The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Snowflake Inc., its wholly-owned subsidiaries, and a majority-owned subsidiary in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company records noncontrolling interest in its consolidated financial statements to recognize the minority ownership interest in its majority-owned subsidiary. Profits and losses of the majority-owned subsidiary are attributed to controlling and noncontrolling interests using the hypothetical liquidation at book value method.

The Company has a single operating and reportable segment. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (CODM) is its Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis, including, but not limited to, the Company’s consolidated net loss, for purposes of making operating decisions, assessing financial performance, and allocating resources.


	Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
	2025		2024		2023

Revenue	$	3,626,396	$	2,806,489	$	2,065,659
Cost of revenue and operating expenses:
Cost of product revenue(1)(2)	992,069		701,200		547,547
Cost of professional services and other revenue(2)	222,604		197,358		169,993
Sales and marketing(2)	1,672,092		1,391,747		1,106,507
Research and development(2)	1,783,379		1,287,949		788,058
General and administrative(2)	412,262		323,008		295,821
Interest income	(209,009)		(200,663)		(73,839)
Interest expense	2,759		—		—
Other (income) expense, net	35,339		(44,887)		47,565
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	4,113		(11,233)		(18,467)
Net loss	$	(1,289,212)	$	(837,990)	$	(797,526)

(1)For the fiscal years ended January 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, approximately 65%, 67%, and 71% of cost of product revenue represented third-party cloud infrastructure expenses incurred in connection with the customers’ use of the Snowflake platform and the deployment and maintenance of the platform on public clouds, including different regional deployments.

(2)For the fiscal years ended January 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, approximately 37%, 38%, and 38% of the Company’s total cost of revenue and operating expenses were comprised of personnel-related expenses, excluding stock-based compensation and associated payroll taxes. These expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits, bonuses, sales commissions and draws paid to the Company’s sales force and certain referral fees paid to third parties, including amortization of deferred commissions, and associated payroll taxes. They also include salaries, benefits and bonuses allocated as part of overhead costs. See Note 12, “Equity,” for details regarding the Company’s stock-based compensation.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Such estimates include, but are not limited to, stand-alone selling prices (SSP) for each distinct performance obligation, internal-use software development costs, the expected period of benefit for deferred commissions, the fair value of intangible assets acquired in business combinations, the useful lives of long-lived assets, the carrying value of operating lease right-of-use assets, stock-based compensation, accounting for income taxes, and the fair value of investments in marketable and non-marketable securities.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash, cash equivalents, investments in marketable securities, restricted cash, accounts receivable, and foreign currency forward contracts. The Company maintains its cash, cash equivalents, investments in marketable securities, restricted cash and foreign currency forward contracts with high-quality financial institutions that have investment-grade ratings. For accounts receivable, the Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonpayment by customers up to the amounts recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company manages its accounts receivable credit risk through ongoing credit evaluation of its customers’ financial conditions. The Company generally does not require collateral from its customers. For information regarding the Company’s significant customers, see Note 3, “Revenue, Accounts Receivable, Deferred Revenue, and Remaining Performance Obligations.”

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured to the functional currency at period-end exchange rates. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses resulting from remeasurement are recognized in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations, and have not been material for any of the periods presented.

For those subsidiaries with non-U.S. dollar functional currencies, assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates. Revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates during the period. Equity transactions are translated using historical exchange rates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit).

The Company delivers its platform over the internet as a service. Customers choose to consume the platform under either capacity arrangements, in which customers commit to a certain amount of consumption at specified prices, or under on-demand arrangements, in which the Company charges for use of the platform monthly in arrears. Under capacity arrangements, from which a majority of revenue is derived, the Company typically bills its customers annually in advance of their consumption. Revenue from on-demand arrangements typically relates to customers with lower usage levels or overage consumption beyond a customer’s contracted usage amount under a capacity contract or following the expiration of a customer’s capacity contract. Revenue from on-demand arrangements represented approximately 2%, 3%, and 2% of the Company’s revenue for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The Company recognizes revenue as customers consume compute, storage, and data transfer resources under either of these arrangements. In limited instances, customers pay an annual deployment fee to gain access to a dedicated instance of a virtual private deployment. Deployment fees are recognized ratably over the contract term.

Customer contracts for capacity typically have a term of one to four years. To the extent customers enter into such contracts and either consume the platform in excess of their capacity commitments or continue to use the platform after expiration of the contract term, they are charged for their incremental consumption. In many cases, customer contracts permit customers to roll over any unused capacity to a subsequent order, generally on the purchase of additional capacity.

Customer contracts are generally non-cancelable during the contract term, although customers can terminate for breach if the Company materially fails to perform. For those customers who do not have a capacity arrangement, the Company’s on-demand arrangements generally have a monthly stated contract term and can be terminated at any time by either the customer or the Company.

For compute resources, consumption is based on the type of compute resource used and the duration of use or, for some features, the volume of data processed. For storage resources, consumption for a given customer is based on the average terabytes per month of all of such customer’s data stored in the platform. For data transfer resources, consumption is based on terabytes of data transferred, the public cloud provider used, and the region to and from which the transfer is executed.

The Company’s revenue also includes professional services and other revenue, which consists primarily of consulting, technical solution services, and training related to the platform. Professional services revenue is recognized over time based on input measures, including time and materials costs incurred relative to total costs, with consideration given to output measures, such as contract deliverables, when applicable. Other revenue consists primarily of fees from customer training delivered on-site or through publicly available classes.

1) Identify the contract with a customer. The Company considers the terms and conditions of the contracts and the Company’s customary business practices in identifying its contracts under ASC 606. The Company determines it has a contract with a customer when the contract has been approved by both parties, it can identify each party’s rights regarding the services to be transferred and the payment terms for the services, it has determined the customer to have the ability and intent to pay, and the contract has commercial substance. At contract inception, the Company evaluates whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as a single contract and whether the combined or single contract includes more than one performance obligation. The Company applies judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intent to pay, which is based on a variety of factors, including the customer’s payment history or, in the case of a new customer, credit and financial information pertaining to the customer.

2) Identify the performance obligations in the contract. Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from the Company, and are distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the services is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. Customers are allowed to select compute, storage, and data transfer resources separately, at their discretion. Consequently, the Company treats the consumption of its platform for compute, storage, and data transfer resources as separate and distinct performance obligations. The Company treats its virtual private deployments for customers, professional services, technical solution services, and training each as a separate and distinct performance obligation. Some customers have negotiated an option to purchase additional capacity at a stated discount. These options generally do not provide a material right as they are priced at the Company’s SSP, as described below, as the stated discounts are not incremental to the range of discounts typically given.

3) Determine the transaction price. The transaction price is determined based on the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring services to the customer. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue recognized under the contract will not occur. Variable consideration is estimated based on expected value, primarily relying on the Company’s history. In certain situations, the Company may also use the most likely amount as the basis of its estimate. None of the Company’s contracts contain a significant financing component. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental entities (e.g., sales and other indirect taxes).

4) Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract. If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative SSP basis. The determination of a relative SSP for each distinct performance obligation requires judgment. The Company determines SSP for performance obligations based on an observable standalone selling price when it is available, as well as other factors, including the overall pricing objectives, which take into consideration market conditions and customer-specific factors, including a review of internal discounting tables, the services being sold, the volume of capacity commitments, and other factors. The observable standalone selling price is established based on the price at which products and services are sold separately. If an SSP is not observable through past transactions, the Company estimates it using available information including, but not limited to, market data and other observable inputs.

5) Recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Revenue is recognized at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied by transferring the promised service to a customer. Revenue is recognized when control of the services is transferred to the customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those services. The Company determined an output method for capacity arrangements to be the most appropriate measure of progress because it most faithfully represents when the value of the services is simultaneously received and consumed by the customer, and control is transferred. Virtual private deployment fees are recognized ratably over the term of the deployment as the deployment service represents a stand-ready performance obligation provided throughout the deployment term.

Cost of revenue consists primarily of (i) third-party cloud infrastructure expenses incurred in connection with the customers’ use of the Snowflake platform and the deployment and maintenance of the platform on public clouds, including different regional deployments, and (ii) personnel-related costs associated with the Company’s customer support team, engineering team that is responsible for maintaining the Company's service availability and security of its platform, and professional services and training departments, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation. Cost of revenue also includes amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs, amortization of acquired intangible assets, costs of contracted third-party partners for professional services, expenses associated with software and subscription services dedicated for use by the Company’s customer support team and engineering team responsible for maintaining the Company's service, and allocated overhead.

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred, unless they qualify as capitalized internal-use software development costs. Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses associated with the Company’s research and development staff, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation. Research and development expenses also include contractor or professional services fees, third-party cloud infrastructure expenses incurred primarily in developing the Company’s platform, amortization of acquired intangible assets, software and subscription services dedicated for use by the Company’s research and development organization, and allocated overhead.

The Company records a provision for income taxes for the anticipated tax consequences of the reported results of operations using the asset and liability method. Under this method, the Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes and the tax bases of assets and liabilities, as well as for loss and tax credit carryforwards. The deferred assets and liabilities are measured using the statutorily enacted tax rates anticipated to be in effect when those tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date.

A valuation allowance is established if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company considers all available evidence, both positive and negative, including historical levels of income, expectations and risks associated with estimates of future taxable income in assessing the need for a valuation allowance.

The Company’s tax positions are subject to income tax audits by multiple tax jurisdictions throughout the world. The Company recognizes the tax benefit of an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not the position will be sustainable upon examination by the taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. This evaluation is based on all available evidence and assumes that the tax authorities have full knowledge of all relevant information concerning the tax position. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit which is more likely than not (greater than 50% likely) to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority. The Company recognizes interest accrued and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The Company makes adjustments to these reserves in accordance with the income tax guidance when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts recorded, such differences may affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made and could have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition and operating results.

The Company’s equity awards include stock options, restricted stock unit awards (RSUs), restricted common stock granted to employees, non-employee directors, and other service providers, and stock purchase rights granted under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP Rights) to employees. Equity awards are reviewed in determining whether such awards are equity-classified or liability-classified.

Stock-based compensation related to equity-classified awards is measured based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant and generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The fair value of each stock option granted and ESPP Rights is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The determination of the grant-date fair value using an option-pricing model is affected by the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock as well as assumptions regarding a number of other complex and subjective variables. These variables include expected stock price volatility over an expected term, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, the risk-free interest rate for an expected term, and expected dividends. The fair value of each RSU is based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. For equity-classified awards with both service-based and performance-based vesting conditions, the stock-based compensation is recognized using an accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period, based on the Company’s periodic assessment of the probability that the performance condition will be achieved.

Certain RSUs with both service-based and performance-based vesting conditions are liability-classified, as the monetary value of the obligation under each potential outcome of the performance condition is predominantly based on a fixed monetary amount known at inception and will be settled in a variable number of the Company’s common stock. The fair value of these awards is estimated using the Monte Carlo simulation model, which requires the use of various assumptions, including the expected stock price volatility and risk-free interest rate. These awards are subsequently remeasured to the fair value at each reporting date until the number of these awards eligible to vest is fixed, at which time these awards will be reclassified to equity. Stock-based compensation associated with these awards is recognized based on the probable outcome of the performance condition, using an accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period, with a cumulative catch-up adjustment recognized for changes in the fair value estimated at each reporting date.

During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, the Company began funding withholding taxes due upon the vesting of employee RSUs in certain jurisdictions by net share settlement, rather than its previous approach of selling shares of the Company’s common stock. The amount of withholding taxes related to net share settlement of employee RSUs is reflected as (i) a reduction to additional paid-in-capital, and (ii) cash outflows for financing activities when the payments are made. The shares withheld by the Company as a result of the net share settlement of RSUs are not considered issued and outstanding, and do not impact the calculation of basic net income (loss) per share attributable to Snowflake Inc. Class A common stockholders.

Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to Snowflake Inc. Class A common stockholders is computed in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. The Company considers unvested common stock to be participating securities, as the holders of such stock have the right to receive nonforfeitable dividends on a pari passu basis in the event that a dividend is declared on common stock.

Basic net loss per share attributable to Snowflake Inc. Class A common stockholders is computed by dividing net loss attributable to Snowflake Inc. Class A common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of Snowflake Inc. Class A common stock outstanding during the period, which excludes treasury stock. Diluted net loss per share attributable to Snowflake Inc. Class A common stockholders is computed by giving effect to all potentially dilutive Snowflake Inc. Class A common stock equivalents to the extent they are dilutive. For purposes of this calculation, stock options, RSUs, restricted common stock, ESPP Rights, early exercised stock options, and shares underlying the conversion option in the convertible senior notes are considered to be common stock equivalents but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to Snowflake Inc. Class A common stockholders as their effect is anti-dilutive for all periods presented.

Restricted cash primarily consists of (i) cash held in a trust that is restricted for use in meeting the Company's general obligations and (ii) collateralized letters of credit established in connection with lease agreements for the Company’s facilities. Restricted cash is classified within prepaid expenses and other current assets or other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, typically based on the remaining term of the restriction.

The Company’s investments in marketable debt securities have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale and are recorded at estimated fair value. The Company classifies its marketable debt securities as either short-term or long-term at each balance sheet date based on each instrument’s underlying contractual maturity date. Short-term investments are investments with original maturities of less than one year when purchased. Purchase premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted using the effective interest method over the life of the related security and such amortization and accretion are included in interest income in the consolidated statements of operations.

For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its entire amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. If neither of these criteria is met, the Company further assesses whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost is due to credit or non-credit related factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and any adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. Credit-related unrealized losses are recognized as an allowance on the consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding charge in the other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. Non-credit related unrealized losses and unrealized gains on available-for-sale debt securities are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Non-marketable equity securities are recorded at cost and adjusted for observable transactions for the same or similar investments of the same issuer (referred to as the Measurement Alternative) or impairment. For these investments, the Company recognizes remeasurement adjustments, including upward and downward adjustments, and impairments, if any, in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. Valuations of privately-held securities are inherently complex due to the lack of readily available market data and require the use of judgment. For example, determining whether an orderly transaction is for an identical or similar investment requires judgment based on the rights and obligations that are attached to the securities. In determining the estimated fair value of these investments, the Company uses the most recent data available to the Company.

Strategic investments are subject to periodic impairment analysis, which would involve an assessment of both qualitative and quantitative factors, including the investee’s financial metrics, market acceptance of the investee’s product or technology, and the rate at which the investee is using its cash. If the investment is considered impaired, the Company recognizes an impairment through other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations and establishes a new carrying value for the investment.

The Company’s primary financial instruments include cash equivalents, investments in marketable securities, strategic investments, restricted cash, accounts receivable, derivative assets and liabilities, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and convertible senior notes. The carrying amounts of accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. See Note 5, “Fair Value Measurements,” and Note 10, “Convertible Senior Notes,” for information regarding the fair value of the Company’s cash equivalents and investments in marketable securities, strategic investments, and derivative assets and liabilities, as well as the fair value of the Company’s convertible senior notes.

Non-Designated Hedges—The Company utilizes foreign currency forward contracts to manage its exposure to certain foreign currency exchange risks primarily associated with (i) a portion of its net outstanding monetary assets and liabilities positions and (ii) certain intercompany balances denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. These foreign currency forward contracts have maturities of twelve months or less and are not designated as hedging instruments (Non-Designated Hedges). As such, all changes in the fair value of these derivative instruments are recorded in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations, and are intended to offset the foreign currency transaction gains or losses associated with the underlying balances being hedged. Cash flows at settlement of such foreign currency forward contracts are classified as operating activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

Cash Flow Hedge—The Company also utilizes foreign currency forward contracts to manage the volatility in cash flows associated with (i) certain forecasted capital expenditures and (ii) a portion of its forecasted operating expenses denominated in certain currencies other than the U.S. dollar. These foreign currency forward contracts have a maturity of twelve months or less and are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, and, in general, closely match the underlying hedged forecasted transactions in duration. The effectiveness of the cash flow hedges is assessed quantitatively using regression at inception and at each reporting date. The effective portion of these foreign currency forward contracts’ gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the consolidated balance sheets, and subsequently reclassified into the same line items on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as the underlying hedged forecasted transactions in the same period that such transactions affect earnings. In the event the underlying forecasted transactions do not occur, or it becomes probable that they will not occur within the defined hedge period, the gains or losses on the related cash flow hedges are reclassified immediately from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net income (loss) in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Cash flows from such foreign currency forward contracts are classified in the same category on the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows as the cash flows from the underlying hedged forecasted transactions.

Accounts receivable include billed and unbilled receivables, net of allowance for credit losses. Trade accounts receivable are recorded at invoiced amounts and do not bear interest. The allowance for credit losses is estimated based on the Company’s assessment of the collectibility of accounts receivable by considering various factors, including the age of each outstanding invoice, the collection history of each customer, historical write-off experience, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions over the life of the receivable. The Company assesses collectibility by reviewing accounts receivable on an aggregate basis when similar characteristics exist and on an individual basis when specific customers with collectibility issues are identified. Accounts receivable deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses when identified.

The Company capitalizes qualifying internal-use software development costs, primarily related to its cloud platform. The costs consist of personnel costs (including related benefits and stock-based compensation) that are incurred during the application development stage. Capitalization of costs begins when two criteria are met: (1) the preliminary project stage is completed, and (2) it is probable that the software will be completed and used for its intended function. Capitalization ceases when the software is substantially complete and ready for its intended use, including the completion of all significant testing. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post-implementation operating activities are expensed as incurred.

Capitalized costs are included in property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets. These costs are amortized over the estimated useful life of the software, which is three years, on a straight-line basis. Cost and accumulated amortization of fully amortized capitalized internal-use software development costs are removed from the Company’s consolidated balance sheets when the related software is no longer in use. The amortization of capitalized costs related to the Company’s platform applications is primarily included in cost of revenue in the consolidated statements of operations.

Property and equipment, net is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related asset, ranging from generally three to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of estimated useful life or the remaining lease term. Expenses that improve an asset or extend its remaining useful life are capitalized. Costs of maintenance or repairs that do not extend the lives of the respective assets are charged to expenses as incurred. Cost and accumulated depreciation and amortization of fully depreciated property and equipment are removed from the Company’s consolidated balance sheets when they are no longer in use.

The Company capitalizes incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if such costs are recoverable. Such costs consist primarily of (i) sales commissions earned upon the origination, expansion, or renewal of customer contracts by the Company’s sales force, and the associated payroll taxes and fringe benefits, and (ii) certain referral fees earned by third parties (collectively, Commission Costs). Commission Costs for new customer or customer expansion contracts that are not commensurate with those for renewal contracts are capitalized and then amortized over a period of benefit determined to be five years. The Company determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration the length of terms in its customer contracts, life of the technology, and other factors. Commission Costs for renewal contracts, as well as Commission Costs for new customer or customer expansion contracts that are commensurate with those for renewal contracts, are capitalized and then amortized over the respective weighted-average contractual term of the related contracts. Amounts expected to be amortized within one year of the balance sheet date are recorded as deferred commissions, current, and the remaining portion is recorded as deferred commissions, non-current, on the consolidated balance sheets. Amortization expense is included in sales and marketing expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. In addition to the Commission Costs, the Company’s sales force earns sales commissions based on the level of the customers’ consumption of the Company’s platform. These commissions are not considered incremental costs and are expensed in the same period as they are earned. Deferred commissions are periodically analyzed for impairment. There were no impairment losses relating to the deferred commissions for all periods presented.

The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception by evaluating various factors, including if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration and other facts and circumstances. Lease classification is determined at the lease commencement date. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets, operating lease liabilities, current, and operating lease liabilities, non-current on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company did not have any material finance leases for all periods presented.

Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Lease payments consist primarily of the fixed payments under the arrangement, less any lease incentives. Variable lease payments are expensed as incurred and include certain non-lease components, such as maintenance and other services provided by the lessor to the extent the charges are variable. The Company uses an estimate of its incremental borrowing rate (IBR) based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments, unless the implicit rate is readily determinable. In determining the appropriate IBR, the Company considers various factors, including, but not limited to, its credit rating, the lease term, and the currency in which the arrangement is denominated. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company does not separate non-lease components from lease components for its facility asset portfolio. In addition, the Company does not recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases, which have a lease term of 12 months or less and do not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. Lease cost for short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

In addition, the Company subleases certain of its unoccupied facilities to third parties. The assessment of impairment of the associated right-of-use assets, leasehold improvements, or other assets as a result of a sublease is performed upon triggering events, including but not limited to the execution of a sublease agreement. The Company recognizes sublease income on a straight-line basis over the sublease term. Sublease income is recorded as a reduction to the Company’s operating lease costs.

The Company applies a screen test to evaluate if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets to determine whether a transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition or business combination. When the Company acquires a business, the purchase consideration is allocated to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated respective fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Estimates used in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, time and resources required to recreate the assets acquired. These estimates are based on information obtained from the management of the acquired companies, the Company’s assessment of the information, and historical experience. The Company’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. During the measurement period of up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the preliminary fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with a corresponding offset to goodwill for these business combinations.

Long-lived assets with finite lives are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets held and used is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or an asset group to estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds these estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the asset or asset group.

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but rather tested for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. Goodwill impairment is recognized when the quantitative assessment results in the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeding its fair value, in which case an impairment charge is recorded to goodwill to the extent the carrying value exceeds the fair value, limited to the amount of goodwill. The Company did not recognize any impairment of goodwill for all periods presented.

The Company accounts for each series of its convertible senior notes as a liability in its entirety, measured at amortized cost. Debt issuance costs incurred in connection with the issuance of the Company’s convertible senior notes are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the outstanding convertible senior notes. These costs are amortized using the effective interest rate method over the terms of the convertible senior notes and are included within interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations.

In connection with the convertible senior notes offering, the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions relating to each series of convertible senior notes with certain counterparties. The capped call transactions are generally expected to reduce the potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the relevant series of convertible senior notes and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted notes of such series, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. See Note 10, “Convertible Senior Notes,” for further details.

The Company records deferred revenue when the Company receives customer payments in advance of satisfying the performance obligations on the Company’s contracts. Capacity arrangements are generally billed and paid in advance of satisfaction of performance obligations, and the Company’s on-demand arrangements are billed in arrears generally on a monthly basis. Deferred revenue also includes amounts that have been invoiced but not yet collected, classified as accounts receivable, when the Company has an enforceable right to consideration for capacity arrangements. Deferred revenue relating to the Company’s capacity arrangements that have a contractual expiration date of less than 12 months are classified as current. For capacity arrangements that have a contractual expiration date of greater than 12 months, the Company apportions deferred revenue between current and non-current based upon an assumed ratable consumption of these capacity arrangements over the entire term of the arrangement, even though it does not recognize revenue ratably over the term of the contract as customers have flexibility in their consumption and revenue is generally recognized on consumption. In addition, in many cases, the Company’s customer contracts also permit customers to roll over any unused capacity to a subsequent order, generally on the purchase of additional capacity. As such, the current or non-current classification of deferred revenue may not reflect the actual timing of revenue recognition.

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM and included within each reported measure of segment profit and loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items, and interim disclosures of a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets. This guidance also requires disclosures of the title and position of the CODM, and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The Company adopted this guidance for its fiscal year ended January 31, 2025 on a retrospective basis. While the adoption had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, it resulted in additional disclosures in the accompanying notes. See further details under the heading “Segment Information” in this Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires annual disclosure on disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. This guidance is effective for the Company for its fiscal year beginning February 1, 2025 on a prospective basis. Early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on its disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), which requires disclosure, on an annual and interim basis, of specified information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to financial statements. This guidance is effective for the Company for its fiscal year beginning February 1, 2027 and interim periods within its fiscal year beginning February 1, 2028 on either a prospective or retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on its disclosures.