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Financial Instruments
12 Months Ended
Oct. 31, 2019
Investments, All Other Investments [Abstract]  
Financial Instruments Financial Instruments
Cash Equivalents and Available-for-Sale Investments
Cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments were as follows:
 
As of
October 31, 2019
 
As of
October 31, 2018
 
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
In millions
Cash Equivalents:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Time deposits
$
803

 
$

 
$

 
$
803

 
$
781

 
$

 
$

 
$
781

Money market funds
859

 

 

 
859

 
2,340

 

 

 
2,340

Total cash equivalents
1,662

 

 

 
1,662

 
3,121

 

 

 
3,121

Available-for-Sale Investments:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Foreign bonds
110

 
23

 

 
133

 
113

 
18

 

 
131

Other debt securities
32

 

 

 
32

 
26

 

 
(1
)
 
25

Total available-for-sale investments
142

 
23

 

 
165

 
139

 
18

 
(1
)
 
156

Total cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments
$
1,804

 
$
23

 
$

 
$
1,827

 
$
3,260

 
$
18

 
$
(1
)
 
$
3,277


All highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of acquisition are considered cash equivalents. As of October 31, 2019 and 2018, the carrying amount of cash equivalents approximated fair value due to the short period of time to maturity. Interest income related to cash, cash equivalents and debt securities was approximately $64 million in fiscal 2019 and $104 million in fiscal 2018 and 2017. Time deposits were primarily issued by institutions outside the U.S. as of October 31, 2019 and 2018. The estimated fair value of the available-for-sale investments may not be representative of values that will be realized in the future.
Contractual maturities of investments in available-for-sale debt securities were as follows:
 
As of
October 31, 2019
 
Amortized Cost
 
Fair Value
 
In millions
Due in one to five years
$
9

 
$
9

Due in more than five years
133

 
156

 
$
142

 
$
165


Equity securities investments in privately held companies are included in Long-term financing receivables and other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The carrying amount of these without readily determinable fair values amounted to $190 million and $162 million at October 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Investments in equity securities that are accounted for using the equity method are included in Investments in equity interests in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These amounted to $2.3 billion and $2.4 billion at October 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. For additional information, see Note 21, "Equity Method Investments".
Derivative Instruments
The Company is a global company exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and interest rate changes in the normal course of its business. As part of its risk management strategy, the Company uses derivative instruments, primarily forward contracts, interest rate swaps and total return swaps to hedge certain foreign currency, interest rate and, to a lesser extent, equity exposures. The Company's objective is to offset gains and losses resulting from these exposures with losses and gains on the
derivative contracts used to hedge them, thereby reducing volatility of earnings or protecting the fair value of assets and liabilities. The Company does not have any leveraged derivatives and does not use derivative contracts for speculative purposes. The Company may designate its derivative contracts as fair value hedges, cash flow hedges or hedges of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation ("net investment hedges"). Additionally, for derivatives not designated as hedging instruments, the Company categorizes those economic hedges as other derivatives. Derivative instruments are recognized at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The change in fair value of the derivative instruments is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings or Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income depending upon the type of hedge as further discussed below. The Company classifies cash flows from its derivative programs with the activities that correspond to the underlying hedged items in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
As a result of its use of derivative instruments, the Company is exposed to the risk that its counterparties will fail to meet their contractual obligations. To mitigate counterparty credit risk, the Company has a policy of only entering into derivative contracts with carefully selected major financial institutions based on their credit ratings and other factors, and the Company maintains dollar risk limits that correspond to each financial institution's credit rating and other factors. The Company's established policies and procedures for mitigating credit risk include reviewing and establishing limits for credit exposure and periodically reassessing the creditworthiness of its counterparties. Master netting agreements also mitigate credit exposure to counterparties by permitting the Company to net amounts due from the Company to a counterparty against amounts due to the Company from the same counterparty under certain conditions.
To further mitigate credit exposure to counterparties, the Company has collateral security agreements, which allows the Company to hold collateral from, or require the Company to post collateral to counterparties when aggregate derivative fair values exceed contractually established thresholds which are generally based on the credit ratings of the Company and its counterparties. If the Company's credit rating falls below a specified credit rating, the counterparty has the right to request full collateralization of the derivatives' net liability position. Conversely, if the counterparty's credit rating falls below a specified credit rating, the Company has the right to request full collateralization of the derivatives' net liability position. Collateral is generally posted within two business days. The fair value of the Company's derivatives with credit contingent features in a net liability position was $18 million and $290 million at October 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, all of which were fully collateralized within two business days.
Under the Company's derivative contracts, the counterparty can terminate all outstanding trades following a covered change of control event affecting the Company that results in the surviving entity being rated below a specified credit rating. This credit contingent provision did not affect the Company's financial position or cash flows as of October 31, 2019 and 2018.
Fair Value Hedges
The Company issues long-term debt in U.S. dollars based on market conditions at the time of financing. The Company may enter into fair value hedges, such as interest rate swaps, to reduce the exposure of its debt portfolio to changes in fair value resulting from changes in interest rates by achieving a primarily U.S. dollar LIBOR-based floating interest rate. The swap transactions generally involve principal and interest obligations for U.S. dollar-denominated amounts. Alternatively, the Company may choose not to swap fixed for floating interest payments or may terminate a previously executed swap if it believes a larger proportion of fixed-rate debt would be beneficial. When investing in fixed-rate instruments, the Company may enter into interest rate swaps that convert the fixed interest payments into variable interest payments and may designate these swaps as fair value hedges.
For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the Company recognizes the change in fair value of the derivative instrument, as well as the offsetting change in the fair value of the hedged item, in Interest and other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings in the period of change.
Cash Flow Hedges
The Company uses forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges to protect against the foreign currency exchange rate risks inherent in its forecasted net revenue and, to a lesser extent, cost of sales, operating expenses, and intercompany loans denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. The Company's foreign currency cash flow hedges mature generally within twelve months; however, forward contracts associated with sales-type and direct-financing leases and intercompany loans extend for the duration of the lease or loan term, which can extend up to five years.
The Company uses interest rate contracts designated as cash flow hedges to hedge the variability of cash flows in the interest payments associated with its variable-rate debt due to changes in the U.S. dollar LIBOR-based floating interest rate. The swap transactions generally involve principal and interest obligations for U.S. dollar-denominated amounts.
For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the Company initially records changes in fair value for the effective portion of the derivative instrument in Accumulated other comprehensive loss as a separate component of equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and subsequently reclassifies these amounts into earnings in the period during which the hedged transaction is recognized in earnings. The Company reports the effective portion of its cash flow hedges in the same financial statement line item as changes in the fair value of the hedged item.
Net Investment Hedges
The Company uses forward contracts designated as net investment hedges to hedge net investments in certain foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is the local currency. The Company records the effective portion of such derivative instruments together with changes in the fair value of the hedged items in cumulative translation adjustment as a separate component of Equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Other Derivatives
Other derivatives not designated as hedging instruments consist primarily of forward contracts used to hedge foreign currency-denominated balance sheet exposures. The Company also uses total return swaps and, to a lesser extent, interest rate swaps, based on equity or fixed income indices, to hedge its executive deferred compensation plan liability.
For derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, the Company recognizes changes in fair value of the derivative instrument, as well as the offsetting change in the fair value of the hedged item, in Interest and other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings in the period of change.
Hedge Effectiveness
For interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges, the Company measures hedge effectiveness by offsetting the change in fair value of the hedged items with the change in fair value of the derivative. For forward contracts designated as cash flow or net investment hedges, the Company measures hedge effectiveness by comparing the cumulative change in fair value of the hedge contract with the cumulative change in fair value of the hedged item, both of which are based on forward rates. The Company recognizes any ineffective portion of the hedge in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings in the same period in which ineffectiveness occurs. Amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings in the period they arise.
Fair Value of Derivative Instruments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
The gross notional and fair value of derivative instruments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets was as follows:
 
As of
October 31, 2019
 
As of
October 31, 2018
 
 
 
Fair Value
 
 
 
Fair Value
 
Outstanding
Gross
Notional
 
Other
Current
Assets
 
Long-Term
Financing
Receivables
and Other
Assets
 
Other
Accrued
Liabilities
 
Long-Term
Other
Liabilities
 
Outstanding
Gross
Notional
 
Other
Current
Assets
 
Long-Term
Financing
Receivables
and Other
Assets
 
Other
Accrued
Liabilities
 
Long-Term
Other
Liabilities
 
In millions
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Fair value hedges:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Interest rate contracts
$
6,850

 
$

 
$
72

 
$
11

 
$

 
$
6,850

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
353

Cash flow hedges:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Foreign currency contracts
8,578

 
164

 
141

 
45

 
27

 
8,423

 
270

 
107

 
11

 
15

Interest rate contracts
500

 

 
1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net investment hedges:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Foreign currency contracts
1,766

 
31

 
36

 
18

 
10

 
1,737

 
32

 
41

 
13

 
11

Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments
17,694

 
195

 
250

 
74

 
37

 
17,010

 
302

 
148

 
24

 
379

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Foreign currency contracts
6,398

 
17

 
3

 
33

 
3

 
6,780

 
41

 
5

 
55

 
12

Other derivatives
97

 
3

 

 

 

 
104

 

 

 
6

 

Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
6,495

 
20

 
3

 
33

 
3

 
6,884

 
41

 
5

 
61

 
12

Total derivatives
$
24,189

 
$
215

 
$
253

 
$
107

 
$
40

 
$
23,894

 
$
343

 
$
153

 
$
85

 
$
391


Offsetting of Derivative Instruments
The Company recognizes all derivative instruments on a gross basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company's derivative instruments are subject to master netting arrangements and collateral security arrangements. The Company does not offset the fair value of its derivative instruments against the fair value of cash collateral posted under collateral security agreements. As of October 31, 2019 and 2018, information related to the potential effect of the Company's use of the master netting agreements and collateral security agreements was as follows:
 
As of
October 31, 2019
 
In the Consolidated Balance Sheets
 
 
 
 
 
(i)
 
(ii)
 
(iii) = (i)–(ii)
 
(iv)
 
(v)
 
 
 
(vi) = (iii)–(iv)–(v)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amounts
Not Offset
 
 
 
 
 
Gross
Amount
Recognized
 
Gross
Amount
Offset
 
Net Amount
Presented
 
Derivatives
 
Financial
Collateral
 
 
 
Net Amount
 
In millions
Derivative assets
$
468

 
$

 
$
468

 
$
123

 
$
263

 
(1)
 
$
82

Derivative liabilities
$
147

 
$

 
$
147

 
$
123

 
$
19

 
(2)
 
$
5

 
As of
October 31, 2018
 
In the Consolidated Balance Sheets
 
 
 
 
 
(i)
 
(ii)
 
(iii) = (i)–(ii)
 
(iv)
 
(v)
 
(vi) = (iii)–(iv)–(v)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amounts
Not Offset
 
 
 
 
 
Gross
Amount
Recognized
 
Gross
Amount
Offset
 
Net Amount
Presented
 
Derivatives
 
Financial
Collateral
 
 
 
Net Amount
 
In millions
Derivative assets
$
496

 
$

 
$
496

 
$
179

 
$
205

 
(1)
 
$
112

Derivative liabilities
$
476

 
$

 
$
476

 
$
179

 
$
302

 
(2)
 
$
(5
)
 
(1)
Represents the cash collateral posted by counterparties as of the respective reporting date for the Company's asset position, net of derivative amounts that could be offset, as of, generally, two business days prior to the respective reporting date.
(2)
Represents the collateral posted by the Company in cash or through re-use of counterparty cash collateral as of the respective reporting date for the Company's liability position, net of derivative amounts that could be offset, as of, generally, two business days prior to the respective reporting date. As of Oct 31, 2019, $19 million of collateral posted was entirely by way of re-use of counterparty collateral. As of Oct 31, 2018, $302 million of collateral posted was entirely in cash.
Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings
The pre-tax effect of derivative instruments and related hedged items in a fair value hedging relationship for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:
 
Gains (Losses) Recognized in Income on Derivative and Related Hedged Item
Derivative Instrument
Location
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
Hedged Item
 
Location
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
In millions
 
 
 
 
 
In millions
Interest rate contracts
Interest and other, net
 
$
414

 
$
(211
)
 
$
(245
)
 
Fixed-rate debt
 
Interest and other, net
 
$
(414
)
 
$
211

 
$
245


The pre-tax effect of derivative instruments in cash flow and net investment hedging relationships for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:
 
Gains (Losses)
Recognized in OCI
on Derivatives
(Effective Portion)
 
Gains (Losses) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI
Into Earnings (Effective Portion)
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
Location
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
In millions
 
 
 
In millions
Cash flow hedges:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

Foreign currency contracts
$
109

 
$
163

 
$
(113
)
 
Net revenue
 
$
233

 
$
(24
)
 
$
(68
)
Foreign currency contracts

 

 
(1
)
 
Cost of products
 

 

 

Foreign currency contracts
198

 
6

 
159

 
Interest and other, net
 
138

 
16

 
170

Interest rate contracts
1

 

 

 
Interest and other, net
 

 

 

Subtotal
308

 
169

 
45

 
Net earnings from continuing operations
 
371

 
(8
)
 
102

Foreign currency contracts

 

 
1

 
Net loss from discontinued operations
 

 

 
43

Total cash flow hedges
$
308

 
$
169

 
$
46

 
Net earnings
 
$
371

 
$
(8
)
 
$
145

Net investment hedges:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

Foreign currency contracts
$
2

 
$
81

 
$
(71
)
 
Interest and other, net
 
$

 
$

 
$


As of October 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, no portion of the hedging instruments' gain or loss was excluded from the assessment of effectiveness for fair value, cash flow or net investment hedges. Hedge ineffectiveness for fair value, cash flow and net investment hedges was not material for fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017.
As of October 31, 2019, the Company expects to reclassify an estimated net accumulated other comprehensive gain of approximately $40 million, net of taxes, to earnings in the next twelve months along with the earnings effects of the related forecasted transactions associated with cash flow hedges.
The pre-tax effect of derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:
 
Gains (Losses) Recognized in Income on Derivatives
 
Location
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
In millions
Foreign currency contracts
Interest and other, net
 
$
(134
)
 
$
301

 
$
(443
)
Other derivatives
Interest and other, net
 
8

 
(6
)
 
3

Total
 
 
$
(126
)
 
$
295

 
$
(440
)