Basis of presentation (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of presentation

Basis of presentation:The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and general banking industry. In preparing the financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and the reported results of operations for the year then ended. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. It is possible that the Company's estimate of the allowance for credit losses and determination of impairment of goodwill could change as a result of the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy. The resulting change in these estimates could be material to the Company's financial statements.The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, FBRM, the Bank, and its’ wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation without any impact on the reported amounts of net income or shareholders’ equity.

Cash flows

Cash flows:For purposes of reporting consolidated cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, federal funds sold and interest earning deposits in other financial institutions with maturities of less than 90 days at the date of purchase. These amounts are reported in the consolidated balance sheets caption “Cash and cash equivalents.” Net cash flows are reported for loans held for investment, deposits and short-term borrowings.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents:The Company considers all highly liquid unrestricted investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. This includes cash, federal funds sold, reverse repurchase agreements and interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions.

Investment securities

Investment securities:Debt securities are classified as held to maturity and carried at amortized cost, excluding accrued interest, when management has the positive intent and ability to hold them to maturity. Debt securities are classified as available-for-sale when they might be sold before maturity. Available-for-sale debt securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding

gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Beginning January 1, 2020, unrealized losses resulting from credit losses for available-for-sale debt securities are recognized in earnings as a provision for credit losses. Unrealized losses that do not result from credit losses are excluded from earnings and reported in equity as accumulated other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Accrued interest receivable is separated from other components of amortized cost and presented separately on the consolidated balance sheets.

Equity securities with readily determinable market values are carried at fair value on the balance sheet with any periodic changes in value made through adjustments to the statement of income. Equity securities without readily determinable market values are carried at cost less impairment and included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Interest income includes the amortization and accretion of purchase premium and discount. Premiums and discounts on securities are amortized on the level-yield method anticipating prepayments based upon the prior three month average monthly prepayments when available. The sale and purchase of investment securities are recognized on a trade date basis with gains and losses on sales being determined using the specific identification method.

The Company evaluates available-for-sale securities for expected credit losses at least on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market concerns warrant such evaluation. For securities in an unrealized loss position, consideration is given to the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. In analyzing an issuer’s financial condition, the Company considers whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and the results of reviews of the issuer’s financial condition.

When credit losses are expected to occur, the amount of the expected credit loss recognized in earnings depends on the Company's intention to sell the security or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the expected credit loss recognized in earnings is equal to the entire difference between its amortized cost basis and its fair value at the date it was determined to be impaired due to credit losses or other factors. The previous amortized cost basis less the impairment recognized in earnings becomes the new amortized cost basis of the investment.

However, if the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not to be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the difference between the amortized cost and the fair value is separated into the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors. If the Company determines a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis of an available-for-sale investment security has resulted from credit related factors, the Company records a credit loss through an allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is limited by the amount that the fair value is less than amortized cost. The amount of the allowance for credit losses is determined based on the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and is recognized as a charge to earnings. The amount of the impairment related to other, non-credit related, factors is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes.

The Company did not record any provision for credit losses for its available-for-sale debt securities during the years ended December 31, 2021 or 2020, as the majority of the investment portfolio is government guaranteed and declines in fair value below amortized cost were determined to be non-credit related.

Federal Home Loan Bank stock

Federal Home Loan Bank stock:The Bank accounts for its investments in FHLB stock in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 942-325 "Financial Services-Depository and Lending-Investments-Other." FHLB stock are equity securities that do not have a readily determinable fair value because its ownership is restricted and lacks a market. FHLB stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment.

Loans held for sale

Loans held for sale:

Mortgage loans held for sale

Loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market, primarily mortgage loans, are carried at fair value as permitted under the guidance in ASC 825, “Financial Instruments” (“ASC 825”). Net (losses) gains of $(16,976), $24,233, and $(2,861) resulting from fair value changes of these mortgage loans were recorded in income during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The amount does not reflect changes in fair values of related derivative instruments used to hedge exposure to market-related risks associated with these mortgage loans. The change in fair

value of both mortgage loans held for sale and the related derivative instruments are recorded in “Mortgage banking income” in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Gains and losses are recognized in Mortgage banking income on the consolidated statements of income at the time the loan is closed. Pass through origination costs and related loan fees are also included in “Mortgage banking income”.

Periodically, the Bank will transfer mortgage loans originated for sale in the secondary markets into the loan portfolio based on current market conditions, the overall secondary marketability of the loan and the status of the loan. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, the Bank transferred $86,315, $55,766, and $12,259, respectively, of residential mortgage loans into its loans held for investment portfolio. The loans are transferred into the portfolio at fair value at the date of transfer. Additionally, occasionally the Bank will transfer loans from the held for investment portfolio into loans held for sale. At the time of the transfer, loans are marked to fair value through the allowance for credit losses and reclassified to loans held for sale. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company transferred $1,188 and 2,116, respectively, from the portfolio to loans held for sale, excluding GNMA repurchases discussed below.

GNMA optional repurchase programs allow financial institutions to buy back individual delinquent mortgage loans that meet certain criteria from the securitized loan pool for which the institution provides servicing and was the original transferor. At the servicer’s option and without GNMA’s prior authorization, the servicer may repurchase such a delinquent loan for an amount equal to 100 percent of the remaining principal balance of the loan. Under FASB ASC Topic 860, “Transfers and Servicing,” this buy-back option is considered a conditional option until the delinquency criteria are met, at which time the option becomes unconditional. When the Company is deemed to have regained effective control over these loans under the unconditional buy-back option, the loans can no longer be reported as sold and must be brought back onto the balance sheet, regardless of whether the Company intends to exercise the buy-back option if the buyback option provides the transferor a more-than-trivial benefit. When this criteria is met and these are repurchased, after a period of borrower performance, the loans are transferred to loans held for sale at fair value and are able to be regrouped into new Ginnie Mae guaranteed securities. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company transferred $9,220, $9,367 and $7,891 respectively, of these repurchased loans from loans held for investment to loans held for sale. As of December 31, 2021, and 2020, there were $94,648 and $151,184, respectively, of delinquent GNMA loans that had previously been sold which the Company had the option to repurchase; however, the Company determined there not to be a "more-than-trivial benefit" based on an analysis of interest rates and assessment of potential reputational risk associated with these loans. As such, the Company did not record these loans on the balance sheets.

Commercial loan held for sale

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company acquired a portfolio of commercial loans, including shared national credits and institutional healthcare loans, as part of the its merger with Franklin Financial Network, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, "Franklin") that the Company accounts for as held for sale. Net gains of $11,172 and $3,228 from changes in fair value of these commercial loans during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, are included in other noninterest income on the consolidated statements of income.

Loans (excluding purchase credit deteriorated loans)

Loans (excluding purchased credit deteriorated loans):

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off are stated at amortized cost. Amortized cost is equal to the principal amount outstanding less any purchase accounting discount or premium net of any accretion or amortization recognized to date. Interest on loans is recognized as income by using the simple interest method on daily balances of the principal amount outstanding plus any accretion or amortization of purchase accounting discounts.

Loans on which the accrual of interest has been discontinued are designated as nonaccrual loans. Accrual of interest is discontinued on loans past due 90 days or more unless the credit is well secured and in the process of collection. Also, a loan may be placed on nonaccrual status prior to becoming past due 90 days if management believes, after considering economic and business conditions and collection efforts, that the borrower’s financial condition is such that collection of principal or interest is doubtful. The decision to place a loan on nonaccrual status prior to becoming past due 90 days is based on an evaluation of the borrower’s financial condition, collateral liquidation value, economic and business conditions and other factors that affect the borrower’s ability to pay. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, the accrued but unpaid interest is charged against current period operations. Thereafter, interest on nonaccrual loans is recognized only as received if future collection of principal is probable. If the collectability of outstanding principal is doubtful, interest received is applied as a reduction of principal. A loan may be restored to accrual status when principal and interest are no longer past due or it otherwise becomes both well secured and collectability is reasonably assured.

The Company monitors the level of accrued interest receivable on nonperforming loans, however an allowance for credit losses was not required as of December 31, 2021 or 2020.

Allowance for credit losses

Allowance for credit losses:

The allowance for credit losses represents the portion of the loan's amortized cost basis that the Company does not expect to collect due to credit losses over the loan's life, considering past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions considering macroeconomic forecasts. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. The allowance for credit losses is based on the loan's amortized cost basis, excluding accrued interest receivable, as the Company promptly charges off uncollectible accrued interest receivable. Management’s determination of the appropriateness of the allowance is based on periodic evaluation of the loan portfolio, lending-related commitments and other relevant factors, including macroeconomic forecasts and historical loss rates. In future quarters, the Company may update information and forecasts that may cause significant changes in the estimate in those future quarters.

As of January 1, 2020, the Company’s policy for the allowance for credit losses changed with the adoption of CECL to calculate the allowance using a lifetime expected credit loss approach. As permitted, the guidance was implemented using a modified retrospective approach with the impact of the initial adoption being recorded through retained earnings at January 1, 2020, with no restatement of prior periods. See Note 5, "Loans and allowance for credit losses" for additional details related to the Company's specific calculation methodology.

The allowance for credit losses is the Company’s best estimate. Actual losses may differ from the December 31, 2021 allowance for credit loss as the CECL estimate is sensitive to economic forecasts and management judgment.

The following portfolio segments have been identified:

Commercial and industrial loans. The Company provides a mix of variable and fixed rate commercial and industrial loans. Commercial and industrial loans are typically made to small- and medium-sized manufacturing, wholesale, retail and service businesses for working capital and operating needs and business expansions, including the purchase of capital equipment and loans made to farmers relating to their operations. This category also includes loans secured by manufactured housing receivables. Commercial and industrial loans generally include lines of credit and loans with maturities of five years or less. The loans are generally made with operating cash flows as the primary source of repayment, but may also include collateralization by inventory, accounts receivable, equipment and/or personal guarantees. The ability of the borrower to collect accounts receivable, and to turn inventory into sales are risk factors in the repayment of the loan.

Construction loans. Construction loans include commercial construction, land acquisition and land development loans and single-family interim construction loans to small- and medium-sized businesses and individuals. These loans are generally secured by the land or the real property being built and are made based on our assessment of the value of the property on an as-completed basis. We expect to continue to make construction loans at a similar pace so long as demand continues and the market for and values of such properties remain stable or continue to improve in our markets. These loans can carry risk of repayment when projects incur cost overruns, have an increase in the price of building materials, encounter zoning and environmental issues, or encounter other factors that may affect the completion of a project on time and on budget. Additionally, repayment risk may be negatively impacted when the market experiences a deterioration in the value of real estate.

Residential real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans. The Company’s residential real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans are primarily made with respect to and secured by single family homes, which are both owner-occupied and investor owned and include manufactured homes with real estate. The Company intends to continue to make residential 1-4 family housing loans at a similar pace, so long as housing values in our markets do not deteriorate from current prevailing levels and we are able to make such loans consistent with our current credit and underwriting standards. First lien residential 1-4 family mortgages may be affected by unemployment or underemployment and deteriorating market values of real estate.

Residential line of credit loans. The Company’s residential line of credit loans are revolving, open-end lines of credit secured by 1-4 residential properties. The Company intends to continue to make home equity loans if housing values in our markets do not deteriorate from current prevailing levels and we are able to make such loans consistent with our current credit and underwriting standards. Second lien residential 1-4 family mortgages may be affected by unemployment or underemployment and deteriorating market values of real estate.

Multi-family residential loans. The Company’s multi-family residential loans are primarily secured by multi-family properties, such as apartments and condominium buildings. These loans also may be affected by unemployment or underemployment and deteriorating market values of real estate.

Commercial real estate loans. The Company’s commercial real estate owner-occupied loans include loans to finance commercial real estate owner occupied properties for various purposes including use as offices, warehouses, production facilities, health care facilities, retail centers, restaurants, churches and agricultural based facilities. Commercial real estate owner-occupied loans are typically repaid through the ongoing business operations of the borrower, and hence are dependent on the success of the underlying business for repayment and are more exposed to general economic conditions.

Commercial real estate non-owner occupied loans. The Company’s commercial real estate non-owner occupied loans include loans to finance commercial real estate non-owner occupied investment properties for various purposes including use as offices, warehouses, health care facilities, hotels, mixed-use residential/commercial, manufactured housing communities, retail centers, assisted living facilities and agricultural based facilities. Commercial real estate non-owner occupied loans are typically repaid with the funds received from the sale of the completed property or rental proceeds from such property, and are therefore more sensitive to adverse conditions in the real estate market, which can also affected by general economic conditions.

Consumer and other loans. The Company’s consumer and other loans include loans to individuals for personal, family and household purposes, including car, boat and other recreational vehicle loans, manufactured homes without real estate, and personal lines of credit. Consumer loans are generally secured by vehicles and other household goods. The collateral securing consumer loans may depreciate over time. The company seeks to minimize these risks through its underwriting standards. Other loans also include loans to states and political subdivisions in the U.S. These loans are generally subject to the risk that the borrowing municipality or political subdivision may lose a significant portion of its tax base or that the project for which the loan was made may produce inadequate revenue.

Allowance for Credit Losses

As of January 1, 2020, the Company’s policy for the allowance changed with the adoption of CECL. As permitted, the new guidance was implemented using a modified retrospective approach with the impact of the initial adoption being recorded through retained earnings at January 1, 2020, with no restatement of prior periods. Before January 1, 2020, the Company calculated the allowance on an incurred loss approach. As of January 1, 2020, the Company calculated an expected credit loss using a lifetime loss rate methodology. As a result of the difference in methodology between periods, disclosures presented below may not be comparative in nature.

The Company utilizes probability-weighted forecasts, which consider multiple macroeconomic variables from a third-party vendor that are applicable to the type of loan. Each of the Company's loss rate models incorporate forward-looking macroeconomic projections throughout the reasonable and supportable forecast period and the subsequent historical reversion at the macroeconomic variable input level. In order to estimate the life of a loan, the contractual term of the loan is adjusted for estimated prepayments based on market information and the Company’s prepayment history.

The Company's loss rate models estimate the lifetime loss rate for pools of loans by combining the calculated loss rate based on each variable within the model (including the macroeconomic variables). The lifetime loss rate for the pool is then multiplied by the loan balances to determine the expected credit losses on the pool.

The Company considers the need to qualitatively adjust its modeled quantitative expected credit loss estimate for information not already captured in the model loss estimation process. These qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease the Company’s estimate of expected credit losses. The Company reviews the qualitative adjustments so as to validate that information that has already been considered and included in the modeled quantitative loss estimation process is not also included in the qualitative adjustment. The Company considers the qualitative factors that are relevant to the institution as of the reporting date, which may include, but are not limited to: levels of and trends in delinquencies and performance of loans; levels of and trends in write-offs and recoveries collected; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of any changes in reasonable and supportable economic forecasts; effects of any changes in risk selection and

underwriting standards; other changes in lending policies, procedures, and practices; experience, ability, and depth of lending management and expertise; available relevant information sources that contradict the Company’s own forecast; effects of changes in prepayment expectations or other factors affecting assessments of loan contractual terms; industry conditions; and effects of changes in credit concentrations.

The quantitative models require loan data and macroeconomic variables based on the inherent credit risks in each portfolio to more accurately measure the credit risks associated with each. Each of the quantitative models pools loans with similar risk characteristics and collectively assesses the lifetime loss rate for each pool to estimate its expected credit loss.

When a loan no longer shares similar risk characteristics with other loans in any given pool, the loan is individually assessed. The Company has determined the following circumstances in which a loan may require an individual evaluation: collateral dependent loans; loans for which foreclosure is probable; and loans with other unique risk characteristics. A loan is deemed collateral dependent when 1) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and 2) the repayment is expected to be primarily through sale or operation of the collateral. The allowance for credit losses for collateral dependent loans as well as loans where foreclosure is probable is calculated as the amount for which the loan’s amortized cost basis exceeds fair value. Fair value is determined based on appraisals performed by qualified appraisers and reviewed by qualified personnel. In cases where repayment is to be provided substantially through the sale of collateral, the Company reduces the fair value by the estimated costs to sell. Loans experiencing financial difficulty for which a concession has not yet been provided may be identified as reasonably expected TDRs.

Reasonably expected TDRs and TDRs use the same methodology. In cases where the expected credit loss can only be captured through a discounted cash flow analysis (such as an interest rate modification for a TDR loan), the allowance is measured by the amount which the loan’s amortized cost exceeds the discounted cash flow analysis.

Business combinations, accounting for acquired loans with credit deterioration and off-balance sheet financial instruments

Business combinations, accounting for acquired loans with credit deterioration and off-balance sheet financial instruments:

Business combinations are accounted for by applying the acquisition method in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 805, “Business Combinations” (“ASC 805”). Under the acquisition method, identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree at the acquisition date are measured at their fair values as of that date. Any excess of the purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. To the extent the fair value of net assets acquired, including any other identifiable intangible assets, exceed the purchase price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized. Results of operations of acquired entities are included in the consolidated statements of income from the date of acquisition.

Beginning January 1, 2020, loans acquired in business combinations with evidence of more-than-insignificant credit deterioration since origination are considered to be Purchased Credit Deteriorated. The Company developed multiple criteria to assess the presence of more–than–insignificant credit deterioration in acquired loans, mainly focused on changes in credit quality and payment status. While general criteria have been established, each acquisition will vary in its specific facts and circumstances and the Company will apply judgment around PCD identification for each individual acquisition based on their unique portfolio mix and risks identified.

The Company adopted ASC 326 on January 1, 2020 using the prospective transition approach for loans previously classified as purchased credit impaired and accounted for under ASC 310-30. In accordance with the standard, management did not reassess whether PCI assets met the criteria of PCD assets as of the date of adoption and all PCI loans were transitioned to PCD loans upon adoption. Under PCD accounting, the amount of expected credit losses as of the acquisition date is added to the purchase price of the PCD loan. This establishes the amortized cost basis of the PCD loan. The difference between the unpaid principal balance of the PCD loan and the amortized cost basis of the PCD loan as of the acquisition date is the non-credit discount. Interest income for a PCD loan is recognized by accreting the amortized cost basis of the PCD loan to its contractual cash flows. The discount related to estimated credit losses on acquisition recorded as an allowance for credit losses will not be accreted into interest income. Only the noncredit-related discount will be accreted into interest income and subsequent adjustments to expected credit losses will flow through the provision for credit losses on the income statement.

Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit, issued to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to

loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded, unless considered derivatives.

For loan commitments that are not accounted for as derivatives and when the obligation is not unconditionally cancellable by the Company, the Company applies the CECL methodology to estimate the expected credit loss on off-balance-sheet commitments. The estimate of expected credit losses for off-balance-sheet credit commitments is recognized as a liability. When the loan is funded, an allowance for expected credit losses is estimated for that loan using the CECL methodology, and the liability for off-balance-sheet commitments is reduced. When applying the CECL methodology to estimate the expected credit loss, the Company considers the likelihood that funding will occur, the contractual period of exposure to credit loss, the risk of loss, historical loss experience, and current conditions along with expectations of future economic conditions.

Premises and equipment

Premises and equipment:

Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Provisions for depreciation are computed principally on the straight-line method and are charged to occupancy expense over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Maintenance agreements are amortized to expense over the period of time covered by the agreement. Costs of major additions, replacements or improvements are capitalized while expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.

For financial statement purposes, the estimated useful life for premises is the lesser of the remaining useful life per third party appraisal or forty years, for furniture and fixtures the estimated useful life is seven to ten years, for leasehold improvements the estimated useful life is the lesser of twenty years or the term of the lease and for equipment the estimated useful life is three to seven years.

Other real estate owned

Other real estate owned:Real estate acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure is initially recorded at fair value less the estimated cost to sell at the date of foreclosure, which may establish a new cost basis. Other real estate owned may also include excess facilities and properties held for sale as described in Note 7, "Other real estate owned". Physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan occurs when legal title is obtained upon completion of foreclosure or when the borrower conveys all interest in the property to satisfy the loan. After initial measurement, valuations are periodically performed by management and the asset is carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Revenue and expenses from operations are included in other noninterest income and noninterest expenses. Losses due to the valuation of the property are included in gain (loss) on sales or write-downs of other real estate owned.

Leases

Leases:

The Company leases certain banking, mortgage and operations locations. The Company records leases on the balance sheet in the form of a lease liability for the present value of future minimum payments under the lease terms and a right-of-use asset equal to the lease liability adjusted for items such as deferred or prepaid rent, incentive liabilities, leasehold intangibles and any impairment of the right-of-use asset. In determining whether a contract contains a lease, management conducts an analysis at lease inception to ensure an asset was specifically identified and the Company has control of use of the asset. The Company considers a lease to be a finance lease if future minimum lease payments amount to greater than 90% of the asset's fair value or if the lease term is equal to or greater than 75% of the asset's estimated economic useful life. The Company does not record leases on the consolidated balance sheets that are classified as short term (less than one year). Additionally, the Company has not recorded equipment leases on the consolidated balance sheets as these are not material to the Company.

At lease inception, the Company determines the lease term by adding together the minimum lease term and all optional renewal periods that it is reasonably certain to renew. This determination is at management's full discretion and is made through consideration of the asset, market conditions, competition and entity based economic conditions, among other factors. The lease term is used in the economic life test and also to calculate straight-line rent expense. The depreciable life of leasehold improvements is limited by the estimated lease term, including renewals.

Operating leases are expensed on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease beginning when the lease commences. Rent expense and variable lease expense are included in occupancy and equipment expense on the Company's Consolidated statements of income. The Company's variable lease expense include rent escalators that are based on the Consumer Price Index or market conditions and include items such as common area maintenance, utilities, parking,

property taxes, insurance and other costs associated with the lease. The Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a finance lease liability at the lease commencement dated on the estimated present value of lease payments over the lease term for finance leases. The amortization of the right-of-use asset is expensed through occupancy and equipment expense and the interest on the lease liability is expensed through interest expense on borrowings on the Company's consolidated statements of income.

There are no residual value guarantees or restrictions or covenants imposed by leases that will impact the Company's ability to pay dividends or cause the Company to incur additional expenses. The discount rate used in determining the lease liability is based upon incremental borrowing rates the Company could obtain for similar loans as of the date of commencement or renewal.

Mortgage servicing rights

Mortgage servicing rights:

The Company accounts for its mortgage servicing rights under the fair value option as permitted under ASC 860-50-35, "Transfers and Servicing". The Company retains the right to service certain mortgage loans that it sells to secondary market investors. The retained mortgage servicing right is initially recorded at the fair value of future net cash flows expected to be realized for performing servicing activities. Fair value is determined using an income approach with various assumptions including expected cash flows, prepayment speeds, market discount rates, servicing costs, and other factors. These mortgage servicing rights are recognized as a separate asset on the date the corresponding mortgage loan is sold.

Subsequent changes in fair value, including the write downs due to pay offs and paydowns, are recorded in earnings in Mortgage banking income.

Transfers of financial assets

Transfers of financial assets:Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Goodwill and other intangibles

Goodwill and other intangibles:Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquisition over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill impairment testing is performed annually or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate possible impairment. Goodwill is assigned to the Company’s reporting units, Banking or Mortgage as applicable. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment by first performing a qualitative evaluation to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. The qualitative evaluation is an assessment of factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill.  If an entity does a qualitative assessment and determines that it is not more likely than not the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then goodwill of the reporting unit is not considered impaired, and it is not necessary to continue to the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the estimated implied fair value of goodwill is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss would be recognized in noninterest expense to reduce the carrying amount to the estimated implied fair value, which could be material to our operating results for any particular reporting period.Other intangible assets consist of core deposit intangible assets arising from whole bank and branch acquisitions in addition to both a customer trust intangible and manufactured housing loan servicing intangible. All intangible assets are initially measured at fair value and then amortized over their estimated useful lives. See Note 8,"Goodwill and intangible assets" for additional information on other intangibles.

Income taxes

Income taxes:Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance, if needed,

reduces deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes.

A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded.

The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions in “Income tax expense” in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Long-lived assets

Long-lived assets:Premises and equipment, core deposit intangible assets, and other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment when events indicate their carrying amount may not be recoverable from future undiscounted cash flows. If impaired, the assets are recorded at fair value.

Derivative financial instruments and hedging activities

Derivative financial instruments and hedging activities:

All derivative financial instruments are recorded at their fair values in other assets or other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets in accordance with ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.” If derivative financial instruments are designated as hedges of fair values, both the change in the fair value of the hedge and the hedged item are included in current earnings. If derivative financial instruments are not designated as hedges, only the change in the fair value of the derivative instrument is included in current earnings.

Cash flow hedges are utilized to mitigate the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows or other types of forecasted transactions. For the Company’s derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges are, to the extent that the hedging relationship is effective, recorded as other comprehensive income and are subsequently recognized in earnings at the same time that the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The ineffective portions of the changes in fair value of the hedging instruments are immediately recognized in earnings. The assessment of the effectiveness of the hedging relationship is evaluated under the hypothetical derivative method.  

The Company also utilizes derivative instruments that are not designated as hedging instruments. The Company enters into interest rate cap and/or floor agreements with its customers and then enters into an offsetting derivative contract position with other financial institutions to mitigate the interest rate risk associated with these customer contracts. Because these derivative instruments are not designated as hedging instruments, changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments are recognized currently in earnings.

The Company also enters into commitments to originate loans whereby the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding (rate-lock commitments). Rate-lock commitments on mortgage loans that are intended to be sold are considered to be derivatives. Accordingly, such commitments, along with any related fees received from potential borrowers, are recorded at fair value in other assets or liabilities, with changes in fair value recorded in the line item “Mortgage banking income” on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Fair value is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, and for fixed-rate commitments, the difference between current levels of interest rates and the committed rates is also considered.

The Company utilizes forward loan sale contracts and forward sales of residential mortgage-backed securities to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in the Company’s mortgage loan pipeline and held-for-sale portfolio. Forward sale contracts are contracts for delayed delivery of mortgage loans or a group of loans pooled as mortgage-backed securities. The Company agrees to deliver on a specified future date, a specified instrument, at a specified price or yield. However, the contract may allow for cash settlement. The credit risk inherent to the Company arises from the potential inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. In the event of non-acceptance by the counterparty, the Company would be subject to the credit and inherent (or market) risk of the loans retained. Such contracts are accounted for as derivatives and, along with related fees paid to investor are recorded at fair value in derivative assets or liabilities, with changes in fair value recorded in the line item “Mortgage banking income” on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Fair value is based on the estimated amounts that the Company would receive or pay to terminate the commitment at the reporting date.

The Company utilizes two methods to deliver mortgage loans sold to an investor. Under a “best efforts” sales agreement, the Company enters into a sales agreement with an investor in the secondary market to sell the loan when an interest

rate-lock commitment is entered into with a customer, as described above. Under a “best efforts” sales agreement, the Company is obligated to sell the mortgage loan to the investor only if the loan is closed and funded. Thus, the Company will not incur any liability to an investor if the mortgage loan commitment in the pipeline fails to close. The Company also utilizes “mandatory delivery” sales agreements. Under a mandatory delivery sales agreement, the Company commits to deliver a certain principal amount of mortgage loans to an investor at a specified price and delivery date. Penalties are paid to the investor should the Company fail to satisfy the contract. Mandatory commitments are recorded at fair value in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gains and losses arising from changes in the valuation of these commitments are recognized currently in earnings and are reflected under the line item “Mortgage banking income” on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Lender risk account

Lender risk account:The Company sells qualified mortgage loans to FHLB-Cincinnati via the Mortgage Purchase Program.  All mortgage loans purchased from members through the MPP are held on the FHLB’s balance sheet. FHLB does not securitize MPP loans for sale to other investors.  They mitigate their credit risk exposure through their underwriting and pool composition requirements and through the establishment of the Lender Risk Account credit enhancement. The LRA protects the FHLB against possible credit losses by setting aside a portion of the initial purchase price into a performance based escrow account that can be used to offset possible loan losses.  The LRA amount is established as a percentage applied to the sum of the initial unpaid principal balance of each mortgage in the aggregated pool at the time of the purchase of the mortgage as determined by the FHLB-Cincinnati and is funded by the deduction from the proceeds of sale of each mortgage in the aggregated pool to the FHLB-Cincinnati.  As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had on deposit with the FHLB-Cincinnati $17,130 and $12,729, respectively, in these LRA’s. Additionally, as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company estimated the guaranty account to be $8,372 and $6,183, respectively. The Company bears the risk of receiving less than 100% of its LRA contribution in the event of losses, either by the Company or other members selling mortgages in the aggregated pool.  Any losses will be deducted first from the individual LRA contribution of the institution that sold the mortgage of which the loss was incurred. If losses incurred in the aggregated pool are greater than the member’s LRA contribution, such losses will be deducted from the LRA contribution of other members selling mortgages in that aggregated pool.  Any portion of the LRA not used to pay losses will be released over a thirty year period and will not start until the end of five years after the initial fill-up period.

Comprehensive income

Comprehensive income:Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income. Other comprehensive income includes unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities and derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, net of taxes.

Loss contingencies

Loss contingencies:Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe there are such matters that will have a material effect on the financial statements.

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase:The Company routinely sells securities to certain customers and then repurchases the securities the next business day. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at the amount of cash received in connection with each transaction in the line item "Borrowings". These are secured liabilities and are not covered by the FDIC. See Note 13, "Borrowings" in the Notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional details regarding securities sold under agreements to repurchase.

Advertising expense

Advertising expense:Advertising costs, including costs related to internet mortgage marketing, lead generation, and related costs, are expensed as incurred.

Earnings per common share

Earnings per common share:Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing earnings attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS includes the dilutive effect of additional potential common shares issuable under the restricted stock units granted but not yet vested and distributable. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing earnings attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the year, plus an incremental number of common-equivalent shares computed using the treasury stock method. Unvested share-based payment awards, which include the right to receive non-forfeitable dividends or dividend equivalents, are considered to participate with common shareholders in undistributed earnings for purposes of computing EPS. Companies that have such participating securities, including the Company, are required to calculate basic and diluted EPS using the two-class method. Certain restricted stock awards granted by the Company include non-forfeitable dividend equivalents and are considered participating securities. Calculations of EPS under the two-class method (i) exclude from the numerator any dividends paid or owed on participating securities and any undistributed earnings considered to be attributable to participating securities and (ii) exclude from the denominator the dilutive impact of the participating securities. Nearly all the participating securities represented deferred stock units which fully vested in 2019. The remainder of the Company's participating securities did not have a meaningful impact for 2021 and 2020.

Segment reporting

Segment reporting: The Company’s Mortgage division represents a distinct reportable segment that differs from the Company’s primary business of Banking. As previously reported, during the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company re-evaluated its business segments and revised to align all mortgage activities with the Mortgage segment. Previously, the Company had attributed retail mortgage activities originating from geographical locations within the footprint of the Company's branches to the Banking segment. Results for the comparable prior periods have been revised to reflect this realignment.

Stock-based compensation

Stock-based compensation:

The Company grants restricted stock units under compensation arrangements for the benefit of employees, executive officers, and directors. Restricted stock unit grants are subject to time-based vesting. The total number of restricted stock units granted represents the maximum number of restricted stock units eligible to vest based upon the service conditions set forth in the grant agreements.

In 2020, the Company started awarding annual grants of performance-based restricted stock units to executives and other employees. Under the terms of the award, the number of units that will vest and convert to shares of common stock will be based on the extent to which the Company achieves specified performance criteria during a fixed three-year performance period.

Stock-based compensation expense is recognized in accordance with ASC 718-20, “Compensation – Stock Compensation Awards Classified as Equity”. Expense is recognized based on the fair value of the portion of stock-based payment awards that are ultimately expected to vest, reduced for forfeitures based on grant-date fair value. The restricted stock unit awards and related expense are amortized over the required service period, if any. Compensation expense for

PSUs is estimated each period based on the fair value of the stock at the grant date and the most probable outcome of the performance condition, adjusted for the passage of time within the vesting period of the awards.

Subsequent events

Subsequent Events:ASC Topic 855, "Subsequent Events", establishes general standards of accounting for and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued. The Company evaluated events or transactions that occurred after December 31, 2021 through the date of the issued financial statements.

Recently adopted accounting standards and Newly issued not yet effective accounting standards

Recently adopted accounting standards:

In June 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-07, "Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting", which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. Consistent with the accounting for employee share-based payment awards, nonemployee share-based payment awards are measured at grant-date fair value of equity instruments obligated to be issued when the good has been delivered or the service rendered and any other conditions necessary to earn the right to benefit from the instruments have been satisfied. This ASU is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginnings after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company adopted the update effective January 1, 2021. The adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

In January 2021, Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2021-01, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope". This ASU clarifies that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. The ASU also amends the expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 to capture the incremental consequences of the scope clarification and to tailor the existing guidance to derivative instruments affected by the discounting transition. The Company early adopted ASU 2021-01 upon issuance effective January 7, 2021. No contract modifications have been made under the new guidance, therefore the adoption of this update did not impact the Company's financial statements or disclosures.

Newly issued not yet effective accounting standards:

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” ASU 2020-04 is intended to provide relief for companies preparing for discontinuation of interest rates based on LIBOR. The ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference LIBOR or other reference rates expected to be discontinued. ASU 2020-04 also provides for a onetime sale and/or transfer to AFS or trading to be made for HTM debt securities that both reference an eligible reference rate and were classified as HTM before January 1, 2020. ASU 2020-04 was effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 and through December 31, 2022. Companies can apply the ASU as of the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020 or any date thereafter. The guidance requires companies to apply the guidance prospectively to contract modifications and hedging relationships while the one-time election to sell and/or transfer debt securities classified as HTM may be made any time after March 12, 2020.

In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope", which addresses questions about whether Topic 848 can be applied to derivative instruments that do not reference a rate that is expected to be discontinued but that use an interest rate for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment that is expected to be modified as a result of reference rate reform, commonly referred to as the “discounting transition.” The amendments clarify that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 do apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. The amendments in ASU 2021-01 are effective immediately.

Our LIBOR Transition Committee was established to transition from LIBOR to alternative rates and has continued its efforts consistent with industry timelines. As part of these efforts, during the fourth quarter of 2021, we ceased utilization of LIBOR as an index in newly originated loans or loans that are refinanced. Additionally, we identified existing products that utilize LIBOR and are reviewing contractual language to facilitate the transition to alternative reference rates. ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01 are not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Credit Quality

Credit Quality

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans that share similar risk characteristics collectively. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated individually.

The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Pass.	Loans rated Pass include those that are adequately collateralized performing loans which management believes do not have conditions that have occurred or may occur that would result in the loan being downgraded into an inferior category. The Pass category also includes loans rated as Watch, which include those that management believes have conditions that have occurred, or may occur, which could result in the loan being downgraded to an inferior category.
Special Mention.	Loans rated Special Mention are those that have potential weakness that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. Management does not believe there will be a loss of principal or interest. These loans require intensive servicing and may possess more than normal credit risk.
Classified.	Loans included in the Classified category include loans rated as Substandard and Doubtful. Loans rated as Substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Also included in this category are loans classified as Doubtful, which have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as Substandard, with the added characteristic that the weakness or weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, based on currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. The total amortized cost of loans rated as Doubtful were insignificant for all periods presented.

Risk ratings are updated on an ongoing basis and are subject to change by continuous loan monitoring processes.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value of financial instruments:FASB ASC 820-10 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820-10 also establishes a framework for measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities according to a hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that are derived from assumptions based on management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available under the circumstances.

The hierarchy is broken down into the following three levels, based on the reliability of inputs:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that are accessible at the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs for assets or liabilities that are derived from assumptions based on management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

The Company records the fair values of financial assets and liabilities on a recurring and non-recurring basis using the following methods and assumptions:

Investment Securities	Investment securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair values for securities are based on quoted market prices, where available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of similar instruments or are determined by matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique widely used in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the pricing relationship or correlation among other benchmark quoted securities. Investment securities valued using quoted market prices of similar instruments or that are valued using matrix pricing are classified as Level 2. When significant inputs to the valuation are unobservable, the available-for-sale securities are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Where no active market exists for a security or other benchmark securities, fair value is estimated by the Company with reference to discount margins for other high-risk securities.
Loans held for sale	Loans held for sale are carried at fair value. Fair value is determined using current secondary market prices for loans with similar characteristics for the mortgage portfolio, that is, using Level 2 inputs. Commercial loans held for sale's fair value is determined using an income approach with various assumptions including expected cash flows, market discount rates, credit metrics and collateral value when appropriate. As such, these are considered Level 3.
Derivatives	The fair value of the Company's interest rate swaps are based upon fair values provided from entities that engage in interest rate swap activity and is based upon projected future cash flows and interest rates. Fair value of commitments is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, and for fixed-rate commitments, the difference between current levels of interest rates and the committed rates is also considered. These financial instruments are classified as Level 2.
OREO	OREO is comprised of commercial and residential real estate obtained in partial or total satisfaction of loan obligations and excess land and facilities held for sale. OREO acquired in settlement of indebtedness is recorded at the lower of the carrying amount of the loan or the fair value of the real estate less costs to sell. Fair value is determined on a nonrecurring basis based on appraisals by qualified licensed appraisers and is adjusted for management’s estimates of costs to sell and holding period discounts. The valuations are classified as Level 3.
Mortgage servicing rights	MSRs are carried at fair value. Fair value is determined using an income approach with various assumptions including expected cash flows, market discount rates, prepayment speeds, servicing costs, and other factors. As such, MSRs are considered Level 3.
Collateral dependent loans	Collateral dependent loans are loans for which, based on current information and events, the Company has determined foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the Company expects repayment of the loan to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and it is probable that the creditor will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Collateral dependent loans are classified as Level 3.

For collateral dependent loans, the ACL is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. Fair value of the loan's collateral is determined by third-party appraisals, which are then adjusted for estimated selling and closing costs related to liquidation of the collateral. Collateral dependent loans are reviewed and evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly, based on changes in market conditions from the time of valuation and management's knowledge of the borrower and borrower's business. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, total amortized cost of collateral dependent loans measured on a non-recurring basis amounted to $2,255 and $7,839, respectively.

Other real estate owned acquired in settlement of indebtedness is recorded at fair value of the real estate less estimated costs to sell. Subsequently, it may be necessary to record nonrecurring fair value adjustments for declines in fair value. Any write-downs based on the asset's fair value at the date of foreclosure are charged to the allowance for credit losses. Appraisals for both collateral dependent loans and other real estate owned are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Company. Once received, a member of the lending administrative department reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with independent data sources such as recent market data or industry wide statistics. Collateral dependent loans that are dependent on recovery through sale of equipment, such as farm equipment, automobiles and aircrafts are generally valued based on public source pricing or subscription services while more complex assets are valued through leveraging brokers who have expertise in the collateral involved.