other third parties may contractually require us to maintain an anti-money laundering program. We are also subject to economic and trade sanctions programs, including those administered by OFAC, which prohibit or restrict transactions to or from or dealings with specified countries, their governments, and in certain circumstances, their nationals, and with individuals and entities that are specially-designated nationals of those countries, narcotics traffickers, terrorists or terrorist organizations, and other sanctioned persons and entities.

We may in the future operate our business in foreign countries where companies often engage in business practices that are prohibited by U.S. and other regulations applicable to us. We are subject to anti-corruption laws and regulations, including the FCPA and other laws that prohibit the making or offering of improper payments to foreign government officials and political figures, including anti-bribery provisions enforced by the Department of Justice and accounting provisions enforced by the SEC. These laws prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials and political parties by the United States and other business entities for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We have implemented policies, procedures, systems, and controls designed to identify and address potentially impermissible transactions under such laws and regulations; however, there can be no assurance that all of our employees, consultants, and agents, including those that may be based in or from countries where practices that violate U.S. or other laws may be customary, will not take actions in violation of our policies, for which we may be ultimately responsible.

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Our failure to comply with anti-money laundering, economic, and trade sanctions regulations, the FCPA, and similar laws could subject us to substantial civil and criminal penalties or result in the loss or restriction of our federal MSB registration and state money transmitter licenses (or the inability to obtain new licenses necessary to operate in certain jurisdictions). We may also face liability under our contracts with third parties, which may significantly affect our ability to conduct some aspects of our business. Additionally, changes in this regulatory environment may significantly affect or change the manner in which we currently conduct some aspects of our business. For example, bank regulators are imposing additional and stricter requirements on banks to ensure they are meeting their BSA obligations, and banks are increasingly viewing money services businesses, as a class, to be higher risk customers for money laundering. As a result, our bank partners may limit the scope of services they provide to us or may impose additional requirements on us. These regulatory restrictions on banks and changes to banks’ internal risk-based policies and procedures may result in a decrease in the number of banks that may do business with us, may require us to change the manner in which we conduct some aspects of our business, may decrease our revenue and earnings and could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Our involvement in our payroll and transaction processing services could be subject to federal and state money service business or money transmitter registration and licensing requirements that could result in substantial compliance costs, and our business could be adversely affected if we fail to predict how a particular law or regulation should be applied to our business.

In jurisdictions where we are involved in providing payroll processing services, including as a result of our acquisition of StratEx Holdco, LLC, or StratEx, we may be required to apply for a state money transmitter or similar license or registration. StratEx had not historically obtained state money transmitter licenses in connection with its payroll services based on the position that it has the benefit of various state exemptions relating, among other things, to the nature of the payroll and other services that it provides. Nevertheless, governmental authorities in various states may determine that such exemptions were not available and that StratEx was required to comply with state money transmitter licensing requirements. We are applying for state money transmitter licenses for TPS, which will be administering our payroll processing services after such licenses are obtained. In the course of such license applications, or otherwise, one or more state governmental authorities may determine that the activities conducted by StratEx required a money transmitter or similar license and assess fines related to the activities that StratEx engaged in on an unlicensed basis.

In addition, while we believe we have defensible arguments in support of our positions that our involvement in our transaction processing services is not subject to federal MSB registration and state money transmitter licensing, we have not expressly obtained confirmation of such positions from FinCEN or all state regulators that administer the state money transmission or payroll processor laws. It is possible that certain state regulators may determine that our activities are subject to licensing. Any determination that we are in fact required to be licensed may require substantial expenditures of time and money and could lead to liability in the nature of penalties or fines, costs, legal fees, reputational damage, or other negative consequences as well as cause us to be required to cease operations in some of the states we service, which would result have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and reputation. In the past, certain competitors have been found to violate laws and regulations related to money transmission, and they have been subject to fines and other penalties by regulatory authorities. Regulators and third-party auditors have also identified gaps in how similar businesses have implemented anti-money laundering programs. The adoption of new money transmitter, payroll processor, or money services business laws in jurisdictions, or changes in regulators’ interpretation of existing state and federal money transmitter, payroll processor, or money services business laws or regulations, could subject us to new registration or licensing requirements. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain or maintain any such licenses in all of states where we offer transaction processing services, and, even if we were able to do so, there could be substantial costs and potential product changes involved in maintaining such licenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, there are substantial costs and potential product changes involved in maintaining and renewing such licenses, and we could be subject to fines, license revocation, or other enforcement action if we are found to violate disclosure, reporting, anti-money laundering, capitalization, corporate governance, or other requirements of such licenses. An adverse licensing determination or the revocation of a license in one jurisdiction could prevent us from operating certain aspects of our business in that jurisdiction, and could adversely affect our licensing status in other jurisdictions. These factors could impose substantial additional costs, involve considerable delay in the development or provision of our products or services, require significant and costly operational changes, or prevent us from providing our products or services in any given market.

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Our platform regularly collects and stores personal information and, as a result, both domestic and international privacy and data security laws apply. As these laws are enhanced or new laws are introduced, our business could incur additional costs and liabilities and our ability to perform our services and generate revenue could be impacted.

As we seek to build a trusted and secure platform for and to expand our network of customers and facilitate their transactions and interactions with their guests, we will increasingly be subject to laws and regulations relating to the collection, use, retention, privacy, security, and transfer of information, including the personal information of their employees and guests. Domestically, this includes federal as well as state-specific legislation, including but not limited to the CCPA and the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, or the VCDPA. Additionally, a number of U.S. state-specific privacy laws have recently become or will become effective in 2023. As we expand internationally, international privacy laws pertaining to the processing and security of personal information become more relevant to our business, including but not limited to the GDPR, the United Kingdom GDPR and local privacy legislation, as well as Canadian privacy legislation, including Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act and local provincial legislation. As with the other laws and regulations noted above, these laws and regulations may change or be interpreted and applied differently over time and from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and it is possible they will be interpreted and applied in ways that will materially and adversely affect our business.

As noted above, many states in which we operate have laws that protect the privacy and security of sensitive and personal information. Certain state laws may be more stringent or broader in scope, or offer greater individual rights, with respect to sensitive and personal information than federal or other state laws, and such laws may differ from each other, which may complicate compliance efforts. For example, California enacted the CCPA, which went into effect in January 2020 and became enforceable by the California Attorney General in July 2020, and which, among other things, requires companies covered by the legislation to provide new disclosures to California consumers and afford such consumers new rights with respect to their personal information, including the right to request deletion of their personal information, the right to receive the personal information on record for them, the right to know what categories of personal information generally are maintained about them, as well as the right to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of personal information. This private right of action may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation.

Additionally, on January 1, 2023, the California Privacy Rights Act, or the CPRA, went into effect and amended the CCPA. The CPRA imposes additional obligations on companies covered by the legislation and will significantly modify the CCPA, including by expanding consumers’ rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information and imposing additional personal information processing and use limitations. The CPRA amendment to the CCPA also creates a new state agency that will be vested with authority to implement and enforce the CCPA. The effects of the CCPA are potentially significant and may require us to modify our data collection or processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply and increase our potential exposure to regulatory enforcement and/or litigation.

Certain other state laws, such as the VCDPA, impose similar privacy obligations as the CCPA and we anticipate that more states may enact legislation similar to the CCPA, the VCDPA and the forthcoming state privacy laws in 2023, which provides consumers with new privacy rights and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information of such consumers. The CCPA and the additional state-specific privacy laws noted above have prompted a number of proposals for new federal and state-level privacy legislation. Such proposed legislation, if enacted, may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies, and the availability of previously useful data, and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies.

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The regulatory framework governing the collection, processing, storage, use, and sharing of certain information, particularly financial and other personal information, is rapidly evolving and is likely to continue to be subject to uncertainty and varying interpretations. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of our services and platform capabilities. Any failure or perceived failure by us, or any third parties with which we do business, to comply with our posted privacy statements or notices, changing consumer expectations, evolving laws, rules and regulations, industry standards, or contractual obligations to which we or such third parties are or may become subject, may result in actions or other claims against us by governmental entities or private actors, the expenditure of substantial costs, time, and other resources or the incurrence of significant fines, penalties, or other liabilities. In addition, any such action, particularly to the extent we were found to have engaged in violations or otherwise liable for damages, would damage our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We cannot yet fully determine the impact these or future laws, rules, regulations, and industry standards may have on our business or operations. Any such laws, rules, regulations, and industry standards may be inconsistent among different jurisdictions, subject to differing interpretations or may conflict with our current or future practices. Additionally, our partners and our customers and their guests may be subject to differing privacy laws, rules, and legislation, which may mean that our partners or customers require us to be bound by varying contractual requirements applicable to certain other jurisdictions. If our customers fail to comply with such privacy laws, rules, or legislation, we could be exposed to liability and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and brand could be adversely affected. Adherence to contractual requirements imposed by our partners or customers may impact our collection, use, processing, storage, sharing, and disclosure of various types of information including financial information and other personal information, and may mean we become bound by, or voluntarily comply with, self-regulatory or other industry standards relating to these matters that may further change as laws, rules, and regulations evolve. Complying with these requirements and changing our policies and practices may be onerous and costly, and we may not be able to respond quickly or effectively to regulatory, legislative, and other developments. These changes may in turn impair our ability to offer our existing or planned features, products, and services, and/or increase our cost of doing business. As we expand our partnerships and our customer base, these requirements may vary from customer to customer, and from guest to guest, further increasing the cost of compliance and doing business.

We publicly post documentation regarding our practices concerning the collection, processing, use, and disclosure of information. Although we endeavor to comply with our published statements, notices, and documentation, we may at times fail to do so or be alleged to have failed to do so. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy statements, notices, or any applicable privacy, security, or data protection, information security, or consumer-protection related laws, regulations, orders, or industry standards could expose us to costly litigation, significant awards, fines or judgments, civil and/or criminal penalties, or negative publicity, and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The publication of our privacy statements, notices, and other documentation that provide promises and assurances about privacy and security can subject us to potential state and federal action if they are found to be deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our actual practices, which could, individually or in the aggregate, materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have incurred, and may continue to incur, significant expenses to comply with evolving mandatory privacy and security standards and protocols imposed by law, regulation, industry standards, shifting customer and guest expectations, or contractual obligations, both in the U.S. and internationally. We post on our website our privacy statement and practices concerning the collection, use, and disclosure of information. In particular, with laws and regulations such as the CCPA, VCDPA and similar laws in the United States imposing new and relatively burdensome obligations, and with substantial uncertainty over the interpretation and application of these and other laws and regulations, we may face challenges in addressing their requirements and making necessary changes to our policies and practices and may incur significant costs and expenses in an effort to do so. This also applies in the context of international privacy legislation such as the GDPR, UK GDPR and applicable Canadian privacy legislation. Any failure, real or perceived, by us to comply with our posted privacy statements or notices, changing customer and guest expectations, or with any evolving regulatory requirements, interpretations, or orders, other local, state, federal, or international privacy, data protection, information security, or consumer protection-related laws and regulations, industry standards, or contractual obligations could cause our customers to reduce their use of our products and services, disrupt our supply chain or third-party vendor or developer partnerships, and materially and adversely affect our business.

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Changes in tax law may adversely affect us or our investors.

We are subject to taxation in the United States and certain other jurisdictions in which we operate. Changes in applicable tax laws or regulations may be proposed or enacted that could materially and adversely affect our effective tax rate, tax payments, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Changes to tax laws (which changes may have retroactive application) could adversely affect us or holders of our Class A common stock. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the potential consequences of changes in tax law on our business and on the ownership and disposition of our Class A common stock.

Changes in tax laws or accounting principles could affect our future worldwide effective tax rate. The Inflation Reduction Act, or IRA, which was enacted in August 2022, included provisions for a 15% minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income of certain large corporations, as well as an excise tax on certain share buybacks by public corporations. Additionally, various countries and organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development are in the process of considering changes to existing frameworks that could impact our company if proposed or new laws are enacted in countries where we operate our business. These recent domestic and global tax developments could increase our future tax liability, which in turn could adversely impact our business and future profitability.

Under state tax law, we may be deemed responsible for collecting and remitting sales taxes directly to certain states. State tax authorities may raise questions about, or challenge or disagree with, our calculation, reporting, or collection of taxes and may require us to collect taxes or to remit additional taxes and interest and could impose associated penalties and fees. Moreover, an increasing number of states have considered or adopted laws or administrative practices that attempt to impose obligations for online marketplaces, payment service providers, and other intermediaries. These obligations may require us to collect and remit taxes on the merchant customers behalf and take on additional reporting and record-keeping obligations. Any failure by us to prepare for and to comply with these and similar reporting and record-keeping obligations could result in substantial monetary penalties and other sanctions, adversely impact our ability to do business in certain jurisdictions, and harm our business.

Government regulation of the Internet, mobile devices, and e-commerce is evolving, and unfavorable changes could substantially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to general business regulations and laws as well as federal and state regulations and laws specifically governing the Internet, mobile devices, and e-commerce that are constantly evolving. Existing and future laws and regulations, or changes thereto, may impede the growth of the Internet, mobile devices, e-commerce, or other online services, increase the cost of providing online services, require us to change our business practices, or raise compliance costs or other costs of doing business. These evolving regulations and laws may cover taxation, tariffs, user privacy, data protection, pricing and commissions, content, copyrights, distribution, social media marketing, advertising practices, sweepstakes, mobile, electronic contracts and other communications, consumer protection, and the characteristics and quality of our services. It is not clear how existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, sales, use, and other taxes, and personal privacy apply to the Internet and e-commerce. In addition, in the future, it is possible that foreign government entities in jurisdictions in which we seek to expand our business may seek to or may even attempt to block access to our mobile applications and website. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any of these laws or regulations could result in damage to our reputation and brand, a loss in business, and proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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We are developing new products and services that may be subject to additional state or federal laws or regulations or the authority of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

We are constantly developing new products and services to make it easier for our customers to operate their businesses. These new products and services may include features that are subject to additional state or federal laws or regulations or the authority of the CFPB. The 2010 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, created the CFPB to assume responsibility for implementing and enforcing most federal consumer financial protection laws and a prohibition on unfair, deceptive, and abusive acts and practices. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, the CFPB can take action against companies that have violated the Dodd-Frank Act, the federal consumer financial protection laws, or CFPB regulations. Due to products and services that are subject to the CFPB’s authority, we may face increased scrutiny or examination that could result in regulatory or enforcement actions that adversely affect the operation of our business by increasing our costs or otherwise limiting our ability to provide such products and services.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we fail to adequately protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be impaired and we may lose valuable assets or revenue and become subject to costly litigation to protect our rights.

Our success is dependent, in part, upon protecting our intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, trade secret laws, and contractual restrictions to establish and protect our intellectual property rights in our products and services. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property may be inadequate. We will not be able to protect our intellectual property if we are unable to enforce our rights or if we do not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property. Despite our precautions, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy our products and use information that we regard as proprietary to create products and services that compete with ours. Some provisions in our licenses of our technology to customers and other third parties protecting against unauthorized use, copying, transfer, and disclosure of our products may be unenforceable under the laws of certain jurisdictions and foreign countries. Further, the laws of some countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. To the extent we expand our international activities, our exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our products and proprietary information may increase.

Our issued patents and any patents issued in the future may not provide us with any competitive advantages, and our patent applications may never be granted. Additionally, the process of obtaining patent protection is expensive and time consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications, or we may not be able to do so at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. Even if issued, these patents may not adequately protect our intellectual property, as the legal standards relating to the infringement, validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of patent and other intellectual property rights are complex and often uncertain.

Additionally, we have registered, among other trademarks, the name “Toast” in the United States and other jurisdictions. Competitors have and may continue to adopt service names similar to ours, thereby harming our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to user confusion. There could also be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other trademarks that are similar to our trademarks. Litigation or proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or other governmental authorities and administrative bodies in the United States and abroad may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Further, we may not timely or successfully register our trademarks or otherwise secure our intellectual property.

We enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and enter into confidentiality agreements with the parties with whom we have strategic relationships and business alliances. These agreements may not be effective in preventing unauthorized use or disclosure of confidential information or controlling access to and distribution of our products or other proprietary information. Further, these agreements do not prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our products.

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In order to protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect these rights. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to protect our trade secrets. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time consuming, and distracting to management, and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could delay further sales or the implementation of our existing products, impair the functionality of our products, delay introductions of new products, result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies into our products, or harm our reputation or brand. In addition, we may be required to license additional technology from third parties to develop and market new products, and we may not be able to license that technology on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Our inability to license this technology could harm our ability to compete.

We have been, and may in the future be, subject to intellectual property rights claims by third parties, which are extremely costly to defend, could require us to pay significant damages and could limit our ability to use certain technologies.

Companies in the software and technology industries, including some of our current and potential competitors, own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. In addition, many of these companies have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them than we do. Any intellectual property litigation in which we become involved may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners that have no relevant product revenue and against which our patents may therefore provide little or no deterrence. From time to time, third parties have asserted and may assert patent, copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights against us, our partners, or our customers. We have received, and may in the future receive, notices that claim we have misappropriated, misused or infringed other parties’ intellectual property rights and, to the extent we gain greater market visibility, especially as a public company, we face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims, which is not uncommon with respect to the restaurant technology market. In addition, our agreements with customers include indemnification provisions, under which we agree to indemnify them for losses suffered or incurred as a result of claims of intellectual property infringement and, in some cases, for damages caused by us to property or persons or other third-party claims. Large indemnity payments could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The outcome of intellectual property claims, with or without merit, could be very time consuming, could be expensive to settle or litigate and could divert our management’s attention and other resources. These claims could also subject us to significant liability for damages, potentially including treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed patents or copyrights. These claims could also result in our having to stop using technology found to be in violation of a third-party’s rights. We might be required to seek a license for the intellectual property, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all. Even if a license were available, we could be required to pay significant royalties, which would increase our operating expenses. As a result, we may be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense. If we cannot license or develop technology for any infringing aspect of our business, we would be forced to limit or stop sales of certain products or services and may be unable to compete effectively. Any of these results could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Our platform makes use of open-source software components, and a failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open-source software licenses could negatively affect our ability to sell our products and subject us to possible litigation.

Our products incorporate and are dependent to a significant extent upon the use of open-source software, and we intend to continue our use of open-source software in the future. Such open-source software is generally licensed by its authors or other third parties under open-source licenses and is typically freely accessible, usable, and modifiable. Pursuant to such open-source licenses, we may be subject to certain conditions, including requirements, depending on how the licensed software is used or modified, that we offer our proprietary software that incorporates the open-source software for little or no cost, that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon incorporating or using the open-source software and that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of the particular open-source license. These potential conditions could enable our competitors to create similar offerings with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of our competitive advantage. Further, if an author or other third party that uses or distributes such open-source software were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from the sale of our products that contained or are dependent upon the open-source software, and required to comply with the foregoing conditions, which could disrupt the distribution and sale of some of our products. Litigation could be costly for us to defend, negatively affect our operating results and financial condition or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our platform. The terms of many open-source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to provide or distribute our platform. As there is little or no legal precedent governing the interpretation of many of the terms of certain of these licenses, the potential impact of these terms on our business is uncertain and may result in unanticipated obligations regarding our products and technologies. Any requirement that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon incorporating or using open-source software or that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of open-source licenses, could be harmful to our business, financial condition, or results of operations, and could help our competitors develop products and services that are similar to or better than ours. In addition, to the extent that we have failed to comply with our obligations under particular licenses for open-source software, we may lose the right to continue to use and exploit such open-source software in connection with our operations and products, which could disrupt and adversely affect our business.

In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage, and distribution of open-source software can lead to greater risks than the use of third-party commercial software, as open-source licensors generally do not provide support, warranties, indemnification, controls on the origin or development of the software, remedies against the licensors or other contractual provisions regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. Many of the risks associated with usage of open-source software cannot be eliminated and could adversely affect our business.

Although we have established procedures to monitor the use of open-source software, we rely on multiple software programmers to design our proprietary software and we cannot be certain that our programmers have never, directly or indirectly, incorporated open-source software into, or otherwise used open-source software in connection with, our proprietary software of which, or in a manner in which, we are not aware, or that they will not do so in the future. It is also possible that we may not be aware of all of our corresponding obligations under open-source licenses. We cannot guarantee that we have incorporated open-source software in our software in a manner that will not subject us to liability or in a manner that is consistent with our current policies and procedures.

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We may be unable to continue to use the domain names that we use in our business or prevent third parties from acquiring and using domain names that infringe on, are similar to, or otherwise decrease the value of our brand, trademarks, or service marks.

We have registered domain names that we use in, or are related to, our business, most importantly www.toasttab.com. If we lose the ability to use a domain name, whether due to trademark claims, failure to renew the applicable registration, or any other cause, we may be forced to market our offerings under a new domain name, which could cause us substantial harm, or to incur significant expense in order to purchase rights to the domain name in question. We may not be able to obtain preferred domain names outside the United States for a variety of reasons. In addition, our competitors and others could attempt to capitalize on our brand recognition by using domain names similar to ours. We may be unable to prevent third parties from acquiring and using domain names that infringe on, are similar to, or otherwise decrease the value of our brand or our trademarks or service marks. Protecting, maintaining, and enforcing our rights in our domain names may require litigation, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock

The trading price of our Class A common stock may be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

We cannot predict the prices at which our Class A common stock will trade. The market price of our Class A common stock has fluctuated and may fluctuate in the future substantially and will depend on a number of factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our Class A common stock, because you might not be able to sell your shares at or above the price you paid. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our Class A common stock include, but are not limited to, the following:

•actual or anticipated changes or fluctuations in our results of operations;

•the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections, or our failure to meet these projections;

•announcements by us or our competitors of new products or new or terminated significant contracts, commercial relationships, or capital commitments;

•industry or financial analyst or investor reaction to our press releases, other public announcements, and filings with the SEC;

•rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;

•price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;

•changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;

•failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;

•whether investors or securities analysts view our stock structure unfavorably, particularly our dual-class structure and the significant voting control of our executive officers, directors and their affiliates;

•actual or anticipated developments in our business, or our competitors’ businesses, or the competitive landscape generally;

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•litigation involving us, our industry, or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;

•actual or perceived privacy or security breaches or other incidents;

•developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property rights, our products, or third-party proprietary rights;

•announced or completed acquisitions of businesses or technologies by us or our competitors;

•new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;

•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations, or principles;

•any significant changes in our management or our board of directors;

•general economic conditions, such as rising inflation and interest rates, global recessionary conditions, and slow or negative growth of our markets; and

•other events or factors, including those resulting from hostilities or wars (such as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine), incidents of terrorism, natural disasters, public health concerns or epidemics (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), or responses to these events.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors may seriously affect the market price of our Class A common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. Securities litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources from our business. This risk could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

The dual-class structure of our common stock as contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation has the effect of concentrating voting control with those stockholders who held our capital stock prior to our IPO, including our directors, executive officers and their respective affiliates. This ownership will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transactions requiring stockholder approval, and that may adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common stock.

Our Class B common stock has ten votes per share, and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. As of June 30, 2023, we had 156,795,897 shares of Class B common stock outstanding, representing approximately 80% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock; our 5% stockholders, directors, executive officers and their affiliates beneficially owned in the aggregate approximately 85% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. Even if any of our directors or executive officers no longer have a service relationship with us, they may continue to have the same influence over matters requiring stockholder approval. In addition, because of the ten-to-one voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common stock, the holders of our Class B common stock collectively could continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock and therefore control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval until (i) the date the holders of two-thirds of our outstanding Class B common stock elect to convert the Class B common stock to Class A common stock, or (ii) September 24, 2028. This concentrated control may limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transactions requiring stockholder approval. In addition, this concentrated control may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders. As a result, such concentrated control may adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.

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Future transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions as specified in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, such as transfers to family members and certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. The conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain their shares in the long term. As a result, it is possible that one or more of the persons or entities holding our Class B common stock could gain significant voting control as other holders of Class B common stock sell or otherwise convert their shares into Class A common stock.

We cannot predict the effect our dual-class structure may have on the market price of our Class A common stock.

We cannot predict whether our dual-class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Class A common stock, adverse publicity or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced and implemented restrictions on including companies with multiple-class share structures in certain of their indices. In July 2017, FTSE Russell announced that it would require new constituents of its indices to have greater than 5% of the company’s voting rights in the hands of public stockholders, and S&P Dow Jones announced that it would no longer admit companies with multiple-class share structures to certain of its indices. Affected indices include the Russell 2000 and the S&P 500, S&P MidCap 400 and S&P SmallCap 600, which together make up the S&P Composite 1500. Also, in 2017, MSCI, a leading stock index provider, opened public consultations on its treatment of no-vote and multi-class structures and temporarily barred new multi-class listings from certain of its indices; however, in October 2018, MSCI announced its decision to include equity securities “with unequal voting structures” in its indices and to launch a new index that specifically includes voting rights in its eligibility criteria. Under such announced and implemented policies, the dual-class structure of our common stock would make us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices and, as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices would not invest in our Class A common stock. It is unclear what effect, if any, these policies will have on the valuations of publicly-traded companies excluded from such indices, but it is possible that they may adversely affect valuations, as compared to similar companies that are included. Due to the dual-class structure of our common stock, we will likely be excluded from certain indices and we cannot assure you that other stock indices will not take similar actions. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from certain stock indices would likely preclude investment by many of these funds and could make our Class A common stock less attractive to other investors. As a result, the market price of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected.

Our principal stockholders will continue to have significant influence over the election of our board of directors and approval of any significant corporate actions, including any sale of the company.

Our founders, executive officers, directors, and other principal stockholders, in the aggregate, beneficially hold a majority of the voting power of our outstanding stock. These stockholders currently have, and likely will continue to have, significant influence with respect to the election of our board of directors and approval or disapproval of all significant corporate actions. The concentrated voting power of these stockholders could have the effect of delaying or preventing an acquisition of the company or another significant corporate transaction.

An active, liquid trading market for our Class A common stock may not be sustained, which may make it difficult for you to sell the Class A common stock you purchase.

We cannot predict if an active and liquid trading market of our Class A common stock will be sustained. If an active and liquid trading market for our Class A common stock is not sustained, you may have difficulty selling any of our Class A common stock at a price above the price you purchase it or at all. If an active market for our Class A common stock is not sustained, our ability to raise capital to fund our operations by selling shares and our ability to acquire other companies or technologies by using our shares as consideration may suffer.

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Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our existing stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our Class A common stock to decline.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Class A common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur in large quantities, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of our Class A common stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

The market price of our Class A common stock could drop significantly if our stockholders sell, or are perceived as intending to sell, shares of our Class A common stock. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of our shares of Class A common stock or other securities.

You may incur dilution as a result of future equity issuances.

Any common stock that we issue under our existing equity incentive plans or other equity incentive plans that we may adopt in the future would dilute the percentage ownership held by our other equity holders. We have, and may in the future, issue securities in connection with investments, acquisitions, or capital raising activities. In particular, the number of shares of our Class A common stock issued in connection with an investment or acquisition, or to raise additional equity capital, could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of our Class A common stock. Any such issuance of additional securities in the future may result in additional dilution to you or may adversely impact the price of our Class A common stock.

Certain provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove members of our board of directors or current management and may adversely affect our stock price.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our second amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to elect directors that are not nominated by the current members of our board of directors or take other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. These provisions include:

•a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which could delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors;

•the denial of any right of our stockholders to remove members of our board of directors except for cause and, in addition to any other vote required by law, upon the approval of not less than two-thirds of the total voting power of all our outstanding voting stock then entitled to vote in the election of directors;

•the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;

•the exclusive right of our board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our board of directors or the resignation, death, or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;

•provide for a dual-class common stock structure in which holders of our Class B common stock have the ability to control the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval, even if they own significantly less than a majority of the outstanding shares of our Class A and Class B common stock, including the election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets;

•a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders;

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•the requirement that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by the chairperson of our board of directors, chief executive officer, or by the board of directors acting pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of our board of directors, which could delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors;

•certain amendments to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will require the approval of two-thirds of the then-outstanding voting power of our capital stock; and

• advance notice procedures with which stockholders must comply to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

These provisions may discourage proxy contests and delay or prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our board of directors and to cause us to take corporate actions they desire. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which, subject to certain exceptions, generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with an “interested stockholder” for a specified period of time. Any of these provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, second amended and restated bylaws, and Delaware law could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay for shares of our Class A common stock and deter potential acquirers of our company, thereby reducing the likelihood that you would receive a premium for your shares of Class A common stock in an acquisition.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock and do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying any dividends to holders of our capital stock in the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their Class A common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments.

Our third amended and restated bylaws designate certain specified courts as the sole and exclusive forums for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our third amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or the Chancery Court, will be the sole and exclusive forum for state law claims for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of, or a claim based on, a breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, (iv) any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or (v) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, or the Delaware Forum Provision. The Delaware Forum Provision does not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. Our third amended and restated bylaws further provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, or the Federal Forum Provision. Our third amended and restated bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision; provided, however, that stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

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The Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing the claims identified above, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware. Additionally, the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits. While the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court are “facially valid” under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such an action. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Chancery Court or the federal district courts of the United States of America may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

If securities analysts cease to publish research or reports or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, if they downgrade our stock or our sector or if our financial results do not meet or exceed the guidance we provide to the public, our stock price could decline.

The trading market for our Class A common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. We do not control these analysts and the analysts’ estimates are based upon their own opinions and are often different from our estimates or expectations. If one or more of the analysts who do cover us downgrade our stock or our industry, or the stock of any of our competitors, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts stops covering us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

In addition, the stock prices of many companies in the technology industry have declined significantly after those companies failed to meet the financial guidance publicly announced by the companies or the expectations of analysts, and stock prices have even declined significantly after such companies exceeded, or even significantly exceeded, such guidance or expectations. If our financial results fail to meet our announced guidance or the expectations of analysts or public investors, or even if our financial results exceed, or even significantly exceed, such guidance or expectations, or if we reduce our guidance for future periods, our stock price may decline.

General Risk Factors

As a public reporting company, we are subject to rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC and PCAOB regarding our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or report them in a timely manner.

As a public reporting company, we are subject to the rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB. These rules and regulations will require, among other things, that we establish and periodically evaluate procedures with respect to our internal control over financial reporting. Reporting obligations as a public company place a considerable strain on our financial and management systems, processes, and controls, as well as on our personnel.

We are also required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of each fiscal year, which requires us to document and test our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s initial certification under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was provided with our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. In support of such certification, we were required to document and make significant changes and enhancements, including hiring personnel and establishing our internal audit functions. Likewise, our independent registered public accounting firm was required to provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. We anticipate to continue investing significant resources to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures.

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If we identify future deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting or if we are unable to comply with the demands that are placed upon us as a public company, including the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, in a timely manner, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results, or report them within the timeframes required by the SEC. We also could become subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities. In addition, if we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting when required, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, we may face restricted access to the capital markets and our stock price may be adversely affected.

Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may also become inadequate because of changes in our business, and weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods, undermine investor confidence in us, and adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common stock. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the New York Stock Exchange.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting and may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, which may result in material misstatements of our consolidated financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We identified a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, related to ineffective information technology general controls, or ITGCs, in the area of user access over certain IT systems that support our revenue financial reporting processes. As a result, the related process-level IT dependent manual controls, certain change management controls, and automated application controls for certain key IT systems were also ineffective. Although the material weakness identified above did not result in any material misstatements in our condensed consolidated financial statements for the periods presented and there were no changes to previously released financial results, our management concluded that these control weaknesses constitute a material weakness and that our internal control was not effective as of December 31, 2022.

Our management, under the oversight of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors and in consultation with outside advisors, has begun evaluating and implementing measures designed to ensure that the control deficiencies contributing to the material weakness are remediated. In particular, we are taking steps to remediate this material weakness by (i) creating and filling an IT Compliance Oversight function; (ii) developing and implementing additional training and awareness programs addressing ITGCs and policies, including educating control owners concerning the principles and requirements of each control, with a focus on user access; (iii) increasing the extent of oversight and verification checks included in operation of user access controls and processes; (iv) deploying additional tools to support administration of user access; and (v) enhancing quarterly management reporting on the remediation measures to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. The above controls need to operate for a sufficient period of time so that management can conclude that our controls are operating effectively. As such, the material weakness will not be considered remediated until management has concluded through the implementation of these remediation measures and additional testing that these controls are effective.

While we are designing and implementing new controls and measures to remediate this material weakness as noted above, we cannot assure you that the measures we are taking will be sufficient to remediate the material weakness or avoid the identification of additional material weaknesses in the future. Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our consolidated financial statements that could result in a restatement of our financial statements and could cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations, any of which could diminish investor confidence in us and cause a decline in the price of our Class A common stock.

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We incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange and other applicable securities laws and regulations. The expenses incurred by public companies generally for reporting and corporate governance purposes are greater than those for private companies. For example, the Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Compliance with these rules and regulations have increased our legal and financial compliance costs and will increase demand on our systems. In addition, as a public company, we may be subject to stockholder activism, which can lead to additional substantial costs, distract management, and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate. As a result of disclosure of information in our public filings, our business and financial condition has become more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors. These rules and regulations have and will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and have and will make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, and costly, although we are currently unable to estimate these costs with any degree of certainty.

As a public company subject to enhanced rules and regulations, it is also more expensive for us to obtain directors and officers liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as our executive officers. Furthermore, if we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we could be subject to delisting of our Class A common stock, fines, sanctions, and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation. These factors may therefore strain our resources, divert management’s attention, and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members and executive officers.

Our senior management team has limited experience managing a public company, and regulatory compliance obligations may divert its attention from the day-to-day management of our business.

The individuals who now constitute our senior management team have limited experience managing a publicly-traded company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our senior management team may not successfully or efficiently manage our transition to being a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These new obligations and constituents will require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table sets forth information with respect to shares of our Class A common stock purchased by us during the periods indicated:

(Shares in ones)	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
April 1 through April 30, 2023	44,440	$	2.21	—	—
May 1 through May 31, 2023	—	—		—	—
June 1 through June 30, 2023	—	—		—	—
Total	44,440	$	2.21	—	—

(1) These shares consist of shares issued under early-exercised options, which were purchased by us for the exercise price upon termination of employment prior to vesting.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

(a) On August 7, 2023, we entered into a sublease agreement, or the Sublease, with GoTo Group, Inc., or the Sublandlord. The Sublease is related to approximately 101,735 rentable square feet of space located at 333 Summer Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02210. The term of the Sublease commences on the later to occur of (i) the date that is one (1) business day following the date the Sublandlord delivers possession of the subleased premises to our company and delivers written notice of such delivery to our company, or (ii) January 1, 2024, and shall end on June 30, 2028, unless earlier terminated pursuant any provision therein. The aggregate obligation we will pay through the term of the Sublease is approximately $17 million, subject to the terms of the Sublease. The Sublease is subject to the lease by and between ASB Summer Street Venture, LLC, as landlord, and Sublandlord, as tenant, dated December 19, 2014, or the Master Lease, and all of the terms, covenants, and conditions of the Master Lease shall be applicable to the Sublease.

The foregoing description of the terms of the Sublease does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Sublease, a copy of which we plan to file as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ending September 30, 2023.

(c) During the three months ended June 30, 2023, none of our officers or directors officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading agreement” (as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K).

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Item 6. Exhibits

The exhibits listed below are filed or incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Exhibit Number	Description
10.1†	Agreement for Termination of Lease and Voluntary Surrender of Premises, dated May 4, 2023, by and between the Registrant and ARE-MA Region No. 88 Tenant, LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40819) filed with the Securities and Exchange Committee on May 8, 2023).
31.1*	Certification of the Principal Executive Officer, pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*	Certification of the Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1**	Certification of the Principal Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2**	Certification of the Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS*	Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document.
101.PRE*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104*	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

†	Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
*	Filed herewith.
**	Furnished herewith. The certifications attached as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are deemed furnished and not filed with the SEC and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	TOAST, INC.
	(Registrant)
August 8, 2023	By:	/s/ Christopher P. Comparato
		Christopher P. Comparato
		Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
August 8, 2023	By:	/s/ Elena Gomez
		Elena Gomez
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
August 8, 2023	By:	/s/ Michael Matlock
		Michael Matlock
		Chief Accounting Officer

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EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF

THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Christopher Comparato, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Toast, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 8, 2023	/s/ Christopher P. Comparato
	Christopher P. Comparato
	Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF

THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Elena Gomez, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Toast, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 8, 2023	/s/ Elena Gomez
	Elena Gomez
	Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Christopher Comparato, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Toast, Inc. for the period ended June 30, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and that the information contained in such Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Toast, Inc.

Date: August 8, 2023	By:	/s/ Christopher P. Comparato
	Name:	Christopher P. Comparato
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Elena Gomez, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Toast, Inc. for the period ended June 30, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and that the information contained in such Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Toast, Inc.

Date: August 8, 2023	By:	/s/ Elena Gomez
	Name:	Elena Gomez
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

XML

Cover Page - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Aug. 01, 2023
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-40819
Entity Registrant Name	Toast, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	45-4168768
Entity Address, Address Line One	401 Park Drive
Entity Address, City or Town	Boston,
Entity Address, State or Province	MA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	02215
City Area Code	617
Local Phone Number	297-1005
Title of 12(b) Security	Class A common stock, par value of $0.000001 per share
Trading Symbol	TOST
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Central Index Key	0001650164
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Common Class A
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		410,843,910
Common Class B
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		124,789,025

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 488	$ 547
Marketable securities	502	474
Accounts receivable, net	115	77
Inventories, net	107	110
Deferred costs, net	52	44
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	191	155
Total current assets	1,455	1,407
Property and equipment, net	61	61
Operating lease right-of-use assets	25	77
Intangible assets, net	30	29
Goodwill	113	107
Restricted cash	43	28
Deferred costs, non-current	52	38
Other non-current assets	16	14
Total non-current assets	340	354
Total assets	1,795	1,761
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	42	30
Operating lease liabilities	8	14
Deferred revenue	41	39
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	493	413
Total current liabilities	584	496
Warrants to purchase common stock	90	68
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	25	80
Deferred revenue, non-current	12	7
Other long-term liabilities	5	12
Total liabilities	716	663
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 14)
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock- par value $0.000001; 100,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding	0	0
Treasury stock, at cost; 225,000 shares outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	0	0
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(2)	(2)
Additional paid-in capital	2,637	2,477
Accumulated deficit	(1,556)	(1,377)
Total stockholders’ equity	1,079	1,098
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	1,795	1,761
Class A common stock
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock	0	0
Class B common stock
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock	$ 0	$ 0

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.000001	$ 0.000001
Preferred stock, authorized (in shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Preferred stock, issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Treasury stock (in shares)	225,000	225,000
Class A common stock
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.000001	$ 0.000001
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	7,000,000,000	7,000,000,000
Common stock, issued (in shares)	376,140,827	353,094,009
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)	376,140,827	353,094,009
Class B common stock
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.000001	$ 0.000001
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	700,000,000	700,000,000
Common stock, issued (in shares)	156,795,897	169,933,289
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)	156,795,897	169,933,289

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Revenue:
Total revenue	$ 978	$ 675	$ 1,797	$ 1,210
Costs of revenue:
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	1	1	2	2
Total costs of revenue	770	562	1,415	1,008
Gross profit	208	113	382	202
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing	100	77	199	148
Research and development	92	67	177	129
General and administrative	96	68	179	125
Total operating expenses	288	212	555	402
Loss from operations	(80)	(99)	(173)	(200)
Other income (expense):
Interest income, net	9	1	17	1
Change in fair value of warrant liability	(26)	44	(23)	123
Other income (expense), net	0	0	1	(1)
Loss before provision for income taxes	(97)	(54)	(178)	(77)
Provision for income taxes	(1)	0	(1)	0
Net loss	$ (98)	$ (54)	$ (179)	$ (77)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.19)	$ (0.11)	$ (0.34)	$ (0.15)
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.19)	$ (0.11)	$ (0.34)	$ (0.39)
Weighted average shares used in computing net loss per share:
Basic (in shares)	529,226,266	509,532,418	526,677,000	507,420,257
Diluted (in shares)	529,226,266	509,532,418	526,677,000	508,176,495
Subscription services
Revenue:
Total revenue	$ 121	$ 76	$ 227	$ 139
Costs of revenue:
Cost of revenue	39	27	75	51
Financial technology solutions
Revenue:
Total revenue	808	562	1,482	1,000
Costs of revenue:
Cost of revenue	631	448	1,155	796
Hardware
Revenue:
Total revenue	41	30	72	59
Costs of revenue:
Cost of revenue	67	61	123	113
Professional services
Revenue:
Total revenue	8	7	16	12
Costs of revenue:
Cost of revenue	$ 32	$ 25	$ 60	$ 46

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (98)	$ (54)	$ (179)	$ (77)
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized losses on marketable securities, net of tax effect of $0	(2)	(1)	0	(3)
Cumulative translation adjustment	0	(1)	0	(1)
Total other comprehensive loss	(2)	(2)	0	(4)
Comprehensive loss	$ (100)	$ (56)	$ (179)	$ (81)

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Unrealized losses on marketable securities, tax	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Millions	Total	Class A and Class B Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		507,170,365
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 1,091	$ 0	$ 0	$ 2,194	$ (1,102)	$ (1)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021			225,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Repurchase of common stock (in shares)		(33,475)
Issuance of common stock upon net exercise of common stock warrants (in shares)		371,573
Issuance of common stock upon net exercise of common stock warrants	18			18
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options (in shares)		4,410,300
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options	7			7
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)		1,450,869
Stock-based compensation expense	112			112
Vesting of restricted stock	$ 2			2
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan (in shares)	0
Issuance of common stock in connection with business combinations (in shares)		37,179
Issuance of common stock in connection with business combinations	$ 1			1
Cumulative translation adjustment	(1)					(1)
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	(3)					(3)
Net loss	(77)				(77)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022		513,406,811
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2022	1,150	$ 0	$ 0	2,334	(1,179)	(5)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022			225,000
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		507,170,365
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	1,091	$ 0	$ 0	2,194	(1,102)	(1)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021			225,000
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		523,027,298
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 1,098	$ 0	$ 0	2,477	(1,377)	(2)
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	225,000		225,000
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022		510,425,065
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 1,143	$ 0	$ 0	2,271	(1,125)	(3)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022			225,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Repurchase of common stock (in shares)		(3,000)
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options (in shares)		1,659,609
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options	3			3
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)		1,325,137
Stock-based compensation expense	59			59
Vesting of restricted stock	1			1
Cumulative translation adjustment	(1)					(1)
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	(1)					(1)
Net loss	(54)				(54)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022		513,406,811
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2022	1,150	$ 0	$ 0	2,334	(1,179)	(5)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022			225,000
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		523,027,298
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 1,098	$ 0	$ 0	2,477	(1,377)	(2)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	225,000		225,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Repurchase of common stock (in shares)		(44,440)
Issuance of common stock upon net exercise of common stock warrants (in shares)		19,494
Issuance of common stock upon net exercise of common stock warrants	$ 1			1
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options (in shares)	4,790,307	4,790,307
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options	$ 11			11
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)		4,791,017
Stock-based compensation expense	141			141
Vesting of restricted stock	$ 2			2
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan (in shares)	287,086	287,086
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan	$ 4			4
Issuance of common stock in connection with business combinations (in shares)		65,962
Issuance of common stock in connection with business combinations	1			1
Cumulative translation adjustment	0
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	0
Net loss	(179)				(179)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023		532,936,724
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023	$ 1,079	$ 0	$ 0	2,637	(1,556)	(2)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023	225,000		225,000
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023		528,568,895
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 1,098	$ 0	$ 0	2,556	(1,458)	0
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023			225,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Repurchase of common stock (in shares)		(44,440)
Issuance of common stock upon net exercise of common stock warrants (in shares)		19,494
Issuance of common stock upon net exercise of common stock warrants	1			1
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options (in shares)		1,999,541
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock options	5			5
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)		2,393,234
Stock-based compensation expense	74			74
Vesting of restricted stock	1			1
Cumulative translation adjustment	0
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	(2)					(2)
Net loss	(98)				(98)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023		532,936,724
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023	$ 1,079	$ 0	$ 0	$ 2,637	$ (1,556)	$ (2)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023	225,000		225,000

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (179)	$ (77)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	14	12
Stock-based compensation expense	135	110
Amortization of deferred costs	28	20
Change in fair value of warrant liability	23	(123)
Credit loss expense	25	7
Change in deferred income taxes	(1)	0
Asset impairments	15	0
Other	(12)	3
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	(42)	(15)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(3)	(11)
Deferred costs, net	(50)	(35)
Inventories, net	4	(20)
Accounts payable	12	(4)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	24	76
Deferred revenue	7	(4)
Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities	1	0
Other assets and liabilities	(6)	(7)
Net cash used in operating activities	(5)	(68)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Cash paid for acquisition, net of cash acquired	(9)	0
Capitalized software	(17)	(5)
Purchases of property and equipment	(4)	(7)
Purchases of marketable securities	(351)	(140)
Proceeds from the sale of marketable securities	13	32
Maturities of marketable securities	315	78
Other investing activities	(1)	0
Net cash used in investing activities	(54)	(42)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Change in customer funds obligations, net	31	37
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	15	7
Payment of contingent consideration	0	(2)
Net cash provided by financing activities	46	42
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, cash held on behalf of customers and restricted cash	(13)	(68)
Cash, cash equivalents, cash held on behalf of customers and restricted cash at beginning of period	635	851
Cash, cash equivalents, cash held on behalf of customers and restricted cash at end of period	622	783
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, cash held on behalf of customers and restricted cash
Cash and cash equivalents	488	697
Cash held on behalf of customers	91	72
Restricted cash	43	14
Total cash, cash equivalents, cash held on behalf of customers and restricted cash	622	783
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Issuance of Class B common stock upon exercise of common stock warrants	$ 1	$ 18

XML

Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Toast, Inc. (“we,” or “the Company”), is a cloud-based all-in-one digital technology platform purpose-built for the entire restaurant community. We provide a comprehensive platform of software as a service (SaaS) products and financial technology solutions, including integrated payment processing, restaurant-grade hardware, and a broad ecosystem of third-party partners. We serve as the restaurant operating system, connecting front of house and back of house operations across dine-in, takeout, and delivery channels.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all of the financial information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the interim periods, but are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2023 or any other future interim periods.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, or the 2022 Annual Report. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2022 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date.

Risks and Uncertainties

We are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including global events and macroeconomic conditions such as inflation and its potential impact on consumer spending, rising interest rates, global supply chain issues, and public health concerns, which may also impact consumer behavior, the restaurant industry, and our business.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts in prior period financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents information about our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the level of the fair value hierarchy used to determine such fair values:

	Fair Value Measurement at June 30, 2023 Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	265	$	—	$	—	$	265
Commercial paper	—		104		—		104
Certificates of deposit	—		78		—		78
Corporate bonds	—		17		—		17
U.S. government agency securities	—		113		—		113
Treasury securities	—		134		—		134
Asset-backed securities	—		56		—		56
	$	265	$	502	$	—	$	767
Liabilities:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	—	$	—	$	90	$	90
	$	—	$	—	$	90	$	90

	Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2022 Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	483	$	—	$	—	$	483
Commercial paper	—		140		—		140
Certificates of deposit	—		104		—		104
Corporate bonds	—		109		—		109
U.S. government agency securities	—		33		—		33
Treasury securities	—		60		—		60
Asset-backed securities	—		28		—		28
	$	483	$	474	$	—	$	957
Liabilities:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	—	$	—	$	68	$	68
Contingent consideration	—		—		4		4
	$	—	$	—	$	72	$	72

During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, there were no transfers into or out of Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy.

Valuation of Warrants to Purchase Common Stock

The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The following table indicates the weighted-average assumptions made in estimating the fair value as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	June 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Risk-free interest rate	4.3		%	4.1		%
Contractual term (in years)	4			4
Expected volatility	61.4		%	60.3		%
Expected dividend yield	—		%	—		%
Exercise price per share	$	17.16		$	17.16

Fair Value of Liabilities

The following tables provide a roll-forward of the aggregate fair value of our common stock warrant liability and contingent consideration liability for which fair value is determined using Level 3 inputs:

	Common Stock Warrant Liability		Contingent Consideration Liability
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	68	$	4
Change in fair value	23		—
Settlement	(1)		(4)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	90	$	—

	Common Stock Warrant Liability		Contingent Consideration Liability
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	181	$	5
Change in fair value	(123)		2
Settlement	(18)		(4)
Balance as of June 30, 2022	$	40	$	3

The contingent consideration liability relates to the Company’s acquisition of xtraCHEF, Inc., or xtraCHEF, in fiscal 2021. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, we paid $2 in cash and issued 38,908 shares of our Class A common stock to settle the remaining contingent consideration liability based on the achievement of 2022 revenue targets. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we paid $2 in cash and issued 37,179 shares of our Class B common stock to settle the portion of our contingent consideration liability based on the achievement of 2021 revenue targets.

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Marketable Securities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Marketable Securities

Marketable Securities

The amortized cost, gross unrealized holding losses and fair value of marketable securities, excluding accrued interest receivable, consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Commercial paper	$	104	$	—	$	104
Certificates of deposit	78		—		78
Corporate bonds	17		—		17
U.S. government agency securities	113		—		113
Treasury securities	136		(2)		134
Asset-backed securities	56		—		56
Total	$	504	$	(2)	$	502

	December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Commercial paper	$	140	$	—	$	140
Certificates of deposit	104		—		104
Corporate bonds	110		(1)		109
U.S. government agency securities	33		—		33
Treasury securities	61		(1)		60
Asset-backed securities	28		—		28
Total	$	476	$	(2)	$	474

The fair values of marketable securities by contractual maturities at June 30, 2023:

	June 30, 2023
Due within 1 year	$	337
Due after 1 year through 5 years	163
Due after 5 years through 10 years	2
Total marketable securities	$	502

We review marketable securities for impairment during each reporting period to determine if any of the securities have experienced an other-than-temporary decline in fair value. There were no impairment losses or expected credit losses related to our marketable securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

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Loan Servicing Activities and Acquired Loans Receivable, Net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Guarantees and Product Warranties [Abstract]

Loan Servicing Activities and Acquired Loans Receivable, Net

Loan Servicing Activities and Acquired Loans Receivable, Net

We service loans originated by our bank partner and assume liability for loan defaults on a limited basis based on a specified percentage of the total loans originated, which are measured on a quarterly basis. If the merchant’s payments are delayed for a defined period of time, the loan is considered delinquent and we are required to purchase the loan from our bank partner. The loan purchase, net of expected recoveries, reduces our potential liability with respect to the quarterly cohort of loans from which the defaulted loan originated. This obligation represents a financial guarantee with a contingent aspect related to our contingent obligation to purchase defaulted loans, and a non-contingent aspect related to our obligation to perform under the guarantee.

We recognize a liability for both these elements which are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Changes in the contingent liability for expected credit losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	19	$	3	$	14	$	2
Credit loss expense	10		3		22		5
Reductions due to loan purchase	(7)		(1)		(14)		(2)
Ending balance	$	22	$	5	$	22	$	5

The balance of the non-contingent stand-ready liability was $11 and $6, respectively, as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

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Lessee Arrangements

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Lessee Arrangements

Lessee Arrangements

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, we entered into an agreement to terminate the lease for a portion of our corporate headquarters in Boston, MA, and modify the remaining lease term to end on December 31, 2024. As a result, we agreed to pay a net fee of $11. We recorded a net charge of $12 within general and administrative expenses on our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations, inclusive of a loss on impairment of certain property plant and equipment associated with the terminated portion of the lease.

The components of lease expense were as follows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Operating lease expense	$	4	$	7	$	8	$	11
Variable lease expense	—		1		1		2
Total	$	4	$	8	$	9	$	13

The following table summarizes supplemental cash flow information related to cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Operating cash flows for operating leases	$	(11)	$	(13)
Supplemental non-cash amounts of increases in lease liabilities from obtaining right-of-use assets/ (decreases) of lease liabilities from lease terminations and modifications	(55)		3
Total	$	(66)	$	(10)

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Debt

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

Debt

Revolving Line of Credit

On March 2, 2023, we entered into an amendment to our revolving credit facility agreement, as amended, the 2021 Facility, to replace the London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR. Under the terms of the amendment, interest on loans will be determined based on loan type and accrue at an annual rate, as defined in the agreement, of 1.50% per annum; or 0.5% per annum plus the highest of: (i) the Prime Rate, (ii) the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Rate plus 0.5%, or (iii) the Adjusted SOFR based upon loan duration plus 1.00%. The 2021 Facility is subject to a minimum liquidity covenant of $250. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no amounts were drawn or outstanding under the 2021 Facility which had $330 available as of each period end.

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Business Combinations

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Business Combinations

Business Combinations

Delphi Display Systems, Inc.

On February 14, 2023, we acquired 100% of the outstanding capital stock of Delphi Display Systems, Inc., or Delphi, a provider of digital display solutions and drive-thru technology, for a total purchase price of $10, to extend our growing suite of products benefiting quick-service restaurants and enterprise brands.

We have not finalized the purchase price allocation. The purchase price was preliminarily allocated to goodwill, intangible assets and other net assets of $6, $3 and $1, respectively. Intangible assets consisted of $2 of developed technology and $1 of customer relationships, each with estimated useful lives of 5 years. Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes, and primarily attributable to synergies expected to arise after the acquisition.

The operating results of Delphi have been reflected in our results of operations from the date of the acquisition, but were not material to our consolidated financial statements.

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Other Balance Sheet Information

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Other Balance Sheet Information

Other Balance Sheet Information

Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts receivable	$	72	$	45
Unbilled receivables	53		44
Less: Allowance for credit losses	(10)		(12)
Accounts receivable, net	$	115	$	77

Our allowance for credit losses was comprised of the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	(9)	$	(4)	$	(12)	$	(4)
Additions	(3)		(2)		(3)		(3)
Write offs	2		1		5		2
Ending balance	$	(10)	$	(5)	$	(10)	$	(5)

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cash held on behalf of customers	$	91	$	60
Prepaid expenses	24		27
Deposits for inventory purchases	13		20
Other current assets	63		48
	$	191	$	155

Accrued expenses and current liabilities consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accrued transaction-based costs	$	220	$	181
Accrued payroll and bonus	58		59
Customer funds obligation	91		60
Accrued expenses	48		45
Accrued commissions	20		15
Contingent liability for expected credit losses	22		14
Other liabilities	34		39
	$	493	$	413

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Revenue from Contracts with Customers

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The following table summarizes the activity in deferred revenue:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Deferred revenue, beginning of year	$	46	$	56
Deferred revenue, end of period	53		52
Revenue recognized in the period from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of period	$	40	$	35

As of June 30, 2023, approximately $579 of revenue is expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations for customer contracts. We expect to recognize revenue of approximately $535 from these remaining performance obligations over the next 24 months, with the balance recognized thereafter.

The following tables summarize the activity in deferred contract acquisition costs and the classification of deferred costs:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	82	$	55
Capitalization of sales commissions costs	50		35
Amortization of sales commissions costs	(28)		(20)
Ending balance	$	104	$	70

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Stock-Based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Costs of revenue	$	11	$	8	$	20	$	16
Sales and marketing	15		13		28		25
Research and development	25		18		46		34
General and administrative	21		19		41		35
Total Stock based compensation	$	72	$	58	$	135	$	110

Stock-based compensation expense of $3 and $6, respectively, was capitalized as software development costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. Stock-based compensation expense of $1 and $2, respectively, was capitalized as software development costs during each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

Stock Options

The fair value of each option grant was estimated on its grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The following table indicates the weighted-average assumptions made in estimating the fair value for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Risk-free interest rate	3.90		%	2.16		%
Expected term (in years)	6.08			6.06
Expected volatility	56.19		%	51.41		%
Expected dividend yield	—		%	—		%
Weighted-average fair value of common stock	$	18.01		$	17.76
Weighted-average grant date fair value	$	10.24		$	9.02

The following is a summary of stock option activity under our stock option plans for the six months ended June 30, 2023:

(in millions, except share and per share amounts)	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	53,728,512	$	5.98	6.94	$	655
Granted	3,147,911	18.01
Exercised	(4,790,307)	2.33
Forfeited	(433,118)	11.00
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	51,652,998	$	7.01	6.77	$	806
Options vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2023	49,280,264	$	6.72	6.68	$	783
Options exercisable as of June 30, 2023	44,051,781	$	5.11	6.34	$	767

(1) The aggregate intrinsic value was determined as the difference between the closing price of the Class A common stock on the last trading day of June 2023, or the date of exercise, as appropriate, and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their in-the-money options at period end.

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the three months ended June 30, 2023 was $13.16. There were no options granted during the three months ended June 30, 2022. The aggregate intrinsic values of options exercised was $36 and $86, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and $25 and $81, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

As of June 30, 2023, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the option awards was $105 and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average service period of 2.94 years.

Restricted Stock Units 

The following table summarizes RSU activity during the six months ended June 30, 2023:

	RSU	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance as of December 31, 2022	31,242,263	$	22.11
Granted	12,483,091	$	18.43
Vested	(4,806,043)	$	21.93
Forfeited	(1,452,993)	$	22.09
Unvested balance as of June 30, 2023	37,466,318	$	20.90

The weighted average grant-date fair value of RSUs granted during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $20.95 and $15.88, respectively. The weighted average grant-date fair value of RSUs granted during the six months ended June 30, 2022 was 18.59. The fair value of RSUs vested during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $45 and $26, respectively. The fair value of RSUs vested during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $93 and $29, respectively.

As of June 30, 2023, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the RSUs was $561 and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average service period of 3.14 years.

As of June 30, 2023, we had 67,430,636 shares of Class A common stock available for future issuance under our 2021 Plan.

2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In 2021, our Board adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") which became effective on September 23, 2021. As of June 30, 2023, 21,653,080 shares of our Class A common stock were authorized for issuance to participating employees who are allowed to purchase shares of Class A common stock at a price equal to 85% of its fair market value at the beginning or the end of the offering period, whichever is lower.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, 287,086 shares were purchased under the ESPP at $15.65 per share, resulting in cash proceeds of $4. No shares were purchased under the ESPP during the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Restricted Stock

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we have issued 1,817,462 and 2,703,538 shares of Class A and B common stock subject to restrictions, respectively.

As of June 30, 2023, this included 452,180 shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock issued upon the early exercise of stock options and 1,365,282 shares of restricted Class A common stock issued to certain members of management of Delphi and Sling, Inc. as part of their consideration in connection with the acquisitions.

As of December 31, 2022, this included 1,365,310 shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock issued upon the early exercise of stock options and 1,338,228 shares of restricted Class A common stock issued to certain members of management of Sling, Inc. as part of their consideration in connection with the acquisition in 2022.

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Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Our effective income tax rate was (0.8)% and (0.5)% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and was (0.5)% and (0.7)% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The effective tax rate for each period differs from the statutory rate primarily as a result of having a full valuation allowance maintained against our U.S. deferred tax assets.

The provision for income taxes was $1 and $0 for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively. The change in the provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022 is due to the tax expense recorded on the earnings of our profitable foreign subsidiaries, and also included a non-recurring benefit of $1 for the release of the valuation allowance as a result of the acquisition of Delphi. The release is due to taxable temporary differences resulting from the Delphi acquisition being available as a source of income to realize certain pre-existing Toast, Inc. deferred tax assets.

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Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per share is determined by dividing net loss by the weighted average shares outstanding for the period. We analyze the potential dilutive effect of stock options, unvested restricted stock, RSUs, our ESPP, and warrants to purchase common stock, during periods we generate net income, or when income is recognized related to changes in fair value of warrant liabilities.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we recorded a loss on fair value remeasurement of warrants to purchase common stock which are excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share due to their anti-dilutive impact.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we recorded a gain on fair value remeasurement of warrants to purchase common stock. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, this was added back to the numerator to adjust net loss for the dilutive impact of the warrants with a corresponding adjustment to the denominator for the incremental dilutive shares using the treasury stock method. For the three months ended June 30, 2022, the exercise price for the warrants exceeded the average trading price of our Class A common stock, therefore, no adjustment was made to the numerator or denominator due to their anti-dilutive impact.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions, except share and per share amounts)	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:
Net loss, basic	$	(98)	$	(54)	$	(179)	$	(77)
Gain on change in fair value of warrant liability	—		—		—		123
Net loss, diluted	$	(98)	$	(54)	$	(179)	$	(200)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding—basic	529,226,266		509,532,418		526,677,000		507,420,257
Effect of dilutive securities:
Warrants to purchase Class B common stock	—		—		—		756,238
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding—diluted	529,226,266		509,532,418		526,677,000		508,176,495
Net loss per share, basic	$	(0.19)	$	(0.11)	$	(0.34)	$	(0.15)
Net loss per share, diluted	$	(0.19)	$	(0.11)	$	(0.34)	$	(0.39)

We excluded the following potential shares of common stock from the computation of diluted net loss per share because including them would have an anti-dilutive effect for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Options to purchase Class A common stock and Class B common stock	51,652,998	56,687,498	51,652,998	56,687,498
Unvested restricted stock	1,817,462	2,624,790	1,817,462	2,624,790
Unvested restricted stock units	37,466,318	26,198,339	37,466,318	26,198,339
Warrants to purchase Class B common stock	6,790,080	6,902,633	6,790,080	—
Employee Stock Purchase Plan	289,219	—	289,219	—
	98,016,077	92,413,260	98,016,077	85,510,627

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Segment Information

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Information

Segment Information

We have significant operations in the United States, Ireland, and India. We did not generate material revenue in any country other than the United States during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of long-lived assets based on geography:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
United States	$	71	$	122
Ireland	9		10
India	5		5
Other	1		1
Total long-lived assets	$	86	$	138

Tangible long-lived assets consist of property and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets. Long-lived assets are based upon the country in which the asset is located.

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Commitment and Contingencies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Purchase Commitments

We have non-cancelable purchase obligations with hardware suppliers and cloud service providers. As of June 30, 2023, there were no material changes outside the ordinary course of business to our commitments, as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be involved in legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. Each of these matters is subject to various uncertainties, and it is possible that some of these matters may be resolved unfavorably. We establish accruals for losses that management deems to be probable and subject to a reasonable estimate. We do not expect any claims with a reasonably possible adverse outcome to have a material impact.

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net loss	$ (98)	$ (54)	$ (179)	$ (77)

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Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

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Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all of the financial information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the interim periods, but are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2023 or any other future interim periods.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, or the 2022 Annual Report. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2022 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.

Reclassifications

Reclassifications

Certain amounts in prior period financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis

The following table presents information about our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the level of the fair value hierarchy used to determine such fair values:

	Fair Value Measurement at June 30, 2023 Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	265	$	—	$	—	$	265
Commercial paper	—		104		—		104
Certificates of deposit	—		78		—		78
Corporate bonds	—		17		—		17
U.S. government agency securities	—		113		—		113
Treasury securities	—		134		—		134
Asset-backed securities	—		56		—		56
	$	265	$	502	$	—	$	767
Liabilities:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	—	$	—	$	90	$	90
	$	—	$	—	$	90	$	90

	Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2022 Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	483	$	—	$	—	$	483
Commercial paper	—		140		—		140
Certificates of deposit	—		104		—		104
Corporate bonds	—		109		—		109
U.S. government agency securities	—		33		—		33
Treasury securities	—		60		—		60
Asset-backed securities	—		28		—		28
	$	483	$	474	$	—	$	957
Liabilities:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	—	$	—	$	68	$	68
Contingent consideration	—		—		4		4
	$	—	$	—	$	72	$	72

Schedule of Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques

The following table indicates the weighted-average assumptions made in estimating the fair value as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	June 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Risk-free interest rate	4.3		%	4.1		%
Contractual term (in years)	4			4
Expected volatility	61.4		%	60.3		%
Expected dividend yield	—		%	—		%
Exercise price per share	$	17.16		$	17.16

Schedule of Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis

The following tables provide a roll-forward of the aggregate fair value of our common stock warrant liability and contingent consideration liability for which fair value is determined using Level 3 inputs:

	Common Stock Warrant Liability		Contingent Consideration Liability
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	68	$	4
Change in fair value	23		—
Settlement	(1)		(4)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	90	$	—

	Common Stock Warrant Liability		Contingent Consideration Liability
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	181	$	5
Change in fair value	(123)		2
Settlement	(18)		(4)
Balance as of June 30, 2022	$	40	$	3

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Marketable Securities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Schedule of Debt Securities Available-for-sale

The amortized cost, gross unrealized holding losses and fair value of marketable securities, excluding accrued interest receivable, consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Commercial paper	$	104	$	—	$	104
Certificates of deposit	78		—		78
Corporate bonds	17		—		17
U.S. government agency securities	113		—		113
Treasury securities	136		(2)		134
Asset-backed securities	56		—		56
Total	$	504	$	(2)	$	502

	December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Commercial paper	$	140	$	—	$	140
Certificates of deposit	104		—		104
Corporate bonds	110		(1)		109
U.S. government agency securities	33		—		33
Treasury securities	61		(1)		60
Asset-backed securities	28		—		28
Total	$	476	$	(2)	$	474

The fair values of marketable securities by contractual maturities at June 30, 2023:

	June 30, 2023
Due within 1 year	$	337
Due after 1 year through 5 years	163
Due after 5 years through 10 years	2
Total marketable securities	$	502

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Loan Servicing Activities and Acquired Loans Receivable, Net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Guarantees and Product Warranties [Abstract]

Schedule of Off-Balance Sheet Credit Loss Liability

Changes in the contingent liability for expected credit losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	19	$	3	$	14	$	2
Credit loss expense	10		3		22		5
Reductions due to loan purchase	(7)		(1)		(14)		(2)
Ending balance	$	22	$	5	$	22	$	5

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Lessee Arrangements (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Lease Cost

The components of lease expense were as follows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Operating lease expense	$	4	$	7	$	8	$	11
Variable lease expense	—		1		1		2
Total	$	4	$	8	$	9	$	13

The following table summarizes supplemental cash flow information related to cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Operating cash flows for operating leases	$	(11)	$	(13)
Supplemental non-cash amounts of increases in lease liabilities from obtaining right-of-use assets/ (decreases) of lease liabilities from lease terminations and modifications	(55)		3
Total	$	(66)	$	(10)

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Other Balance Sheet Information (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Schedule of Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts receivable	$	72	$	45
Unbilled receivables	53		44
Less: Allowance for credit losses	(10)		(12)
Accounts receivable, net	$	115	$	77

Schedule of Accounts Receivable Allowance for Credit Loss

Our allowance for credit losses was comprised of the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	(9)	$	(4)	$	(12)	$	(4)
Additions	(3)		(2)		(3)		(3)
Write offs	2		1		5		2
Ending balance	$	(10)	$	(5)	$	(10)	$	(5)

Schedule of Prepaid and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cash held on behalf of customers	$	91	$	60
Prepaid expenses	24		27
Deposits for inventory purchases	13		20
Other current assets	63		48
	$	191	$	155

Schedule of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

Accrued expenses and current liabilities consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accrued transaction-based costs	$	220	$	181
Accrued payroll and bonus	58		59
Customer funds obligation	91		60
Accrued expenses	48		45
Accrued commissions	20		15
Contingent liability for expected credit losses	22		14
Other liabilities	34		39
	$	493	$	413

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Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of Contract Asset Contract Liability and Receivable

The following table summarizes the activity in deferred revenue:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Deferred revenue, beginning of year	$	46	$	56
Deferred revenue, end of period	53		52
Revenue recognized in the period from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of period	$	40	$	35

Schedule of Capitalized Contract Cost

The following tables summarize the activity in deferred contract acquisition costs and the classification of deferred costs:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	82	$	55
Capitalization of sales commissions costs	50		35
Amortization of sales commissions costs	(28)		(20)
Ending balance	$	104	$	70

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Share-based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Costs of revenue	$	11	$	8	$	20	$	16
Sales and marketing	15		13		28		25
Research and development	25		18		46		34
General and administrative	21		19		41		35
Total Stock based compensation	$	72	$	58	$	135	$	110

Schedule of Stock Options Valuation Assumptions

The following table indicates the weighted-average assumptions made in estimating the fair value for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Risk-free interest rate	3.90		%	2.16		%
Expected term (in years)	6.08			6.06
Expected volatility	56.19		%	51.41		%
Expected dividend yield	—		%	—		%
Weighted-average fair value of common stock	$	18.01		$	17.76
Weighted-average grant date fair value	$	10.24		$	9.02

Schedule of Stock Option Activity

The following is a summary of stock option activity under our stock option plans for the six months ended June 30, 2023:

(in millions, except share and per share amounts)	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	53,728,512	$	5.98	6.94	$	655
Granted	3,147,911	18.01
Exercised	(4,790,307)	2.33
Forfeited	(433,118)	11.00
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023	51,652,998	$	7.01	6.77	$	806
Options vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2023	49,280,264	$	6.72	6.68	$	783
Options exercisable as of June 30, 2023	44,051,781	$	5.11	6.34	$	767

(1) The aggregate intrinsic value was determined as the difference between the closing price of the Class A common stock on the last trading day of June 2023, or the date of exercise, as appropriate, and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their in-the-money options at period end.

Schedule of Restricted Stock Unit Activity

The following table summarizes RSU activity during the six months ended June 30, 2023:

	RSU	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance as of December 31, 2022	31,242,263	$	22.11
Granted	12,483,091	$	18.43
Vested	(4,806,043)	$	21.93
Forfeited	(1,452,993)	$	22.09
Unvested balance as of June 30, 2023	37,466,318	$	20.90

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Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Share Basic and Diluted

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions, except share and per share amounts)	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:
Net loss, basic	$	(98)	$	(54)	$	(179)	$	(77)
Gain on change in fair value of warrant liability	—		—		—		123
Net loss, diluted	$	(98)	$	(54)	$	(179)	$	(200)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding—basic	529,226,266		509,532,418		526,677,000		507,420,257
Effect of dilutive securities:
Warrants to purchase Class B common stock	—		—		—		756,238
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding—diluted	529,226,266		509,532,418		526,677,000		508,176,495
Net loss per share, basic	$	(0.19)	$	(0.11)	$	(0.34)	$	(0.15)
Net loss per share, diluted	$	(0.19)	$	(0.11)	$	(0.34)	$	(0.39)

Schedule of Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share

We excluded the following potential shares of common stock from the computation of diluted net loss per share because including them would have an anti-dilutive effect for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Options to purchase Class A common stock and Class B common stock	51,652,998	56,687,498	51,652,998	56,687,498
Unvested restricted stock	1,817,462	2,624,790	1,817,462	2,624,790
Unvested restricted stock units	37,466,318	26,198,339	37,466,318	26,198,339
Warrants to purchase Class B common stock	6,790,080	6,902,633	6,790,080	—
Employee Stock Purchase Plan	289,219	—	289,219	—
	98,016,077	92,413,260	98,016,077	85,510,627

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Segment Information (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of Long-lived Assets by Geographic Areas

The following table sets forth the breakdown of long-lived assets based on geography:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
United States	$	71	$	122
Ireland	9		10
India	5		5
Other	1		1
Total long-lived assets	$	86	$	138

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock	$ 90	$ 68
Fair Value, Recurring
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total assets	767	957
Warrants to purchase common stock	90	68
Contingent consideration		4
Total liabilities	90	72
Fair Value, Recurring | Money market funds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	265	483
Fair Value, Recurring | Commercial paper
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	104	140
Fair Value, Recurring | Certificates of deposit
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	78	104
Fair Value, Recurring | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	17	109
Fair Value, Recurring | U.S. government agency securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	113	33
Fair Value, Recurring | Treasury securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	134	60
Fair Value, Recurring | Asset-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	56	28
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total assets	265	483
Warrants to purchase common stock	0	0
Contingent consideration		0
Total liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 1 | Money market funds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	265	483
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 1 | Commercial paper
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 1 | Certificates of deposit
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 1 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 1 | U.S. government agency securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 1 | Treasury securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 1 | Asset-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total assets	502	474
Warrants to purchase common stock	0	0
Contingent consideration		0
Total liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 2 | Money market funds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 2 | Commercial paper
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	104	140
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 2 | Certificates of deposit
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	78	104
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 2 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	17	109
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 2 | U.S. government agency securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	113	33
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 2 | Treasury securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	134	60
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 2 | Asset-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	56	28
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total assets	0	0
Warrants to purchase common stock	90	68
Contingent consideration		4
Total liabilities	90	72
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 3 | Money market funds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 3 | Commercial paper
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 3 | Certificates of deposit
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 3 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 3 | U.S. government agency securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 3 | Treasury securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring | Level 3 | Asset-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	$ 0	$ 0

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Weighted Average Assumptions (Details) - Level 3	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Risk-free interest rate
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement inputs	0.043	0.041
Contractual term (in years)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement inputs	4	4
Expected volatility
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement inputs	0.614	0.603
Expected dividend yield
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement inputs	0	0
Exercise price per share
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement inputs	17.16	17.16

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Rollforward of Level 3 Inputs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Common Stock Warrant Liability | Common Stock Warrants
Fair Value, Net Derivative Asset (Liability) Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 68	$ 181
Change in fair value	23	(123)
Settlement	(1)	(18)
Ending balance	90	40
Contingent Consideration Liability
Fair Value, Net Derivative Asset (Liability) Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	4	5
Change in fair value	0	2
Settlement	(4)	(4)
Ending balance	$ 0	$ 3

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details) - Level 3 - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Common Class A
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash issued to settle contingent consideration	$ 2
Stock issued for settlement of contingent consideration (in shares)	38,908
Common Class B
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash issued to settle contingent consideration		$ 2
Stock issued for settlement of contingent consideration (in shares)		37,179

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Marketable Securities - Schedule of Available-for-Sale Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 504	$ 476
Gross Unrealized Losses	(2)	(2)
Fair Value	502	474
Commercial paper
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	104	140
Gross Unrealized Losses	0	0
Fair Value	104	140
Certificates of deposit
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	78	104
Gross Unrealized Losses	0	0
Fair Value	78	104
Corporate bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	17	110
Gross Unrealized Losses	0	(1)
Fair Value	17	109
U.S. government agency securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	113	33
Gross Unrealized Losses	0	0
Fair Value	113	33
Treasury securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	136	61
Gross Unrealized Losses	(2)	(1)
Fair Value	134	60
Asset-backed securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	56	28
Gross Unrealized Losses	0	0
Fair Value	$ 56	$ 28

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Marketable Securities - Scheduled Maturities of Available-for-Sale Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Due within 1 year	$ 337
Due after 1 year through 5 years	163
Due after 5 years through 10 years	2
Total marketable securities	$ 502	$ 474

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Loan Servicing Activities and Acquired Loans Receivable, Net - Rollforward of Credit Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Off-Balance Sheet, Credit Loss, Liability [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 19	$ 3	$ 14	$ 2
Credit loss expense	10	3	22	5
Reductions due to loan purchase	(7)	(1)	(14)	(2)
Ending balance	$ 22	$ 5	$ 22	$ 5

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Loan Servicing Activities and Acquired Loans Receivable, Net - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Non-contingent Stand-ready Liability
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Guarantee liability	$ 11	$ 6

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Lessee Arrangements - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease, termination fee	$ 11
General and administrative
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease, termination fee	$ 12

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Lessee Arrangements - Schedule of Components of Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease expense	$ 4	$ 7	$ 8	$ 11
Variable lease expense	0	1	1	2
Total	$ 4	$ 8	$ 9	$ 13

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Lessee Arrangements - Schedule of Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
Operating cash flows for operating leases	$ (11)	$ (13)
Supplemental non-cash amounts of increases in lease liabilities from obtaining right-of-use assets/ (decreases) of lease liabilities from lease terminations and modifications	(55)	3
Total	$ (66)	$ (10)

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Debt (Details) - Revolving Credit Facility - 2021 Credit Facility - Line of Credit - USD ($)	Mar. 02, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Minimum liquidity amount	$ 250,000,000
Long term debt, amount available		$ 0	$ 0
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 330,000,000
London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	1.50%
Prime Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	0.50%
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	0.50%
Adjusted SOFR Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	1.00%

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Business Combinations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Feb. 14, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill		$ 113	$ 107
Delphi Display Systems, Inc
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Voting interest acquired (as a percent)	100.00%
Consideration transferred	$ 10
Goodwill	6
Intangible assets	3
Other assets	1
Delphi Display Systems, Inc | Developed Technology
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Intangible assets	$ 2
Finite lived intangibles acquired, weighted average useful life (in years)	5 years
Delphi Display Systems, Inc | Customer Relationships
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Intangible assets	$ 1
Finite lived intangibles acquired, weighted average useful life (in years)	5 years

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Other Balance Sheet Information - Schedule of Accounts Receivable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Accounts receivable	$ 72		$ 45
Unbilled receivables	53		44
Less: Allowance for credit losses	(10)	$ (9)	(12)	$ (5)	$ (4)	$ (4)
Accounts receivable, net	$ 115		$ 77

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Other Balance Sheet Information - Schedule of Allowance For Credit Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ (9)	$ (4)	$ (12)	$ (4)
Additions	(3)	(2)	(3)	(3)
Write offs	2	1	5	2
Ending balance	$ (10)	$ (5)	$ (10)	$ (5)

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Other Balance Sheet Information - Schedule of Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Cash held on behalf of customers	$ 91	$ 60	$ 72
Prepaid expenses	24	27
Deposits for inventory purchases	13	20
Other current assets	63	48
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$ 191	$ 155

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Other Balance Sheet Information - Schedule of Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Accrued transaction-based costs	$ 220	$ 181
Accrued payroll and bonus	58	59
Customer funds obligation	91	60
Accrued expenses	48	45
Accrued commissions	20	15
Contingent liability for expected credit losses	22	14
Other liabilities	34	39
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$ 493	$ 413

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Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Summary of Activity of Deferred Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Deferred revenue	$ 53	$ 52	$ 46	$ 56
Revenue recognized in the period from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of period	$ 40	$ 35

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Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 579
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2023-07-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 535
Remaining performance obligation, period (in months)	24 months

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Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Summary of Capitalized Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Increase (Decrease) in Capitalized Contract Costs [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 82	$ 55
Capitalization of sales commissions costs	50	35
Amortization of sales commissions costs	(28)	(20)
Ending balance	$ 104	$ 70

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Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Stock-based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total Stock based compensation	$ 72	$ 58	$ 135	$ 110
Costs of revenue
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total Stock based compensation	11	8	20	16
Sales and marketing
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total Stock based compensation	15	13	28	25
Research and development
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total Stock based compensation	25	18	46	34
General and administrative
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total Stock based compensation	$ 21	$ 19	$ 41	$ 35

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Stock-Based Compensation - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation included in capitalized software	$ 3	$ 1	$ 6	$ 2
Weighted average fair value per share of options granted (in dollars per share)	$ 13.16
Granted (in shares)	0		3,147,911
Aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised	$ 36	$ 25	$ 86	$ 81
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to options	$ 105		$ 105
Expected period for recognition (in years)			2 years 11 months 8 days
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan (in shares)			287,086	0
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan			$ 4
Shares exercised (in shares)			4,790,307
Class A and Class B Common Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan (in shares)			287,086
Restricted stock issued (in shares)	2,393,234	1,325,137	4,791,017	1,450,869
Shares exercised (in shares)	1,999,541	1,659,609	4,790,307	4,410,300
Issuance of common stock in connection with business combinations (in shares)			65,962	37,179
Common Class A
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)	67,430,636		67,430,636
RSU
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted average fair value per share of options granted (in dollars per share)	$ 20.95	$ 15.88		$ 18.59
Expected period for recognition (in years)			3 years 1 month 20 days
Fair value of RSUs vested	$ 45	$ 26	$ 93	$ 29
Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs	$ 561		$ 561
Shares exercised (in shares)			452,180		1,365,310
RSU | Class A and Class B Common Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock issued (in shares)			1,817,462		2,703,538
RSU | Common Class A
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Issuance of common stock in connection with business combinations (in shares)			1,365,282		1,338,228
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted average fair value per share of options granted (in dollars per share)			$ 15.65
Share based compensation arrangement by share based payment award, discount from market price (as percent)			85.00%
Employee Stock Purchase Plan | Common Class A
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)	21,653,080		21,653,080

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Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Weighted Average Assumptions (Details) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted average fair value per share of options granted (in dollars per share)	$ 13.16
Option
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Risk-free interest rate		3.90%	2.16%
Expected term (in years)		6 years 29 days	6 years 21 days
Expected volatility		56.19%	51.41%
Expected dividend yield		0.00%	0.00%
Weighted-average fair value of common stock (in dollars per share)	$ 18.01	$ 18.01	$ 17.76
Weighted average fair value per share of options granted (in dollars per share)		$ 10.24	$ 9.02

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Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Stock Option Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Number of Shares
Beginning balance (in shares)		53,728,512
Granted (in shares)	0	3,147,911
Exercised (in shares)		(4,790,307)
Forfeited (in shares)		(433,118)
Ending balance (in shares)	51,652,998	51,652,998	53,728,512
Options vested and expected to vest (in shares)	49,280,264	49,280,264
Options exercisable (in shares)	44,051,781	44,051,781
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Beginning balance (in dollars per share)		$ 5.98
Granted (in dollars per share)		18.01
Exercised (in dollars per share)		2.33
Forfeited (in dollars per share)		11.00
Ending balance (in dollars per share)	$ 7.01	7.01	$ 5.98
Options vested and expected to vest, Weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)	6.72	6.72
Options exercisable, Weighted average exercise price per share (in dollars per share)	$ 5.11	$ 5.11
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)
Options outstanding (in years)		6 years 9 months 7 days	6 years 11 months 8 days
Options vested and expected to vest		6 years 8 months 4 days
Options exercisable (in years)		6 years 4 months 2 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Options outstanding	$ 806	$ 806	$ 655
Options vested and expected to vest	783	783
Options exercisable	$ 767	$ 767

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Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of RSU Activity (Details) - RSU	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 $ / shares shares
RSU
Beginning balance (in shares) | shares	31,242,263
Granted (in shares) | shares	12,483,091
Vested (in shares) | shares	(4,806,043)
Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(1,452,993)
Ending balance (in shares) | shares	37,466,318
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Beginning balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 22.11
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	18.43
Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	21.93
Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	22.09
Ending balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 20.90

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Effective income tax rate (as a percent)	(0.80%)	(0.50%)	(0.50%)	(0.70%)
Provision for income taxes	$ 1	$ 0	$ 1	$ 0
Non-recurring income tax benefit			$ 1

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Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders - Schedule of Net Loss Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Numerator:
Net loss, basic	$ (98)	$ (54)	$ (179)	$ (77)
Gain on change in fair value of warrant liability	0	0	0	123
Net loss, diluted	$ (98)	$ (54)	$ (179)	$ (200)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding - basic (in shares)	529,226,266	509,532,418	526,677,000	507,420,257
Effect of dilutive securities:
Warrants to purchase Class B common stock (in shares)	0	0	0	756,238
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding - diluted (in shares)	529,226,266	509,532,418	526,677,000	508,176,495
Net loss per share, basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.19)	$ (0.11)	$ (0.34)	$ (0.15)
Net loss per share, diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.19)	$ (0.11)	$ (0.34)	$ (0.39)

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Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders - Schedule of Antidilutive Shares (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive shares excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	98,016,077	92,413,260	98,016,077	85,510,627
Options to purchase Class A common stock and Class B common stock
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive shares excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	51,652,998	56,687,498	51,652,998	56,687,498
Unvested restricted stock
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive shares excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	1,817,462	2,624,790	1,817,462	2,624,790
Unvested restricted stock units
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive shares excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	37,466,318	26,198,339	37,466,318	26,198,339
Common Stock Warrant Liability
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive shares excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	6,790,080	6,902,633	6,790,080	0
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive shares excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	289,219	0	289,219	0

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Segment Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total long-lived assets	$ 86	$ 138
United States
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total long-lived assets	71	122
Ireland
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total long-lived assets	9	10
India
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total long-lived assets	5	5
Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total long-lived assets	$ 1	$ 1