Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of all acquisitions over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired. The Company performs an impairment test of goodwill annually as of October 1 or when impairment indicators arise.

During 2023, the Company recorded impairment charges to goodwill of $13.3 million related to an operating segment within the Specialized Solutions segment. During 2022, the Company recorded impairment charges to goodwill of $5.7 million related to an operating segment within the Specialized Solutions segment that had been integrated into another operating segment as part of the Plan (see Note 7 for more information on the Plan). There were no goodwill impairments for the year ended December 31, 2021. Accumulated impairment as of December 31, 2023 was $137.8 million, comprised of $42.2 million in the Flatbed Solutions segment and $95.6 million in the Specialized Solutions segment. Accumulated impairment as of December 31, 2022 was $124.5 million, comprised of $42.2 million in the Flatbed Solutions segment and $82.3 million in the Specialized Solutions segment.

The summary of changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (in millions):


	Flatbed Solutions Segment		Specialized Solutions Segment			Total
Goodwill balance at January 1, 2022	$	59.3	$	80.8		$	140.1
Goodwill acquired		—		3.4			3.4
Impairment		—		(5.7	)		(5.7	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		(0.5	)		(0.5	)
Goodwill balance at December 31, 2022		59.3		78.0			137.3
Impairment		—		(13.3	)		(13.3	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		0.2			0.2
Goodwill balance at December 31, 2023	$	59.3	$	64.9		$	124.2

During 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $1.5 million to trade names related to an operating segment within in the Flatbed Solutions segment and recorded impairment charges of $1.8 million consisting of $1.4 million related to trade names and $0.4 million related to customer relationships related to an operating segment within the Specialized Solutions segment. During 2022, the Company recorded impairment charges to intangible assets of $3.7 million consisting of $3.5 million related to trade name intangibles and $0.2 million related to customer relationships intangibles as a result of the Company’s decision to no longer use the trade names of two entities within the Specialized Solutions segment that had been integrated into other operating segments as part of the Plan. During 2021, there were no impairments related to intangible assets.

Intangible assets consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in millions):


	As of December 31, 2023							As of December 31, 2022
	Intangible		Accumulated			Intangible		Intangible		Accumulated			Intangible
	Assets		Amortization			Assets, net		Assets		Amortization			Assets, net
Non-competition agreements	$	22.2	$	(21.7	)	$	0.5	$	21.3	$	(21.2	)	$	0.1
Customer relationships		89.8		(65.1	)		24.7		90.3		(59.2	)		31.1
Trade names		45.5		—			45.5		48.4		—			48.4
Licenses		1.0		—			1.0		1.0		—			1.0
Foreign currency translation adjustment		0.1		—			0.1		—		—			—
Total intangible assets	$	158.6	$	(86.8	)	$	71.8	$	161.0	$	(80.4	)	$	80.6

As of December 31, 2023, non-competition agreements and customer relationships had weighted average remaining useful lives of 0.9 and 8.0 years, respectively.

Amortization expense for intangible assets with definite lives was $6.4 million, $6.9 million, and $6.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Future estimated amortization expense is as follows (in millions):


	Non-competition		Customer
Year ending December 31,	Agreements		Relationships
2024	$	0.5	$	4.0
2025		—		3.2
2026		—		2.8
2027		—		2.8
2028		—		2.7
Thereafter		—		9.2
Total	$	0.5	$	24.7