As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 31, 2020.

Registration No. 333-248251

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

AMENDMENT NO. 1

TO

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Sumo Logic, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	7372	27-2234444
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

Sumo Logic, Inc.

305 Main Street

Redwood City, California 94063

(650) 810-8700

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Ramin Sayar

President and Chief Executive Officer

Sumo Logic, Inc.

305 Main Street

Redwood City, California 94063

(650) 810-8700

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Katharine A. Martin Rezwan D. Pavri Lianna C. Whittleton Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, P.C. 650 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, California 94304 (650) 493-9300 Katherine Haar Sumo Logic, Inc. 305 Main Street Redwood City, California 94063 (650) 810-8700 Alan F. Denenberg Stephen Salmon Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP 1600 El Camino Real Menlo Park, California 94025 (650) 752-2000

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:

As soon as practicable after this registration statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 check the following box.  ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☐

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

Title of each Class of Securities to be Registered	Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price(1)(2)	Amount of Registration Fee(3)
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share	$100,000,000	$12,980

(1) Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee in accordance with Rule 457(o) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

(2) Includes the aggregate offering price of additional shares that the underwriters have the option to purchase solely to cover over-allotments, if any.

(3) Previously paid.

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant will file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement will thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement will become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell nor does it seek an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

PROSPECTUS (Subject to Completion)

Issued                     , 2020

                     Shares

Common Stock

Sumo Logic, Inc. is offering                      shares of its common stock. This is an initial public offering and no public market currently exists for our shares. It is currently estimated that the initial public offering price per share will be between $                     and $                    .

We have applied to list the common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “SUMO”.

We are an “emerging growth company” as that term is defined under the federal securities laws and, as such, we have elected to comply with certain reduced reporting requirements for this prospectus and may elect to do so in future filings.

Investing in our common stock involves risks. See the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 17 to read about factors you should consider before buying shares of our common stock.

PRICE $                     A SHARE

	Price to Public	Underwriting Discounts and Commissions(1)	Proceeds to Sumo Logic
Per Share	$	$	$
Total	$	$	$

(1) See the section titled “Underwriters” for a description of the compensation payable to the underwriters.

At our request, the underwriters have reserved up to                     % of the shares offered by this prospectus for sale at the initial public offering price through a directed share program. See the section titled “Underwriters—Directed Share Program” for additional information.

We have granted the underwriters the right to purchase up to                      additional shares of our common stock to cover over-allotments.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares against payment in New York, New York, on or about                     , 2020.

MORGAN STANLEY	J.P. MORGAN	RBC CAPITAL MARKETS	JEFFERIES
WILLIAM BLAIR	COWEN	PIPER SANDLER	BTIG

Prospectus dated                     , 2020

Digital businesses compete in the Intelligence Economy Five requirements of digital business success Modern application Multi-cloud Continuous Continuous Data-driven architectures adoption security collaboration intelligence Digital transformation and data growth increase complexity, driving intelligence gaps Closing the gaps requires a new category of software, Continuous Intelligence Win in the Intelligence Economy with Sumo Logic Continuous Intelligence PlatformTM

Transforming complexity into continuous intelligence. Collect & Centralize Predict & Monitor & Optimize Visualize Search & Alert & Investigate Notify .to deliver real-time analytics and insights for all.

Sumo Logic service usage* 873 Petabytes Average data scanned per day 1.6 Quadrillion Average events scanned per day 27.1 Exabytes Total data scanned in month 49.9 Quadrillion Total events scanned in month 542 Bytes Average event size 18.6 Billion Events scanned per second *For the month of July 2020

Real-time analytics Multiple use cases True SaaS Operational Intelligence Security Intelligence Business Intelligence Application Status Dashboard with Logs and Metrics LIVE MODE [From Panel] Find Insights, Signals, Entities and more… Insights Signals Entities Records Investigations Content Business Overview Done Editing [From Panel] Metrics - Application Key Performance Indicators ONLINE 08_05_2020 7 days INSIGHT RADAR INSIGHT ACTIVITY Last 60 Minutes Last 60 Minutes NEW Travel Booking Status Latency by Application Component Customer Logins 05/01 6:00 PM Records Signals Insights app Logins RECORDS Signals INSIGHTS 05/08 6:00 AM INSIGHT-3663 - Insider Threat - Lateral 7.5k 20k Movement with Increased Traffic Visitors Over Time... Last 15 Minutes Visitor Platforms Last 9 Minutes hourly Bookings Last 60 Minutes Bookie... Last 60 Minutes Bookings Last 60 Minutes db Baseline 1 B 33 k 56 web 15k 73% 20% 3% 05/02 6:00 AM Multiple signals related to lateral movement with other and... 4,000 100 (ms) 5k 172.18.20.20 ency Logins 10k 2,000 Mobile flight Lat 2.5k 5k SENSOR STATUS Signal Data bots/unk 8.84k hotel 0 PC car 0 05/02 6:00 PM 10 Mac M 0 AM A AM 08:50 AM 09:00 AM 09:10 AM 09:20 AM 09:30 AM 09:40 AM 08:50 AM 09:00 AM 09:10 AM 09:20 AM 09:30 AM 09:40 AM 14 days 9:20 ONLINE DURATION 08:40 09:00 09:20 08:50 08:50 09:10 08:40 09:00 09:10 0 05/07 6:00 AM 11 26 09 System Performance Logs - Application Error Analysis Bookings by Dollar Last 60 Minutes Bookings Last 15 Minutes Payment Transactions Last 15 Minutes This Sensor appears to be fully functional. 200k 200 65.6K 1,228 150 Top 10 Servers by CPU Usage Last 60 Minutes Errors Last 60 Minutes Log Signatures Last 60 Minutes HIGH 100 server 05/03 6:00 AM SEVERITY 0 # node signature Network 2.2.9 558 M 100k 100 32.8K 614 75 server Type Version Total Records server System Errors 1 server 14 $DATE web app : Successful 3,486 REVIEW CLOSE server Login for user session 0 0 0 0 0 server 05/06 6:00 PM 08:40 AM 08:50 AM 09:00 AM 09:10 AM 09:20 AM 09:20 AM 09:22 AM 09:24 AM 09:26 AM 09:28 AM 09:30 AM 09:32 AM 09:20 AM 09:22 AM 09:24 AM 09:26 AM 09:28 AM 09:30 AM 09:32 AM 50 server 2 server 11 $DATE webapp : 3,317 758.34 GB 0 server 0 : JDBC Total Data Total Errors success_dollars failed_dollars sum_dollars booking_success booking_failed duration_ms transactions server14 Connection timeout to RDS service on server errors rds01.webapp.com TODAY server14 05/03 6:00 PM Insight Dana Torgensen User Anomalies (SUMO) with added Beasoning a comment Behavior to 08:50 AM 09:00 AM 09:10 AM 09:20 AM 09:30 AM 09:40 AM 3 server01 11 $DATE webapp : ERROR - Failed 2,867 Flights Hotels Cars 1 of 3 Looking into this item... 6 hours ago Flight Booking Locations Last 60 Minutes Hotel Booking Locations Last 60 Minutes Car Hiring Locations Last 60 Minutes Top 10 servers by Memory Usage Last 60 Minutes Errors and Exceptions by Log Reduce Signature Last 60 Minutes 05/06 6:00 AM Dana Torgensen (SUMO) added a comment to Insight User Anomalies with Beasoning Behavior 75M server01 Looking into this item... server 01 2,000 6 hours ago server 01 [$ ]”GET / 05/04 6:00 AM 238 73 486 50M server14 HTTP/1. Insight Dana Torgensen User Anomalies (SUMO) with added Beasoning a comment Behavior to 1.4k 48 388 304 9 76 2.4k 93 650 server04 java cluster . node ... 05/05 6:00 PM 64 50 7 server 05 1,000 Looking into this item... 25M server06 1/3 6 hours ago server07 05/04 6:00 PM Dana Torgensen (SUMO) added a comment to 60 9 73 server08 05/05 6:00 AM Insight User Anomalies with Beasoning Behavior 94 29 149 server09 Looking into this item... 90 178 11 24 182 283 08:50 AM 09:00 AM 09:10 AM 09:20 AM 09:30 AM 09:40 AM 0 VIEW SENSORS 6 hours ago 08:45 AM 09:00 AM 09:15 AM Global Intelligence Industry insights Community insights Data science insights Cloud-native Platform All types of Multi-tenant Flexible Actionable Machine learning & Security 1st machine data elastic scale Licensing insights advanced analytics principle

s u See business differently with continuous intelligence m o

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Prospectus

	Page
Prospectus Summary		1
Risk Factors		17
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements		56
Industry, Market, and Other Data		58
Use of Proceeds		59
Dividend Policy		60
Capitalization		61
Dilution		64
Selected Consolidated Financial and Other Data		68
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		71
Business		102
Management		127
Executive Compensation		138
Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions		154
Principal Stockholders		159
Description of Capital Stock		161
Shares Eligible for Future Sale		167
Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Our Common Stock		170
Underwriters		175
Legal Matters		183
Experts		183
Where You Can Find Additional Information		183
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures to Most Directly Comparable GAAP Financial Measures		184
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements		F-1

Through and including                     , 2020 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers effecting transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to a dealer’s obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to an unsold allotment or subscription.

Neither we nor any of the underwriters have authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectuses we have prepared. Neither we nor any of the underwriters take responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the shares offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus is current only as of its date, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of our common stock.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor any of the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the shares of our common stock and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights selected information that is presented in greater detail elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary does not contain all of the information you should consider before investing in our common stock. You should read this entire prospectus carefully, including the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus, before making an investment decision. Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Sumo Logic,” “the company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” in this prospectus refer to Sumo Logic, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. Our fiscal year end is January 31, and our fiscal quarters end on April 30, July 31, October 31, and January 31. Our fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020 are referred to herein as fiscal 2018, fiscal 2019, and fiscal 2020, respectively.

SUMO LOGIC, INC.

Overview

Sumo Logic empowers organizations to close the intelligence gap.

Sumo Logic is the pioneer of Continuous Intelligence, a new category of software, which enables organizations of all sizes to address the challenges and opportunities presented by digital transformation, modern applications, and cloud computing. Our Continuous Intelligence Platform enables organizations to automate the collection, ingestion, and analysis of application, infrastructure, security, and IoT data to derive actionable insights within seconds. Continuous intelligence leverages artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities, and is provided as a multi-tenant cloud service that allows organizations to more rapidly deliver reliable applications and digital services, protect against modern security threats, and consistently optimize their business processes in real time. This empowers employees across all lines of business, development, IT, and security teams with the data and insights needed to address the technology and collaboration challenges required for modern business. With our Continuous Intelligence Platform, executives and employees have the intelligence they require to take prescriptive action in real time—a modern business imperative.

We live in the intelligence economy. Organizations can succeed or fail based on how well they understand and respond to what is happening inside their business. Reports, surveys, or monitoring alerts provided by traditional operational and security technologies and manual processes are no longer effective. Today, businesses generate data from multiple sources—every touchpoint, customer interaction, and digital connection across an entire business and ecosystem. This represents an unprecedented volume of data that is growing at an extraordinary pace, which is, at best, difficult to digest and, at worst, an impediment to driving the speed of decision-making needed to compete in today’s dynamic marketplaces.

The risk of ignorance is monumental to a business. C-suite executives and business leaders are under increasing pressure to know exactly what is happening inside their business the moment it happens. As a result, employees across organizations are increasingly accountable for the overall health and security of their businesses at all times, and can no longer credibly hide behind gaps of intelligence. Intelligence gaps are rampant inside organizations due to multiple disparate systems, departmental silos, and an antiquated set of partial solutions that add more noise, obscuring the signal of truth that organizations seek. Organizations that cannot close the intelligence gap will not only get left behind, they will get lapped. Addressing the intelligence gap by hiring more people or working longer hours is insufficient—organizations must increase their collective intelligence.

Businesses thriving in the intelligence economy are taking a completely different approach to solving the intelligence gap, by seeking out solutions that provide real-time continuous intelligence that improves how they

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collectively and collaboratively build, manage, and secure their digital services. Organizations that will be successful in the digital age must be able to utilize their most important resource: their data.

Our vision is to democratize machine data, making insights from this rich source available to all. Our Continuous Intelligence Platform gives our customers insights across a wide range of use cases. We help our customers: monitor and troubleshoot their applications and their cloud and on-premise infrastructure; manage audit and compliance requirements; rapidly detect and resolve modern security threats; and extract critical key performance indicators, or KPIs, from various types of machine data to gain visibility into customer behavior, engagement, and actions. We enable our customers to derive critical value from their data with advanced analytics based on our proprietary machine learning technology that identifies and predicts anomalies in real time.

Our multi-tenant, cloud-native platform was architected by big data and security experts and has been in operation continuously for nearly a decade. Our platform is built on a modern, microservices-based application and cloud architecture, leverages security-first principles, and incorporates artificial intelligence and machine learning, or AI/ML, algorithms to deliver real-time actionable insights. We started in 2010 with the mission to provide organizations with the ability to ingest and analyze complex unstructured machine data, such as logs, events, and security data for a cloud security information and event management, or SIEM, solution. However, we always had the vision to expand our data analytics capabilities to address less complex structured machine data, such as time-series metrics from applications and infrastructure, to provide a cloud-native operational intelligence solution. In 2012, when we released our service, we discovered that developers, IT operations, and security analysts were leveraging our platform to initially ingest and analyze log and event data in order to monitor and troubleshoot their mission-critical applications, systems, and services.

Our platform scans an average of 873 petabytes of data per day and an average of 18.6 billion events per second.¹ Our platform integrates and analyzes structured, semi-structured, and unstructured machine data, both historically and in real time, to provide actionable intelligence around what happened, why it happened, and how to resolve business, technology, or cybersecurity issues.

We deliberately architected and built our analytics platform to address the technology challenges and gaps in intelligence that arise from siloed development, operations, and security teams in order to enable organizations to adopt a more modern DevSecOps operating model. DevSecOps is the philosophy of integrating security practices within the DevOps process, and involves ongoing, flexible collaboration among developers, release engineers, and security teams. DevOps is a combination of practices that automates the processes between software development and operations teams in order to build, test, and deploy modern applications faster. Ultimately, it enables teams to gain more insights and intelligence in order to release software faster, optimize processes, and better deliver digital solutions to customers. We offer a suite of solutions to address the intelligence gap: Operational Intelligence, Security Intelligence, Business Intelligence, and Global Intelligence.

We address cloud-native businesses as well as traditional on-premise businesses that are seeking to build, manage, and secure modern applications as they undertake their digital transformation and cloud adoption initiatives. We serve organizations of all sizes, from large enterprises to small and mid-market businesses, regardless of their cloud, digital transformation, security analytics, or DevSecOps maturity. Representative customers include 23andMe, Alaska Airlines, Brown University, JetBlue, Land O’Lakes, LendingTree, Major League Baseball, Netflix, PagerDuty, Petco, Pitney Bowes, Qualtrics, Salesforce.com, Twilio, ULTA Beauty, and Xero. Our customer count changed from 1,626 as of January 31, 2018 to 1,900 as of January 31, 2019, to 2,137 as of January 31, 2020, and to 2,130 as of July 31, 2020.² Customers that had annual recurring revenue, or

¹  For the month of July 2020.

²  See the section titled “Business—Our Customers” for a description of how we calculate our number of customers.

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ARR, greater than $100,000 or more grew from 187 as of January 31, 2018 to 234 as of January 31, 2019 to 323 as of January 31, 2020, and to 330 as of July 31, 2020.³ Customers that had ARR greater than $1 million or more grew from seven as of January 31, 2018 to 17 as of January 31, 2019 to 25 as of January 31, 2020, and to 29 as of July 31, 2020.

The power of our platform, and the benefits that it delivers to customers, has driven rapid growth in our revenue. For fiscal 2018, 2019, and 2020, our revenue was $67.8 million, $103.6 million, and $155.1 million, respectively, representing a year-over-year growth rate of 53% and 50%, respectively. For the six months ended July 31, 2019 and 2020, our revenue was $70.2 million and $96.6 million, respectively, representing a period-over-period growth rate of 38%. We generated net losses of $32.4 million, $47.8 million, $92.1 million, $29.0 million, and $35.8 million for fiscal 2018, 2019, 2020, and the six months ended July 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively, as we continued to invest in our business.

Industry Background

Nearly every business must transform into a digital business or be disrupted. Customers now expect real-time, instantaneous, always-on experiences. To meet these expectations, successful businesses need to continuously deliver updated information and improved services to their end customers, such as promotional offerings, pricing information, inventory levels, and service availability. Every business must continuously innovate.

Executives are accountable for the overall operational and financial health of the business and can no longer hide behind a gap in intelligence. This is especially true for security, as organizations must protect against breaches and reputational costs as they digitize. This accountability is not only the responsibility of executives. Employees across the organization are now expected to find ways to improve intelligence by integrating silos that exist across systems, applications, services, and processes.

Today, every company is becoming a software company by delivering more business services through modern applications, automating workflows, and leveraging data from digital signals to satisfy increasing customer expectations. To enable differentiated digital services, organizations must take a new approach to software architectures, tools, and development processes that span multiple public cloud providers while simultaneously securing their digital assets.

We believe all businesses require the following five pillars to be successful in the intelligence economy.

Modern application architectures

• Microservices and containers make it easier to release software faster, create greater agility, and better user experience.

• New architectures increase complexity, introduce more systems to manage, and create more signals to capture and analyze.

Multi-cloud adoption

• Running distributed workloads in the cloud provides scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency.

• Multi-cloud environments create digital sprawl and challenges in managing and securing multi-cloud environments concurrently.

³  See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for a description of how we calculate ARR.

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Continuous security

• Building security into the fabric of every digital organization can guard against the threat against reputational damage, negative customer impact, and financial loss.

• The perimeter-less digital world has created even more pressure and accountability for the modern security operations center, or SOC, which suffers from a lack of skilled analysts and cloud-native technologies.

Continuous collaboration

• Real-time, consistent information allows individuals across DevSecOps teams and line of business users to communicate and collaborate in the agile digital world.

• Organizations struggle to get a unified view of what is happening in their organizations when they are forced to use antiquated, siloed systems that only present a partial view of data and lack real-time context around what is happening broadly.

Data-driven intelligence

• Massive amounts of data from every touchpoint, customer interaction, and digital connection provide differentiation to companies that can harness its insights.

• Today’s businesses are overwhelmed with information they cannot digest with antiquated technologies not designed or purpose-built for the new requirements of the intelligence economy.

Not only are these five pillars becoming more critical for success, but they also introduce additional challenges for organizations that existing solutions are not equipped to address.

Traditional Solutions Have Challenges Delivering Value

Many solutions today are not equipped to adequately address the evolving complexity of modern business.

• Manual processes. Organizations often attempt to solve the intelligence gap with a “do it yourself” set of open source tools. These tools can require lengthy set-up time, do not deliver intelligence quickly enough, and cannot scale with rapidly evolving complexity of the modern technology ecosystem.

• On-premise solutions. On-premise solutions cannot scale to handle the volume, velocity, and variety of data ingestion required to deliver continuous intelligence. Moreover, single-tenant hosted offerings cannot elastically scale and require additional infrastructure and people to administer and maintain.

• Point solutions. Point solutions used for monitoring, search, and reporting, and domain-specific security only capture partial data sets and do not capture complete information across data types. Further, these tools are not architected for cloud-scale and cannot deliver the capabilities modern businesses require.

• Outdated licensing models. Tools based on traditional enterprise-wide licensing and pricing models are outdated, and often charge an effective “data tax” for increased users, access, or spikes in daily volume. These models have quickly become too expensive, rigid, and unsuitable for customers shifting to digital and cloud initiatives.

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The Need for Continuous Intelligence

Organizational complexity is increasing, while organizational insights are decreasing. The result is the intelligence gap, where organizations can no longer understand what is happening inside their businesses.

The consequences of the intelligence gap include:

• Inability to innovate and compete in today’s dynamic intelligence economy;

• Inability to proactively manage business risk and security threats; and

• Inability to empower talent and maximize workforce productivity.

Continuous intelligence bridges this gap and equips executives and users across development, IT operations, security, and other lines of business with the insights their businesses require.

Our Opportunity

We believe that as companies of all sizes and across all industries increase the amount of business they conduct digitally, they will continue to invest in solutions that help address the intelligence gap. Our platform is employed across a broad range of use cases to address this gap. Based on data from International Data Corporation, or IDC, Sumo Logic estimates its total addressable market opportunity to be approximately $55.1 billion. We calculated this estimate by aggregating 2020 projected revenue by organizations in the following IDC software categories: advanced and predictive analytics software; AI software platforms; content analytics and search software; end-user query, reporting, and analysis software; software change and configuration management; security analytics, intelligence, response, and orchestration; and IT operations management (ITOM) software, across on-premise and cloud environments.⁴ We believe that our platform currently addresses a significant portion of this market, and we intend to further expand our offerings to capture more of this market in the future.

Separately, we have calculated our total addressable market opportunity as approximately $49.3 billion. To arrive at this figure, we conducted a detailed process. First, we identified the total number of global companies broken down by size, which we determined by referencing independent industry data from the S&P Global Capital IQ database.⁵ We then segmented these companies into large enterprise, enterprise, and commercial categories based on revenue, and for commercial, a minimum number of employees. We then leveraged internal company data on current customer type and spend on our products and services to calculate average ARR for each category. Finally, we multiplied the average ARR by the number of companies within each category to determine our total addressable market opportunity.⁶

We define large enterprises as companies with revenue greater or equal to $1.5 billion in the last twelve months, enterprises as companies with revenue between $500 million and $1.5 billion, and commercial customers as companies with revenue between $100 million and $500 million and with greater than 250 employees.

For large enterprise customers, we applied the average ARR of our top 25 customers, which we believe represents the average spend of customers that have achieved widespread adoption of our platform across their

⁴  IDC, Semiannual Software Tracker, 2019 H1 Forecast Release, November 14, 2019; see the section titled “Industry, Market, and Other Data” for additional information.

⁵  S&P Global Capital IQ database; see the section titled “Industry, Market, and Other Data” for additional information.

⁶  See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for a description of how we calculate ARR.

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organizations based on their size and use of cloud-based technology. For enterprise customers, we averaged the ARR across our top 26th to 250th customers, which we believe represents the average spend of substantial customers that have achieved moderate to high adoption of our platform, often across multiple use cases. Finally, for commercial customers, we averaged the ARR across our top 251st to 500th customers, which we believe represents the average spend of customers with more limited adoption of our platform among smaller businesses.

Our Solution

We unlock the power of data with advanced analytics based on our proprietary machine learning technology to identify and predict anomalies in real time, separating the signal from the noise, and allowing users to get continuous insights, even when they do not know what questions to ask.

We deliver analytics and insights across a wide range of use cases for a diverse user base of technical and non-technical individuals, from practitioners to executives. Our Continuous Intelligence Platform features user-friendly out-of-the-box or easily customized and personalized dashboards for a variety of purposes, and allows users to derive further insights and intelligence from integrations with domain-specific data science tools and technologies.

Our customers leverage our Continuous Intelligence Platform for four main solution areas:

• Operational Intelligence. We enable users to rapidly understand the root cause of poor performance in their application stack and quickly troubleshoot, resulting in faster deployment, reduced downtime, and enhanced customer experience.

• Security Intelligence. Our cloud-native analytics capabilities can detect real-time threats and incidents, and provide indicators of compromise that enable analysts to accelerate investigations across their multi-cloud environments.

• Business Intelligence. Our solution extracts valuable business, service, and other critical KPIs from existing data to predict and analyze customer behavior, engagement, and actions.

• Global Intelligence. Given the vast volume of data we ingest and maintain, we provide a unique operational and security benchmarking service that leverages machine learning to uncover global KPIs and key risk indicators, or KRIs, allowing organizations to measure their performance, value, and risks against the broader Sumo Logic global community.

Our Continuous Intelligence Platform is designed to collect and centralize data from a multitude of data sources by integrating seamlessly with other platforms and solutions. Our Continuous Intelligence Platform was architected to support massive scale, optimizing data ingestion, and processing, while providing powerful analytics. Our platform ingests and analyzes the machine data generated by applications, infrastructure, and microservices from cloud and on-premise environments, enabling actionable insights.

Benefits of Our Solution

• Ingest all types of machine data, in real time. Our platform collects data and derives insights about KPIs, KRIs, and service level indicators, or SLIs, from logs, events, metrics, metadata, traces, and other telemetry generated by machines. Customers can easily collect these disparate data sources from various technologies regardless of where they are deployed.

• Predictive and proactive insights. Our proprietary advanced analytics algorithms enable a proactive and predictive approach to deriving intelligence from applications and infrastructure and responding to opportunities, instead of reacting to historical events.

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• Accessible to everyone in an organization. Users can perform analysis and share results across teams, create dashboards to visualize insights, set alerts to notify teams of events, configure access to deliver information to appropriate audiences, and integrate with the full enterprise ecosystem of tools and business applications that need the data and intelligence generated by our platform.

• Multi-tenant cloud architecture. We leverage cloud, multi-tenancy, microservices, autoscaling, and deployment automation to create an efficient and resilient platform. Our platform eliminates the need for costly and slow upgrades, management overhead, and scaling issues, as well as reduces security challenges.

• Security delivered by design. Our architecture employs end-to-end encryption both in transit and at rest, security at every layer of the application, and a zero-trust execution model. Our security policies, procedures, and controls are routinely audited and attested by third parties for compliance, certification, or adherence to industry security standards and regulations, such as CSA-Star, FedRAMP In Process, HIPAA, ISO 27001, PCI/DSS Provider Level 1, and SOC 2 Type 2.

Competitive Strengths

• We efficiently service and support a broad customer base. Our platform serves businesses at any stage of digital transformation through an easy-to-use interface that includes visualizations, dashboards, and alerting capabilities. We have a simple onboarding process, allowing customers to quickly realize the benefits of Sumo Logic without costly and lengthy implementation.

• We address a broad range of use cases. Our Continuous Intelligence Platform can address a broad range of use cases, from operational intelligence to security intelligence to business intelligence.

• Our flexible subscription packages are built for scale and value. We offer flexible, multi-tiered subscription packages for access to our platform, which encourage customers to expand their adoption by providing the flexibility to ingest and analyze large volumes of data and the ability to access a broad suite of platform features without incurring overage fees.

• Powerful network effects drive adoption and platform value. Our business benefits from the investments we have made to drive powerful network effects, which further increase adoption, accelerate the value of our platform to our customers as we grow, and provide a sustainable competitive advantage.

• Customer adoption flywheel. Customers typically adopt Sumo Logic with an initial use case or single project and expand across teams and use cases, creating a powerful flywheel effect.

• Global intelligence flywheel. Our Continuous Intelligence Platform provides unique insights into our customers’ application architectures, processes, and the tools they use to build, run, and secure modern applications and infrastructures. This benchmarking allows us to offer deeper insights to our customers and accelerate the development of our platform, driving increased adoption.

• Effective go-to-market model. Our go-to-market model is designed to effectively land customers, and expand their use of our platform over time.

Our Growth Strategies

• Grow our customer base. We are focused on growing our customer base by expanding our sales and marketing efforts across the markets we serve. We are also increasing our efforts internationally to expand our market presence.

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• Expand within our customer base. We plan to grow our relationships with existing customers by making it easier and more cost-effective to increase the data they ingest, store, and utilize in our platform.

• Continue to enhance and innovate our offerings. We will continue to invest in research and development to enhance our technological innovation and support new service offerings.

• Deepen our sales channels and technology partnerships. We have developed a strong ecosystem of partners, including independent software vendors, distributors, resellers, managed service providers, and managed security service providers, to help us expand in existing markets.

Risk Factors Summary

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section titled “Risk Factors” immediately following this prospectus summary. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Our revenue growth rate and financial performance in recent periods may not be indicative of future performance, and we expect our revenue growth rate to decline compared to prior fiscal years;

• We have a history of net losses and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future;

• We face intense competition and could face pricing pressure from, and lose market share to, our competitors, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations;

• The markets for our offerings are evolving, and our future success depends on the growth of these markets and our ability to adapt, keep pace, and respond effectively to evolving markets;

• We may fail to cost-effectively acquire new customers or obtain renewals, upgrades, or expansions from our existing customers, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations;

• Changes to our packaging and licensing models could adversely affect our ability to attract or retain customers;

• Our results of operations vary and are unpredictable from period to period, which could cause the market price of our common stock to decline;

• The recent global COVID-19 pandemic has harmed and could continue to harm our business and results of operations;

• Our sales cycle can be long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense;

• The loss of, or a significant reduction in use of our platform by, our largest customers would result in lower revenue and harm our results of operations;

• Any actual or perceived security or privacy breach could interrupt our operations, harm our reputation and brand, result in financial exposure, and lead to loss of user confidence in us or decreased use of our platform, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations; and

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• Upon completion of this offering, our executive officers, directors, and holders of 5% or more of our common stock will collectively beneficially own approximately                     % of the outstanding shares of our common stock and continue to have substantial control over us, which will limit your ability to influence the outcome of important transactions, including a change in control.

Channels for Disclosure of Information

Investors, the media, and others should note that, following the completion of this offering, we intend to announce material information to the public through filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, the investor relations page on our website, press releases, our Twitter account (@SumoLogic), our Facebook page, our LinkedIn page, public conference calls, and webcasts.

The information disclosed by the foregoing channels could be deemed to be material information. As such, we encourage investors, the media, and others to follow the channels listed above and to review the information disclosed through such channels.

Any updates to the list of disclosure channels through which we will announce information will be posted on the investor relations page on our website.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated in Delaware in 2010. Our principal executive offices are located at 305 Main Street, Redwood City, California 94063, and our telephone number is (650) 810-8700. Our website address is www.sumologic.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute part of this prospectus and inclusions of our website address in this prospectus are inactive textual references only. You should not consider information contained on our website to be part of this prospectus or in deciding whether to purchase shares of our common stock.

Sumo Logic, our logo, and our other registered or common law trademarks, service marks, or trade names appearing in this prospectus are the property of Sumo Logic, Inc. Other trademarks and trade names referred to in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners.

JOBS Act

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. We may take advantage of these exemptions for so long as we are an emerging growth company, which could be as long as five full fiscal years following the completion of this offering. In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to use the extended transition period under the JOBS Act. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of public companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

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THE OFFERING

Common stock offered by us                      shares

Common stock to be outstanding after this offering                      shares

Underwriters’ over-allotment option                      shares

Use of proceeds We estimate that the net proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock in this offering will be approximately $                     (or approximately $                     if the underwriters’ over-allotment option is exercised in full), based upon the assumed initial public offering price of $                     per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The principal purposes of this offering are to increase our capitalization and financial flexibility, create a public market for our common stock, and enable access to the public equity markets for us and our stockholders. We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes, including working capital, operating expenses, and capital expenditures. Additionally, we may use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire or invest in businesses, products, services, or technologies. However, we do not have agreements or commitments for any material acquisitions or investments at this time.⁷

Concentration of ownership Upon completion of this offering, our executive officers, directors, and holders of 5% or more of our common stock will beneficially own, in the aggregate, approximately                     % of the outstanding shares of our common stock.

Directed share program At our request, the underwriters have reserved up to                     % of shares offered by this prospectus for sale at the initial public offering price through a directed share program. The sales will be administered by Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, an underwriter in this offering. We do not know if these parties will choose to purchase all or any portion of these reserved shares, but any purchases they do make will reduce the number of shares available to the general public. Any reserved shares that are not so purchased will be offered by the underwriters to the general public on the same terms as the other shares of common stock.⁸

Proposed Nasdaq trading symbol “SUMO”

⁷  See the section titled “Use of Proceeds” for additional information.

⁸  See the section titled “Underwriters—Directed Share Program” for additional information.

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The number of shares of our common stock that will be outstanding after this offering is based on 83,889,892 shares of our common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2020, and reflects:

• 63,761,950 shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock that will automatically convert into 63,761,950 shares of common stock in connection with this offering pursuant to the terms of our restated certificate of incorporation, or the Capital Stock Conversion; and

• 20,127,942 shares of common stock outstanding.

The shares of our common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2020 exclude the following:

• 13,708 shares of our Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock issuable upon the exercise of a warrant outstanding as of July 31, 2020, with an exercise price of $7.00485 per share, which would result in the issuance of 13,708 shares of our common stock in connection with the Capital Stock Conversion and this offering;

• 8,038 shares of our Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock issuable upon the exercise of a warrant outstanding as of July 31, 2020, with an exercise price of $8.07738 per share, which would result in the issuance of 8,038 shares of our common stock in connection with the Capital Stock Conversion and this offering;

• 10,530 shares of our Series G redeemable convertible preferred stock issuable upon the exercise of a warrant outstanding as of July 31, 2020, with an exercise price of $11.0153 per share, which would result in the issuance of 10,530 shares of our common stock in connection with the Capital Stock Conversion and this offering;

• 32,580 shares of our common stock to be issued in connection with our acquisitions of privately-held companies;

• 175,061 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2020, which were assumed in connection with our acquisition of Jask Labs Inc., or Jask Labs, with a weighted-average exercise price of $9.93 per share;

• 26,728,382 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2020, with a weighted-average exercise price of $4.11 per share;

• 2,909,167 shares of our common stock subject to restricted stock units, or RSUs, outstanding as of July 31, 2020;

• 1,500 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock granted after July 31, 2020, with a weighted-average exercise price of $12.11683 per share;

• 309,300 shares of our common stock subject to RSUs to be granted after July 31, 2020; and

• 15,377,686 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans, consisting of:

• 10,000,000 shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, or our 2020 Plan, which will become effective prior to the completion of this offering;

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• 3,377,686 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2010 Stock Plan, or our 2010 Plan, which number of shares will be added to the shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our 2020 Plan upon its effectiveness, at which time we will cease granting awards under our 2010 Plan; and

• 2,000,000 shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or our ESPP, which will become effective prior to the completion of this offering.

Our 2020 Plan and ESPP each provide for annual automatic increases in the number of shares reserved thereunder and our 2020 Plan also provides for increases to the number of shares that may be granted thereunder based on shares under our 2010 Plan that expire, are forfeited, or otherwise repurchased by us, as more fully described in the section titled “Executive Compensation—Employee Benefit and Stock Plans.”

Except as otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus assumes:

• the Capital Stock Conversion will occur in connection with this offering;

• the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation in Delaware and the effectiveness of our amended and restated bylaws, will each occur immediately prior to the completion of this offering;

• no exercise of outstanding stock options and warrants or settlement of outstanding RSUs subsequent to July 31, 2020; and

• no exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option.

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SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA

The following tables summarize our historical consolidated financial and other data. We have derived the summary consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended January 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020 from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The summary consolidated statements of operations data for the six months ended July 31, 2019 and 2020 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of July 31, 2020 have been derived from our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. We have prepared the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and have included all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments that, in our opinion, are necessary to state fairly the financial information set forth in those statements. The summary consolidated financial data in this section are not intended to replace our consolidated financial statements and related notes. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future, and our results for the six months ended July 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year or any other period. The following summary consolidated financial and other data should be read in conjunction with the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The last day of our fiscal year is January 31. Our fiscal quarters end on April 30, July 31, October 31, and January 31.

Consolidated Statements of Operations Data

	Year Ended January 31,									Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018			2019			2020			2019			2020
	(in thousands, except for per share data)
Revenue	$	67,828		$	103,642		$	155,056		$	70,232		$	96,617
Cost of revenue(1)		22,438			29,010			44,498			17,939			28,539
Gross profit		45,390			74,632			110,558			52,293			68,078
Operating expenses:
Research and development(1)		25,261			36,240			52,462			21,365			33,003
Sales and marketing(1)(2)		43,082			72,218			107,239			46,486			53,630
General and administrative(1)		9,606			14,347			37,263			13,948			16,589
Impairment of capitalized internal-use software		—			—			6,689			—			—
Total operating expenses		77,949			122,805			203,653			81,799			103,222
Loss from operations		(32,559	)		(48,173	)		(93,095	)		(29,506	)		(35,144	)
Interest and other income, net		568			1,096			1,982			885			73
Interest expense		(19	)		(105	)		(123	)		(26	)		(364	)
Loss before provision for income taxes		(32,010	)		(47,182	)		(91,236	)		(28,647	)		(35,435	)
Provision for income taxes		425			607			901			355			347
Net loss	$	(32,435	)	$	(47,789	)	$	(92,137	)	$	(29,002	)	$	(35,782	)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted(3)	$	(2.92	)	$	(3.88	)	$	(6.18	)	$	(2.13	)	$	(1.93	)
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted(3)		11,092			12,314			14,907			13,598			18,522
Pro forma net loss per share, basic and diluted (unaudited)(3)							$	(1.21	)				$	(0.43	)
Weighted-average shares used in computing pro forma net loss per share, basic and diluted (unaudited)(3)								76,234						82,284

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(1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:

	Year Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018		2019		2020		2019		2020
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue(b)	$	76	$	52	$	179	$	46	$	101
Research and development(a)(b)		933		1,609		5,940		1,479		3,878
Sales and marketing(b)		970		1,856		5,791		1,906		3,116
General and administrative(b)		851		3,060		10,124		3,402		2,628
Total stock-based compensation	$	2,830	$	6,577	$	22,034	$	6,833	$	9,723

(a) See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for the capitalized stock-based compensation expense related to internal-use software development costs.

(b) See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for the incremental stock-based compensation expense related to transfers of our common stock by our current and former employees to existing investors for amounts over the estimated fair value at the date of the transaction.

(2) During the year ended January 31, 2020 and the six months ended July 31, 2020, we recorded sales and marketing expenses of $4.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively, for additional compensation and other costs related to the employment status of certain current and former employees. Of the aggregate $6.0 million, approximately $4.5 million is expected to be paid as part of a signed settlement agreement. For more information, see the section titled “Business—Legal Proceedings.”

(3) See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for an explanation of the method used to compute the historical and pro forma net loss per share and the number of shares used in the computation of the per share amounts.

Consolidated Balance Sheet Data

	As of July 31, 2020
	Actual			Pro Forma(1)			Pro Forma as Adjusted(2)(3)
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	98,117		$	98,117		$
Working capital(4)		34,348			34,348
Total assets		233,488			233,488
Deferred revenue		82,552			82,552
Long-term debt		24,250			24,250
Redeemable convertible preferred stock		340,167			—
Additional paid-in capital		109,261			456,708
Accumulated deficit		(353,276	)		(360,235	)
Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity		(244,208	)		96,286

(1) The pro forma column in the consolidated balance sheet data table above reflects (a) the Capital Stock Conversion, as if such conversion had occurred on July 31, 2020, (b) the automatic conversion of outstanding warrants to purchase up to 32,276 shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into warrants to purchase up to 32,276 shares of our common stock and the resulting reclassification of the redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant liability to additional paid-in capital, (c) stock-based compensation expense of $7.0 million associated with RSUs subject to service-based and performance-based vesting conditions, which we will recognize upon the completion of this offering, reflected as an increase in additional paid-in-capital and accumulated deficit, as further described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, and (d) the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation in Delaware that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering.

(2) The pro forma as adjusted column in the balance sheet data table above gives effect to (a) the pro forma adjustments set forth above and (b) the sale and issuance by us of shares of our common stock in this offering, based upon the assumed initial public offering price of $                     per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

(3) Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $                     per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease the amount of our pro forma as

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adjusted cash and cash equivalents, working capital, total assets, and total stockholders’ equity by $                     million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions payable by us. An increase or decrease of 1.0 million shares in the number of shares offered by us would increase or decrease, as applicable, the amount of our pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, working capital, total assets, and total stockholders’ equity by $                     million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions payable by us.

(4) Working capital is defined as current assets less current liabilities.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures⁹

In addition to our financial information presented in accordance with GAAP, we believe the following non-GAAP financial measures are useful to investors in evaluating our operating performance. We use the following non-GAAP financial measures, collectively, to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that non-GAAP financial measures, when taken together with the corresponding GAAP financial measures, may be helpful to investors because they provide consistency and comparability with past financial performance and meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance by excluding certain items that may not be indicative of our business, results of operations, or outlook. The non-GAAP financial measures are presented for supplemental informational purposes only, have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP and may be different from similarly-titled non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. In addition, other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate similarly-titled non-GAAP financial measures differently or may use other measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of our non-GAAP financial measures as tools for comparison. Investors are encouraged to review the related GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

Non-GAAP Gross Profit and Non-GAAP Gross Margin

We define non-GAAP gross profit and non-GAAP gross margin as gross profit and gross margin, respectively, excluding stock-based compensation expense recorded to cost of revenue and amortization of acquired intangible assets. We use non-GAAP gross profit and non-GAAP gross margin in conjunction with GAAP financial measures as part of our overall assessment of our performance, including the preparation of our annual operating budget and quarterly forecasts, to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, and to communicate with our board of directors concerning our financial performance.

	Year Ended January 31,									Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018			2019			2020			2019			2020
	(dollars in thousands)
Gross profit	$	45,390		$	74,632		$	110,558		$	52,293		$	68,078
Non-GAAP gross profit		45,558			75,001			113,306			52,559			71,590
Gross margin		67	%		72	%		71	%		74	%		70	%
Non-GAAP gross margin		67	%		72	%		73	%		75	%		74	%

Non-GAAP Operating Loss and Non-GAAP Operating Margin

We define non-GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP operating margin as loss from operations and operating margin, respectively, excluding stock-based compensation expense, amortization of acquired intangible

⁹  See the section titled “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures to Most Directly Comparable GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP.

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assets, acquisition-related expenses, and impairment of capitalized internal-use software. We use non-GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP operating margin in conjunction with GAAP measures as part of our overall assessment of our performance, including the preparation of our annual operating budget and quarterly forecasts, to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, and to communicate with our board of directors concerning our financial performance.

	Year Ended January 31,									Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018			2019			2020			2019			2020
	(dollars in thousands)
Loss from operations	$	(32,559	)	$	(48,173	)	$	(93,095	)	$	(29,506	)	$	(35,144	)
Non-GAAP operating loss		(29,637	)		(41,279	)		(58,798	)		(22,453	)		(22,010	)
Operating margin		(48	)%		(46	)%		(60	)%		(42	)%		(36	)%
Non-GAAP operating margin		(44	)%		(40	)%		(38	)%		(32	)%		(23	)%

Free Cash Flow

We define free cash flow as cash used in operating activities less purchases of property and equipment and capitalized internal-use software. We believe free cash flow is a useful indicator of liquidity that provides our management, board of directors, and investors with information about our future ability to generate or use cash to enhance the strength of our balance sheet and further invest in our business and pursue potential strategic initiatives.

	Year Ended January 31,									Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018			2019			2020			2019			2020
	(in thousands)
Cash used in operating activities	$	(6,528	)	$	(22,127	)	$	(48,569	)	$	(15,542	)	$	(27,906	)
Cash used in investing activities		(2,959	)		(1,544	)		(23,385	)		(5,222	)		(1,149	)
Cash provided by financing activities		74,986			1,654			108,135			108,501			25,717
Free cash flow		(8,137	)		(23,671	)		(56,225	)		(19,834	)		(29,055	)

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this prospectus, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making a decision to invest in our common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our revenue growth rate and financial performance in recent periods may not be indicative of future performance, and we expect our revenue growth rate to decline compared to prior fiscal years.

We have experienced rapid revenue growth in recent periods, with revenue of $67.8 million, $103.6 million, $155.1 million, $70.2 million, and $96.6 million for fiscal 2018, 2019, 2020, and the six months ended July 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively. You should not rely on our revenue for any previous quarterly or annual period as any indication of our revenue or revenue growth in future periods. As we grow our business, we expect our revenue growth rates to decline compared to prior fiscal years due to a number of reasons, which may include more challenging comparisons to prior periods as our revenue grows, slowing demand for our platform, increasing competition, a decrease in the growth of our overall market or market saturation, and our failure to capitalize on growth opportunities. In addition, our growth rates are likely to experience increased volatility, and are likely to decline, due to global societal and economic disruption as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

We have a history of net losses and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

We have incurred net losses since our inception, and we expect to continue to incur net losses in the near future. We incurred net losses of $32.4 million, $47.8 million, $92.1 million, $29.0 million, and $35.8 million for fiscal 2018, 2019, and 2020, and the six months ended July 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively. As of July 31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $353.3 million. Because the market for our platform is rapidly evolving, it is difficult for us to predict our future results of operations. We expect our operating expenses to increase significantly over the next several years, as we continue to hire additional personnel, particularly in sales and marketing and research and development, expand our operations and infrastructure, both domestically and internationally, and continue to develop our platform features. These efforts may be more costly than we expect and may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. In addition to the expected costs to grow our business, we also expect to incur significant additional legal, accounting, and other expenses as a newly public company. If we fail to increase our revenue to sufficiently offset the increases in our operating expenses, we will not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

We face intense competition and could face pricing pressure from, and lose market share to, our competitors, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The markets in which we operate are competitive and characterized by rapid changes in technology, customer requirements, and industry standards, and frequent introductions of improvements to existing offerings. Our business model of delivering continuous intelligence through the cloud is still relatively new and has only recently gained market traction. Moreover, many established businesses are aggressively competing against us and have offerings that have functionalities similar to those of our platform. We expect competition to increase as other established and emerging companies enter this market, as customer requirements evolve, and as new offerings and technologies are introduced. If we are unable to anticipate or effectively react to these competitive challenges, our competitive position would weaken, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

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Our competitors and potential competitors include providers of tools such as analytics, enterprise and open source search, SIEM, monitoring, and other software offerings that customers may perceive as substitutes for our platform. Our primary competitors include Splunk and Elastic. Other competitors include Datadog, cloud infrastructure providers such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, or Azure, Google Cloud Platform, or GCP, and various private companies.

Many of our existing competitors have, and some of our potential competitors could have, substantial competitive advantages, such as:

• greater name recognition, longer operating histories, and larger customer bases;

• larger sales and marketing budgets and resources;

• broader distribution and established relationships with channel partners and customers;

• greater customer support resources;

• greater resources to make acquisitions and enter into strategic partnerships;

• lower labor and research and development costs;

• larger and more mature intellectual property rights portfolios; and

• substantially greater financial, technical, and other resources.

Conditions in our market could change rapidly and significantly as a result of technological advancements, the emergence of new entrants into the market, partnering or acquisitions by our competitors, or continuing market consolidation. New start-up companies that innovate and competitors that are making significant investments in research and development may invent similar or superior offerings and technologies that compete with our offerings. Potential customers may also believe that substitute technologies which have similar functionality or features as our platform are sufficient, or they may believe that point solutions that address narrower segments overall are nonetheless adequate for their needs. Some of our current or potential competitors have made or could make acquisitions of businesses or establish cooperative relationships that may allow them to offer more directly competitive and comprehensive offerings than were previously offered and adapt more quickly to new technologies and customer needs.

Additionally, competition continues to increase in the markets in which we operate, and we expect competition to further increase in the future, including from new and emerging companies, which could lead to increased pricing pressures. Our competitors vary in size, and some may have substantially broader and more diverse offerings, which may allow them to leverage their relationships based on other offerings or incorporate functionality into existing offerings to gain business in a manner that discourages users from purchasing access to our platform, including through selling at zero or negative margins, offering concessions, bundling offerings, or maintaining closed technology platforms. In addition, certain customer segments and industries have been more severely impacted by the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as small- and mid-market businesses and certain industries including manufacturing, transportation, travel, and retail, which may lead to increased pricing pressure, increased customer churn, or a reduced ability or willingness to replace a competitor’s offering with our platform. Any decrease in the subscriptions prices for our platform, without a corresponding decrease in costs or increase in volume, would adversely impact our gross profit. Gross profit could also be adversely affected by a shift towards lower-tiered subscription packages. If we are unable to maintain our pricing or market share due to competitive pressures or other factors, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

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The markets for our offerings are evolving, and our future success depends on the growth of these markets and our ability to adapt, keep pace, and respond effectively to evolving markets.

The markets for our offerings are in a relatively early stage of development, and it is uncertain whether these markets will grow, and even if they do grow, how rapidly they will grow, how much they will grow, or whether our platform will be widely adopted. As such, any predictions or forecasts about our future growth, revenue, and expenses may not be as accurate as they would be if we had a longer operating history or operated in more predictable markets. Any expansion in our markets depends on a number of factors, including the cost, performance, and perceived value associated with our platform and the offerings of our competitors.

Our success will depend, in part, on market acceptance and the widespread adoption of our cloud-native platform as an alternative to on-premise offerings, and selection of our platform over competing cloud offerings that may have similar functionality. Cloud technologies are still evolving and we cannot predict marketplace acceptance of our platform or the development of offerings based on entirely new technologies. Many organizations have invested substantial resources into on-premise systems and may be reluctant or unwilling to migrate to our cloud-native platform. Our market is subject to rapid technological change, evolving industry standards, and changing regulations, as well as changing customer needs, requirements, and preferences. Demand for our offering is affected by a number of factors beyond our control, including the timing of development and release of new offerings by our competitors, technological change, and growth or contraction in our market generally.

We expect the proliferation of data to lead to an increase in the data analysis demands of our customers, and our platform may not be able to meet those demands or may not be chosen by users for those needs. We have in the past experienced delays in launching additional platform features or enhanced functionality because of the swiftly changing technological landscape and evolving customer demands. Particularly as a result of the broadly applicable nature of our platform, innovation across the IT infrastructure, architecture, stack components, or IT environment can all impact the adoption rates for our platform. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to enhance our platform, including timely developing and introducing new platform features that keep pace with technological and competitive developments, expand the use cases for our platform, and respond to changing customer needs, requirements, and preferences. It is difficult to predict customer demand for our platform or for Continuous Intelligence offerings generally, the size and growth rate of this market, the success of competitive offerings, or shifts in customer preferences. If the market for Continuous Intelligence does not grow, or if we are unable to adapt, keep pace, and respond effectively to the evolution of this market, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

We may fail to cost-effectively acquire new customers or obtain renewals, upgrades, or expansions from our existing customers, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our continued growth depends, in part, on our ability to cost-effectively acquire new customers. Numerous factors, however, may impede our ability to add new customers, including our inability to convert new organizations into paying customers, our failure to attract, effectively train, retain, and motivate sales and marketing personnel, our failure to develop or expand relationships with channel or technology partners, our inability to convert initial adoption into ongoing utilization of our platform, and our failure to successfully deliver our platform and provide quality customer support once delivered.

Our success also depends, in part, on our customers renewing their subscriptions when existing contract terms expire, and our ability to expand our relationships with our existing customers. Our customers have no obligation to renew or upgrade their subscriptions, and in the normal course of business, some customers have elected not to renew. In addition, our customers may decide not to renew their subscriptions with a similar contract period or at the same prices or terms, or may decide to downgrade their subscriptions. For example, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the current economic environment has caused, and may in the future cause, such customers to request concessions including extended payments terms or better pricing. We believe

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that the COVID-19 pandemic has also caused delays in renewal decisions for some of our existing customers, has reduced effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts, and has reduced the duration of subscriptions. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic could result in increased customer churn, a lengthening of our sales cycle with some of our potential customers, or reduced contract value with prospective or existing customers. Our customer retention or our customers’ use of our platform may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including our customers’ satisfaction with our platform and our customer support, our packaging and licensing models, the prices, features, or perceived value of competing offerings, changes to our offerings, or general economic conditions. We will need to continue to maintain or improve our dollar-based net retention rate to support our growth, and our ability to expand our relationships with customers may require more sophisticated and costly sales efforts. If our customers’ renewals or expansions fall below expectations, and as a result our dollar-based net retention rate decreases, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

In addition, our ability to expand our relationship with our customers depends in large part on our ability to enhance and improve our platform, introduce compelling new features, and address additional use cases. The success of any new or enhanced platform features depends on several factors, including market demand for the enhanced features, timely completion and delivery, adequate quality testing, integration of our platform with existing technologies and applications, and competitive pricing. If we are unable to successfully develop new platform features, enhance our existing platform features to meet customer requirements, or otherwise gain market acceptance, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected. If our customers do not renew, upgrade, or expand their subscriptions, renew their subscriptions on less favorable terms, or fail to increase adoption of our platform, including tiered or premium features, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Changes to our packaging and licensing models could adversely affect our ability to attract or retain customers.

We offer flexible, multi-tiered packaging and licensing models for our platform, including subscriptions and premium add-ons. We are continuing to iterate and optimize our packaging and licensing models as we evaluate customer preferences, needs, and use of our platform, and expect that our packaging and licensing models will continue to evolve. Many factors could significantly affect our pricing strategies, including operating costs, our competitors’ pricing and marketing strategies, customer use patterns, and general economic conditions. We may face downward pressure from our customers regarding our pricing and competitors with different pricing models may attract customers that are uncomfortable with our multi-tiered packaging and licensing models, which would cause us to lose business or modify our packaging and licensing models, both of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Changes to our packaging and licensing models may also affect our revenue recognition and other accounting policies, which may adversely affect our results of operations in any given fiscal period.

Certain of our competitors or potential competitors offer, or may in the future offer, lower-priced point solutions or a broader range of platform features. Similarly, certain competitors may use marketing strategies that enable them to attract or retain new customers at a lower cost than us. Moreover, our customers may demand substantial price discounts as part of the negotiation of subscription contracts. There can be no assurance that we will not be forced to reduce the pricing for our platform or to increase our sales and marketing and other expenses to attract and retain customers in response to competitive pressures. We have launched, and may in the future launch, new pricing strategies and initiatives, or modify existing packaging and licensing models, any of which may not ultimately be successful in attracting and retaining customers. In addition, if the features on our platform change, then we may need to revise our packaging and licensing methodologies. Any such changes to our packaging and licensing models or our ability to efficiently price our platform could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Our results of operations vary and are unpredictable from period to period, which could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

Our results of operations may fluctuate from period to period as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict. Some of the factors that may cause our results of operations to fluctuate from period to period include:

• market acceptance and the level of demand for our platform;

• the quality and level of our execution of our business strategy and operating plan;

• the effectiveness of our sales and marketing programs;

• the length of our sales cycle, including the timing of renewals;

• our ability to attract new customers and convert our pipeline into paying customers, particularly large enterprises;

• our ability to retain customers and expand their adoption of our platform, particularly our largest customers;

• our ability to successfully expand internationally and penetrate key markets;

• technological changes and the timing and success of new or enhanced platform features by us or our competitors or any other change in the competitive landscape of our market;

• changes in deferred revenue and remaining performance obligations due to seasonality, the timing of renewals, average contract term, or the timing of software revenue recognition, all of which may impact implied growth rates;

• changes to our packaging and licensing models, which may impact the timing and amount of revenue recognized;

• increases in and the timing of operating expenses that we may incur to grow our operations and to remain competitive;

• pricing pressure as a result of competition or otherwise;

• seasonal buying patterns;

• delays in our sales cycle, decreases in sales to new customers, and reductions in upselling and cross-selling to existing customers due to the impact on global business and IT spending as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;

• the implementation of cost-saving activities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the effect of a hiring pause or headcount reductions;

• the impact and costs, including those with respect to integration, related to the acquisition of businesses, talent, technologies, or intellectual property rights;

• changes in the legislative or regulatory environment;

• adverse litigation judgments, settlements, or other litigation-related costs; and

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• general economic conditions in either domestic or international markets, including geopolitical uncertainty and instability.

Any one or more of the factors above may result in significant fluctuations in our results of operations. We also intend to continue to invest significantly to grow our business in the near future rather than optimizing for profitability or cash flows. In addition, we generally experience seasonality in terms of when we enter into agreements with customers, and our quarterly results of operations generally fluctuate from quarter to quarter depending on customer buying habits. This seasonality is reflected to a much lesser extent, and sometimes is not immediately apparent, in revenue, due to the fact that we recognize subscription revenue ratably over the term of the subscription, which is generally one year, but can be three years or longer. We expect that seasonality will continue to affect our results of operations in the future and may reduce our ability to predict cash flow and optimize the timing of our operating expenses.

The variability of our results of operations or other operating estimates could result in our failure to meet our expectations or those of securities analysts or investors. If we fail to meet or exceed such expectations for these or any other reasons, the market price of our common stock could decline, and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class action suits.

The recent global COVID-19 pandemic has harmed and could continue to harm our business and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to control its spread have significantly curtailed the movement of people, goods, and services worldwide, including in the geographic areas in which we conduct our business operations and from which we generate our revenue. It has also caused extreme societal, economic, and financial market volatility, resulting in business shutdowns and potentially leading to a global economic downturn. The magnitude and duration of the resulting decline in business activity cannot currently be estimated with any degree of certainty and has had several effects on our business and results of operations, including, among other things:

• negatively impacting IT spending, which has caused potential customers to delay or forgo purchases of subscriptions to our platform, and which has caused some existing customers to fail to renew subscriptions, reduce their usage, or fail to expand their usage of our platform within their organizations; and

• restricting our sales operations and marketing efforts, and reducing the effectiveness of such efforts in some cases.

The COVID-19 pandemic may cause us to continue to experience the foregoing challenges in our business in the future and could have other effects on our business, including delaying or lengthening our sales cycle, increasing customer churn, delaying collections or resulting in an inability to collect accounts receivable, and disrupting our ability to develop new offerings and enhance existing offerings, market and sell our platform, and conduct business activities generally.

In light of the uncertain and rapidly evolving situation relating to the spread of COVID-19, we have taken precautionary measures intended to reduce the risk of the virus spreading to our employees, our customers, and the communities in which we operate, and we may take further actions as required by government entities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, partners, and suppliers. In particular, governmental authorities have instituted shelter-in-place policies or other restrictions in many jurisdictions in which we operate, including in the San Francisco Bay Area where our headquarters are located, which policies require most of our employees to work remotely. Even once shelter-in-place policies or other governmental restrictions are lifted, we expect to take a measured and careful approach to have employees returning to offices and travel for business. These precautionary measures and policies could negatively impact employee

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productivity, training, and collaboration or otherwise disrupt our business operations. The extent and duration of working remotely may expose us to increased risks of security breaches or incidents. We may need to enhance the security of our platform, our data, and our internal IT infrastructure, which may require additional resources and may not be successful. Furthermore, we have taken, and expect to continue to take, a number of proactive actions to manage our operating expenses in light of the uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, including effecting a hiring pause, implementing a reduction in executive salaries, and implementing headcount reductions across our company.

In addition, COVID-19 has disrupted and may continue to disrupt the operations of our customers and channel partners. Other disruptions or potential disruptions include restrictions on our personnel and the personnel of our partners to travel and access customers for training, delays in product development efforts, and additional government requirements or other incremental mitigation efforts that may further impact our business and results of operations. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact our business and results of operations will also depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the disease, the duration and spread of the outbreak, the scope of travel restrictions imposed in geographic areas in which we operate, mandatory or voluntary business closures, the impact on businesses and financial and capital markets, and the extent and effectiveness of actions taken throughout the world to contain the virus or treat its impact. An extended period of global supply chain and economic disruption as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic could have a material negative impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition, though the full extent and duration is uncertain. To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic continues to adversely affect our business and financial results, it is likely to also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section.

Our sales cycle can be long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense.

Our quarterly results of operations fluctuate, in part, because of the resource intensive nature of our sales efforts and the length and variability of our sales cycle. The length of our sales cycle, from initial contact with our sales team to a contractual commitment from a customer, can vary substantially from customer to customer based on customer size, deal complexity, as well as whether a sale is made directly by us or through a channel partner. We recently expanded our packaging and licensing model. Our limited experience marketing and selling under this packaging and licensing model may affect the length of our sales cycle and our ability to predict the length of our sales cycle or the anticipated size of potential subscriptions. Our sales cycle can vary considerably, and may be lengthened and made more uncertain by regional or global events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Such events have resulted in and may continue to cause a general reduction in IT spending by our customers, which will further affect our ability to estimate not only the length of the sales cycle, but also the anticipated size of potential subscriptions. Further, our sales cycle may lengthen as we continue to focus our sales efforts on large enterprises. Further, our results of operations depend, in part, on subscription renewals from customers and increasing sales to our existing customers, which may also be reduced as a result of regional or global events. If a customer does not renew on time or as expected, it can negatively affect our revenue for a given period. It is difficult to predict exactly whether or when we will make a sale to a potential customer or if we can increase sales to our existing customers. As a result, initial sales or renewals have, in some cases, occurred in quarters subsequent to what we anticipated, or have not occurred at all. The loss or delay of one or more transactions in a quarter could impact our results of operations for that quarter and any future quarters for which revenue from that transaction is delayed.

The loss of, or a significant reduction in use of our platform by, our largest customers would result in lower revenue and harm our results of operations.

Our future success depends, in part, on establishing and maintaining successful relationships with a diverse set of customers. Our largest customers come from a variety of industries, including industries that are subject to significant fluctuations in their business, which may result in fluctuations in their use of our platform and the revenue we generate from them. Certain larger customers can also have greater variability in the revenue we generate from them because of the nature of their specific contractual arrangements or use cases with us, which

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could impact our results of operations, as well as ARR, dollar-based net retention rate, and other business metrics. For example, our current largest revenue customer is in the digital entertainment industry, which is characterized by significant revenue volatility and intense competition, and its business is affected by the timing of its feature releases, consumer preferences and actions by and disputes with other parties in its ecosystem. As a result, we have in the past and may in the future experience revenue variability and unpredictability from this customer from period to period as its business fluctuates. Further, certain customer industries have been more severely impacted by the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as manufacturing, transportation, travel, and retail, leading to increased fluctuations in their business and their adoption of our platform. The loss of one or more large customers or a reduction in usage by any such customers would reduce our revenue and negatively impact forecasts of future growth, ARR, dollar-based net retention rate, and other business metrics. The portion of our revenue attributable to individual customers may increase in the future, which would increase our dependency on a limited number of customers for a larger portion of our revenue. If we fail to maintain relationships with existing large customers or develop relationships with new customers that generate significant revenue for us, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be harmed.

Any actual or perceived security or privacy breach could interrupt our operations, harm our reputation and brand, result in financial exposure, and lead to loss of user confidence in us or decreased use of our platform, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The use of our platform involves the collection, storage, processing, and transmission of customers’ data. In addition, we collect, process, store, and transmit our own data as part of our business operations. Our data or our customers’ data may include personal data, or confidential or proprietary information. Increasingly, threats from computer malware, ransomware, viruses, social engineering (including phishing attacks), denial of service or other attacks, employee theft or misuse, and general hacking have become more prevalent in our industry, particularly against cloud-native services and vendors of security solutions. Any of these security incidents could result in unauthorized access to, damage to, disablement or encryption of, use or misuse of, disclosure of, modification of, destruction of, or loss of our data or our customers’ data, or disrupt our ability to provide our platform. Any actual or perceived security incident could interrupt our operations, harm our reputation and brand, result in remediation and cybersecurity protection costs, result in lost revenue, lead to litigation and legal risks, increase our insurance premiums, result in any other financial exposure, lead to loss of user confidence in us or decreased use of our platform, and otherwise damage our competitiveness, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have taken steps to protect the data that we have access to, but our security measures or those of our third-party service providers could be insufficient and breached as a result of third-party action, employee errors, technological limitations, defects or vulnerabilities in our offerings or those of our third-party service providers, malfeasance, or otherwise. Additionally, with our employees currently working remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we may be exposed to increased risks of security breaches or incidents. We may need to enhance the security of our platform, our data, and our internal IT infrastructure, which may require additional resources and may not be successful. Furthermore, because we do not control our third-party service providers and our ability to monitor their data security is limited, we cannot ensure the security measures they take will be sufficient to protect our and our customers’ data. There can be no assurance that any security measures that we or our third-party service providers have implemented will be effective against current or future security threats. We have developed systems and processes to protect the integrity, confidentiality, and security of our data and our customers’ data, but our security measures or those of our third-party service providers could fail and result in unauthorized access to, damage to, disablement or encryption of, use or misuse of, disclosure of, modification of, destruction of, or loss of such data. Further, because there are many different security breach techniques and such techniques continue to evolve and are generally not detected until after an incident has occurred, we may be unable to implement adequate preventative measures, anticipate attempted security breaches or other security incidents, or react in a timely manner. In addition, we have recently seen an increase in phishing attempts and spam emails in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Any security breach or other security incident that we or our third-party service providers experience, or the perception that one has occurred, could result in a loss of customer confidence in the security of our platform, harm our reputation and brand, reduce the demand for our platform, disrupt normal business operations, require us to spend material resources to investigate or correct the breach and to prevent future security breaches and incidents, expose us to legal liabilities, including litigation, regulatory enforcement and orders, disputes, investigations, indemnity obligations, damages for contract breach, penalties for violation of applicable laws or regulations, and significant costs for remediation, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, our remediation efforts may not be successful. We cannot ensure that any limitation of liability provisions in our customer and user agreements, contracts with third-party vendors and service providers, and other contracts for a security lapse or breach or other security incident would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from any liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim. These risks may increase as we continue to grow and collect, process, store, and transmit increasingly large amounts of data.

Many governments have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals of data security incidents or unauthorized transfers involving certain types of personal data. Accordingly, security incidents experienced by our competitors, by our customers or by us may lead to negative publicity. Further, if a security breach occurs with respect to another SaaS provider, our customers and potential customers may lose trust in the security of software delivered through the cloud generally, which could adversely impact our ability to retain existing customers or attract new ones, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Moreover, our insurance coverage may not be adequate for liabilities incurred or cover any indemnification claims against us relating to any security incident or breach or an insurer may deny coverage of claims. In the future, we may not be able to secure insurance for such matters on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Real or perceived defects, errors, or vulnerabilities in our platform could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our platform is complex and, despite extensive testing and quality control, has in the past and may in the future contain defects, errors, or vulnerabilities, or may not perform as contemplated. These defects, errors, or vulnerabilities could result in exposure of data, data loss, data leakage, unanticipated downtime, or other events that would result in harm to our reputation, loss of customers or revenue, refunds, order cancellations, service terminations, or lack of market acceptance of our platform. Cloud-based services often contain undetected defects, errors, or vulnerabilities when first introduced or when new versions or enhancements are released. As the use of our platform, including features that were recently developed, expands to more sensitive, secure, or mission critical uses by our customers, we may be subject to increased scrutiny, reputational risk, or liability should our platform fail to perform as contemplated in such deployments. In addition, the wide availability of open source software used in our solutions could expose us to security vulnerabilities. We have in the past and may in the future identify defects, errors, or vulnerabilities, which could inadvertently permit access to or exposure of customer data. Any such defects, errors, or vulnerabilities would require us to make corrections to our platform, which could require us to allocate significant research and development and customer support resources to address any such problems. Further, as we make acquisitions, we may encounter difficulties in integrating acquired technologies into our services and in augmenting those technologies to meet the quality standards that are consistent with our brand and reputation.

Our agreements with customers, channel partners, and other third parties may include indemnification provisions under which we agree to indemnify or otherwise be liable to them for losses suffered or incurred in connection with any such defects or errors on our platform, or other liabilities relating to or arising from our platform. Some of these indemnity agreements provide for uncapped liability for which we would be responsible, and some indemnity provisions survive termination or expiration of the applicable agreement. Large indemnity

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payments could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Although we attempt to contractually limit our liability with respect to such indemnity obligations, we are not always successful and may still incur substantial liability related to such claims. In addition, although we carry general liability insurance, our insurance against this liability may not be adequate to cover a potential claim, and such coverage may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Any dispute with a customer or other third party with respect to such obligations could have adverse effects on our relationship with such customer or other third party, our reputation, or demand for our platform. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We rely on Amazon Web Services to deliver our platform to our customers, and any disruption of, or interference with, our use of Amazon Web Services could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Amazon Web Services, or AWS, is a third-party provider of cloud infrastructure services. We outsource substantially all of the infrastructure relating to our cloud-native platform to AWS. Our customers need to be able to access our platform at any time, without interruption or degradation of performance. Our platform depends, in part, on the virtual cloud infrastructure hosted in AWS. Although we have disaster recovery plans that utilize multiple AWS locations, any incident affecting their infrastructure that may be caused by fire, flood, severe storm, earthquake or other natural disasters, power loss, telecommunications failures, cyber-attacks, terrorist or other attacks, and other similar events beyond our control, could adversely affect our cloud-native platform. Additionally, AWS may experience threats or attacks from computer malware, ransomware, viruses, social engineering (including phishing attacks), denial of service or other attacks, employee theft or misuse and general hacking have become more prevalent in our industry, particularly against cloud-native services and vendors of security solutions. Any of these security incidents could result in unauthorized access to, damage to, disablement or encryption of, use or misuse of, disclosure of, modification of, destruction of, or loss of our data or our customers’ data or disrupt our ability to provide our platform or service. A prolonged AWS service disruption affecting our cloud-native platform for any of the foregoing reasons would adversely impact our ability to serve our customers and could damage our reputation with current and potential customers, expose us to liability, result in substantial costs for remediation, cause us to lose customers, or otherwise harm our business, financial condition, or results of operations. We may also incur significant costs for using alternative hosting sources or taking other actions in preparation for, or in reaction to, events that damage the AWS services we use.

Our commercial agreement with AWS will remain in effect until the completion of its term or if terminated by AWS or us for cause upon a breach of the agreement. Termination upon a material breach is subject to providing the breaching party prior notice and a 30-day cure period. In the event that our AWS service agreements are terminated, or there is a lapse of service, elimination of AWS services or features that we utilize, or damage to such facilities, we could experience interruptions in access to our platform as well as significant delays and additional expense in arranging for or creating new facilities or re-architecting our platform for deployment on a different cloud infrastructure service provider, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We depend on our sales force, and we may fail to attract, retain, motivate, or train our sales force, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We depend on our sales force to obtain new customers and to drive additional sales to existing customers by selling them new subscriptions and expanding the value of their existing subscriptions. We believe that there is significant competition for sales personnel, including sales representatives, sales managers, and sales engineers, with the skills and technical knowledge that we require. Our ability to achieve revenue growth will depend, in part, on our decision to hire and success in recruiting, training, and retaining sufficient numbers of sales personnel to support our growth. Our hiring, training, and retention efforts have been, and may further be, hindered by the constraints placed on our business as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, including measures that we take proactively and those that are imposed upon us by government authorities. New hires require

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significant training and may take significant time before they achieve full productivity, and our remote and online onboarding and training processes may be less effective and take longer. Further, hiring sales personnel in new countries requires additional set up and upfront costs that we may not recover if the sales personnel fail to achieve full productivity. If we are unable to attract, retain, motivate, and train sufficient numbers of effective sales personnel, our sales personnel do not reach significant levels of productivity in a timely manner, or our sales personnel are not successful in bringing potential customers into the pipeline, converting them into new customers, or increasing sales to our existing customer base, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

We utilize free trials and other go-to-market strategies, and we may not be able to realize the benefits of these strategies.

We utilize lead generation and other go-to-market strategies, including offering free trials of our platform, to encourage awareness, usage, familiarity with, and adoption of our platform. We spend a substantial amount of time and resources on our sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will produce a sale. We also rely on our sales and marketing teams to promote and market our platform. These strategies may not be successful in continuing to generate sufficient sales opportunities necessary to increase our revenue. Many users of free trials of our platform never become paying customers. To the extent that users do not become, or we are unable to successfully attract, paying customers, we will not realize the intended benefits of these marketing strategies and our ability to grow our revenue will be adversely affected.

If our website fails to rank prominently in unpaid search results, traffic to our website could decline and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to attract users through unpaid Internet search results. The number of potential customers that we attract to our website from search engines is due in large part to how and where our website ranks in unpaid search results. These rankings can be affected by a number of factors, many of which are not in our direct control, and they may change frequently. For example, a search engine may change its ranking algorithms, methodologies, or design layouts. As a result, links to our website may not be prominent enough to drive traffic to our website, and we may not know how or otherwise be in a position to influence the results. Any reduction in the number of users directed to our website could negatively impact our ability to attract new customers or require us to increase our customer acquisition expenditures, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may be unable to build and maintain successful relationships with our channel partners or such channel partners may fail to perform, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

We employ a go-to-market business model whereby a portion of our revenue is generated by sales through our channel partners, such as independent software vendors, resellers, managed service providers, and managed security service providers, that further expand the reach of our direct sales force into additional geographies, sectors, and industries. In particular, we have entered, and intend to continue to enter, into strategic sales distributor and reseller relationships in certain international markets where we do not have a local presence. We provide certain of our channel partners with specific training and programs to assist them in selling access to our platform, but there can be no assurance that these steps will be effective, and restrictions on travel and other limitations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic undermine our efforts to provide training and build relationships. In addition, if our channel partners are unsuccessful in marketing and selling access to our platform, it would limit our expansion into certain geographies, sectors, and industries. If we are unable to develop and maintain effective sales incentive programs for our channel partners, we may not be able to incentivize these partners to sell access to our platform to customers.

Some of these partners may also market, sell, and support offerings that are competitive with ours, may devote more resources to the marketing, sales, and support of such competitive offerings, may have incentives to

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promote our competitors’ offerings to the detriment of our own, or may cease selling access to our platform altogether. Our channel partners could subject us to lawsuits, potential liability, and reputational harm if, for example, any of our channel partners misrepresents the functionality of our platform to customers or violates laws or our or their corporate policies. Our ability to achieve revenue growth in the future will depend, in part, on our success in maintaining successful relationships with our channel partners, identifying additional channel partners, and training our channel partners to independently sell access to our platform. If our channel partners are unsuccessful in selling access to our platform, or if we are unable to enter into arrangements with or retain a sufficient number of high quality channel partners in each of the regions in which we sell access to our platform and keep them motivated to sell access to our platform, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects could be adversely affected.

Our ability to increase sales depends, in part, on the quality of our customer support, and our failure to offer high quality support would harm our reputation and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our customers sometimes depend on our technical support services to resolve issues relating to our platform. If we do not succeed in helping our customers quickly resolve issues or provide effective ongoing education related to our platform, our reputation could be harmed and our existing customers may not renew or upgrade their subscriptions. To the extent that we are unsuccessful in hiring, training, and retaining adequate customer support resources, our ability to provide adequate and timely support to our customers, and our customers’ satisfaction with our platform, will be adversely affected. Our failure to provide and maintain high quality customer support would harm our reputation and brand and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our international operations and continued international expansion subject us to additional costs and risks, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have a limited history of marketing, selling, and supporting our platform internationally. We generated 16% of our revenue outside the United States in each of fiscal 2018, 2019, and 2020, and the six months ended July 31, 2019 and 2020. Our growth strategy depends, in part, on our continued international expansion. We are continuing to adapt to and develop strategies to address international markets, but there is no guarantee that such efforts will be successful.

Additionally, our international sales and operations are subject to a number of risks, including the following:

• greater difficulty in enforcing contracts and managing collections in countries where our recourse may be more limited, as well as longer collection periods;

• higher costs of doing business internationally, including costs incurred in establishing and maintaining office space and equipment for our international operations;

• differing labor regulations, especially in the European Union, or EU, where labor laws may be more favorable to employees;

• challenges inherent to efficiently recruiting and retaining talented and capable employees in foreign countries and maintaining our company culture and employee programs across all of our offices;

• fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies in markets where we do business;

• management communication and integration problems resulting from language and cultural differences and geographic dispersion;

• costs associated with language localization of our platform;

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• risks associated with trade restrictions and foreign legal requirements, including any importation, certification, and localization of our platform that may be required in foreign countries;

• greater risk of unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, tariffs and tax laws, trade laws, export quotas, customs duties, treaties, and other trade restrictions;

• costs of compliance with foreign laws and regulations and the risks and costs of non-compliance with such laws and regulations, including, but not limited to data privacy, data protection, and data security regulations, particularly in the EU;

• compliance with anti-bribery laws, including, without limitation, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, the U.S. Travel Act, and the UK Bribery Act 2010, violations of which could lead to significant fines, penalties, and collateral consequences for our company;

• risks relating to the implementation of exchange controls, including restrictions promulgated by the OFAC, and other similar trade protection regulations and measures;

• heightened risk of unfair or corrupt business practices in certain geographies and of improper or fraudulent sales arrangements that may impact our financial condition and result in restatements of, or irregularities in, financial statements;

• the uncertainty of protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;

• exposure to regional or global public health issues, such as the recent outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to travel restrictions and other measures undertaken by governments in response to such issues;

• general economic and political conditions in these foreign markets, including political and economic instability in some countries;

• foreign exchange controls or tax regulations that might prevent us from repatriating cash earned outside the United States; and

• double taxation of our international earnings and potentially adverse tax consequences due to changes in the tax laws of the United States or the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate.

These and other factors could harm our ability to generate revenue outside of the United States and, consequently, adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may fail to effectively manage our growth, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are a rapidly growing company, and our future growth depends, in part, on our ability to continue to meet the expanding needs of our customers and to attract new customers. Our customer count changed from 1,626 as of January 31, 2018 to 1,900 as of January 31, 2019, to 2,137 as of January 31, 2020, and to 2,130 as of July 31, 2020.¹⁰ As existing customers gain more experience with our platform, they may broaden their reliance on our platform, which may require that we expand our operations infrastructure as well as our dependence on third parties to support that infrastructure. To manage this growth effectively, we will need to continue to improve and expand our internal IT systems, technological operations infrastructure, financial infrastructure, and operating and administrative systems and controls, which we may not be able to do efficiently in a timely manner, or at all. To do so, we may seek to deploy offerings from third-party providers, which may not be

¹⁰  See the section titled “Business—Our Customers” for a description of how we calculate our number of customers.

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available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and may not perform to our expectations. Any future growth would add complexity to our organization and require effective coordination across our organization, and failure to manage such future growth effectively could result in increased costs. If we do not accurately predict our architecture requirements, our existing customers may experience delays, interruptions, or service outages that may subject us to financial liabilities or customer losses. If we are unable to effectively manage our growth, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Remaining performance obligations and calculated billings may not be accurate indicators of business activity within a period.

Investors or analysts may look to both remaining performance obligations and the sum of revenue and changes in deferred revenue, sometimes referred to as “calculated billings,” as indicators of business activity in a period for businesses such as ours. However, these measures may significantly differ from underlying business activity for a number of reasons including:

• a relatively large number of transactions occur at the end of the quarter. Invoicing of those transactions may or may not occur before the end of the quarter based on various factors including receipt of information from the customer and volume of transactions. A shift of a few days has little economic impact on our business, but will shift deferred revenue from one period into the next;

• multi-year contracts and multi-year upfront billings may distort trends;

• some subscriptions may have deferred start dates; and

• some services may only be invoiced upon delivery.

Accordingly, we do not believe that remaining performance obligations or calculated billings are necessarily accurate indicators of future performance for any given period. Analysts or investors may view these measures as important as many subscription-based companies report these as key metrics. Thus, any changes in our remaining performance obligations or calculated billings could be different from the expectations of investors or analysts, and thus may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We depend on our management team and other highly skilled personnel, and we may fail to attract, retain, motivate, or integrate highly skilled personnel, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We depend on the continued contributions of our management team, key employees, and other highly skilled personnel. Our management team and key employees are at-will employees, which means they may terminate their relationship with us at any time. The loss of the services of any of our key personnel or delays in hiring required personnel, particularly within our research and development and engineering teams, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our future success also depends, in part, on our ability to continue to attract and retain highly skilled personnel. Competition for these personnel in the San Francisco Bay Area, where our headquarters is located, and in other locations where we maintain offices, is intense, and the industry in which we operate is generally characterized by significant competition for skilled personnel as well as high employee attrition. We may not be successful in attracting, retaining, training, or motivating qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs. Additionally, the former employers of our new employees may attempt to assert that our new employees or we have breached their legal obligations, which may be time-consuming, distracting to management, and may divert our resources. Current and potential personnel also often consider the value of equity awards they receive in connection with their employment, and to the extent the perceived value of our equity awards declines relative to our competitors, our ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel may be harmed. If we fail to attract and integrate new personnel or retain and motivate our current personnel, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

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We recognize a substantial portion of our revenue ratably over the term of the relevant subscription period, and as a result, downturns or upturns in sales may not be immediately reflected in our results of operations.

We recognize a substantial portion of our revenue ratably over the term of our subscription agreements with our customers, which is generally one year, but can be three years or longer. As a result, a substantial portion of the revenue that we report in each period will be derived from the recognition of deferred revenue relating to agreements entered into in prior periods. Consequently, a decline in new sales or renewals in any one period may not be immediately reflected in our results of operations for such period. Any such decline, however, would be reflected in future periods. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of and demand for our platform and changes in our rate of renewals, or customer churn, which have occurred due to the COVID-19 pandemic, may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. Our subscription-based model also makes it difficult to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers generally will be recognized over the term of the applicable agreement.

We also intend to increase our investment in research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative functions, and other areas to grow our business. These costs are generally expensed as incurred (with the exception of sales commissions), as compared to our revenue, substantially all of which is recognized ratably in future periods. We may recognize the costs associated with such increased investments earlier than some of the anticipated benefits and the return on these investments may be lower, or may develop more slowly, than we expect, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unable to make acquisitions and investments, successfully integrate acquired companies into our business, or our acquisitions and investments may not meet our expectations, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have in the past acquired, and we may in the future acquire or invest in, businesses, offerings, technologies, or talent that we believe could complement or expand our platform, enhance our technical capabilities, or otherwise offer growth opportunities. We may not be able to fully realize the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions or investments. For example, we acquired Jask Labs in the third quarter of fiscal 2020. We may not successfully integrate Jask Labs’ people or solutions with ours, or achieve market acceptance of our combined solutions. The pursuit of potential acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur significant expenses related to identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not they are consummated.

There are inherent risks in integrating and managing acquisitions. If we acquire additional businesses, we may not be able to assimilate or integrate the acquired personnel, operations, solutions, and technologies successfully, or effectively manage the combined business following the acquisition. We also may not achieve the anticipated benefits or synergies from the acquired business due to a number of factors, including, without limitation:

• unanticipated costs or liabilities associated with the acquisition, including claims related to the acquired company, its offerings, or technology;

• incurrence of acquisition-related expenses, which would be recognized as a current period expense;

• inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition or investment costs;

• inability to maintain relationships with customers and partners of the acquired business;

• challenges with incorporating acquired technology and rights into our platform and maintaining quality and security standards consistent with our brand;

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• inability to identify security vulnerabilities in acquired technology prior to integration with our technology and platform;

• inability to achieve anticipated synergies or unanticipated difficulty with integration into our corporate culture;

• delays in customer purchases due to uncertainty related to any acquisition;

• the need to integrate or implement additional controls, procedures, and policies;

• challenges caused by distance, language, and cultural differences;

• harm to our existing business relationships with business partners and customers as a result of the acquisition;

• potential loss of key employees;

• use of resources that are needed in other parts of our business and diversion of management and employee resources;

• inability to recognize acquired deferred revenue in accordance with our revenue recognition policies; and

• use of substantial portions of our available cash or the incurrence of debt to consummate the acquisition.

Acquisitions also increase the risk of unforeseen legal liability, including for potential violations of applicable law or industry rules and regulations, arising from prior or ongoing acts or omissions by the acquired businesses that are not discovered by due diligence during the acquisition process. We may have to pay cash, incur debt, or issue equity or equity-linked securities to pay for any future acquisitions, each of which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market price of our common stock. The sale of equity or issuance of equity-linked debt to finance any future acquisitions could result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could also include covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our reputation and brand are important to our success, and we may not be able to maintain and enhance our reputation and brand, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our reputation as a leader in Continuous Intelligence is critical to our relationship with our existing customers, users, and channel partners and our ability to attract new customers and channel partners. The successful promotion of our brand will depend on a number of factors, including our marketing efforts, our ability to continue to develop high-quality features for our platform, our ability to successfully differentiate our platform from those of our competitors, our ability to maintain the reputation of our platform for data security, and our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights. Our brand promotion activities may not be successful or yield increased revenue. In addition, independent industry analysts often provide reports of our platform, as well as the offerings of our competitors, and perception of our platform in the marketplace may be significantly influenced by these reports. If these reports are negative, or less positive as compared to those of our competitors, our reputation and brand may be adversely affected. Additionally, the performance of our channel partners may affect our reputation and brand if customers do not have a positive experience with our platform as implemented by our channel partners or with the implementation generally. At times, competitors may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. Additionally, our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed,

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circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks, or if we are otherwise unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. The promotion of our brand requires us to make substantial expenditures, and we anticipate that the expenditures will increase as our market becomes more competitive, as we expand into new geographies and markets and as more sales are generated through our channel partners. Any increase in revenue from such brand promotion initiatives may not offset the increased expenses we incur. If we do not successfully maintain and enhance our reputation and brand, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Any failure to obtain, maintain, protect, or enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property rights, including our proprietary technology, know-how, and our brand. We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, trade secret laws, and contractual provisions in an effort to establish and protect our proprietary rights. However, the steps we take to obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property rights may be inadequate, and if we fail to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors might gain access to our proprietary technology and develop and commercialize similar services or technologies, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects could be adversely affected. While we have been issued patents in the United States and have additional patent applications pending, there can be no assurance that our patent applications will result in issued patents. Even if we continue to seek patent protection in the future, we may be unable to obtain or maintain patent protection for our technology. In addition, any patents issued from pending or future patent applications or licensed to us in the future may not provide us with competitive advantages, or may be successfully challenged by third parties. Any of our patents, trademarks, or other intellectual property rights may be challenged or circumvented by others or invalidated or held unenforceable through administrative process or litigation in the U.S, or in foreign jurisdictions. There can be no guarantee that others will not infringe on our trademarks or patents, independently develop similar offerings, duplicate any of our offerings, or design around our patents or other intellectual property rights. Further, legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of intellectual property rights are uncertain. Moreover, policing unauthorized use of our technologies, trade secrets, and intellectual property may be difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States and where mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be weak. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon, misappropriating, or otherwise violating our intellectual property rights.

We rely, in part, on trade secrets, proprietary know-how, and other confidential information to maintain our competitive position. While we generally enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and enter into confidentiality agreements with the parties with whom we have strategic relationships and business alliances and other third parties, we cannot assure you that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to, distribution, use, misuse, misappropriation, reverse engineering, or disclosure of our proprietary information, know-how, and trade secrets. Further, these agreements do not prevent our competitors or partners from independently developing offerings that are substantially equivalent or superior to ours. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret or know-how is difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets and know-how.

We may be required to spend significant resources in order to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights, and some violations may be difficult or impossible to detect. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, and such litigation could be costly, time-consuming, and distracting to management, and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Our efforts to

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enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights, and, if such defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits are successful, we could lose valuable intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could impair the functionality of our platform, delay introductions of enhancements to our platform, result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies into our platform, or harm our reputation and brand. In addition, we may be required to license additional technology from third parties to develop and market new platform features, which may not be on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and would adversely affect our ability to compete.

Claims by others that we infringed their proprietary technology or other intellectual property rights would harm our business.

We may become subject to intellectual property disputes. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to develop and commercialize our platform and services without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties. However, we may not be aware if our platform is infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating third-party intellectual property rights, and such third parties may bring claims alleging such infringement, misappropriation, or violation. Companies in the software and technology industries, including some of our current and potential competitors, are frequently subject to litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. In addition, certain companies and rights holders seek to enforce and monetize patents or other intellectual property rights they own, have purchased, or otherwise obtained. Many potential litigants, including some of our competitors and patent-holding companies, have the ability to dedicate substantial resources to assert their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them.

Any claim of infringement by a third party, even those without merit, against us or for which we are required to provide indemnification could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim, could distract our management from our business, and could require us to cease use of such intellectual property. Further, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, we risk compromising our confidential information during this type of litigation. We may be required to make substantial payments for legal fees, settlement fees, damages, royalties, or other fees in connection with a claimant securing a judgment against us, we may be subject to an injunction or other restrictions that cause us to cease selling subscriptions to our platform, we may be required to redesign any allegedly infringing portion of our platform or we may agree to a settlement that prevents us from distributing our platform or a portion thereof, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

With respect to any intellectual property rights claim, we may have to seek out a license to continue operations found to be in violation of such rights, which may not be available on favorable or commercially reasonable terms and may significantly increase our operating expenses. Some licenses may be non-exclusive, and therefore our competitors may have access to the same technology licensed to us. If a third party does not offer us a license to its intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, we may be required to develop alternative, non-infringing technology, which could require significant time (during which we would be unable to continue to offer our affected platform features), effort, and expense, and may ultimately not be successful. Any of these events would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and harm our business and results of operations. Moreover, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it would have a substantial adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or the market price of our common stock.

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Our platform contains third-party open source software components, and failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open source software licenses could restrict our ability to deliver our platform or subject us to litigation or other actions.

Our platform contains software modules licensed to us by third-party authors under “open source” licenses, and we expect to continue to incorporate such open source software in our platform in the future. We also contribute to the open source developer community and encourage integration and development around our platform. Use and distribution of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide support, warranties, indemnification, or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. We make the source code of some of our proprietary platform features available as open source to facilitate collaboration, but this may also enable others to compete more effectively. In addition, the public availability of such software may make it easier for others to compromise our platform.

Some open source licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the type of open source software we use, or grant other licenses to our intellectual property. We seek to ensure that our proprietary software is not combined with, and does not incorporate, open source software in ways that would require the release of the source code of our proprietary software to the public. However, if we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software to the public. This would allow our competitors to create similar offerings with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of our competitive advantages. Alternatively, to avoid the public release of the affected portions of our source code, we could be required to expend substantial time and resources to re-engineer some or all of our software. Our platform incorporates software that is licensed under an open source license which would require release of proprietary code if such platform was released or distributed to third parties. We take steps to ensure that our platform is not released or distributed. Additionally, some open source projects have known vulnerabilities and architectural instabilities and are provided on an “as-is” basis, which, if not properly addressed, could negatively affect the performance of our platform.

Although we monitor our use of open source software to avoid subjecting our platform to conditions we do not intend, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to provide or distribute our platform. From time to time, there have been claims challenging the ownership of open source software against companies that incorporate open source software into their platform, and the licensors of such open source software provide no warranties or indemnities with respect to such claims. As a result, we and our customers could be subject to lawsuits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software. Moreover, we cannot assure you that our processes for controlling our use of open source software in our platform will be effective. If we are held to have breached or failed to fully comply with all the terms and conditions of an open source software license, or if an author or other third party that distributes such open source software were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations, could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from the sale of subscriptions to our platform or other liability, or be required to seek costly licenses from third parties to continue providing our platform on terms that are not economically feasible, to re-engineer our platform, to discontinue or delay the provision of our platform if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely basis, or to make generally available, in source code form, our proprietary code, any of which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The rapidly evolving framework of privacy, data protection, data transfers, or other laws or regulations worldwide may limit the use and adoption of our services and adversely affect our business.

We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local, and international laws, directives, and regulations, as well as contractual obligations, relating to the collection, use, retention, security, disclosure, transfer, and other

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processing of personal information and other data. The regulatory framework for privacy, data protection, and data transfers worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. For example, the European Court of Justice recently struck down the EU-US Privacy Shield framework, which provided companies with a mechanism to comply with data protection requirements when transferring personal data from the EU to the United States. In some cases, data privacy laws and regulations, such as the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which took effect in May 2018, impose new obligations directly on us as both a data controller and a data processor, as well as on many of our customers. In addition, domestic data privacy laws, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, which took effect in January 2020, continue to evolve and could expose us to further regulatory or operational burdens. Some countries also are considering or have passed legislation requiring local storage and processing of data, or similar requirements, which could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our platform. Complying with GDPR, CCPA, or other laws, regulations, amendments to or re-interpretations of existing laws and regulations, and contractual or other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, data transfers, data localization, or information security may require us to make changes to our services to enable us or our customers to meet new legal requirements, incur substantial operational costs, modify our data practices and policies, and restrict our business operations. Any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with these laws, regulations, or other obligations may lead to significant fines, penalties, regulatory investigations, lawsuits, significant costs for remediation, damage to our reputation, or other liabilities.

In addition to government activity, privacy advocacy and other industry groups have established or may establish new self-regulatory standards that may place additional burdens on our ability to provide our services globally. Our customers expect us to meet certain voluntary certification and other standards established by third parties. If we are unable to maintain these certifications or meet these standards, it could adversely affect our ability to provide our services to certain customers and could harm our business. Furthermore, the uncertain and shifting regulatory environment may cause concerns regarding data privacy and may cause our customers or our customers’ customers to resist providing the data necessary to allow our customers to use our services effectively. Even the perception that the privacy of personal information is not satisfactorily protected or does not meet regulatory requirements could inhibit sales of our services and limit adoption of our platform. Additionally, some statutory requirements, both in the United States and abroad, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, include obligations for companies to notify individuals of security breaches involving particular personal information, which could result from breaches experienced by us or our service providers. Although we may have contractual protections with our service providers, any actual or perceived security breach could harm our reputation and brand, expose us to potential liability, or require us to expend significant resources on data security and in responding to any such actual or perceived breach.

These laws, regulations, standards, or other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, data transfers, data localization, or information security could require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to store, transfer, and process data or, in some cases, impact our ability to offer our services in certain locations, to deploy our solutions, to reach current and prospective customers, or to derive insights from customer data globally. If we are obligated to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our platform, we may be unable to make such changes and modifications in a commercially reasonable manner, or at all, and our ability to develop new platform features could be limited. The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, these laws, regulations, standards, and obligations, or any inability to adequately address privacy, data protection, or information security-related concerns, even if unfounded, may limit the use and adoption of our services, reduce overall demand for our services, make it more difficult to meet expectations from or commitments to customers, impact our reputation, or slow the pace at which we close sales transactions, any of which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We incorporate technology from third parties into our platform, and our inability to maintain rights to such technology would harm our business and results of operations.

We license software and other technology from third parties that we incorporate into or integrate with our platform. We cannot be certain that our licensors are not infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties

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or that our licensors have sufficient rights to the licensed intellectual property in all jurisdictions in which we may sell access to our platform. In addition, many licenses are non-exclusive, and therefore our competitors may have access to the same technology licensed to us. Some of our agreements with our licensors may be terminated for convenience by them, or otherwise provide for a limited term. If we are unable to continue to license any of this technology for any reason, our ability to develop and sell access to our platform containing such technology could be harmed. Similarly, if we are unable to license necessary technology from third parties now, or in the future, on commercially reasonable terms or at all, we may be forced to acquire or develop alternative technology, which we may be unable to do in a commercially feasible manner, or at all, and we may be required to use alternative technology of lower quality or performance standards, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our platform may not interoperate with our customers’ infrastructure or with third-party offerings, which would adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our platform is often operated in large scale, complex technology environments. Our platform must interoperate with our customers’ existing network and security infrastructure. These complex systems are developed, delivered, and maintained by our customers, myriad vendors, and service providers. As a result, the components of our customers’ infrastructure have different specifications, rapidly evolve, utilize multiple protocol standards, include multiple versions and generations of offerings, and may be highly customized. We must be able to interoperate and provide our platform to customers with highly complex and customized networks, which requires careful planning and execution. Our customers and some channel partners require training and experience in the proper use of and the benefits that can be derived from our platform to maximize their potential. Further, when new or updated elements of our customers’ infrastructure or new industry standards or protocols are introduced, we may have to update or enhance our platform to continue to effectively serve our customers. We offer prebuilt integrations with a variety of third-party cloud and software providers to allow customers to consolidate data across their infrastructure onto our platform, and we will need to continue to maintain existing integrations as other providers upgrade their offerings and develop new integrations with emerging technologies. Our competitors or other vendors may refuse to work with us to allow their offerings to interoperate with our platform, which could make it difficult for our platform to function properly in customer networks that include these third-party offerings.

We may not deliver or maintain interoperability quickly or cost-effectively, or at all. These efforts require capital investment and engineering resources. If we fail to maintain the compatibility of our platform with our customers’ network and security infrastructures, our customers may not be able to fully adopt our platform, and we may, among other consequences, experience reduced demand for our platform, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Further, the incorrect or improper implementation or use of our software, our failure to train customers on how to benefit from full utilization of our platform, or our failure to provide support services to our customers may result in errors or loss of data and as a result, dissatisfied customers, negative publicity, and harm to our reputation and brand, or legal claims against us. All of the foregoing would result in lost opportunities for additional sales to these customers, any of which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

We provide service level commitments under our customer contracts. If we fail to meet these contractual commitments, we could be obligated to provide credits for future service, or face contract termination with refunds of prepaid amounts related to unused subscriptions, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our customer contracts contain service level commitments, which contain specifications regarding the availability and performance of our platform. Any failure of or disruption to our infrastructure could impact the performance of our platform and the availability of services to customers. If we are unable to meet our stated service level commitments or if we suffer extended periods of poor performance or unavailability of our platform, we may be contractually obligated to provide affected customers with service credits for future subscriptions, and, in certain cases, face contract termination with refunds of prepaid amounts related to unused subscriptions. If we suffer

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performance issues or downtime that exceeds the service level commitments under our contracts with our customers, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Our metrics and estimates used to evaluate our performance are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in those estimates may harm our reputation and negatively affect our business.

We regularly review and may adjust our processes for calculating our metrics used to evaluate our growth, measure our performance, and make strategic decisions. These metrics are calculated using internal company data and have not been evaluated by a third party. Our metrics and estimates may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly titled metrics of our competitors due to differences in methodology or the assumptions on which we rely. Additionally, the metrics and forecasts in this prospectus relating to the size and expected growth of our addressable market may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the markets in which we compete meet the size estimates and growth forecasted in this prospectus, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. If securities analysts or investors do not consider our metrics to be accurate representations of our business, or if we discover material inaccuracies in our estimates, then the market price of our common stock could decline, our reputation and brand could be harmed, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We may be subject to claims that we have wrongfully hired an employee from a competitor, or that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

Many of our employees, consultants, and advisors, or individuals that may in the future serve as our employees, consultants, and advisors, are currently or were previously employed at companies including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants, independent contractors, and advisors do not use the confidential or proprietary information, trade secrets, or know-how of others in their work for us, we have in the past received notices from former employers and we may be subject to claims that we or have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential or proprietary information, trade secrets, or know-how of these third parties, or that our employees, consultants, independent contractors, or advisors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential information, trade secrets, or know-how of such individual’s current or former employer. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and employees. Claims that we, our employees, consultants, or advisors have misappropriated the confidential or proprietary information, trade secrets, or know-how of third parties could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our business is subject to a wide range of laws and regulations, many of which are evolving, and failure to comply with such laws and regulations could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business is subject to regulation by various federal, state, local and foreign governmental agencies, including agencies responsible for monitoring and enforcing privacy and data protection laws and regulations, employment and labor laws, workplace safety, product safety, environmental laws, consumer protection laws, anti-bribery laws, import and export controls, federal securities laws, and tax laws and regulations. In certain jurisdictions, these regulatory requirements may be more stringent than in the United States. These laws and regulations impose added costs on our business. Noncompliance with applicable regulations or requirements could subject us to:

• investigations, enforcement actions, orders, and sanctions;

• mandatory changes to our Continuous Intelligence Platform;

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• disgorgement of profits, fines, and damages;

• civil and criminal penalties or injunctions;

• claims for damages by our customers or channel partners;

• termination of contracts;

• loss of intellectual property rights; and

• temporary or permanent debarment from sales to government organizations.

If any governmental sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and an increase in professional fees. Enforcement actions and sanctions could materially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We endeavor to comply with all applicable employment laws. However, the scope and interpretation of these laws are often uncertain and may be conflicting, including varying standards and interpretations between state and federal law, between individual states, and even at the city and municipality level. As a result, their application in practice may change or develop over time through judicial decisions or as new guidance or interpretations are provided by regulatory and governing bodies, such as federal, state, and local administrative agencies. From time to time, we may be subject to litigation or threats of litigation regarding such varying rules and standards. For example, in September 2019, attorneys representing a purported class of current and former employees in various sales roles alleged potential claims of employee misclassification and related federal and state law claims, which we disputed. In response, we mediated the dispute, and in August 2020, we entered into a settlement agreement with the purported class counsel to resolve the dispute, which is being handled in arbitration and will result in us paying approximately $4.5 million to resolve the class-wide claims, subject to final approval by the arbitrator, including claims for employee misclassification and related federal and state claims, civil penalties under California’s Private Attorneys General Act of 2004, as well as claims for failure to pay overtime, provide meal and rest breaks, pay timely wages, and provide accurate wage statements, and claims for alleged unlawful business practices.

In addition, we must comply with laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration, and performance of contracts with the public sector, including U.S. federal, state, and local governmental organizations, which affect how we and our channel partners do business with governmental agencies. Selling access to our platform to the U.S. government, whether directly or through channel partners, also subjects us to certain regulatory and contractual requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements by either us or our channel partners could subject us to investigations, fines, and other penalties, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Violations of certain regulatory and contractual requirements, or failure to maintain required certifications, could also result in us being suspended or debarred from future government contracting. Any of these outcomes would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls that would impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws.

Our software may be subject to U.S. export control laws and regulations including the Export Administration Regulations and trade and economic sanctions maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control, or the OFAC. As such, an export license may be required to export or re-export our platform to certain countries, end-users, and end-uses. Because we incorporate encryption functionality into our platform, we also are subject to certain U.S. export control laws that apply to encryption items. If we were to fail to comply with

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such U.S. export controls laws and regulations, U.S. economic sanctions, or other similar laws, we could be subject to both civil and criminal penalties, including substantial fines, possible incarceration for employees and managers for willful violations, and the possible loss of our export or import privileges. Obtaining the necessary export license for a particular sale or offering may not be possible and may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Further, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the export of offerings to certain U.S. embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments, and persons, as well as for prohibited end-uses. Even though we take precautions to ensure that we and our channel partners comply with all relevant export control laws and regulations, any failure by us or our channel partners to comply with such laws and regulations could have negative consequences for us, including reputational harm, government investigations, and penalties.

In addition, various countries regulate the import of certain encryption technology, including through import permit and license requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our platform or could limit our customers’ ability to implement our platform in those countries. Changes in our platform or changes in export and import regulations in such countries may create delays in the introduction of our platform into international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our platform globally or, in some cases, prevent or delay the export or import of our platform to certain countries, governments, or persons altogether. Any change in export or import laws or regulations, economic sanctions, or related legislation, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing export, import, or sanctions laws or regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons, or technologies targeted by such export, import, or sanctions laws or regulations, could result in decreased use of our platform by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell access to our platform to, existing or potential end-customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our platform or limitation on our ability to export to or sell access to our platform in international markets would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

A portion of our revenue is generated by sales to government entities, which subject us to a number of challenges and risks.

We have historically derived a small portion of our revenue from contracts with federal, state, local, and foreign governments, and we believe that the future success and growth of our business will depend in part on our ability to continue to procure government contracts. Sales to public sector customers include additional challenges that affect our ability to enter into agreements, including:

• changes in fiscal or contracting policies;

• decreases in available government funding;

• changes in government programs or applicable requirements;

• changes in government sanctions programs and related policies;

• the adoption of new laws or regulations or changes to existing laws or regulations;

• noncompliance with contract provisions or government procurement or other applicable regulations;

• an extended government shutdown or other potential delays or changes in the government appropriations or other funding authorization processes; and

• delays in the payment of our invoices by government payment offices.

Additionally, although we have achieved the FedRAMP In Process designation, any delay in our completion of the FedRAMP certification process would impede our ability to enter into contracts with government entities.

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If we do not successfully manage the foregoing, our sales to governments and governmental agencies could be delayed or limited, and as a result, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal penalties or significant fines, harm our reputation, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

We are subject to the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, and other anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and anti-money laundering laws in various jurisdictions both domestic and abroad. We leverage third parties, including channel partners, to sell access to our platform and conduct our business abroad. We and our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities and may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party business partners and intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. While we have policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws, we cannot assure you that all of our employees and agents will not take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. Any violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption laws, and anti-money laundering laws could result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions, or suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, any of which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

Our loan and security agreement provides our lender with a first-priority lien against substantially all of our assets and contains restrictive covenants which could limit our operational flexibility and otherwise adversely affect our financial condition.

Our loan and security agreement contains a number of covenants that limit our ability to, among other things, transfer or dispose of assets, pay dividends or make distributions, incur additional indebtedness, create liens, make investments, loans and acquisitions, engage in transactions with affiliates, merge or consolidate with other companies, and sell substantially all of our assets. Our loan and security agreement is secured by substantially all of our assets. The terms of our loan and security agreement may restrict our current and future operations and could adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs or to execute preferred business strategies. In addition, complying with these covenants may make it more difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy and compete against companies who are not subject to such restrictions. Additionally, our obligations to repay principal and interest on our indebtedness make us vulnerable to economic or market downturns. As of July 31, 2020, we had an outstanding loan balance under this facility of $24.3 million, which represents substantially all of the available funds to borrow under the facility.

Our failure to comply with the covenants or payment requirements, or other events specified in our loan and security agreement, could result in an event of default and our lender may accelerate our obligations under our loan and security agreement and foreclose upon the collateral, or we may be forced to sell assets, restructure our indebtedness, or seek additional equity capital, which would dilute our stockholders’ interests. Our failure to comply with any covenant could result in an event of default under the agreement and the lender could make the entire debt immediately due and payable. If this occurs, we might not be able to repay our debt or borrow sufficient funds to refinance it. Even if new financing is available, it may not be on terms that are acceptable to us. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We may require additional capital, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

Historically, we have funded our operations and capital expenditures primarily through equity issuances and cash generated from our operations. To support our growing business, we must have sufficient capital to continue to make significant investments in our platform. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity,

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equity-linked, or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of common stock, and our existing stockholders may experience dilution. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities.

We evaluate financing opportunities from time to time, and our ability to obtain financing will depend on, among other things, our development efforts, business plans, and operating performance, and the condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing. We cannot be certain that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms, or at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Our business could be adversely affected by economic downturns.

Prolonged economic uncertainties or downturns could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Negative conditions in the general economy in either the United States or abroad, including conditions resulting from financial and credit market fluctuations, changes in economic policy, trade uncertainty, including changes in tariffs, sanctions, international treaties, and other trade restrictions, the occurrence of a natural disaster or global public health crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, or armed conflicts, could continue to cause a decrease in corporate spending on IT offerings in general and negatively affect the growth of our business.

These conditions could make it extremely difficult for our customers and us to forecast and plan future business activities accurately and could cause our customers to reevaluate their decision to purchase access to our platform, which could delay and lengthen our sales cycles or result in cancellations of planned purchases. For example, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the current economic environment has caused and may in the future cause our customers to reduce their spending on, or duration of, their contracts with us, or request concessions including extended payment terms or better pricing. Further, during challenging economic times our customers may face issues in gaining timely access to sufficient credit, which could result in an impairment of their ability to make timely payments to us, if at all. If that were to occur, we may be required to increase our allowance for doubtful accounts, which would adversely affect our results of operations.

A substantial downturn in any of the industries in which our customers operate may cause firms to react to worsening conditions by reducing their capital expenditures in general or by specifically reducing their spending on IT offerings. Customers in these industries may delay or cancel projects or seek to lower their costs by renegotiating vendor contracts. To the extent purchases of access to our platform are perceived by customers and potential customers to be discretionary, our revenue may be disproportionately affected by delays or reductions in general information technology spending.

We cannot predict the timing, strength, or duration of any economic slowdown, instability, or recovery, generally or within any particular industry or geography. Any economic downtowns of the general economy or industries in which we operate would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. For example, the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is unknown at this time, but could result in adverse changes in our results of operations for an unknown period of time as the virus and its related social and economic impacts spread.

Changes in U.S. tax laws and regulations and those which we are subject to in various tax jurisdictions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In December 2017, the legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the Tax Act, was enacted, which contains significant changes to U.S. tax law, including a reduction in the corporate tax rate and a

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transition to a new territorial system of taxation. The primary impact of the new legislation on our provision for income taxes was a reduction of the future tax benefits of our deferred tax assets as a result of the reduction in the corporate tax rate. However, since we have recorded a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets, these changes did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. The impact of the Tax Act will likely be subject to ongoing technical guidance and accounting interpretation, which we will continue to monitor and assess. As we expand the scale of our international business activities, any changes in the U.S. or foreign taxation of such activities may increase our worldwide effective tax rate and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our international operations subject us to potentially adverse tax consequences.

We generally conduct our international operations through subsidiaries and report our taxable income in various jurisdictions worldwide based upon our business operations in those jurisdictions. Our intercompany relationships are subject to complex transfer pricing regulations administered by taxing authorities in various jurisdictions. The relevant taxing authorities may disagree with our determinations as to the value of assets sold or acquired or income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a disagreement were to occur, and our position were not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest, and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows, and lower overall profitability of our operations.

There is also a high level of uncertainty in today’s tax environment stemming from both global initiatives put forth by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, or the OECD, and unilateral measures being implemented by various countries due to a lack of consensus on these global initiatives. As an example, the OECD has put forth two proposals—Pillar One and Pillar Two—that revise the existing profit allocation and nexus rules (profit allocation based on location of sales versus physical presence) and ensure a minimal level of taxation, respectively. Further, unilateral measures such as digital services tax and corresponding tariffs in response to such measures are creating additional uncertainty. If these proposals are passed, it is likely that we will have to pay higher income taxes in countries where such rules are applicable.

We are subject to tax examinations by the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, and other domestic and foreign tax authorities. An adverse outcome of any such audit or examination by the IRS or other tax authority could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We are, and expect to continue to be, subject to review and audit by the IRS and other tax authorities in various domestic and foreign jurisdictions. As a result, we may receive assessments in multiple jurisdictions on various tax-related assertions. Taxing authorities may challenge our tax positions and methodologies on various matters, including our positions regarding the collection of sales and use taxes and the jurisdictions in which we are subject to taxes, which could expose us to additional taxes. We assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from any ongoing tax examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. These assessments can require considerable judgments and estimates. The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a variety of jurisdictions. There can be no assurance that our tax positions and methodologies or calculation of our tax liabilities are accurate or that the outcomes from tax examinations will not have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. A difference in the ultimate resolution of tax uncertainties from what is currently estimated could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

As of January 31, 2020, we had $321.0 million of federal and $176.0 million of state net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, available to reduce future taxable income, which will begin to expire in 2030. It is possible that we will not generate taxable income in time to use NOLs before their expiration, or at all. Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOLs to offset its post-change income may be limited. In general, an

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“ownership change” will occur if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by “5-percent shareholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. Our ability to use net operating loss to reduce future taxable income and liabilities may be subject to annual limitations as a result of ownership changes that may occur in the future, including as a result of this offering.

The Tax Act, as amended by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or CARES Act, among other things, includes changes to U.S. federal tax rates and the rules governing NOLs. For NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, the Tax Act, as modified by the CARES Act, limits a taxpayer’s ability to utilize NOLs to 80% of taxable income (as calculated before taking the NOLs, and certain other tax attributes, into account) for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020. In addition, NOLs arising in tax years ending after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2021 may be carried back to each of the five taxable years preceding the tax year of such loss, but NOLs arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020 may not be carried back. NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 can be carried forward indefinitely. NOLs generated in tax years beginning before January 1, 2018 will not be subject to the taxable income limitation and will continue to have a two-year carryback and twenty-year carryforward period. As we maintain a full valuation allowance against our U.S. NOLs, these changes did not impact our consolidated balance sheet as of January 31, 2020 or July 31, 2020. However, in future years, if and when a net deferred tax asset is recognized related to our NOLs, the changes in the carryforward/carryback periods as well as the new limitation on the use of NOLs may significantly impact our valuation allowance assessments for NOLs generated after December 31, 2017.

There is also a risk that due to federal or state regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities.

Taxing authorities may successfully assert that we should have collected or in the future should collect sales and use, value added, or similar taxes, and any such assessments could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We do not collect sales and use, value added, and similar taxes in all jurisdictions in which we have sales, based on our belief that such taxes are not applicable. Sales and use, value added, and similar tax laws and rates vary greatly by jurisdiction. Certain jurisdictions in which we do not collect such taxes may assert that such taxes are applicable, which could result in tax assessments, penalties, and interest, and we may be required to collect such taxes in the future. Such tax assessments, penalties, interest, or future requirements would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Further, in June 2018, the Supreme Court held in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. that states could impose sales tax collection obligations on out-of-state sellers even if those sellers lack any physical presence within the states imposing the sales taxes. Under Wayfair, a person requires only a “substantial nexus” with the taxing state before the state may subject the person to sales tax collection obligations therein. An increasing number of states (both before and after the publication of Wayfair) have considered or adopted laws that attempt to impose sales tax collection obligations on out-of-state sellers. The Supreme Court’s Wayfair decision has removed a significant impediment to the enactment and enforcement of these laws, and it is possible that states may seek to tax out-of-state sellers on sales that occurred in prior tax years, which could create additional administrative burdens for us, put us at a competitive disadvantage if such states do not impose similar obligations on our competitors, and decrease our future sales, which would adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business could be adversely affected by pandemics, natural disasters, political crises, or other unexpected events.

A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire, hurricane, tornado, flood, or significant power outage, could disrupt our operations, mobile networks, the Internet, or the operations of our third-party technology providers. In particular, our corporate headquarters are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, a region known for seismic activity. In addition, any unforeseen public health crises, such as the ongoing

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COVID-19 pandemic, political crises, such as terrorist attacks, war, and other political instability, or other catastrophic events, whether in the United States or abroad, can continue to adversely affect our operations or the economy as a whole. The impact of any natural disaster, act of terrorism, or other disruption to us or our third-party providers’ abilities could result in decreased demand for our platform or a delay in the provision of our platform, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. All of the aforementioned risks would be further increased if our disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate.

We may become involved in claims, lawsuits, government investigations, and other proceedings that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

From time to time, we may become involved in various legal proceedings relating to matters incidental to the ordinary course of our business, including intellectual property, commercial, product liability, employment, class action, whistleblower, and other litigation and claims, and governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. Such matters can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability, or require us to change our business practices. In addition, the expense of litigation and the timing of this expense from period to period are difficult to estimate, subject to change, and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Because of the potential risks, expenses, and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we have meritorious claims or defenses, by agreeing to settlement agreements. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our results of operations may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles applicable to us.

Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP, are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or the FASB, the SEC, and other various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. Changes in accounting principles applicable to us, or varying interpretations of current accounting principles, in particular, with respect to revenue recognition of our packaging and licensing model, could have a significant effect on our reported results of operations. Further, any difficulties in the implementation of changes in accounting principles, including the ability to modify our accounting systems, could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could result in regulatory discipline and harm investors’ confidence in us.

Our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies may be based on assumptions that change or prove to be incorrect, which could cause our results of operations to fall below expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as described in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the recognition and measurement of certain assets and liabilities and revenue and expenses that is not readily apparent from other sources. Our accounting policies that involve judgment include those related to revenue recognition, the period of benefit for deferred sales commissions, assumptions used for estimating the fair value of common stock to calculate stock-based compensation, capitalization of internal-use software costs, valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, certain accrued liabilities, and valuation allowances associated with income taxes. If our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, our results of operations could be adversely affected, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

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We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting and may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, which may result in material misstatements of our consolidated financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations.

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2020, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weakness that we identified occurred because we have not designed and maintained effective controls over certain aspects of our information technology systems. More specifically, we did not design and maintain effective user access controls to adequately restrict user and privileged access to financial enterprise resource planning applications, including ensuring appropriate segregation of duties as it relates to the preparation and review of journal entries and the monitoring of system changes. This material weakness did not result in any errors to the consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2020 or the six months ended July 31, 2020, nor did we find any evidence of management override of entries in our financial reporting process.

To address this material weakness, we continue to take actions to improve our IT general controls. In particular, we are implementing comprehensive access control protocols for our enterprise resource planning environment to implement restrictions on user and privileged access to certain applications, establishing additional controls over the preparation and review of journal entries and implementing controls to review the activities for those users who have privileged access. While we are undertaking efforts to remediate this material weakness, the material weakness will not be considered remediated until our remediation plan has been fully implemented, the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time, and we have concluded, through testing, that the newly implemented and enhanced controls are operating effectively. At this time, we cannot predict the success of such efforts or the outcome of our assessment of the remediation efforts. We can give no assurance that our efforts will remediate this material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or that additional material weaknesses will not be identified in the future. Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our consolidated financial statements that could result in a restatement of our financial statements, and could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, any of which could diminish investor confidence in us and cause a decline in the price of our common stock.

We may fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, which could impair our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations.

As a public company, we will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the listing standards of the Nasdaq Global Select Market. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we will file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers. We are also continuing to improve our internal control over financial reporting. We have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources in order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting.

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Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in the conditions in our business, including increased complexity resulting from any international expansion. Further, weaknesses in our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls, or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement, could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could also adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we will eventually be required to include in our periodic reports that will be filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely adversely affect the market price of our common stock. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. We are not currently required to comply with the SEC rules that implement Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and are therefore not required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for that purpose. As a public company, we will be required to provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting commencing with our second annual report on Form 10-K.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our internal control over financial reporting is documented, designed, or operating. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, and could cause a decline in the market price of our common stock.

We use certain third-party services to manage and operate our business, and any failure or interruption in the services provided by these third parties could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We use a number of third-party services to manage and operate our business, including pricing software to assist our sales and marketing teams and our finance and accounting teams. These services are critical to our ability to increase our sales to customers, operate, and maintain our platform, and accurately maintain books and records. Any disruption in these services could impair our ability to execute on our operating plan and disrupt our business. Further, if these services cease to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, we may be required to use additional or alternative services, or to develop additional capabilities within our business, any of which could require significant resources and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We believe our long-term value as a company will be greater if we focus on growth, which may negatively impact our results of operations in the near term.

We believe our long-term value as a company will be greater if we focus on growth over short-term results. As a result, our results of operations may be negatively impacted in the near term compared to if our strategy were to maximize short-term profitability. Significant expenditures on sales and marketing efforts, developing and enhancing our platform, and expanding our research and development efforts may not ultimately grow our business or lead to expected long-term results. If our strategy does not lead to expected growth or if we are ultimately unable to achieve results of operations at the levels expected by securities analysts and investors, the market price of our common stock could decline.

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We may face fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

As we continue to expand internationally, we will become more exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. A portion of our operating expenses are incurred outside of the United States and denominated in foreign currencies. The strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies increases the real cost of our platform for our customers outside of the United States, which could lead to the lengthening of our sales cycle or reduced demand for our platform. As we continue our international expansion, increased international sales may result in foreign currency denominated sales, increasing our foreign currency risk. Moreover, this continued expansion will increase operating expenses incurred outside the United States and denominated in foreign currencies. If we are not able to successfully hedge against the risks associated with currency fluctuations, our financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedging transactions may be limited and we may not be able to successfully hedge our exposure, which would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Operating as a public company will require us to incur substantial costs and will require substantial management attention.

As a public company, we will incur substantial legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. For example, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the rules and regulations of the SEC, and the listing standards of the Nasdaq Global Select Market. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Compliance with these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs, and increase demand on our systems, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” In addition, as a public company, we may be subject to stockholder activism, which can lead to additional substantial costs, distract management, and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate. As a result of disclosure of information in this prospectus and in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition will become more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors.

Certain members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, and certain members joined us more recently. As such, our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage our transition to being a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These new obligations and constituents will require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are an “emerging growth company” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation, and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As an “emerging growth company,” we are also allowed to delay adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are made

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applicable to private companies. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates. We have elected to take advantage of this extended transition period under the JOBS Act with respect to ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which establishes a principle for recognition of assets and liabilities from leasing arrangements. Any difficulties in implementing these pronouncements could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could result in regulatory discipline and harm investors’ confidence in us. We may take advantage of these exemptions for so long as we are an “emerging growth company,” which could be for as long as five full fiscal years following the completion of this offering. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and the market price of our common stock may be more volatile.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Upon completion of this offering, our executive officers, directors, and holders of 5% or more of our common stock will collectively beneficially own approximately                     % of the outstanding shares of our common stock and continue to have substantial control over us, which will limit your ability to influence the outcome of important transactions, including a change in control.

Upon completion of this offering, our executive officers, directors, and our stockholders who own 5% or more of our outstanding common stock and their affiliates, in the aggregate, will beneficially own approximately                     % of the outstanding shares of our common stock, based on the number of shares outstanding as of July 31, 2020 and assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option. As a result, these stockholders, if acting together, will be able to influence or control matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and the approval of mergers, acquisitions, or other extraordinary transactions. They may also have interests that differ from yours and may vote in a way with which you disagree and which may be adverse to your interests. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, preventing, or deterring a change in control of our company, could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock as part of a sale of our company, and might ultimately affect the market price of our common stock.

An active trading market for our common stock may never develop or be sustained.

We have applied for the listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “SUMO”. However, we cannot assure you that an active trading market for our common stock will develop on that exchange or elsewhere or, if developed, that any market will be sustained. Accordingly, we cannot assure you of the likelihood that an active trading market for our common stock will develop or be maintained, the liquidity of any trading market, your ability to sell your shares of our common stock when desired, or the prices that you may obtain for your shares.

The market price of our common stock may be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for shares of our common stock. The initial public offering price of our common stock will be determined through negotiation among us and the underwriters. This price does not necessarily reflect the price at which investors in the market will be willing to buy and sell shares of our common stock following this offering. In addition, the market price of our common stock following this offering is likely to be volatile and could be subject to fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our common stock since you might be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid in this offering. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the market price of our common stock include the following:

• price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;

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• volatility in the market prices and trading volumes of technology stocks;

• changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;

• sales of shares of our common stock by us or our stockholders, as well as the anticipation of lock-up releases;

• failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;

• the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in those projections, or our failure to meet those projections;

• announcements by us or our competitors of new offerings or platform features;

• the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements, and filings with the SEC;

• rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;

• short selling of our common stock or related derivative securities;

• actual or anticipated changes in our results of operations or fluctuations in our results of operations;

• actual or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors’ businesses, or the competitive landscape generally;

• announced or completed acquisitions of businesses, offerings, or technologies by us or our competitors;

• developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;

• litigation involving us, our industry, or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;

• new laws or regulations, or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;

• changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations, or principles;

• any significant change in our management; and

• general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of our markets.

In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, would result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

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A substantial portion of the outstanding shares of our common stock after this offering will be restricted from immediate resale but may be sold on a stock exchange in the near future. The large number of shares eligible for public sale or subject to rights requiring us to register them for public sale could depress the market price of our common stock.

The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of sales of a large number of shares of our common stock in the market after this offering, and the perception that these sales could occur may also depress the market price of our common stock. Based on 83,889,892 shares of our common stock (including the Capital Stock Conversion) outstanding as of July 31, 2020, we will have                      shares of our common stock outstanding after this offering, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option. Our executive officers, directors, and the holders of substantially all of our capital stock and securities convertible into or exchangeable for our capital stock have entered or will enter into lock-up agreements with the underwriters under which they have agreed or will agree, subject to specific exceptions, not to, without the prior written consent of Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, on behalf of the underwriters, dispose of or hedge any of our stock for 180 days following the date of this prospectus. We refer to such period as the restricted period. Pursuant to the lock-up agreements, if at any time beginning 90 days after the date of this prospectus, which date we refer to as the Early Expiration Threshold Date, (i) we have publicly filed at least one quarterly report on Form 10-Q or annual report on Form 10-K and (ii) the last reported closing price of our common stock is at least 33% greater than the initial public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus for 10 out of any 15 consecutive trading days ending on or after the Early Expiration Threshold Date, then 20% of the shares of common stock subject to the lock-up agreements will be released from the lock-up agreements immediately prior to the opening of trading on the second trading day following such measurement period. We refer to such release as the Early Lock-Up Expiration. If the Early Lock-Up Expiration would occur when we are in a broadly applicable period during which trading in our securities would not be permitted under our insider trading policy, or a blackout period, the Early Lock-Up Expiration shall be delayed until immediately prior to the opening of trading on the second trading day following the first date that (i) we are no longer in a blackout period and (ii) the closing price of our common stock is at least greater than the initial public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. In addition, to the extent not released pursuant to the Early Lock-Up Expiration described above, pursuant to the lock-up agreements, if (i) at least 120 days have elapsed since the date of this prospectus, (ii) we have publicly released our earnings results for the quarterly period during which this offering occurred, and (iii) such restricted period is scheduled to end during or within five trading days prior to a blackout period, such restricted period will end 10 trading days prior to the commencement of such blackout period. The underwriters may release certain stockholders from the lock-up agreements prior to the end of the restricted period. When the restricted period in the lock-up agreements expires, our locked-up security holders will be able to sell their shares of common stock in the public market.¹¹

As a result of these agreements and the provisions of our Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement dated May 1, 2019, or our IRA, described further in the section titled “Description of Capital

Stock—Registration Rights,” and subject to the provisions of Rule 144 or Rule 701, shares of our common stock will be available for sale in the public market as follows:

• beginning on the date of this prospectus, all shares of our common stock sold in this offering will be immediately available for sale in the public market; and

• beginning 181 days after the date of this prospectus (subject to the terms of the lock-up agreements described above), the remainder of the shares of our common stock will be eligible for sale in the public market from time to time thereafter, subject in some cases to the volume and other restrictions of Rule 144, as described below.

Upon completion of this offering, stockholders owning an aggregate of up to 63,761,950 shares of our common stock will be entitled, under our IRA, to require us to register shares owned by them for public sale in the

¹¹  See the section titled “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” for additional information.

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United States. In addition, we intend to file a registration statement to register shares reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans. Upon effectiveness of that registration statement, subject to the satisfaction of applicable exercise periods and the expiration or waiver of the lock-up agreements referred to above, the shares issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options or upon settlement of outstanding RSU awards will be available for immediate resale in the United States in the open market.

Sales of our common stock as restrictions end or pursuant to registration rights may make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. These sales also could cause the market price of our common stock to fall and make it more difficult for you to sell shares of our common stock.

Sales, directly or indirectly, of shares of our common stock by existing equityholders could cause our stock price to decline.

Sales, directly or indirectly, of a substantial number of shares of our common stock, or the public perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. Many of our existing equityholders have substantial unrecognized gains on the value of the equity they hold, and may take, or attempt to take, steps to sell, directly or indirectly, their shares or otherwise secure, or limit the risk to, the value of their unrecognized gains on those shares.

While our executive officers, directors, and the holders of substantially all of our capital stock and securities convertible into or exchangeable for our capital stock have entered into or will enter into lock-up agreements with the underwriters, sales, short sales, or hedging transactions involving our equity securities, whether before or after this offering and whether or not we believe them to be prohibited, could adversely affect the price of our common stock. Further, record holders of our securities are typically the parties to the lock-up agreements, while holders of beneficial interests in our shares who are not also record holders in respect of such shares are not typically subject to any such agreements or other similar restrictions. Accordingly, we believe that holders of beneficial interests who are not record holders and are not bound by lock-up agreements could enter into transactions with respect to those beneficial interests that negatively impact our stock price. In addition, to the extent an equityholder does not comply with or the underwriters are unable to enforce the terms of a lock-up agreement, such equityholder may be able to sell, short sell, transfer, hedge, pledge, or otherwise dispose of or attempt to sell, short sell, transfer, hedge, pledge, or otherwise dispose of, their equity interests at any time after the closing of this offering, which could negatively impact the price of our common stock.

If you purchase our common stock in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution.

The assumed initial public offering price of $                     per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, is substantially higher than the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our outstanding common stock of $                     per share as of                                 . Investors purchasing shares of our common stock in this offering will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds the book value of our tangible assets after subtracting our liabilities. Therefore, if you purchase common stock in this offering, you will incur immediate dilution of $                     per share in the net tangible book value per share from the price you paid.

This dilution is due in large part to the fact that our earlier investors paid substantially less than the initial public offering price when they purchased shares prior to this offering. In addition, as of July 31, 2020, options to purchase 26,903,443 shares of our common stock with a weighted-average exercise price of $4.15 per share and 2,909,167 RSUs were outstanding under our equity plans. The exercise of any of these options and settlement of any of these RSUs would result in additional dilution. As a result of the dilution to investors purchasing shares in this offering, investors may receive less than the purchase price paid in this offering, if anything, in the event of our liquidation.¹²

¹²  See the section titled “Dilution” for additional information.

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The issuance of additional stock in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our equity incentive plans, or otherwise will dilute all other stockholders.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation that will be in effect upon completion of this offering authorizes us to issue up to 1,000,000,000 shares of common stock and up to 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock with such rights and preferences as may be determined by our board of directors. Subject to compliance with applicable rules and regulations, we may issue shares of common stock or securities convertible into shares of our common stock from time to time in connection with a financing, acquisition, investment, our equity incentive plans, or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

We have broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds from this offering and we may not use them effectively.

We cannot specify with any certainty the particular uses of the net proceeds that we will receive from this offering. Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering, including for any of the purposes described in the section titled “Use of Proceeds,” and you will not have the opportunity as part of your investment decision to assess whether the net proceeds are being used appropriately. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of the net proceeds from this offering, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. The failure by our management to apply these proceeds effectively could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Pending their use, we may invest our proceeds in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value. Our investments may not yield a favorable return to our investors and may negatively impact the price of our common stock.

Delaware law and provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock.

Our status as a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws will contain provisions that may make the acquisition of our company more difficult, including the following:

• our board of directors will be classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms, and directors will only be able to be removed from office for cause;

• certain amendments to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will require the approval of at least 66 ²⁄₃% of our then-outstanding common stock;

• our stockholders will only be able to take action at a meeting of stockholders and will not be able to take action by written consent for any matter;

• our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will not provide for cumulative voting;

• vacancies on our board of directors will be able to be filled only by our board of directors and not by stockholders;

• a special meeting of our stockholders may only be called by the chairperson of our board of directors, our Chief Executive Officer, or a majority of our board of directors;

• certain litigation against us can only be brought in Delaware;

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• our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without further action by our stockholders; and

• advance notice procedures apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders.

These provisions, alone or together, could discourage, delay, or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions they desire, any of which, under certain circumstances, could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

Our amended and restated bylaws will designate a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States as the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated bylaws, which will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering, will provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our amended and restated bylaws, or (iv) any other action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware), in all cases subject to the court having jurisdiction over indispensable parties named as defendants. Our amended and restated bylaws further provide that the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaints asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to this provision. This exclusive-forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. This exclusive forum provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Further, the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ charter documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable. For example, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware recently determined that a provision stating that U.S. federal district courts are the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act is not enforceable. However, this decision may be reviewed and ultimately overturned by the Delaware Supreme Court. If a court were to find either exclusive-forum provision in our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could harm our results of operations.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us, our business, or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our common stock adversely, the market price and trading volume of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business, our market, or our competitors. The analysts’ estimates are

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based upon their own opinions and are often different from our estimates or expectations. If any of the analysts who cover us change their recommendation regarding our common stock adversely, provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our securities would likely decline. If few securities analysts commence coverage of us, or if one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets and demand for our securities could decrease, which could cause the price and trading volume of our common stock to decline.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared nor paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Additionally, our ability to pay cash dividends on our common stock is limited by restrictions under the terms of our credit facility with Silicon Valley Bank. As a result, stockholders must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” or “continue,” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus include statements about:

• our future financial performance, including our expectations regarding our revenue, cost of revenue, operating expenses, including changes in sales and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative expenses, and key business metrics, and our ability to achieve and maintain future profitability;

• the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and any associated economic downturn on our business and results of operations;

• our business model and our ability to effectively manage our growth and associated investments;

• our beliefs about and objectives for future operations, including our estimated total addressable market;

• market acceptance of our platform;

• our ability to maintain and expand our customer base, including by attracting new customers;

• our ability to retain customers and expand their adoption of our platform, particularly our largest customers;

• the effects of increased competition in our markets and our ability to compete effectively;

• our ability to maintain the security and availability of our platform;

• our ability to develop new platform features and functionality, or enhancements to our existing platform features and functionality, and bring them to market in a timely manner;

• anticipated trends, growth rates, and challenges in our business and in the markets in which we operate;

• our relationships with third parties, including channel and technology partners;

• our ability to successfully expand in our existing markets and into new markets, including internationally;

• our ability to comply with laws and regulations that currently apply or become applicable to our business both in the United States and internationally, including with respect to privacy and data protection;

• our expectations regarding our ability to obtain, maintain, enforce, defend, and enhance our intellectual property rights;

• our ability to successfully defend litigation brought against us;

• the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents to meet our liquidity needs;

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• our ability to attract and retain employees and key personnel;

• future acquisitions or investments;

• economic and industry trends or trend analysis; and

• our anticipated uses of the net proceeds from this offering.

We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this prospectus.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus. We cannot assure you that the results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.

Neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. Moreover, the forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this prospectus to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this prospectus or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, or investments we may make.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

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INDUSTRY, MARKET, AND OTHER DATA

Unless otherwise indicated, estimates and information contained in this prospectus concerning our industry and the market in which we operate, including our general expectations, market position, market opportunity, and market size, are based on industry publications and reports generated by third-party providers, other publicly available studies, and our internal sources and estimates. This information involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. Although we are responsible for all of the disclosure contained in this prospectus and we believe the information from the industry publications and other third-party sources included in this prospectus is reliable, we have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the data contained in such sources. The content of, or accessibility through, the below sources and websites, except to the extent specifically set forth in this prospectus, does not constitute a portion of this prospectus and is not incorporated herein and any websites are an inactive textual reference only.

The source of certain statistical data, estimates, and forecasts contained in this prospectus are the following independent industry publications or reports:

• International Data Corporation, Inc., or IDC, Semiannual Public Cloud Services Tracker, November 2019;

• IDC, Semiannual Software Tracker, 2019 H1 Forecast Release, November 14, 2019;

• IDC, Worldwide Global DataSphere Forecast, 2020–2024: The COVID-19 Data Bump and the Future of Data Growth, April 2020;

• IDC, Worldwide Global DataSphere IoT Device and Data Forecast, 2019–2023, May 2019; and

• S&P Global Capital IQ database, ©2020: S&P Global Market Intelligence, accessed on January 6, 2020.

The industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties and by us.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from the sale of shares of our common stock in this offering will be approximately $                    , based upon the assumed initial public offering price of $                     per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters’ over-allotment option is exercised in full, we estimate that the net proceeds to us would be approximately $                    , after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $                     per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease the net proceeds that we receive from this offering by approximately $                    , assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions payable by us. Similarly, each increase or decrease of 1.0 million in the number of shares of our common stock offered by us would increase or decrease the net proceeds that we receive from this offering by approximately $                    , assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions payable by us.

The principal purposes of this offering are to increase our capitalization and financial flexibility, create a public market for our common stock, and enable access to the public equity markets for us and our stockholders.

We intend to use the net proceeds we receive from this offering for general corporate purposes, including working capital, operating expenses, and capital expenditures. Additionally, we may use a portion of the net proceeds we receive from this offering to acquire or invest in businesses, technologies, assets, or talent. However, we do not have agreements or commitments for any material acquisitions or investments at this time. We cannot specify with certainty the particular uses of the net proceeds that we will receive from this offering. Accordingly, we will have broad discretion in using these proceeds. Pending the use of proceeds from this offering as described above, we may invest the net proceeds that we receive in this offering in short-term, investment grade, interest-bearing instruments.

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare cash dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Additionally, our ability to pay cash dividends on our common stock is limited by restrictions under the terms of our credit facility with Silicon Valley Bank.

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth cash and cash equivalents, as well as our capitalization, as of July 31, 2020 as follows:

• on an actual basis;

• on a pro forma basis, giving effect to (i) the Capital Stock Conversion, as if such conversion had occurred on July 31, 2020, (ii) the automatic conversion of warrants to purchase up to 32,276 shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into warrants to purchase up to 32,276 shares of our common stock, and the resulting reclassification of the redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant liability to additional paid-in capital, (iii) stock-based compensation expense of $7.0 million associated with RSUs subject to service-based and performance-based vesting conditions, which we will recognize upon the completion of this offering, reflected as an increase in additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit, as further described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, and (iv) the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation in Delaware that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and

• on a pro forma as adjusted basis, giving effect to the pro forma adjustments set forth above and the sale and issuance by us of                      shares of our common stock in this offering, based upon the assumed initial public offering price of $                      per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The pro forma as adjusted information set forth in the table below is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read this table together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes, and the sections titled “Selected Consolidated Financial and Other Data” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” that are included elsewhere in this prospectus.

	As of July 31, 2020
	Actual			Pro Forma			Pro Forma as Adjusted(1)
	(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	98,117		$	98,117		$
Long-term debt	$	24,250		$	24,250		$	—
Redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant liability		327			—			—
Redeemable convertible preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share: 65,900,943 shares authorized, 63,761,950 issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted		340,167			—			—
Stockholders’ (deficit) equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share: no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual; 100,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted		—			—			—
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share: 122,000,000 shares authorized, 20,127,942 shares issued and outstanding, actual; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 83,889,892 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma; and 1,000,000,000 shares authorized,                      shares issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted		2			8
Additional paid-in capital		109,261			456,708
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(195	)		(195	)
Accumulated deficit		(353,276	)		(360,235	)
Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity		(244,208	)		96,286
Total capitalization	$	120,536		$	120,536		$

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⁽¹⁾  Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $                      per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease the amount of our pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital, total stockholders’ equity, and total capitalization by $                     , assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions payable by us. An increase or decrease of 1.0 million shares in the number of shares offered by us would increase or decrease, as applicable, the amount of our pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital, total stockholders’ equity, and total capitalization by $                     , assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions payable by us.

If the underwriters’ over-allotment option is exercised in full, pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital, total stockholders’ equity, total capitalization, and shares outstanding as of July 31, 2020 would be $                      million, $                      million, $                      million, $                      million, and                     , respectively.

The pro forma and pro forma as adjusted columns in the table above are based on 83,889,892 shares of our common stock (including 63,761,950 shares of preferred stock on an as-converted basis) outstanding as of July 31, 2020, and exclude the following:

• 13,708 shares of our Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock issuable upon the exercise of a warrant outstanding as of July 31, 2020, with an exercise price of $7.00485 per share, which would result in the issuance of 13,708 shares of our common stock in connection with the Capital Stock Conversion and this offering;

• 8,038 shares of our Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock issuable upon the exercise of a warrant outstanding as of July 31, 2020, with an exercise price of $8.07738 per share, which would result in the issuance of 8,038 shares of our common stock in connection with the Capital Stock Conversion and this offering;

• 10,530 shares of our Series G redeemable convertible preferred stock issuable upon the exercise of a warrant outstanding as of July 31, 2020, with an exercise price of $11.0153 per share, which would result in the issuance of 10,530 shares of our common stock in connection with the Capital Stock Conversion and this offering;

• 32,580 shares of our common stock to be issued in connection with our acquisitions of privately-held companies;

• 175,061 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2020, which were assumed in connection with our acquisition of Jask Labs, with a weighted-average exercise price of $9.93 per share;

• 26,728,382 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2020, with a weighted-average exercise price of $4.11 per share;

• 2,909,167 shares of our common stock subject to RSUs outstanding as of July 31, 2020;

• 1,500 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock granted after July 31, 2020, with a weighted-average exercise price of $12.11683 per share;

• 309,300 shares of our common stock subject to RSUs to be granted after July 31, 2020; and

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• 15,377,686 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans, consisting of:

• 10,000,000 shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our 2020 Plan, which will become effective prior to the completion of this offering;

• 3,377,686 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2010 Plan, which number of shares will be added to the shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our 2020 Plan upon its effectiveness, at which time we will cease granting awards under our 2010 Plan; and

• 2,000,000 shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our ESPP, which will become effective prior to the completion of this offering.

Our 2020 Plan and ESPP each provide for annual automatic increases in the number of shares reserved thereunder and our 2020 Plan also provides for increases to the number of shares that may be granted thereunder based on shares under our 2010 Plan that expire, are forfeited, or otherwise repurchased by us, as more fully described in the section titled “Executive Compensation—Employee Benefit and Stock Plans.”

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DILUTION

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share of our common stock and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering. Dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per share to new investors represents the difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers of shares of our common stock in this offering and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after completion of this offering.

Our historical net tangible book value (deficit) as of July 31, 2020 was $(314.9) million, or $(15.65) per share of common stock. Our historical net tangible book value (deficit) per share represents our total tangible assets, including deferred sales commissions, less our total liabilities and redeemable convertible preferred stock (which is not included in stockholders’ deficit), divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2020.

Our pro forma net tangible book value as of July 31, 2020 was $25.6 million, or $0.30 per share of common stock. Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents our total tangible assets, including deferred sales commissions, less our total liabilities, divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2020 after giving effect to the (i) the Capital Stock Conversion, as if such conversion had occurred on July 31, 2020, (ii) the automatic conversion of warrants to purchase up to 32,276 shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into warrants to purchase up to 32,276 shares of our common stock and the resulting reclassification of the redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant liability to additional paid-in capital, (iii) stock-based compensation expense of $7.0 million associated with RSUs subject to service-based and performance-based vesting conditions, which we will recognize upon the completion of this offering, reflected as an increase in additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit, as further described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, and (iv) the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation in Delaware that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering.

Our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value represents our pro forma net tangible book value, plus the sale by us of                      shares of our common stock in this offering at the assumed initial public offering price of $                      per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. After deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of July 31, 2020 was $                     , or $                      per share of common stock. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma net tangible book value of $                      per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in pro forma net tangible book value of $                      per share to investors purchasing shares of our common stock in this offering at the assumed initial public offering price. The following table illustrates this dilution:

Assumed initial public offering price per share				$
Historical net tangible book value (deficit) per share as of July 31, 2020	$	(15.65	)
Increase per share attributable to pro forma adjustments described above		15.95
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of July 31, 2020	$	0.30
Increase in pro forma net tangible book value per share attributed to new investors purchasing shares from us in this offering
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering
Dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per share to new investors in this offering				$

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $                      per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would

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increase or decrease, as applicable, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share to new investors by $                     , and would increase or decrease, as applicable, dilution per share to new investors purchasing shares of common stock in this offering by $                     , assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase or decrease of 1.0 million shares in the number of shares of our common stock offered by us would increase or decrease, as applicable, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value by $                      per share and increase or decrease, as applicable, the dilution to new investors purchasing shares of common stock in this offering by $                      per share, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

If the underwriters’ over-allotment option is exercised in full, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock, as adjusted to give effect to this offering, would be $                      per share, and the dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per share to new investors purchasing shares of common stock in this offering would be $                      per share.

The following table presents, as of July 31, 2020, after giving effect to the Capital Stock Conversion, the differences between the existing stockholders and the new investors purchasing shares of our common stock in this offering with respect to the number of shares purchased from us, the total consideration paid or to be paid to us, which includes net proceeds received from the issuance of our common stock, and the average price per share paid or to be paid to us at the assumed initial public offering price of $                      per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us:

	Shares Purchased					Total Consideration					Average Price Per Share
	Number		Percent			Amount		Percentage
Existing stockholders		83,889,892			%	$	406,786,979				$	4.85
New investors											$
Totals				100	%	$			100	%

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $                      per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease, as applicable, the total consideration paid by new investors and total consideration paid by all stockholders by $                      million, assuming that the number of shares of our common stock offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase or decrease of 1.0 million in the number of shares of our common stock offered by us would increase or decrease the total consideration paid by new investors and total consideration paid by all stockholders by $                      million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions payable by us.

Except as otherwise indicated, the above discussion and tables assume no exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option. If the underwriters’ over-allotment option is exercised in full, our existing stockholders would own                     % and our new investors would own                     % of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding upon completion of this offering.

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The number of shares of our common stock that will be outstanding after this offering is based on 83,889,892 shares of our common stock (including 63,761,950 shares of preferred stock on an as-converted basis) outstanding as of July 31, 2020, and excludes:

• 13,708 shares of our Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock issuable upon the exercise of a warrant outstanding as of July 31, 2020, with an exercise price of $7.00485 per share, which would result in the issuance of 13,708 shares of our common stock in connection with this offering;

• 8,038 shares of our Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock issuable upon the exercise of a warrant outstanding as of July 31, 2020, with an exercise price of $8.07738 per share, which would result in the issuance of 8,038 shares of our common stock in connection with this offering;

• 10,530 shares of our Series G redeemable convertible preferred stock issuable upon the exercise of a warrant outstanding as of July 31, 2020, with an exercise price of $11.0153 per share, which would result in the issuance of 10,530 shares of our common stock in connection with this offering;

• 32,580 shares of our common stock to be issued in connection with our acquisitions of privately-held companies;

• 175,061 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2020, which were assumed in connection with our acquisition of Jask Labs, with a weighted-average exercise price of $9.93 per share;

• 26,728,382 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2020, with a weighted-average exercise price of $4.11 per share;

• 2,909,167 shares of our common stock subject to RSUs outstanding as of July 31, 2020;

• 1,500 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock granted after July 31, 2020, with a weighted-average exercise price of $12.11683 per share;

• 309,300 shares of our common stock subject to RSUs to be granted after July 31, 2020; and

• 15,377,686 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans, consisting of:

• 10,000,000 shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our 2020 Plan, which will become effective prior to the completion of this offering;

• 3,377,686 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2010 Plan, which number of shares will be added to the shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our 2020 Plan upon its effectiveness, at which time we will cease granting awards under our 2010 Plan; and

• 2,000,000 shares of our common stock to be reserved for future issuance under our ESPP, which will become effective prior to the completion of this offering.

Our 2020 Plan and ESPP each provide for annual automatic increases in the number of shares reserved thereunder, and our 2020 Plan also provides for increases to the number of shares that may be granted thereunder

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based on shares under our 2010 Plan that expire, are forfeited, or otherwise repurchased by us, as more fully described in the section titled “Executive Compensation—Employee Benefit and Stock Plans.”

To the extent that any outstanding warrants or options to purchase our common stock are exercised, RSUs are settled, or new awards are granted under our equity compensation plans, there will be further dilution to investors participating in this offering.

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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA

The following selected consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended January 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of January 31, 2019 and 2020 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The selected consolidated statements of operations data for the six months ended July 31, 2019 and 2020 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of July 31, 2020 have been derived from our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. We have prepared the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and have included all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments that, in our opinion, are necessary to state fairly the financial information set forth in those statements. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future, and our results for the six months ended July 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year or any other period. The selected consolidated financial and other data in this section are not intended to replace our consolidated financial statements and related notes and are qualified in their entirety by the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. You should read the following selected consolidated financial and other data below in conjunction with the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The last day of our fiscal year is January 31. Our fiscal quarters end on April 30, July 31, October 31, and January 31.

Consolidated Statements of Operations Data

	Year Ended January 31,									Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018			2019			2020			2019			2020
	(in thousands, except for per share data)
Revenue	$	67,828		$	103,642		$	155,056		$	70,232		$	96,617
Cost of revenue(1)		22,438			29,010			44,498			17,939			28,539
Gross profit		45,390			74,632			110,558			52,293			68,078
Operating expenses:
Research and development(1)		25,261			36,240			52,462			21,365			33,003
Sales and marketing(1)(2)		43,082			72,218			107,239			46,486			53,630
General and administrative(1)		9,606			14,347			37,263			13,948			16,589
Impairment of capitalized internal-use software		—			—			6,689			—			—
Total operating expenses		77,949			122,805			203,653			81,799			103,222
Loss from operations		(32,559	)		(48,173	)		(93,095	)		(29,506	)		(35,144	)
Interest and other income, net		568			1,096			1,982			885			73
Interest expense		(19	)		(105	)		(123	)		(26	)		(364	)
Loss before provision for income taxes		(32,010	)		(47,182	)		(91,236	)		(28,647	)		(35,435	)
Provision for income taxes		425			607			901			355			347
Net loss	$	(32,435	)	$	(47,789	)	$	(92,137	)	$	(29,002	)	$	(35,782	)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted(3)	$	(2.92	)	$	(3.88	)	$	(6.18	)	$	(2.13	)	$	(1.93	)
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted(3)		11,092			12,314			14,907			13,598			18,522
Pro forma net loss per share, basic and diluted (unaudited)(3)							$	(1.21	)				$	(0.43	)
Weighted-average shares used in computing pro forma net loss per share, basic and diluted (unaudited)(3)								76,234						82,284

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(1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:

	Year Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018		2019		2020		2019		2020
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue(b)	$	76	$	52	$	179	$	46	$	101
Research and development(a)(b)		933		1,609		5,940		1,479		3,878
Sales and marketing(b)		970		1,856		5,791		1,906		3,116
General and administrative(b)		851		3,060		10,124		3,402		2,628
Total stock-based compensation	$	2,830	$	6,577	$	22,034	$	6,833	$	9,723

(a) See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for the capitalized stock-based compensation expense related to internal-use software development costs.

(b) See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for the incremental stock-based compensation expense related to transfers of our common stock by our current and former employees to existing investors for amounts over the estimated fair value at the date of the transaction.

(2) During the year ended January 31, 2020 and the six months ended July 31, 2020, we recorded sales and marketing expenses of $4.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively, for additional compensation and other costs related to the employment status of certain current and former employees. Of the aggregate $6.0 million, approximately $4.5 million is expected to be paid as part of a signed settlement agreement. For more information, see the section titled “Business—Legal Proceedings.”

(3) See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for an explanation of the method used to compute the historical and pro forma net loss per share and the number of shares used in the computation of the per share amounts.

Consolidated Balance Sheet Data

	As of January 31,						As of July 31,
	2019			2020			2020
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	65,631		$	101,513		$	98,117
Working capital(1)		21,174			33,080			34,348
Total assets		113,565			237,761			233,488
Deferred revenue		66,067			88,685			82,552
Long-term debt		—			—			24,250
Redeemable convertible preferred stock		234,095			340,167			340,167
Total stockholders’ deficit		(202,464	)		(220,574	)		(244,208	)

(1) Working capital is defined as current assets less current liabilities.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures¹³

Non-GAAP Gross Profit and Non-GAAP Gross Margin

We define non-GAAP gross profit and non-GAAP gross margin as gross profit and gross margin, respectively, excluding stock-based compensation expense recorded to cost of revenue and amortization of acquired intangible assets. We use non-GAAP gross profit and non-GAAP gross margin in conjunction with GAAP financial measures as part of our overall assessment of our performance, including the preparation of our annual operating budget and quarterly forecasts, to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, and to communicate with our board of directors concerning our financial performance.

	Year Ended January 31,									Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018			2019			2020			2019			2020
	(dollars in thousands)
Gross profit	$	45,390		$	74,632		$	110,558		$	52,293		$	68,078
Non-GAAP gross profit		45,558			75,001			113,306			52,559			71,590
Gross margin		67	%		72	%		71	%		74	%		70	%
Non-GAAP gross margin		67	%		72	%		73	%		75	%		74	%

Non-GAAP Operating Loss and Non-GAAP Operating Margin

We define non-GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP operating margin as loss from operations and operating margin, respectively, excluding stock-based compensation expense, amortization of acquired intangible assets, acquisition-related expenses, and impairment of capitalized internal-use software. We use non-GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP operating margin in conjunction with GAAP measures as part of our overall assessment of our performance, including the preparation of our annual operating budget and quarterly forecasts, to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, and to communicate with our board of directors concerning our financial performance.

	Year Ended January 31,									Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018			2019			2020			2019			2020
	(dollars in thousands)
Loss from operations	$	(32,559	)	$	(48,173	)	$	(93,095	)	$	(29,506	)	$	(35,144	)
Non-GAAP operating loss		(29,637	)		(41,279	)		(58,798	)		(22,453	)		(22,010	)
Operating margin		(48	)%		(46	)%		(60	)%		(42	)%		(36	)%
Non-GAAP operating margin		(44	)%		(40	)%		(38	)%		(32	)%		(23	)%

Free Cash Flow

We define free cash flow as cash used in operating activities less purchases of property and equipment and capitalized internal-use software. We believe free cash flow is a useful indicator of liquidity that provides our management, board of directors, and investors with information about our future ability to generate or use cash to enhance the strength of our balance sheet and further invest in our business and pursue potential strategic initiatives.

	Year Ended January 31,									Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018			2019			2020			2019			2020
	(in thousands)
Cash used in operating activities	$	(6,528	)	$	(22,127	)	$	(48,569	)	$	(15,542	)	$	(27,906	)
Cash used in investing activities		(2,959	)		(1,544	)		(23,385	)		(5,222	)		(1,149	)
Cash provided by financing activities		74,986			1,654			108,135			108,501			25,717
Free cash flow		(8,137	)		(23,671	)		(56,225	)		(19,834	)		(29,055	)

¹³  See the section titled “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures to Most Directly Comparable GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this prospectus. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this prospectus, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the sections titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” for a discussion of forward-looking statements and important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. The last day of our fiscal year is January 31. Our fiscal quarters end on April 30, July 31, October 31, and January 31. Our fiscal years ended January 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020 are referred to herein as fiscal 2018, fiscal 2019, and fiscal 2020, respectively.

Overview

Sumo Logic is the pioneer of Continuous Intelligence, a new category of software, which enables organizations of all sizes to address the challenges and opportunities presented by digital transformation, modern applications, and cloud computing. Our Continuous Intelligence Platform enables organizations to automate the collection, ingestion, and analysis of application, infrastructure, security, and IoT data to derive actionable insights within seconds. Continuous Intelligence leverages AI/ML capabilities, and is provided as a multi-tenant cloud service that allows organizations to more rapidly deliver reliable applications and digital services, protect against modern security threats, and consistently optimize their business processes in real time. This empowers employees across all lines of business, development, IT, and security teams with the data and insights needed to address the technology and collaboration challenges required for modern business. With our Continuous Intelligence Platform, executives and employees have the intelligence they require to take prescriptive action in real time—a modern business imperative.

We were founded in 2010 by big data and security experts who set out to empower businesses to extract real-time insights from their enterprise data through a cloud-native platform. Since our founding, we have continued to evolve our platform by expanding its use cases and improving its functionality, scalability, and the overall value it delivers for our customers.

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We generate revenue through the sale of subscriptions to customers that enable them to access our cloud-native platform. We recognize subscription revenue ratably over the term of the subscription, which is generally one year, but can be three years or longer. We offer multi-tiered paid subscription packages for access to our platform, the pricing for which differs based on a variety of factors, including volume of data to be ingested, duration of data retention, and breadth of access to platform features and functionalities. Our subscription packages encourage customers to expand their adoption of our platform by providing them with the flexibility to ingest and analyze large volumes of data and the ability to access a broad suite of platform features and functionalities without incurring overage fees, as well as insights into their usage patterns. We also deliver basic customer support with each of our paid subscription packages, and customers have the ability to purchase subscriptions to our premium support service.

Our go-to-market strategy consists of self-service adoption through our website, an inside sales team, a field sales team, and a partner channel. We offer free trials that enable potential customers to experience the benefits of our platform, and we see significant conversion from our trial users to paid customers, with approximately one-third of our new customers in fiscal 2020 having been free trial users who converted into paying customers. We leverage our user community to proactively identify trends, gather global insights, and create new use cases, thereby empowering us to deliver out-of-the-box value to our customers. We employ a land-and-expand business model centered around our platform offerings, which have a rapid time to value for our customers and are easily extensible to multiple use cases across a business. We utilize the analytical capabilities of our platform and our customer success team to understand how our customers use, and how they would benefit from expanding their use of, our platform. This understanding helps us successfully upsell and cross sell to our existing customers.

Our efficient land-and-expand model has helped us accelerate adoption within our largest customers, as evidenced by our customers with over $100,000 of ARR, which was 187 at the end of fiscal 2018, 234 at the end of fiscal 2019, 323 at the end of fiscal 2020, and 330 as of July 31, 2020 and our customers with over $1 million of ARR, which was seven at the end of fiscal 2018, 17 at the end of fiscal 2019, 25 at the end of fiscal 2020, and 29 as of July 31, 2020.¹⁴ We have also been successful in retaining our customers and increasing their spend with us over time. Our dollar-based net retention rate has fluctuated between approximately 120% and 130% for each of the past ten quarters.¹⁵

Our marketing organization is focused on building our brand reputation and awareness, which drive customer demand for our platform. As part of these efforts, our marketing team engages with prospective customers through thought leadership initiatives, email and event marketing, digital advertising, social media, and other public relations activities. We also host an annual customer conference, Illuminate, which brings together our customers with thought leaders in IT operations, development and operations, and security.

As of July 31, 2020, we had over 2,100 customers worldwide, spanning organizations of a broad range of sizes and industries. Our customers include organizations in healthcare, financial and professional services,

media and entertainment, government and education, retail, industrials and manufacturing, travel, technology and

¹⁴  We define ARR as the annualized recurring revenue run-rate from all customers that are under contract with us at the end of the period or with which we are negotiating a renewal contract. Given our historical experience of customer renewals, if we are in active discussions for a renewal, we continue to include customers with expired contracts in our ARR until the customer either renews its contract or negotiations terminate without renewal. For certain customers whose revenue may fluctuate from month to month based upon their specific contractual arrangements, we calculate ARR using the annualized monthly recurring revenue, or MRR, run-rate (MRR multiplied by 12). This enables us to calculate our anticipated recurring revenue for all customers based on our packaging and licensing models, which we believe provides a more accurate view of our anticipated recurring revenue.

¹⁵  We calculate our dollar-based net retention rate by first identifying customers, or the Base Customers, in a particular quarter, or the Base Quarter. We then divide the ARR in the same quarter of the subsequent year attributable to the Base Customers, or the Comparison Quarter, by the ARR attributable to those Base Customers in the Base Quarter. Our dollar-based net retention rate in a particular quarter is obtained by averaging the result from that particular quarter with the corresponding results from each of the prior three quarters.

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communications. Our customer count changed from 1,626 as of January 31, 2018 to 1,900 as of January 31, 2019, to 2,137 as of January 31, 2020, and to 2,130 as of July 31, 2020.¹⁶

The power of our platform, and the benefits that it delivers to customers, has driven rapid growth in our revenue. For fiscal 2018, 2019, and 2020, our revenue was $67.8 million, $103.6 million, and $155.1 million, respectively, representing year-over-year growth rates of 53% and 50%, respectively. For the six months ended July 31, 2019 and 2020, our revenue was $70.2 million and $96.6 million, respectively, representing a period-over-period growth rate of 38%. We generated net losses of $32.4 million, $47.8 million, $92.1 million, $29.0 million, and $35.8 million for fiscal 2018, 2019, and 2020, and the six months ended July 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively, as we continue to invest in our business. We had cash and cash equivalents of $101.5 million and $98.1 million as of January 31, 2020 and July 31, 2020, respectively, and cash used in operating activities was $6.5 million, $22.1 million, $48.6 million, $15.5 million, and $27.9 million for fiscal 2018, 2019, and 2020, and the six months ended July 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively. As of July 31, 2020, we had $24.3 million in long-term debt.

Impact of COVID-19

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have temporarily closed our headquarters and other offices, required our employees and contractors to work remotely, and implemented travel restrictions, all of which represent a significant disruption in how we operate our business. Additionally, in May 2020, as part of our efforts to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and ensure longer-term financial stability, we initiated cost reduction measures, including a headcount reduction. The operations of our partners and customers have likewise been disrupted, and we believe this has caused delays in renewal decisions for some of our existing customers, caused customers to request concessions such as extended payment terms or better pricing, and affected contraction or churn rates for our customers. While the duration and extent of the COVID-19 pandemic depends on future developments that cannot be accurately predicted at this time, such as the duration and spread of the outbreak and the extent and effectiveness of containment actions, it has already had an adverse effect on the global economy and the ultimate societal and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown. In particular, the conditions caused by this pandemic have affected the rate of global IT spending and have adversely affected demand and may continue to adversely affect demand for our platform, lengthen our sales cycles, reduce the value or duration of subscriptions, negatively impact collections of accounts receivable as a result of extended payment terms, concessions, or customer inability to pay, cause delays in renewal decisions for existing customers, reduce expected spending from new customers, cause some of our customers to go out of business, limit the ability of our sales force to travel to existing customers and potential customers, and affect contraction or churn rates of our paying customers, all of which could further adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition during fiscal 2021 and potentially future periods. We believe that the COVID-19 pandemic could also accelerate customer transformation into digital businesses, which we expect will generate additional opportunities for us in the future. Due to our subscription-based business model, the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic may not be fully reflected in our revenue until future periods. See the section titled “Risk Factors” for further discussion of the challenges and risks we have encountered and could encounter related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

¹⁶  We define a customer as a separate legal entity, such as a company or an educational or government institution, that is under a paid contract with us or with which we are negotiating a renewal contract at the end of a given period. To the extent we are negotiating a renewal with a customer after the expiration of the contract, we continue to include that customer in our customer count if we are in active discussions for a renewal or upgrade. Given our historical experience of customer renewals, if we are in active discussions for a renewal or upgrade, we continue to include customers with expired contracts in our customer count until the customer either renews its contract or negotiations terminate without renewal. In situations where an organization has multiple subsidiaries or divisions that separately contract with us, we typically treat only the parent entity as the customer instead of treating each subsidiary or division as a separate customer. However, we count each purchaser of our self-service offering as a unique customer, regardless of other subscriptions such organization may have.

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Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

New Customer Acquisition

Our business depends, in part, on our ability to add new customers. According to IDC, by 2024, there will be over 140 ZB of data generated, of which nearly 25% will be real time.¹⁷ As businesses transition to the public cloud and with the increasing number of cloud-native businesses, continuous intelligence will become even more of a strategic imperative. We believe this growing adoption of cloud infrastructure across all organizations will continue to drive demand for our platform and broaden our customer base. Since our platform has offerings for organizations of all sizes and across industries, including organizations of all stages of cloud maturity, we believe these market changes present a significant opportunity for growth. Our customer count changed from 1,626 as of January 31, 2018, to 1,900 as of January 31, 2019, to 2,137 as of January 31, 2020, and to 2,130 as of July 31, 2020. We expect that our ability to add new customers may be negatively impacted by current economic uncertainty in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. We will continue to focus on new customer acquisition by investing in sales and marketing to build brand awareness, expanding our community, and driving adoption of our platform as we further capture the opportunity in our addressable market.

Expanding within our Existing Customer Base

Our business depends, in part, on the degree to which our land-and-expand strategy is successful. Our customers often initially adopt our platform for a specific use case and subsequently increase their adoption as they realize the benefits and flexibility of our platform. We have been successful in expanding our existing customers’ adoption of our platform as demonstrated by our dollar-based net retention rate, which we consider an indicator of our ability to retain and expand revenue from existing customers over time. Our dollar-based net retention rate has fluctuated between approximately 120% and 130% for each of the past ten quarters, though our dollar-based net retention rate could decline in the short term because of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and results of operations.¹⁸ In addition, our customers that had ARR greater than $1 million or more as of July 31, 2020 have experienced a ten-fold increase in aggregate in their ARR since their initial subscription agreement with us.

¹⁷  IDC, Worldwide Global DataSphere Forecast, 2020-2024: The COVID-19 Data Bump and the Future of Data Growth, April 2020; see the section titled “Industry, Market, and Other Data” for additional information.

¹⁸  See the section titled “—Overview” for a description of how we calculate dollar-based net retention rate.

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We continuously focus on increasing the value our customers derive from our platform. The chart below illustrates the strong relationship with our existing customers by showing the initial ARR of a cohort of new customers in a given year and the increase in ARR over time for that same cohort of customers. On average, the ARR of our cohorts grew at a compound annual growth rate of over 35%. By increasing ARR with existing customers over time, we can significantly increase the return on our upfront sales and marketing investments.¹⁹

Customer Cohort Analysis

($M, ARR)

Continued Investment in Technology Leadership and Innovation

We intend to extend our leadership position by continuing to innovate, bringing new technologies to market, honing best practices, and driving thought leadership. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to sustain innovation and technology leadership in order to maintain a competitive advantage. We expect to continue to invest in research and development to increase our revenue and achieve long-term profitability, and we intend to continue extending the applicability of our platform as well as improving the value of our offerings for our customers. We believe that our platform is highly differentiated and has broad applicability to a wide variety of use cases, and we will continue to invest in developing and enhancing platform features and functionality to further extend the adoption of our platform. Additionally, we will continue to evaluate opportunities to acquire or invest in businesses, offerings, technologies, or talent that we believe could complement or expand our platform, enhance our technical capabilities, or otherwise offer growth opportunities. Once we complete acquisitions, we must successfully integrate and manage these acquisitions to realize their benefits.

International Expansion

We intend to continue to invest in our international operations to grow our business outside of the United States. We generated 16% of our revenue outside the United States in each of fiscal 2018, 2019, and 2020, and the six months ended July 31, 2019 and 2020. We believe that global demand for Continuous Intelligence and for the functionality of our platform will continue to increase as international businesses undergo digital transformations and adopt cloud-based technologies. We currently have a sales presence throughout Asia-Pacific-Japan, or APJ, and Europe, with sales offices in Sydney, Australia, Tokyo, Japan, and London, United Kingdom, and we further increase our global reach with our over 150 international channel partners. International expansion over the long term represents a significant opportunity and we plan to continue to invest in growing our presence internationally, both through expanding our sales and marketing efforts and leveraging channel and other ecosystem partners.

¹⁹  See the section titled “—Overview” for a description of how we calculate ARR.

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Cohort Contribution Analysis

To give more visibility into the economics of our customer relationships, we are providing a contribution analysis of the customers we acquired during the year ended January 31, 2018, or the 2018 Cohort. We believe the 2018 Cohort is a fair representation of our overall customer base because it includes customers across industries and geographies and includes customers that have expanded their subscriptions as well as those who have reduced or not renewed their subscriptions.

We define contribution as the aggregate ARR from the 2018 Cohort at the end of a given fiscal year, less the estimated associated cost of revenue and estimated allocated sales and marketing expense, which we collectively refer to as associated costs. We define contribution margin as contribution divided by the aggregate ARR from the 2018 Cohort in a given fiscal year. Contribution is not prepared in accordance with GAAP, as it utilizes ARR, which is an operational measure.

The estimated associated cost of revenue consists of direct costs to deliver and support our platform, including personnel and related costs, third-party hosting fees related to our cloud platform, amortization of internal-use software and acquired developed technology, as well as allocated facilities and IT costs. For each fiscal year, we estimated the cost of revenue for the 2018 Cohort by multiplying (i) an amount equal to one minus the non-GAAP gross margin for all customers in that year by (ii) the ARR for the 2018 Cohort.

Estimated associated sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses, including allocated overhead costs and commissions, costs of general marketing and promotional activities, including free trials of our platform, fees for professional services related to marketing, and software and hardware to support growth in our employee base. A significant portion of our sales and marketing expenses are dedicated to acquiring new customers, and, accordingly, these costs are mainly associated with the newest cohort of customers in a given fiscal year. We exclude from this analysis stock-based compensation, as it is a non-cash expense, and all research and development and general and administrative expenses because these expenses support the growth of our business broadly and benefit all customers.

At the end of fiscal 2018, the 2018 Cohort accounted for $10.1 million in ARR and $19.8 million in associated costs, representing a contribution of $(9.7) million, or a contribution margin of (97)%. At the end of fiscal 2019, the 2018 Cohort accounted for $14.6 million in ARR and $7.6 million in associated costs, representing a contribution of $7.0 million, or a contribution margin of 48%. At the end of fiscal 2020, the 2018 Cohort accounted for $18.3 million in ARR and $8.2 million in associated costs, representing a contribution of $10.1 million, or a contribution margin of 55%. These metrics are illustrated in the chart below.

The 2018 Cohort may not be representative of any other group of customers in any fiscal years, and is not a predictor of future financial performance of the 2018 Cohort or other cohorts. We cannot predict whether the

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contribution margin for the 2018 Cohort or other cohorts in the future will be similar to the results for the 2018 Cohort in fiscal 2019 or fiscal 2020. The contribution margin of our 2018 Cohort may fluctuate materially from one fiscal year to another depending on, among other things, the number of customers remaining in a cohort, our ability to expand adoption of our platform, the timing of when we are able to generate these sales, changes in our packaging and licensing models, and changes in our associated costs. We do not have consistent corresponding information for prior historical periods that would allow us to present additional historical cohorts, and the ARR, associated costs, contribution, and contribution margin from such cohorts could vary. The calculation of contribution margin involves the use of estimates, judgment, and assumptions that are highly complex and subjective, such as those regarding associated costs. Other companies may calculate contribution and contribution margin differently, and, therefore, the cohort analyses of other companies may not be directly comparable to ours. Contribution and contribution margin are operational measures; they are not financial measures of profitability and are not intended to be used as proxies for the potential future profitability of our business. Additionally, contribution and contribution margin are not measures that our management utilizes to manage or evaluate the business. We are not profitable, and even if our ARR exceeds our associated costs over time, we may continue to incur net losses and may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures²⁰

Non-GAAP Gross Profit and Non-GAAP Gross Margin

We define non-GAAP gross profit and non-GAAP gross margin as gross profit and gross margin, respectively, excluding stock-based compensation expense recorded to cost of revenue and amortization of acquired intangible assets. We use non-GAAP gross profit and non-GAAP gross margin in conjunction with GAAP financial measures as part of our overall assessment of our performance, including the preparation of our annual operating budget and quarterly forecasts, to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, and to communicate with our board of directors concerning our financial performance.

	Year Ended January 31,									Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018			2019			2020			2019			2020
	(dollars in thousands)
Gross profit	$	45,390		$	74,632		$	110,558		$	52,293		$	68,078
Non-GAAP gross profit		45,558			75,001			113,306			52,559			71,590
Gross margin		67	%		72	%		71	%		74	%		70	%
Non-GAAP gross margin		67	%		72	%		73	%		75	%		74	%

Non-GAAP Operating Loss and Non-GAAP Operating Margin

We define non-GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP operating margin as loss from operations and operating margin, respectively, excluding stock-based compensation expense, amortization of acquired intangible assets, acquisition-related expenses, and impairment of capitalized internal-use software. We use non-GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP operating margin in conjunction with GAAP measures as part of our overall assessment of our performance, including the preparation of our annual operating budget and quarterly forecasts, to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, and to communicate with our board of directors concerning our financial performance.

	Year Ended January 31,									Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018			2019			2020			2019			2020
	(dollars in thousands)
Loss from operations	$	(32,559	)	$	(48,173	)	$	(93,095	)	$	(29,506	)	$	(35,144	)
Non-GAAP operating loss		(29,637	)		(41,279	)		(58,798	)		(22,453	)		(22,010	)
Operating margin		(48	)%		(46	)%		(60	)%		(42	)%		(36	)%
Non-GAAP operating margin		(44	)%		(40	)%		(38	)%		(32	)%		(23	)%

²⁰  See the section titled “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures to Most Directly Comparable GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP.

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Free Cash Flow

We define free cash flow as cash used in operating activities less purchases of property and equipment and capitalized internal-use software. We believe free cash flow is a useful indicator of liquidity that provides our management, board of directors, and investors with information about our future ability to generate or use cash to enhance the strength of our balance sheet and further invest in our business and pursue potential strategic initiatives.

	Year Ended January 31,									Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018			2019			2020			2019			2020
	(in thousands)
Cash used in operating activities	$	(6,528	)	$	(22,127	)	$	(48,569	)	$	(15,542	)	$	(27,906	)
Cash used in investing activities		(2,959	)		(1,544	)		(23,385	)		(5,222	)		(1,149	)
Cash provided by financing activities		74,986			1,654			108,135			108,501			25,717
Free cash flow		(8,137	)		(23,671	)		(56,225	)		(19,834	)		(29,055	)

Acquisition of Jask Labs

On October 25, 2019, we completed the acquisition of Jask Labs, a privately-held software company that offers a cloud-native security analytics solution. The acquisition brings together our platform, including our cloud SIEM and security compliance solutions, with Jask Labs’ security analytics solution to deliver an integrated, cloud-native security intelligence solution. The aggregate purchase consideration was $55.1 million, of which $11.2 million was paid in cash, $43.3 million was comprised of 3,573,659 shares of common stock, and $0.6 million was comprised of assumed options to purchase 265,075 shares of common stock.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate subscription revenue through the sale of subscriptions to customers that enable them to access our cloud-native platform. Subscription terms are generally one year, but can be three years or longer, and a substantial majority of our contracts are non-cancelable. Subscription revenue is driven by sales of our multi-tiered paid subscriptions, the pricing for which differs based on a variety of factors, including volume of data expected to be ingested, duration of data retention, and breadth of access to our platform features and functionalities. Due to the ease of using our platform, professional services revenue from configuration, implementation, and training services constituted less than 1% of our total revenue for fiscal 2018, 2019, and 2020, and for the six months ended July 31, 2019 and 2020.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue includes all direct costs to deliver and support our platform, including personnel and related costs, third-party hosting fees related to our cloud platform, amortization of internal-use software and acquired developed technology, as well as allocated facilities and IT costs.

As new customers purchase access to our platform and our existing customer base expands their utilization of our platform, we will incur greater cloud hosting costs related to the increased volume of data being hosted. We will continue to invest additional resources in our platform infrastructure and customer support organizations to expand the capabilities of our platform features and ensure that our customers are realizing the full benefit of our platform. The level and timing of investment in these areas could affect our cost of revenue in the future.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Gross profit represents revenue less cost of revenue, and gross margin is gross profit expressed as a percentage of revenue. Our gross margin may fluctuate from period to period as our revenue fluctuates, and has

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been and will continue to be affected by various factors, including the timing and amount of investments to maintain or expand our cloud hosting capability, the continued growth of our platform and customer support teams, increased compensation expenses, as well as amortization of costs associated with capitalized internal-use software and acquired intangible assets. We expect our gross profit to increase and our gross margin to increase modestly over the long term due to the continued growth in the use of our platform and cost efficiencies related to our cloud hosting services, although our gross margins could fluctuate from period to period depending on the interplay between the factors described above.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses. Personnel and related expenses are the most significant component of operating expenses and consist of salaries, employee benefit costs, payroll taxes, bonuses, sales commissions, travel-related expenses, and stock-based compensation expense, as well as the allocated portion of overhead costs for facilities and IT. Operating expenses also include cloud infrastructure fees and other services related to staging and development efforts for our platform.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs related to research, design, maintenance, and minor enhancements of our platform that are expensed as incurred. These costs consist primarily of personnel and related expenses, including allocated overhead costs, contractor and consulting fees related to the design, development, testing, and enhancement of our platform, and software, hardware, and cloud infrastructure fees for staging and development related to research and development activities necessary to support growth in our employee base and in the adoption of our platform. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase in dollar value as we continue to increase our investments in our platform. However, we anticipate research and development expenses will decrease as a percentage of our revenue over the long term, although they may fluctuate as a percentage of our revenue from period to period depending on the timing of expenses.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses including allocated overhead costs and commissions, costs of general marketing and promotional activities, including free trials of our platform, fees for professional services related to marketing, and software and hardware to support growth in our employee base. Sales commissions earned by our sales force that are considered incremental costs of obtaining a subscription with a customer are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected period of benefit, which we have determined to be five years. We expect that our sales and marketing expenses will increase in dollar value over the long term, though the dollar value of such expenses may fluctuate in the near term. We believe that sales and marketing expenses will continue to be our largest operating expense for the foreseeable future as we expand our sales and marketing efforts. However, we expect that our sales and marketing expenses will decrease as a percentage of our revenue over the long term, although they may fluctuate as a percentage of revenue from period to period depending on the timing of expenses.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses associated with our executive, finance, legal, human resources, information technology and security, and other administrative personnel. In addition, general and administrative expenses include non-personnel costs, such as fees for professional services such as external legal, accounting, and other consulting services, hardware and software costs, certain taxes other than income taxes, and overhead costs not allocated to other departments.

We expect to incur additional expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and the listing standards of the Nasdaq Global

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Select Market, and increased expenses for insurance, investor relations, and fees for professional services. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase in dollar value as our business grows. However, we expect that our general and administrative expenses will decrease as a percentage of our revenue as our revenue grows over the long term, although they may fluctuate as a percentage of revenue from period to period depending on the timing of expenses.

Interest and Other Income, Net

Interest and other income, net primarily consists of interest income and foreign currency transaction gains (losses).

Interest Expense

Interest expense primarily consists of interest incurred in connection with borrowings under our revolving line of credit facility.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes consists primarily of income taxes in certain foreign and state jurisdictions in which we conduct business. We maintain a full valuation allowance on our federal and state net deferred tax assets as we have concluded that it is not more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended January 31,									Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018			2019			2020			2019			2020
	(in thousands)
Revenue	$	67,828		$	103,642		$	155,056		$	70,232		$	96,617
Cost of revenue(1)(2)		22,438			29,010			44,498			17,939			28,539
Gross profit		45,390			74,632			110,558			52,293			68,078
Operating expenses:
Research and development(1)		25,261			36,240			52,462			21,365			33,003
Sales and marketing(1)(3)		43,082			72,218			107,239			46,486			53,630
General and administrative(1)		9,606			14,347			37,263			13,948			16,589
Impairment of capitalized internal-use software		—			—			6,689			—			—
Total operating expenses		77,949			122,805			203,653			81,799			103,222
Loss from operations		(32,559	)		(48,173	)		(93,095	)		(29,506	)		(35,144	)
Interest and other income, net		568			1,096			1,982			885			73
Interest expense		(19	)		(105	)		(123	)		(26	)		(364	)
Loss before provision for income taxes		(32,010	)		(47,182	)		(91,236	)		(28,647	)		(35,435	)
Provision for income taxes		425			607			901			355			347
Net loss	$	(32,435	)	$	(47,789	)	$	(92,137	)	$	(29,002	)	$	(35,782	)

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(1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:

	Year Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018		2019		2020		2019		2020
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue(b)	$	76	$	52	$	179	$	46	$	101
Research and development(a)(b)		933		1,609		5,940		1,479		3,878
Sales and marketing(b)		970		1,856		5,791		1,906		3,116
General and administrative(b)		851		3,060		10,124		3,402		2,628
Total stock-based compensation	$	2,830	$	6,577	$	22,034	$	6,833	$	9,723

(a) See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for the capitalized stock-based compensation expense related to internal-use software development costs.

(b) See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for the incremental stock-based compensation expense related to transfers of our common stock by our current and former employees to existing investors for amounts over the estimated fair value at the date of the transaction.

(2) Includes amortization of acquired intangible assets as follows:

	Year Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018		2019		2020		2019		2020
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue	$	92	$	317	$	2,569	$	220	$	3,411
Total amortization	$	92	$	317	$	2,569	$	220	$	3,411

(3) During the year ended January 31, 2020 and the six months ended July 31, 2020, we recorded sales and marketing expenses of $4.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively, for additional compensation and other costs related to the employment status of certain current and former employees. Of the aggregate $6.0 million, approximately $4.5 million is expected to be paid as part of a signed settlement agreement. For more information, see the section titled “Business—Legal Proceedings.”

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data expressed as a percentage of revenue:

	Year Ended January 31,									Six Months Ended July 31,
	2018			2019			2020			2019			2020
Revenue		100	%		100	%		100	%		100	%		100	%
Cost of revenue		33			28			29			26			30
Gross margin		67	%		72	%		71	%		74	%		70	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development		37			35			34			30			34
Sales and marketing		64			70			69			66			56
General and administrative		14			14			24			20			17
Impairment of capitalized internal-use software		—			—			4			—			—
Total operating expenses		115	%		118	%		131	%		116	%		107	%
Loss from operations		(48	)		(46	)		(60	)		(42	)		(36	)
Interest and other income, net		1			1			—			—			—
Interest expense		—			—			—			—			1
Loss before provision for income taxes		(47	)		(46	)		(59	)		(42	)		(37	)
Provision for income taxes		1			1			1			1			—
Net loss		(48	)%		(46	)%		(59	)%		(41	)%		(37	)%

Note: Certain figures may not sum due to rounding.

81

Comparison of Six Months Ended July 31, 2020 and 2019

Revenue

	Six Months Ended July 31,
	2019		2020		Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue	$	70,232	$	96,617	$	26,385		38	%

Revenue increased by $26.4 million, or 38%, during the six months ended July 31, 2020 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2019. This increase included an increase in revenue from our current largest revenue customer, which represented $8.2 million in revenue for the six months ended July 31, 2020 compared to $3.6 million for the six months ended July 31, 2019. Excluding the revenue from this customer, the increase in revenue for the six months ended July 31, 2020 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2019 would have been 33%. We estimate that over 95% of the increase in revenue was attributable to growth from existing customers, and the remaining less than 5% was attributable to new customers, relating to a 7% increase in total customers. In particular, the number of customers with greater than $100,000 of ARR increased from 267 as of July 31, 2019 to 330 as of July 31, 2020.

Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit, and Gross Margin

	Six Months Ended July 31,
	2019			2020			Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue	$	17,939		$	28,539		$	10,600		59	%
Gross profit		52,293			68,078			15,785		30	%
Gross margin		74	%		70	%				(4	)%

Cost of revenue increased by $10.6 million, or 59%, during the six months ended July 31, 2020 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2019. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily due to a $6.8 million increase in third-party hosting fees and other services related to providing access to and supporting our platform and an increase in amortization of acquired intangible assets of $3.2 million primarily as a result of our acquisition of Jask Labs in the third quarter of fiscal 2020. Our gross profit increased $15.8 million while gross margin decreased 4% primarily as a result of increased amortization of acquired intangible assets.

Research and Development

	Six Months Ended July 31,
	2019			2020			Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Research and development	$	21,365		$	33,003		$	11,638		54	%
Percentage of revenue		30	%		34	%

Research and development expenses increased by $11.6 million, or 54%, during the six months ended July 31, 2020 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2019. The increase in research and development expenses was primarily driven by a $11.0 million increase in personnel and related expenses directly associated with an increase in headcount, including an increase in allocated overhead costs, net of a $1.5 million decrease in capitalized internal-use software. In addition, we had a $1.0 million increase in software, hardware, and cloud infrastructure fees for staging and development to support the growth of our business and related infrastructure.

82

Sales and Marketing

	Six Months Ended July 31,
	2019			2020			Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing	$	46,486		$	53,630		$	7,144		15	%
Percentage of revenue		66	%		56	%

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $7.1 million, or 15%, during the six months ended July 31, 2020 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2019. The increase in sales and marketing expenses was primarily driven by a $6.4 million increase in personnel and related expenses, including an additional $1.5 million of compensation and other costs related to the employment status of certain current and former employees, and the remainder directly associated with fluctuations in headcount, including an increase in allocated overhead costs. In addition, we had a $1.9 million increase in software and cloud hosting fees for our customer free trials and customer proofs of value. The foregoing increases were partially offset by a $1.3 million decrease in third-party public relations and marketing services as well as other third-party professional services due to decreased spending related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

General and Administrative

	Six Months Ended July 31,
	2019			2020			Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
General and administrative	$	13,948		$	16,589		$	2,641		19	%
Percentage of revenue		20	%		17	%

General and administrative expenses increased by $2.6 million, or 19%, during the six months ended July 31, 2020 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2019. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily driven by a $2.2 million increase in personnel and related expenses that were associated with an increase in cost per head and fluctuations in headcount, net of a decrease of $1.2 million in stock-based compensation related to transfers of our common stock by current and former employees to existing investors for amounts over the estimated fair value at the date of the transaction. In addition, software and hardware costs increased by $0.4 million to support the growth in headcount.

Interest and Other Income, Net

	Six Months Ended July 31,
	2019		2020		Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest and other income, net	$	885	$	73	$	(812)		(92)%

Interest and other income, net decreased by $0.8 million, or 92%, during the six months ended July 31, 2020 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2019. The decrease in interest and other income, net was primarily driven by a decrease in interest income due to a decrease in our cash and cash equivalents balance as well as lower interest rates compared to the prior period.

Interest Expense

	Six Months Ended July 31,
	2019		2020		Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest expense	$	(26)	$	(364)	$	(338)		nm

Interest expense increased by $0.3 million during the six months ended July 31, 2020 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2019. The increase in interest expense was primarily driven by interest incurred on borrowings under our revolving line of credit facility in the current period.

83

Comparison of Fiscal 2019 and Fiscal 2020

Revenue

	Year Ended January 31,
	2019		2020		Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue	$	103,642	$	155,056	$	51,414		50	%

Revenue increased by $51.4 million, or 50%, for fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019. This increase included an increase in revenue from our current largest revenue customer, which represented $10.9 million in revenue for fiscal 2020 compared to $2.1 million in fiscal 2019. Excluding the revenue from this customer, the increase in revenue for fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019 would have been 42%. We estimate that approximately 90% of the increase in revenue was attributable to growth from existing customers, and the remaining approximately 10% was attributable to new customers, relating to a 12% increase in total customers. In particular, the number of customers with greater than $100,000 of ARR increased from 234 as of January 31, 2019 to 323 as of January 31, 2020.

Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit, and Gross Margin

	Year Ended January 31,
	2019			2020			Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue	$	29,010		$	44,498		$	15,488		53	%
Gross profit		74,632			110,558			35,926		48	%
Gross margin		72	%		71	%

Cost of revenue increased by $15.5 million, or 53%, for fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily due to an increase of $12.7 million in third-party hosting fees and other services related to providing access to and supporting our platform and an increase in amortization of acquired intangible assets of $2.3 million primarily as a result of our acquisition of Jask Labs. Our gross profit increased $35.9 million while gross margin decreased 1% primarily as a result of the increase in amortization of acquired intangible assets.

Research and Development

	Year Ended January 31,
	2019			2020			Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Research and development	$	36,240		$	52,462		$	16,222		45	%
Percentage of revenue		35	%		34	%

Research and development expenses increased by $16.2 million, or 45%, for fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019. The increase in research and development expenses was primarily driven by a $13.5 million increase in personnel and related expenses directly associated with an increase in headcount, including an increase in allocated overhead costs, net of an increase in capitalized internal-use software of $4.2 million, and an increase of $1.5 million in stock-based compensation related to transfers of our common stock by current employees to existing investors for amounts over the estimated fair value at the date of the transaction. In addition, we had a $2.1 million increase in software, hardware, and cloud infrastructure fees for staging and development to support the growth of the business and related infrastructure.

84

Sales and Marketing

	Year Ended January 31,
	2019			2020			Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing	$	72,218		$	107,239		$	35,021		48	%
Percentage of revenue		70	%		69	%

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $35.0 million, or 48%, for fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019. The increase in sales and marketing expenses was primarily driven by a $28.7 million increase in personnel and related expenses directly associated with an increase in headcount, including an increase in allocated overhead costs, $0.7 million in stock-based compensation related to transfers of our common stock by current employees to existing investors for amounts over the estimated fair value at the date of the transaction, and $4.5 million of compensation and other costs related to the employment status of certain current and former employees. In addition, we had an increase of $4.1 million related to advertising, marketing, and promotional activities.

General and Administrative

	Year Ended January 31,
	2019			2020			Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
General and administrative	$	14,347		$	37,263		$	22,916		160	%
Percentage of revenue		14	%		24	%

General and administrative expenses increased by $22.9 million, or 160%, for fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily driven by a $13.6 million increase in personnel and related expenses directly associated with an increase in headcount, including an increase of $2.3 million in stock-based compensation related to transfers of our common stock by current and former employees to existing investors for amounts over the estimated fair value at the date of the transaction. In addition, fees for professional services increased by $8.3 million as we leveraged external legal, accounting, and other consulting services to support our growth and public company readiness initiatives, $3.0 million of which was attributed to acquisition-related expenses.

Impairment of Capitalized Internal-Use Software

Impairment of capitalized-internal use software was $6.7 million for fiscal 2020 compared to $0 for fiscal 2019. The impairment expense resulted from a determination during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020 that certain previously developed internal-use software would no longer be integrated with the Company’s platform due to a change in product strategy after the acquisition of Jask Labs and would no longer be placed into service.

Interest and Other Income, Net

	Year Ended January 31,
	2019		2020		Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest and other income, net	$	1,096	$	1,982	$	886		81	%

Interest and other income, net increased by $0.9 million, or 81%, for fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019. The increase in interest and other income, net was primarily driven by an increase in interest income of $1.3 million from our cash and cash equivalents balance.

85

Comparison of Fiscal 2018 and Fiscal 2019

Revenue

	Year Ended January 31,
	2018		2019		Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue	$	67,828	$	103,642	$	35,814		53	%

Revenue increased by $35.8 million, or 53%, for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018. This increase included an increase in revenue from our current largest revenue customer, which represented $2.1 million in revenue in fiscal 2019 compared to $0.8 million in fiscal 2018. Excluding the revenue from this customer, the increase in revenue for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 would have been 51%. We estimate that over 95% of the increase in revenue was attributable to growth from existing customers, and the remaining less than 5% was attributable to new customers, relating to a 17% increase in total customers. In particular, the number of customers with greater than $100,000 of ARR increased from 187 as of January 31, 2018 to 234 as of January 31, 2019.

Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit, and Gross Margin

	Year Ended January 31,
	2018			2019			Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue	$	22,438		$	29,010		$	6,572		29	%
Gross profit		45,390			74,632			29,242		64	%
Gross margin		67	%		72	%

Cost of revenue increased by $6.6 million, or 29%, for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily due to an increase of $6.1 million in third-party hosting fees and other services related to providing access to and supporting our platform. Our gross profit increased $29.2 million while gross margin increased 5% primarily as a result of cost efficiencies, including from third-party hosting fees.

Research and Development

	Year Ended January 31,
	2018			2019			Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Research and development	$	25,261		$	36,240		$	10,979		43	%
Percentage of revenue		37	%		35	%

Research and development expenses increased by $11.0 million, or 43%, for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018. The increase in research and development expenses was primarily driven by an $8.6 million increase in personnel and related expenses directly associated with an increase in headcount, including an increase in allocated overhead costs, and a $2.2 million increase in software, hardware, and cloud infrastructure fees for staging and development to support the growth of the business and related infrastructure.

Sales and Marketing

	Year Ended January 31,
	2018			2019			Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing	$	43,082		$	72,218		$	29,136		68	%
Percentage of revenue		64	%		70	%

86

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $29.1 million, or 68%, for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018. The increase in sales and marketing expenses was primarily driven by a $21.5 million increase in personnel and related expenses directly associated with an increase in headcount, including an increase in allocated overhead costs, and a $1.1 million increase in software and hardware costs to support growth in our employee base. In addition, we experienced an increase of $3.3 million related to fees for professional services related to marketing, including public relations and marketing service firms, and an increase of $2.5 million in general marketing and promotional activities for costs associated with trade shows and other conferences.

General and Administrative

	Year Ended January 31,
	2018			2019			Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
General and administrative	$	9,606		$	14,347		$	4,741		49	%
Percentage of revenue		14	%		14	%

General and administrative expenses increased by $4.7 million, or 49%, for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily driven by a $3.8 million increase in personnel and related expenses directly associated with an increase in headcount, including $1.7 million in stock-based compensation related to transfers of our common stock by former employees to existing investors for amounts over the estimated fair value at the date of the transaction. In addition, fees for professional services increased by $1.0 million as we leveraged external legal, accounting, and other consulting services to support our growth and public company readiness initiatives.

Interest and Other Income, Net

	Year Ended January 31,
	2018		2019		Change		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest and other income, net	$	568	$	1,096	$	528		93	%

Interest and other income, net increased by $0.5 million, or 93%, for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018. The increase in interest and other income, net was primarily driven by an increase in interest income of $0.7 million from our cash and cash equivalents balance.

87

Quarterly Results of Operations Data

The following tables set forth selected unaudited quarterly statements of operations data for each of the eight quarters in the period ended July 31, 2020, as well as the percentage of revenue that each line item represents for each quarter. The information for each of these quarters has been prepared in accordance with GAAP on the same basis as our audited annual consolidated financial statements and includes, in the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statement of the results of operations for these periods. This data should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. These quarterly results are not necessarily indicative of our results of operations to be expected for any future period.

	Three Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2018		Jan. 31, 2019		Apr. 30, 2019		Jul. 31, 2019		Oct. 31, 2019		Jan. 31, 2020		Apr. 30, 2020		Jul. 31, 2020
	(in thousands)
Revenue	$	26,959	$	30,357	$	32,456	$	37,776	$	40,513	$	44,311	$	47,202	$	49,415
Cost of revenue(1)(2)		7,068		8,326		8,829		9,110		11,212		15,347		14,426		14,113
Gross profit		19,891		22,031		23,627		28,666		29,301		28,964		32,776		35,302
Operating expenses:
Research and development(1)		9,721		9,855		10,161		11,204		14,029		17,068		17,699		15,304
Sales and marketing(1)(3)		18,423		20,576		22,416		24,070		30,382		30,371		29,456		24,174
General and administrative(1)		3,385		4,035		6,362		7,586		14,193		9,122		9,077		7,512
Impairment of capitalized internal-use software		—		—		—		—		—		6,689		—		—