Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

An estimated annual effective tax rate is used to determine the quarterly provision for income taxes. The effective rate is based on various factors including expected annual income, statutory tax rates, tax planning strategies in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates, permanent items, valuation allowances against deferred tax assets and the ability to utilize tax credits and net operating loss carryforwards. Subsequent recognition, derecognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions are separately recognized in the quarter in which the underlying transaction or event occurs which causes variability in the effective tax rates from quarter to quarter.

The effective rate for each period differs from the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate due to the mix of earnings by jurisdiction and the effect of transaction costs and business combination accounting adjustments that do not provide tax benefits. The valuation allowances also cause volatility in the effective rate as they reduce deferred tax assets in jurisdictions which lack sufficient positive evidence regarding the ability to utilize the assets and no tax benefit or expense is recognized for losses or income incurred in those jurisdictions.

At December 31, 2018, the Company had estimated U.S. net operating loss carryforwards totaling $107.3 million, which are scheduled to expire beginning in 2029. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had determined that it has experienced multiple ownership changes under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 in prior years. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company completed a formal study and determined the usage of the Company's U.S. net operating loss carryforwards are limited due to ownership changes that occurred in 2015 and 2017. The annual limitation did not increase U.S. cash taxes or income tax expense.

In accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, the Company records interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions within income tax expense in the Company's Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company does not have a material liability recorded for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions for any period presented.