Fair Value Measurements

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and to determine fair value disclosures.

FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Market Value Disclosures ("ASC 820"), defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the asset or liability. The price in the principal (or most advantageous) market used to measure the fair value of the asset or liability shall not be adjusted for transaction costs. An orderly transaction is a transaction that assumes exposure to the market for a period prior to the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets and liabilities; it is not a forced transaction. Market participants are buyers and sellers in the principal market that are (i) independent, (ii) knowledgeable, (iii) able to transact and (iv) willing to transact.

ASC 820 requires the use of valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, the income approach and/or the cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets and liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts, such as cash flows or earnings, to a single present amount on a discounted basis. The cost approach is based on the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (replacement cost). Valuation techniques should be consistently applied. Inputs to valuation techniques refer to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Inputs may be observable, meaning those that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, or unobservable, meaning those that reflect the reporting entity's own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. In that regard, ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:


•	Level 1 Inputs – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

•

Level 2 Inputs – Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These might include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (such as interest rates, volatilities, prepayment speeds, credit risks, etc.) or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by market data by correlation or other means.


•	Level 3 Inputs – Unobservable inputs for determining the fair values of assets or liabilities that reflect an entity's own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below. An asset's or liability's level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

In general, fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. These adjustments may include amounts to reflect counterparty credit quality, among other things, as well as unobservable parameters. Any such valuation adjustments are applied consistently over time. The Company's valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future values. While management believes the Company's valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The Bank did not have any financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis

Certain financial and non-financial assets are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment).

The following tables summarize those assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:



	December 31, 2019
	Level 1 Inputs		Level 2 Inputs		Level 3 Inputs		Total Fair Value

Impaired loans	$	—	$	—	$	338	$	338



	December 31, 2018
	Level 1 Inputs		Level 2 Inputs		Level 3 Inputs		Total Fair Value

Impaired loans	$	—	$	—	$	350	$	350

For Level 3 input assets measured at fair value on non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurements were as follows:



		December 31, 2019
	Fair Value Estimate	Valuation Techniques	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Impaired loans	$338	Appraisal of Collateral	Appraisal adjustments	0% (0%)
			Appraisal adjustments
			Liquidation expense	20.56% (20.56%)
			Liquidation expense



		December 31, 2018
	Fair Value Estimate	Valuation Techniques	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Impaired loans	$350	Appraisal of Collateral	Appraisal adjustments	0% (0%)
			Appraisal adjustments
			Liquidation expense	7.3% (7.3%)
			Liquidation expense

An impaired loan is measured for impairment at the time the loan is identified as impaired. Loans are considered impaired when based on current information and events it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The Company's impaired loans are generally collateral dependent and, as such, are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value less estimated selling costs. Fair values are estimated through current appraisals and adjusted as necessary to reflect current market conditions and as such are classified as Level 3.

Disclosure about Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair value of a financial instrument is defined above. Significant estimates were used for the purposes of disclosing fair values. Estimated fair values have been determined using the best available data and estimation methodology suitable for each category of financial instruments. However, there are inherent weaknesses in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sale transaction on the dates indicated. The estimated fair value amounts have been measured as of their respective reporting dates, and have not been reevaluated or updated for purposes of these consolidated financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than the amounts reported.

The following information should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the entire Company since a fair value calculation is only provided for a limited portion of the Company's assets and liabilities. Due to a wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimates, comparisons between the Company's disclosures and those of other companies may not be meaningful.

The following presents the carrying amount, fair value and placement in the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, of the Company's financial instruments which are carried on the consolidated statement of financial condition at cost and are not measured or recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.



	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level 1 Inputs		Level 2 Inputs		Level 3 Inputs
As of December 31, 2019	(In thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	18,453	$	18,453	$	18,453	$	—	$	—
Securities held to maturity	35,827		35,696		—		35,696		—
Loans receivable, net (1)	508,022		506,634		—		—		506,634
Accrued interest receivable	1,650		1,650		—		90		1,560
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	472,752		474,233		—		474,233		—
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank of New York	51,575		51,674		—		51,674		—
Accrued interest payable	85		85		—		85		—
As of December 31, 2018
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	11,800	$	11,800	$	11,800	$	—	$	—
Securities held to maturity	39,476		38,569		—		38,569		—
Loans receivable, net (1)	502,299		490,177		—		—		490,177
Accrued interest receivable	1,615		1,615		—		111		1,504
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	420,579		421,164		—		421,164		—
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank of New York	94,275		93,839		—		93,839		—
Accrued interest payable	86		86		—		86		—


(1)	Includes impaired loans measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as discussed above.

Management used exit prices to estimate the fair values in the table above as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments

Fair values of commitments to extend credit are estimated using the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreement, into account market interest rates, the remaining terms, and the present credit worthiness of the counterparties. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the fair value of the commitments to extend credit was not considered to be material.