UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024

OR

☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                   

Commission File Number: 001-40782

ROIVANT SCIENCES LTD.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

Bermuda	98-1173944
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

7th Floor
50 Broadway
London SW1H 0DB
United Kingdom	Not Applicable
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

+44 207 400 3347

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, $0.0000000341740141 per share	ROIV	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of September 29, 2023 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common shares, par value $0.0000000341740141 per share (the “common shares”), held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $8.0 billion, based on the closing price of the common shares on The Nasdaq Global Market on September 29, 2023 of $11.68 per share.

As of May 28, 2024 there were 738,721,807 common shares outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Specified portions of the registrant’s proxy statement to be issued in conjunction with the registrant’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which is expected to be filed not later than 120 days after the registrant’s fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except as expressly incorporated by reference, the registrant’s proxy statement shall not be deemed to be a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I.
Item 1.	Business	6
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	52
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	116
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	116
Item 2.	Properties	116
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	117
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	117
PART II.
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	118
Item 6.	[Reserved]	119
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	119
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	134
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	135
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	173
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	173
Item 9B.	Other Information	174
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	175
Part III.
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	176
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	176
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	176
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	176
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	176
Part IV.
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	177
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	182
	Signatures	183

i

Summary Risk Factors

You should consider carefully the risks described under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this section to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Roivant” and the “Company” refer to Roivant Sciences Ltd. and its subsidiaries and affiliates, as the context requires. A summary of the risks that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects include the following:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

• Our limited operating history and the inherent uncertainties and risks involved in biopharmaceutical product development and commercialization may make it difficult for us to execute on our business model and for you to assess our future viability. We have generated limited revenue from our operations since inception, and there is no guarantee that we will generate significant revenues in the future.

• We may never achieve sustained profitability.

• We have relatively limited experience as a commercial-stage company and the marketing and sale of VTAMA® (tapinarof) or any future products may be unsuccessful or less successful than anticipated.

• Our business is dependent to a significant extent on the successful commercialization of VTAMA and the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our current and future products and product candidates.

• We may not be successful in our efforts to acquire or in-license new product candidates, and newly acquired or in-licensed product candidates may not perform as expected in clinical trials or be successful in eventually achieving marketing approvals.

• We face risks associated with the allocation of capital and personnel across our businesses.

• We face risks associated with the Vant structure.

• We face risks associated with potential future payments related to our products and product candidates.

• Our business strategy and potential for future growth relies on a number of assumptions, some or all of which may not be realized.

• We may engage in strategic transactions that could impact our liquidity, increase our expenses and present significant distractions to our management.

• We face risks associated with the use of our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, including any return of capital to shareholders.

• Clinical trials and preclinical studies are very expensive, time-consuming, difficult to design and implement and involve uncertain outcomes. We may encounter substantial delays in clinical trials, or may not be able to conduct or complete clinical trials or preclinical studies on the expected timelines, if at all.

• We may encounter difficulties enrolling and retaining patients in clinical trials, and clinical development activities could thereby be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

• The results of our preclinical studies and clinical trials may not support our proposed claims for our products or product candidates, or regulatory approvals on a timely basis or at all, and the results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

• Interim, top-line or preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

• Obtaining approval of a new drug is an extensive, lengthy, expensive and inherently uncertain process, and the FDA or another regulator may delay, limit or deny approval. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval in one or more jurisdictions for any products or product candidates, our business will be substantially harmed.

• Our clinical trials may fail to demonstrate substantial evidence of the safety and efficacy of product candidates that we may identify and pursue for their intended uses, which would prevent, delay or limit the scope of regulatory approval and commercialization.

• Our products and product candidates may cause adverse effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, cause us to suspend or discontinue clinical trials, abandon further development or limit the scope of any approved label or market acceptance.

• We depend on the knowledge and skills of our senior leaders and may not be able to manage our business effectively if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel.

ii

• If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection for our technology, products and product candidates or if the scope of the intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

• If the patent applications we hold or have in-licensed with respect to our products or product candidates fail to issue, if their breadth or strength of protection is threatened, or if they fail to provide meaningful exclusivity for our current and future products or product candidates, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop product candidates, and threaten our ability to commercialize our products. Any such outcome could have a materially adverse effect on our business. Our pending patent applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless and until a patent issues from such applications.

• Patent terms and their scope may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on current and future products and product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Risks Related to Our Securities, Our Jurisdiction of Incorporation and Certain Tax Matters

• If our performance does not meet market expectations, the price of our securities may decline.

• We have incurred and will continue to incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company and our management has devoted and will continue to devote a substantial amount of time to new compliance initiatives.

• If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and the trading price of our common shares may decline.

• Anti-takeover provisions in our memorandum of association and bye-laws, as well as provisions of Bermuda law, could delay or prevent a change in control, limit the price investors may be willing to pay in the future for our common shares and could entrench management.

• Our largest shareholders own a significant percentage of our common shares and are able to exert significant control over matters subject to shareholder approval.

• Future sales, or the perception of future sales, of our common shares by us or our existing shareholders could cause the market price for our common shares to decline and impact our ability to raise capital in the future.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains statements, including matters discussed under Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” Part I, Item 3. “Legal Proceedings” and Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and in other sections of this report, that are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our or our management team’s expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future, and statements that are not historical facts. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us taking into account information currently available to us. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we have anticipated. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, they could cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Some factors that could cause actual results to differ include, but are not limited to risk associated with:

• our relatively limited experience as a commercial-stage company and ability to successfully commercialize VTAMA® (tapinarof);

• our ability to acquire or in-license new product candidates;

• the allocation of capital and personnel across our business;

• our Vant structure and the potential that we may fail to capitalize on certain development opportunities;

• potential future payments related to our products and product candidates;

iii

• our ability to consummate strategic transactions;

• the use of our cash and cash equivalents, including the proceeds from the Roche Transaction (as defined below);

• clinical trials and preclinical studies, which are very expensive, time-consuming, difficult to design and implement and involve uncertain outcomes;

• the novelty, complexity and difficulty of manufacturing certain of our products and product candidates, including any manufacturing problems that result in delays in development or commercialization of our products and product candidates;

• difficulties we may face in enrolling and retaining patients in clinical trials, which could affect or otherwise delay clinical development activities;

• the results of our clinical trials not supporting our proposed claims for a product candidate;

• interim, top-line and/or preliminary data from our clinical trials changing as more data becoming available or data being delayed due to audit and verification processes;

• changes in product manufacturing or formulation that could lead to the incurrence of costs or delays;

• the failure of any third-party we contract with to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical trials to perform in a satisfactory manner or to comply with applicable requirements;

• the fact that obtaining approvals for new drugs is an extensive, lengthy, expensive and inherently uncertain process that may end with our inability to obtain regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory agencies in other jurisdictions;

• the failure of our clinical trials to demonstrate substantial evidence of the safety and efficacy of our products and product candidates, including, but not limited to, scenarios in which our products and product candidates may cause adverse effects that could delay regulatory approval, discontinue clinical trials, limit the scope of approval or generally result in negative media coverage of us;

• our inability to obtain regulatory approval for a product or product candidate in certain jurisdictions, even if we are able to obtain approval in certain other jurisdictions;

• our ability to effectively manage growth and to attract and retain key personnel;

• any business, legal, regulatory, political, operational, financial and economic risks associated with conducting business globally;

• our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection for our technology, products and product candidates;

• the inadequacy of patent terms and their scope to protect our competitive position;

• the failure to issue (or the threatening of their breadth or strength of protection) or provide meaningful exclusivity for our current and future products and product candidates of our patent applications that we hold or have in-licensed;

• the fact that we do not currently and may not in the future own or license any issued composition of matter patents covering certain of our products and product candidates and our inability to be certain that any of our other issued patents will provide adequate protection for such products and product candidates;

• the fact that our largest shareholders own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to shareholder approval;

• future sales of securities by us or our largest shareholders, or the perception of such sales, and the impact thereof on the price of our common shares;

• the outcome of any pending or potential litigation, including but not limited to our expectations regarding the outcome of any such litigation and costs and expenses associated with such litigation;

• changes in applicable laws or regulations;

• the possibility that we may be adversely affected by other economic, business and/or competitive factors; and

• any other risks and uncertainties, including those described under Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”

iv

These risks are not exhaustive. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Investors and others should note that we may announce material business and financial information to our investors using our investor relations website (https://investor.roivant.com/), SEC filings, webcasts, press releases, and conference calls. We use these mediums, including our website, to communicate with our shareholders and the public about our company, our products and product candidates and other matters. It is possible that the information that we make available may be deemed to be material information. We therefore encourage investors and others interested in our company to review the information that we make available on our website. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Industry and Market Data

We obtained the industry and market data in this Annual Report on Form 10-K from our own research as well as from industry and general publications, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. Industry and general publications, studies and surveys generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. These third parties may, in the future, alter the manner in which they conduct surveys and studies regarding the markets in which we operate our business. As a result, you should carefully consider the inherent risks and uncertainties associated with the industry and market data contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”

v

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

References to “Roivant,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” in the following section refer to Roivant Sciences Ltd. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires.

Overview

Roivant is a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company that aims to improve the lives of patients by accelerating the development and commercialization of medicines that matter. Today, Roivant’s pipeline is concentrated in inflammation and immunology and includes VTAMA, a novel topical approved for the treatment of psoriasis and in development for the treatment of atopic dermatitis; IMVT-1402 and batoclimab, fully human monoclonal antibodies targeting the neonatal Fc receptor (“FcRn”) in development across several IgG-mediated autoimmune indications; and brepocitinib, a potent small molecule inhibitor of TYK2 and JAK1 for the treatment of dermatomyositis and non-infectious uveitis, in addition to several other therapies in various stages of clinical development. We advance our pipeline by creating nimble subsidiaries or “Vants” to develop and commercialize our medicines and technologies. Beyond therapeutics, Roivant also incubates discovery-stage companies and health technology startups complementary to its biopharmaceutical business.

The following table summarizes selected commercial and development-stage pipeline products and product candidates.

Product/Product Candidate	Indication	Vant	Modality	Phase
VTAMA (tapinarof)	Psoriasis	Dermavant	Topical	Commercial
VTAMA (tapinarof)	Atopic Dermatitis	Dermavant	Topical	sNDA Filed
Batoclimab	Myasthenia Gravis	Immunovant	Biologic	Phase 3*
Batoclimab	Thyroid Eye Disease	Immunovant	Biologic	Phase 3*
Batoclimab	Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy	Immunovant	Biologic	Phase 2*
Batoclimab	Graves’ Disease	Immunovant	Biologic	Phase 2
IMVT-1402	Numerous Indications	Immunovant	Biologic	Phase 1
Brepocitinib	Dermatomyositis	Priovant	Small Molecule	Phase 3*
Brepocitinib	Non-Infectious Uveitis	Priovant	Small Molecule	Phase 2
Brepocitinib	Other Indications	Priovant	Small Molecule	Phase 2
Namilumab	Sarcoidosis	Kinevant	Biologic	Phase 2*
Undisclosed	Undisclosed Indications	New Vant	Undisclosed	Phase 2

Note: All clinical stage drugs in our current pipeline are investigational and subject to health authority approval. Pipeline reflects both ongoing clinical trials and expected upcoming trials.

* Indicates registrational or potentially registrational trials.

The Vant model unlocks key strategic advantages for Roivant and, we believe, ultimately enables us to develop transformative medicines for diseases for which there are no approved therapies or where the current standard of care treatment has significant limitations faster than our competitors. We believe we are uniquely positioned to accomplish this by:

• Leveraging our business development expertise to identify and in-license promising drug candidates: We assembled our development-stage product candidate pipeline by leveraging our business development expertise and vast network of industry relationships to relentlessly pursue opportunities to in-license or acquire programs where we believe we can deliver successful outcomes on accelerated timelines. Our pipeline expansion has been enabled by our strong track record of rapid and high-quality execution, as well as our ability to maintain a robust balance sheet to fund programs through development.

• Creating nimble, entrepreneurial Vants: Vants operate similarly to independent biotechnology companies where each management team is focused on its respective mission and is economically incentivized to maximize value through Vant-specific equity grants. Each of our Vant teams is built with deep relevant expertise to ensure successful execution of its particular development strategy. The Vant model is designed to facilitate rapid decision making and calculated risk taking, by empowering, aligning and incentivizing Vant teams around the outcomes of their specific products or product candidates.

• Developing and deploying proprietary technologies: We believe we are able to develop transformative medicines faster by building and applying computational tools to drug discovery, development and commercialization. We occupy a unique position at the intersection of biopharma and technology, having built our capabilities in parallel, optimizing each for synergy with the other, in contrast to big pharma who have added software tools to legacy workflows or technology startups that lack experience developing drugs. Vants have access to, and are supported by, these technologies.

6

• Allocating capital to maximize R&D efficiency: We apply an objective, rigorous decision framework across the drug development process designed to ensure resources and capital are continuously directed towards programs we believe have a higher probability of success and away from those that fail to meet our internal hurdles. We centralize capital allocation decisions at the Roivant level, while distributing operational decisions to the Vants, allowing us to strategically deploy capital in high growth areas, regardless of potentially competing operational priorities.

• Maintaining a diversified pipeline with various risk profiles: We have built a broad and differentiated pipeline that includes a commercial drug and several drug candidates across different therapeutic areas, phases of development, modalities and geographies. This approach limits our exposure to several concentrated scientific and biological risks and allows us to pursue multiple innovative hypotheses across our portfolio as we seek to develop therapies for patient populations with high unmet need.

• Designing creative “win-win” deal structures: We structure our partnerships to balance risk and the potential for future value creation. We ensure that a significant proportion of near-term expenses go toward development, allowing us to stage our investment and align incentives as well as limit losses in the event of a setback. Our scale and proven track record of developing successful product candidates assures partners that we are uniquely capable of maximizing value for patients and investors.

• Providing operating leverage through centralized support functions: Our model allows us to accelerate Vant formation and maturation by centralizing and sharing certain support functions across various Vants. Vants also benefit from access to our vast network of scientific experts, physicians and technologists to help optimize their clinical development and plans for commercialization.

The structural advantages of the Vant model combined with our “force of will” culture and investor mindset have enabled us to achieve an impressive track record: Since Roivant’s founding in 2014, we have commercialized VTAMA, the leading branded topical in psoriasis, developed six FDA-approved medicines and completed 11 large registrational Phase 3 studies – the last 10 of which have yielded positive data (inclusive of approvals and Phase 3 studies from Vants transferred to Sumitomo Pharma).

Recent Developments

In May 2024, Dermavant completed a renegotiation of its existing debt obligations to reduce its potential cash payments due under these obligations by over $300 million in aggregate, of which an expected reduction of approximately $225 million would be achieved over the next three fiscal years (the “Dermavant Debt Renegotiation”).  For more information, see “Item 9B. Other Information.”

Key Business Highlights

• Roivant

o Announced the completion of the sale of Telavant to Roche for an upfront payment of approximately $7.1 billion, with an additional $150 million in cash payable upon the completion of a near-term milestone. Roivant’s net cash proceeds from the transaction were approximately $5.2 billion. Approximately $110 million of the additional milestone payment will be payable to Roivant following achievement.

o Roivant’s board of directors approved a share repurchase program for up to $1.5 billion of the Company’s common shares; pursuant to this program, Roivant completed the repurchase of Sumitomo Pharma’s entire stake for approximately $648 million.

• VTAMA

o Met the primary and all secondary endpoints in two Phase 3 studies and a long-term extension study, evaluating over 700 moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis patients with no new safety or tolerability signals observed in this population, which included children as young as 2 years old.

7

o Filed sNDA for VTAMA® (tapinarof) cream, 1% for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults and children 2 years of age and older. PDUFA action expected in the fourth quarter of calendar year 2024.

o Generated net product revenue of $19.3 million and $75.1 million for the fourth quarter and fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, respectively, with over 385,000 prescriptions written by over 15,300 unique prescribers since launch, as of May 2024.

• Anti-FcRn Franchise

o Reported results from Phase 1 SAD/MAD trials of IMVT-1402 that showed dose dependent and deep IgG reductions similar to batoclimab and minimal impact on albumin and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

o Reported an open-label Phase 2 proof-of-concept clinical trial of batoclimab in Graves’ disease (“GD”). Subcutaneous doses of 680 mg of batoclimab administered in the initial cohort demonstrated potential best-in-class IgG reduction, up to 87%, with a mean IgG reduction of 81% after 12 weeks of treatment. The 340 mg IgG reductions were lower. Expected to announce detailed results from the study of batoclimab in GD as well as an overview of the development plan of IMVT-1402 in GD in the fall of 2024.

o Following a recently completed Type B meeting with the FDA, Immunovant is on track to initiate 4-5 potentially registrational studies with IMVT-1402 over the fiscal year ending March 31, 2025.

• Brepocitinib

o Reported results in the Phase 2 NEPTUNE study of once-daily oral brepocitinib in non-infectious uveitis (“NIU”), representing the best Treatment Failure rates observed to date among active NIU studies measuring this registrational endpoint.

o Ongoing pivotal study in dermatomyositis is on track to read out in calendar year 2025, and initiation of a pivotal program in NIU is expected in the second half of calendar year 2024.

Summary of Vant Milestone & Royalty Payments

The table below summarizes select potential future payment obligations from acquisitions, in-licensings and subsequent financings for select products and product candidates:

Vant	Product or Product Candidate	Milestones		Royalties
Dermavant	VTAMA (tapinarof)	•	Up to CAD$75M in remaining commercial milestones to Welichem, with CAD$35M payable upon VTAMA first U.S. commercial sale for atopic dermatitis and the remainder payable as first commercial sales are achieved in various ex-U.S. countries	•	Low single-digit to high single-digit tiered percentage of quarterly revenues based on achievement of specified net sales thresholds, up to a $344M cap, to be paid to an investor group in exchange for $160M RIPSA funding received in June 2022, following VTAMA approval; accounted for as debt with a net carrying value of $195M as of March 31, 2024
		•	Additional milestones owed to NovaQuest in connection with two 2018 financings that are accounted for as debt with a fair value of $210M as of March 31, 2024
		•	Giving effect to the Dermavant Debt Renegotiation, the only remaining payments owed to NovaQuest are in the amount of $122.5M in aggregate, to be paid between the fiscal years ending March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2029	•	Giving effect to the Dermavant Debt Renegotiation, the RIPSA now has a near-term cap on the royalties, equal to $6M per fiscal year for each of the fiscal years ended March 31, 2025, 2026 and 2027. The Dermavant Debt Renegotiation did not otherwise amend the amount of the royalty payable to the RIPSA Purchasers
		•	As a result of the Dermavant Debt Renegotiation, fixed quarterly payments totaling $176.3M that would have been due and payable following regulatory approval of VTAMA (tapinarof) in the U.S. for atopic dermatitis, if approved, and payments of up to $141.0M that would have been due and payable upon achievement of certain commercial milestones by Dermavant, have been eliminated
Immunovant	Anti-FcRn Franchise	•	Up to a maximum of $420.0M (after an aggregate amount of $32.5M of milestone achievements as of March 31, 2024) upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and sales milestone events	•	Tiered royalties on net sales ranging from mid-single digits to mid-teens
Priovant	Brepocitinib	•	Mid tens-of-millions sales milestone payment if aggregate net sales in a given year exceed a mid-hundred-of-millions amount	•	Tiered sub-teens royalty on net sales
Kinevant	Namilumab	•	Up to $40M upon the achievement of certain milestones	•	Tiered royalties on net sales ranging from sub-teens to mid-teens

8

Note: The summaries above do not purport to be complete. Please refer to “—Asset Acquisition and License Agreements; Other Vant Agreements” and the agreements themselves, filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for more information on the terms of these agreements.

Vant Ownership

The following table summarizes our ownership of certain of our subsidiary companies and affiliates as of March 31, 2024.

	Roivant Ownership
Vant	Basic1				Fully Diluted2
Dermavant		100	%	*		86	%	*
Immunovant		55	%	3		49	%	3
Priovant		75	%			68	%
Genevant		83	%			65	%
Kinevant		96	%			90	%
Covant		100	%			87	%
Psivant		48	%			47	%
Arbutus		22	%	3		19	%	3
Lokavant		57	%			50	%
VantAI		60	%			49	%
Datavant		*	*			*	*

1. Basic ownership refers to Roivant’s percentage ownership of the issued and outstanding common and preferred shares (if applicable) of the entity.

2. Fully diluted ownership refers to Roivant’s percentage ownership of all outstanding equity interests of the entity, including unvested RSUs as well as options and warrants, in each case whether vested or unvested.

3. Denotes entities that are publicly traded.

* At closing of the Dermavant Debt Renegotiation and giving effect to the funding by Roivant of the full $195 million preferred equity commitment made to Dermavant, Roivant will own approximately 87% of Dermavant’s issued and outstanding common and preferred shares and approximately 82% of Dermavant on a fully-diluted basis, inclusive of issued but unexercised warrants and options and restricted stock units held by current and former employees and other service providers (for purposes of this calculation, assuming no future incentive equity grants). For more information on the Dermavant Debt Renegotiation, see “Item 9B. Other Information.”

** As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s minority equity interest in Datavant represented approximately 9% of the outstanding Class A units. Datavant’s capital structure includes several classes of preferred units that, among other features, have liquidation preferences and conversion features. Upon conversion of such preferred units into Class A units, the Company’s ownership interest would be diluted. For more information on Roivant’s ownership interest in Datavant, please refer to Note 4 to Roivant’s audited consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Upcoming Catalysts

In the upcoming year, we have a robust set of expected near-term catalysts, including the items set forth below. In addition, we plan to in-license multiple potentially category-leading drugs per year.

Program	Vant	Catalyst	Expected Timing
VTAMA (tapinarof) cream	Dermavant	Updates on commercial launch of VTAMA in psoriasis	Ongoing
Roivant pipeline growth	Roivant	New mid/late-stage in-licensing announcements	Ongoing
LNP platform	Genevant	Updates to LNP patent litigation	Ongoing
IMVT-1402/Batoclimab	Immunovant	Additional detailed results from the batoclimab trial in Graves' disease and overview of IMVT-1402 program	Fall 2024
Namilumab	Kinevant	Topline data from Phase 2 trial in sarcoidosis	4Q 2024
VTAMA (tapinarof) cream	Dermavant	FDA PDUFA action for sNDA of VTAMA in atopic dermatitis	4Q 2024
Batoclimab	Immunovant	Topline data from Phase 3 trial in myasthenia gravis & initial data from period 1 of Phase 2B trial in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy	By FY End
Batoclimab	Immunovant	Topline data from Phase 3 trials in thyroid eye disease	1H 2025
Brepocitinib	Priovant	Topline data from Phase 3 trial in dermatomyositis	2025

Note: References are to calendar years, unless otherwise specified. As used above, “FY” refers to Roivant's fiscal year. All catalyst timings are based on current expectations and, where applicable, contingent on FDA feedback, and may be subject to change.

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 Dermavant Overview

•       Overview:

• Dermavant is marketing VTAMA^® (tapinarof) cream, 1%, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adults. The FDA approved VTAMA for the topical treatment of mild, moderate and severe plaque psoriasis in May 2022. VTAMA has been the number one prescribed novel topical for plaque psoriasis since launch with over 385,000 prescriptions written by over 15,300 unique prescribers since launch, as of May 2024.

• Dermavant has filed a supplemental new drug application (sNDA) with the FDA for VTAMA for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults and children 2 years of age and older. FDA PDUFA action is expected in the fourth quarter of calendar year 2024.

• Lead program:

• VTAMA is a novel, once daily, steroid-free topical cream approved in the US for the treatment of plaque psoriasis in adults. Dermavant is developing VTAMA for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults and children as young as 2 years old.

• VTAMA directly targets the AhR, a key regulator of skin homeostasis and inflammation to help reduce Th17 and Th2 cytokines, two pro-inflammatory pathways implicated in plaque psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, respectively, increase antioxidant activity, and promote skin barrier restoration.

• Disease overview:

• Plaque psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by lesions consisting of red patches and plaques with silvery scales.

• Atopic dermatitis, the most common type of eczema, is a chronic condition characterized by dry, itchy skin.

• Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis affect approximately 8 million and 26 million people in the U.S., respectively. Out of approximately 560,000 weekly prescriptions across both diseases, approximately 100,000 and 340,000 are topical prescriptions for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, respectively.

• Limitations of current treatment:

• Topical corticosteroids (“TCS”) are the most common first-line therapies but they typically cannot be used for longer than four weeks or in sensitive areas, such as face, groin, or axillae (armpit), due to the risk of significant side effects. While many people experience improvement with TCS, the continual long-term use of TCS has the potential to cause significant side effects including skin atrophy. As a result, healthcare professionals and patients are limited to intermittent treatment cycles of TCS therapy, leading to frequent disease flares and recurrence of disease, providing an inadequate solution for chronic conditions in immuno-dermatology.

• Topical roflumilast, a non-steroidal PDE4 inhibitor, was approved in July 2022 for the treatment of plaque psoriasis in patients 12 years of age and older; however, this product carries label restrictions and contraindications, including a risk for drug interactions, and has not been shown to exhibit evidence of off-treatment remittive effect. Topical calcineurin inhibitors (“TCI”) are an additional non-steroidal option for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis, but their use is limited by safety concerns, including black box warnings of malignancy reported in patients treated with TCIs.

• While oral and biologic therapies have become increasingly available, they are often limited to moderate-to-severe disease with often complicated access, reimbursement and utilization management requirements. Additionally, recent FDA action regarding Janus kinase inhibitors (“JAKs”) have resulted in restrictive labeling and black box warnings relating to safety concerns with the product class, including oral and topical forms, and including for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis.

• Clinical data:

• We completed two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials, PSOARING 1 and PSOARING 2, for the use of VTAMA in treating mild, moderate and severe plaque psoriasis in adults.

• In both pivotal Phase 3 trials, which enrolled over 500 patients each, VTAMA met its primary endpoint and secondary endpoints with clinically meaningful and statistically significant results. At week 12, 35.4% and 40.2% of patients treated with VTAMA in PSOARING 1 and PSOARING 2, respectively, achieved the primary efficacy endpoint of a Physician Global Assessment (PGA) score of clear (0) or almost clear (1) with a minimum 2-grade improvement from baseline as compared to 6.0% and 6.3% of patients treated with vehicle control cream (p<0.0001; p<0.0001).

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• Our open-label, long-term extension study for plaque psoriasis, PSOARING 3, provides evidence of VTAMA’s increased therapeutic effect beyond the 12-week double-blind treatment periods, suggesting treatment durability over time, as well as evidence of a remittive effect, measured by time until disease worsening following treatment discontinuation.

• We completed two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials, ADORING 1 and ADORING 2, that evaluated the use of VTAMA for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in adults and children as young as 2 years old. In both of these trials, which enrolled over 400 patients each, VTAMA met its primary endpoint and secondary endpoints with clinically meaningful and statistically significant results. At week 8, 45.4% and 46.4% of subjects receiving VTAMA achieved the primary endpoint of Validated Investigator Global Assessment for Atopic Dermatitis (vIGA-ADTM) response of clear (0) or almost clear (1) with at least a 2-grade improvement from baseline, versus 13.9% and 18.0% on vehicle (p<0.0001). The data indicated no new safety or tolerability signals in this population.

• We are also conducting ADORING 3, a long-term, open-label, extension study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of VTAMA cream 1% in patients with atopic dermatitis. Subjects in the study include those who have previously completed treatment with VTAMA or vehicle in ADORING 1 or ADORING 2, as well as subjects who have completed a pediatric maximal usage pharmacokinetics (MUPK) study, and those pediatric subjects who would not qualify for inclusion in ADORING 1 or 2 due to milder or more severe disease. ADORING 3 consists of up to 48 weeks of VTAMA cream 1%, and a 7-day safety follow-up period. An interim analysis of the ADORING 3 extension study demonstrated that 51.2% (373/728) of patients achieved complete disease clearance (vIGA-AD score of 0).

• In our pediatric maximal usage pharmacokinetics (MUPK) study of VTAMA in atopic dermatitis, VTAMA demonstrated favorable safety, pharmacokinetics and clinical improvement in pediatric patients as young as 2 years old with extensive burden of atopic dermatitis.

• Development plan and upcoming milestones:

• The FDA has accepted the sNDA for VTAMA for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults and children 2 years of age and older and assigned a PDUFA date in the fourth quarter of calendar year 2024.

• Pricing and reimbursement:

• VTAMA had 138M US commercial lives (83% of total) covered as of May 2024.

• VTAMA generated net product revenue of $75.1 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, representing a 27% gross-to-net yield.

• VTAMA’s wholesale acquisition cost has been $1,445 per 60 gram tube since April 1, 2024.

• Roivant ownership:

• As of March 31, 2024, we own 100% of the issued and outstanding common shares of Dermavant and 86% on a fully-diluted basis. Giving effect to the Dermavant Debt Renegotiation and giving effect to the funding by Roivant of the full $195 million preferred equity commitment made to Dermavant, Roivant will own approximately 87% of Dermavant's issued and outstanding common and preferred shares and approximately 82% of Dermavant on a fully-diluted basis, inclusive of issued but unexercised warrants and options and restricted stock units held by current and former employees and other service providers (for purposes of this calculation, assuming no future incentive equity grants). For more information on the Dermavant Debt Renegotiation, see “Item 9B. Other Information.”

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Immunovant Overview

• Overview:

• Immunovant is pursuing a broad anti-FcRn strategy based on the potential best-in-class profile of the lead asset, IMVT-1402, that targets the neonatal fragment crystallizable receptor (“FcRn”), for the treatment of IgG-mediated autoimmune diseases.

• Programs:

• IMVT-1402 and batoclimab are novel, fully human monoclonal antibodies that target FcRn.

• Both were designed to be optimized as a simple, self-administered subcutaneous (“SC”) injection with dosing that we believe can be tailored based on disease severity and stage.

• IMVT-1402 has been observed in Phase 1 studies to have dose dependent and deep IgG reductions and minimal impact on albumin and low-density lipoprotein (“LDL”) cholestrol. High levels of pathogenic IgG antibodies drive a variety of autoimmune diseases and, as a result, we believe IMVT-1402 has the potential for broad application in related disease areas.

• For IMVT-1402, we are on track to initiate 4-5 potentially registrational programs by March 31, 2025, and, inclusive of these programs, plan to have initiated trials in 10 indications by March 31, 2026. We currently have ongoing studies with batoclimab in myasthenia gravis (“MG”), thyroid eye disease (“TED”), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (“CIDP”) and Graves’ disease (“GD”). The current development program for batoclimab will help accelerate and optimize the registrational development program of IMVT-1402.

• Disease overview:

Neurological Diseases

• MG is a rare, chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness and fatigue of voluntary muscles. The estimated prevalence of MG is 18 to 36 per 100,000, with up to 59,000 to 116,000 people in the U.S.

• CIDP is an autoimmune neurological disorder characterized by damage to the myelin sheaths or the nodes on nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system. CIDP has an estimated prevalence of almost nine per 100,000 people in the US.

       Endocrine Diseases

• GD is an autoimmune disorder associated with the overproduction of thyroid hormones and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. GD has an estimated incidence of 20 to 50 per 100,000 people in the US.

• TED is an autoimmune disorder affecting the tissues around the eyes, and in severe cases can be sight-threatening. TED has an estimated annual incidence of 10 per 100,000 people in the U.S.

• Limitations of current treatments:

• For many IgG-mediated autoimmune diseases, early-stage disease control involves corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, later progressing to intravenous immunoglobulin (“IVIg”) or plasma exchange. These approaches are generally limited by delayed onset of action, waning therapeutic benefit over time, and unfavorable safety profiles.

• Recent agents approved for MG include eculizumab and ravulizumab-cwvz, two complement C5 inhibitors, efgartigimod, an anti-FcRn antibody fragment, and rozanolixizumab, a monoclonal antibody. We believe there is room to improve upon this current treatment paradigm for MG, as some of these treatments can leave patients with burdensome administration requirements, significant side effects or long wait times to see treatment effect.

• There remains significant unmet medical need for patients with CIDP. Although immunoglobulin therapy (IVIg, SCIg) is effective, it may be associated with significant side effects and complications such as severe headache, thromboembolism, and hemolysis. Corticosteroid therapy, though effective, has well-known serious adverse events (e.g., weight gain, hypertension, diabetes, and osteoporosis), especially with chronic use. The immunomodulatory therapies that may be used in CIDP are all associated with significant potential risks, including the possibility of malignancy and/or infection.

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• The main treatment goal of GD is to reduce thyroid hormone levels. There are three options available: surgery, RAI, and oral antithyroid drugs (“ATDs”). Surgery may lead to an immediate resolution of the hyperthyroidism, but it is associated with a number of complications, including parathyroid gland injury, which may lead to transient or persistent hypocalcemia, and damage of the laryngeal nerve. Treatment with RAI destroys the thyroid because ionizing radiation causes deoxyribonucleic acid damage. Recent data suggest an association between RAI radioiodine and several types of cancer. While ATDs are considered generally safe, their chronic use can be associated with hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis and bone marrow toxicity.

• Surgery is considered to be a treatment option in patients with a highly active disease who have been treated with corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapy but continue to have progressive disease. Because of its invasive nature, surgery is typically reserved for inactive disease.TEPEZZA® (teprotumumab), an anti-IGF-1R antibody, was approved for the treatment of TED in 2020. As reflected in the updated prescribing information for TEPEZZA, IGF-1R inhibition may be associated with hearing loss.

• Clinical data:

• In December 2023, we announced initial MAD results from the cohort of participants receiving a weekly subcutaneous dose of 600 mg in the Phase 1 clinical trial of IMVT-1402. After four weekly subcutaneous doses of IMVT-1402, we observed a statistically significant reduction of 74% from baseline in mean total IgG levels, similar to the 76% reduction in mean total IgG levels observed in the Phase 1 clinical trial of batoclimab after four weekly doses of 680 mg given subcutaneously. After four weekly subcutaneous doses of 600 mg IMVT-1402, no or minimal reductions in albumin and no or minimal increases in LDL cholesterol levels were observed, which were consistent with those receiving placebo.

• In December 2023, we reported an open-label Phase 2 proof-of-concept clinical trial of batoclimab in Graves’ disease. Subcutaneous doses of 680 mg of batoclimab administered in the initial cohort demonstrated potential best-in-class IgG reduction, up to 87%, with a mean IgG reduction of 81% after 12 weeks of treatment. The 340 mg IgG reductions were lower. This trial is ongoing.

• Development plan and upcoming milestones:

• For IMVT-1402, we are on track to initiate 4-5 potentially registrational programs by March 31, 2025, and, inclusive of these programs, plan to have initiated trials in 10 indications by March 31, 2026

• We expect to announce an overview of the development plan for IMVT-1402 in GD in the fall of calendar year 2024, supported by additional data from the batoclimab proof-of-concept study in GD that will be disclosed at the same time.

• We may transition our registrational development program for CIDP from batoclimab to IMVT-1402 and the pivotal study with IMVT-1402 in CIDP may be optimized based on unblinded batoclimab CIDP data available by March 31, 2025.

• We expect to report top-line data from the batoclimab MG study by March 31, 2025 with potentially registrational development for MG with IMVT-1402 expected to begin in the same timeframe.

• We expect top-line data from the Phase 3 pivotal trial of batoclimab as a treatment for TED and a decision regarding which asset to advance to registration to be available in the first half of calendar year 2025.

The below schematics show the trial designs for the ongoing batoclimab trials:

MG Phase 3 Trial Design (N ~ 210)

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CIDP Phase 2b Trial Design

GD Phase 2 Trial Design

A: Additional inclusion and exclusion criteria not listed

TED Phase 3 Trial Design

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• Roivant ownership:

• As of March 31, 2024 we own 55% of the issued and outstanding shares of Immunovant common stock and 49% on a fully diluted basis.

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Priovant Overview

• Overview:

• Priovant is developing brepocitinib, a potent small molecule inhibitor of TYK2 and JAK1, for the treatment of dermatomyositis (“DM”), non-infectious uveitis (“NIU”), and other immune-mediated diseases.

• Lead program:

• Brepocitinib is a potentially first-in-class, orally administered, small molecule inhibitor of TYK2 and JAK1 that suppresses signaling of TYK2- and JAK1-dependent cytokines linked to autoimmune disease, including type I and type II interferon, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-23.

• Disease overview:

• DM is a chronic, immune-mediated disease of the skin and muscles. Patients with DM usually present with a characteristic skin rash and proximal muscle weakness, which may lead to significant functional impairment or disfigurement. Patients with DM are at a substantially increased risk of interstitial lung disease, malignancy, and heart failure, contributing to an estimated 5-year mortality rate of 10-40%.

• NIU is an immune-mediated disease of the eye. Patients with NIU usually present with eye inflammation, which can manifest as eye pain, eye redness, light sensitivity, blurred vision, reduced vision, and/or floaters. Patients with NIU are at a substantially increased risk of blindness, contributing to approximately 10% of cases of blindness in the U.S.

• We estimate that there are approximately 37,000 adult DM patients and approximately 400,000 adult NIU patients in the US, including 70-100,000 adult non-anterior NIU patients.

• Limitations of current treatments:

• Corticosteroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (“DMARDs”), and immunosuppressants, administered alone or in combination, are traditional therapies for patients with DM and NIU. Many of these therapies are associated with significant toxicities and limited efficacy.

• For patients with DM who do not respond adequately to traditional therapies, IVIg (OCTAGAM 10%) is an important FDA-approved treatment. However, clinical trial data from the Phase 3 ProDERM study of IVIg in patients with DM and case reports from years of prior off-label use confirm that even with IVIg, many patients with DM continue to suffer from residual disease activity. Moreover, IVIg administration is burdensome, typically requiring several hours of infusion therapy for multiple days each month. IVIg also has a black box warning for serious risks, including thrombosis and kidney failure.

• For patients with NIU who do not respond adequately to traditional therapies, adalimumab (HUMIRA) administered subcutaneously, is the only FDA-approved modern treatment. NIU patients treated with HUMIRA have failure/relapse rates of approximately 50%, indicating a large unmet need for more efficacious treatment options.

• Clinical data:

• Brepocitinib has been evaluated in seven positive completed Phase 2 studies in immune-mediated diseases (alopecia areata, psoriatic arthritis, ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, Crohn’s disease and non-infectious uveitis). In the six placebo-controlled studies, treatment with brepocitinib was associated with statistically significant and clinically meaningful efficacy. In the Phase 2 NEPTUNE proof-of-concept study, brepocitinib demonstrated the best Treatment Failure rates observed to date among active NIU studies measuring this registrational endpoint.

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Study Population	N1	Brepocitinib Dose	Primary Endpoint Result	Statistical Significance
Alopecia Areata	942	30 mg once daily3	49.18 placebo-adjusted CFB in SALT Score at week 24	P < 0.00014
Psoriatic Arthritis Ulcerative Colitis Plaque Psoriasis	218 167 212	30 mg once daily 30 mg once daily 30 mg once daily	23.4% placebo-adjusted ACR20 RR at week 16 -2.28 placebo-adjusted CFB in Mayo Score at week 8 -10.1 placebo-adjusted CFB in PASI score at week 12	P = 0.0197 P = 0.0005 P < 0.0001
Hidradenitis Suppurativa Crohn’s Disease Non-infectious Uveitis	100 151 26	45 mg once daily5 60 mg once daily6 45 mg once daily	18.7% placebo-adjusted HiSCR Rate at week 16 21.4% placebo-adjusted SES-CD 50 Rate at week 12 29.4% Treatment Failure Rate at week 24	P = 0.02984 P = 0.00124

1. Overall study N represents patients randomized to all brepocitinib dose levels or placebo and excludes patients randomized to other agents.

2. Includes patients from initial 24-week study period only.

3. 60 mg once daily for 4 weeks followed by 30 mg once daily for 20 weeks.

4. One-sided p-value (pre-specified statistical analysis).

5. Brepocitinib 45 mg once daily was the only brepocitinib dose evaluated in this study.

6. Brepocitinib 60 mg once daily was the only brepocitinib dose evaluated in the induction period of this study.

The non-infectious uveitis study was conducted by Priovant; all other brepocitinib studies shown here were conducted by Pfizer.

ACR20: American College of Rheumatology 20% Improvement; RR: Response Rate; CFB: Change From Baseline; PASI: Psoriasis Area and Severity Index; SALT: Severity of Alopecia Tool; HiSCR: Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response; SES-CD: Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease

• Brepocitinib’s safety database includes over 1,400 exposed participants evaluated in completed and ongoing clinical studies. In these studies, brepocitinib was generally safe and well-tolerated, and rates of JAK class treatment-emergent adverse events (“TEAEs”) of interest were comparable to those observed in the development programs of approved JAK inhibitors. Collectively, these data suggest a safety profile that is similar to those of approved JAK inhibitors.

• In the Phase 2 NEPTUNE study of once-daily oral brepocitinib in NIU, the 45 mg results represented the best Treatment Failure rates observed to date among active NIU studies measuring this registrational endpoint. On the pre-specified primary efficacy endpoint of Treatment Failure at week 24, 29% of subjects receiving brepocitinib 45 mg and 44% of subjects receiving brepocitinib 15 mg met Treatment Failure criteria (lower failure rates reflect greater treatment benefit). The Treatment Failure rate from disease activity (discontinuations censored) was 18% in the brepocitinib 45 mg arm. All secondary efficacy endpoints were also positive and dose responsive, including measurements of potential benefit on prevention and treatment of uveitic macular edema. Brepocitinib was generally safe and well-tolerated in the study, with no new safety and tolerability signals identified.

• Brepocitinib has not been evaluated in DM to date. However, several FDA-approved JAK inhibitors have been clinically validated in DM patients refractory to standard-of-care therapies, as reported in more than 100 off-label case reports and in an open-label clinical trial. In addition, since DM pathobiology is driven by dysregulations in cytokines whose signaling is mediated by both TYK2 and JAK1, we believe that, with its unique dual inhibition of both TYK2 and JAK1, brepocitinib, as compared to inhibitors selective to either TYK2 or JAK1, has the potential to demonstrate superior clinical efficacy in DM.

• Development plan and upcoming milestones:

• Priovant is currently conducting a large randomized, controlled Phase 3 study of brepocitinib in patients with refractory dermatomyositis. This study will enroll approximately 225 subjects in total and will evaluate 15 mg and 30 mg of brepocitinib once-daily compared to placebo. The primary endpoint of this study is the mean Total Improvement Score (“TIS”), a validated myositis improvement index, at Week 52. Topline data is expected in calendar year 2025.

• Priovant is currently planning a Phase 3 study in non-infectious uveitis that is expected to initiate in the second half of calendar year 2024.

• Priovant is also evaluating brepocitinib for development in other orphan and specialty immune-mediated diseases.

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The below schematics show the trial designs for the ongoing DM Phase 3 trial:

Roivant ownership:

• As of March 31, 2024, we own 75% of the issued and outstanding shares of Priovant and 68% on a fully diluted basis.

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Kinevant Overview

• Overview:

• Kinevant is focused on developing namilumab for sarcoidosis and potentially other diseases.

• Lead program:

• Namilumab is a fully human anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibody with broad potential in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases being developed with potentially the least frequent dosing schedule among subcutaneous anti-GM-CSFs in Phase 2 clinical trial, with a single dose every four weeks after an initial loading period.

• Disease overview:

• Sarcoidosis is a multi-system inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of non-necrotizing granulomas believed to be formed by an exaggerated immune response to unidentified antigens. Sarcoidosis primarily affects the lungs and lymphatic system, though sarcoidosis may damage any organ. GM-CSF, a key pathogenic cytokine, has been implicated in multiple parts of the granulomatous response.

• Sarcoidosis affects approximately 200,000 people in the U.S., with over 90% of cases presenting with pulmonary involvement.

• An estimated 54% of pulmonary sarcoidosis patients are diagnosed, and approximately 90% of these patients receive some form of treatment. Market research with HCPs and third-party analysis of claims data suggest that approximately 25% of diagnosed and treated pulmonary sarcoidosis would be eligible for treatment with second-line or later therapy.

• Limitations of current treatments:

• Corticosteroids are the most widely used treatment for sarcoidosis, but they carry significant side effects when used longer-term. Second- and third-line treatment options, including immunosuppressive therapies and biologics, are limited by slow onset, safety risk, inconsistent effectiveness, and reimbursement challenges, leaving significant unmet medical need that could be met by a novel biologic.

• Clinical data:

• Early clinical data in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) and subsequent Phase 2 studies showed namilumab to be well-tolerated with a single subcutaneous injection given up to every four weeks.

• In a Phase 1 study of healthy volunteers with a single subcutaneous injection, namilumab was observed to be generally well-tolerated.

• In a Phase 2 trial in patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis conducted by Takeda, namilumab demonstrated decreased disease activity compared to placebo. In this trial, patients were given a subcutaneous injection of either 20, 80, or 150 mg of namilumab four times over a ten-week period. Over the 12-week study period, 14 of 27 (52%) subjects receiving placebo and 45 of 81 (56%) receiving namilumab experienced a treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE). The most common TEAEs were nasopharyngitis, dyspnea, bronchitis, and headache.

• Development plan and upcoming milestones:

• We have completed enrollment for a Phase 2 trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of namilumab in pulmonary sarcoidosis, with data expected in the fourth quarter of calendar year 2024.

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The below schematic shows the trial design for the Phase 2 trial in pulmonary sarcoidosis:

• Roivant ownership:

o As of March 31, 2024, we own 96% of the issued and outstanding common shares of Kinevant, and 90% on a fully diluted basis.

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Genevant Overview

• Overview:

• Genevant is a technology-focused nucleic acid delivery and development company with two delivery platforms—a lipid nanoparticle (“LNP”) platform and a ligand conjugate platform—an expansive intellectual property portfolio and deep scientific expertise, currently focused on partnering with other pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies to enable the development of nucleic acid therapeutics for unmet medical needs.

• Delivery platforms and patent portfolio:

• Genevant has two delivery platforms: LNP and ligand conjugate.

• LNP platform:

• Proven technology as demonstrated by head-to-head in vivo ionizable lipid study assessing LNP potency and immune stimulation.

• Clinically validated for hepatocyte and vaccine applications and in various stages of development for other traditionally hard-to-reach tissues and cell types, including lung, eye, central nervous system, and hepatic stellate and immune cells.

• Approximately 650 issued patents and pending patent applications as of March 31, 2024, including patents directed to:

• lipid structures, including cationic and PEG-lipids

• particle compositions, including commonly used ranges of lipid ratios for nucleic acid-containing particles

• nucleic acid-containing particles with certain structural characteristics

• mRNA-containing LNP formulations

• various aspects of our manufacturing process

• Ligand conjugate platform:

• Novel GalNAc ligands with demonstrated ability to deliver to the liver in preclinical studies.

• In preclinical head-to-head testing, demonstrated equal or better preclinical potency, assessed by duration and magnitude of knockdown, compared to a current industry benchmark.

• Applying delivery expertise to design novel extrahepatic ligands to expand therapeutic reach.

• Collaboration-based business model:

• Genevant seeks to partner with other pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies in the development of RNA therapeutics, crafting mutually beneficial collaborations that allow collaboration partners to access innovative technologies while providing Genevant the opportunity to leverage our expertise to expand the technology and its therapeutic application.

• Genevant uses its expertise in the delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics to develop optimal delivery systems for its collaborators’ identified payloads or target tissues.

• Genevant’s collaboration-based business model is to seek upfront payments, R&D reimbursements, milestones and royalties payment or profit sharing upon success, while also retaining certain rights in the delivery-related intellectual property developed in the context of the collaboration for potential use or out-licensing.

• Some current collaboration partners include Novo Nordisk, BioNTech, Takeda, Gritstone, Tome Biosciences, ST Pharm, Korro Bio, Chulalongkorn University (through its Vaccine Research Center) and Providence Therapeutics.

• Clinical and preclinical data:

• Genevant LNP technology has been in clinical testing in over a dozen distinct product candidates, representing hundreds of subjects of clinical experience.

• In a head-to-head study comparing multiple LNP formulations varying only the key ionizable lipid, Genevant’s current lead formulation outperformed third-party formulations. Our formulation showed superior potency and avoidance of immune stimulation relative to others.

• Genevant LNP technology is included in the first RNA-LNP product to receive FDA-approval, Alnylam’s Onpattro (patisiran).

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• IP litigation:

• In February 2022, Genevant and Arbutus jointly filed a complaint against Moderna in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware asserting infringement of six patents. In April 2024, the court in the Moderna case issued its claim construction (Markman) ruling, in which it agreed with Genevant and Arbutus’ proposed constructions for three of the four disputed terms. The court is expected to entertain requests to file summary judgment motions in late calendar year 2024 and a trial date has been set for April 2025.

• In April 2023, Genevant and Arbutus jointly filed a complaint against Pfizer and BioNTech in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey asserting infringement of five patents. The case is ongoing and a date for a claim construction (Markman) hearing has not been set.

• Roivant ownership:

• As of March 31, 2024, we own 83% of the issued and outstanding common shares of Genevant and 65% on a fully diluted basis.

Asset Acquisition and License Agreements; Other Vant Agreements

Dermavant

GSK and Welichem Agreements; Thermo Fisher Agreement

In July 2018, our subsidiary Dermavant Sciences GmbH (“DSG”) acquired the worldwide rights (other than for China) with respect to certain intellectual property rights retained by Welichem Biotech Inc. (“Welichem”) to VTAMA and related compounds from Glaxo Group Limited and GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property Development Ltd. (collectively, “GSK”) pursuant to an asset purchase agreement (the “GSK Agreement”). GSK previously acquired rights to a predecessor formulation of VTAMA from Welichem pursuant to an asset purchase agreement between GSK and Welichem entered into in May 2012 (the “Welichem Agreement”). Under the GSK Agreement, DSG made an upfront payment of £150.0 million (approximately $191 million) to GSK. The GSK Agreement does not require DSG to pay any royalties on sales of VTAMA following commercialization or make any commercial milestone payments, except for milestones owed to Welichem as described below.

Following the FDA approval of VTAMA in May 2022, DSG became obligated to pay a regulatory milestone to GSK of £100.0 million (approximately $126.0 million on the date of achievement) following the receipt of marketing approval of VTAMA in the U.S. The milestone was paid in July 2022. Additionally, the first sale of VTAMA in May 2022 resulted in the achievement of a milestone to Welichem of CAD$25.0 million (approximately $20.0 million on the date of achievement). The milestone was paid in August 2022.

In addition, under the GSK Agreement, DSG assumed all obligations under the Welichem Agreement, including initially up to CAD$180.0 million in potential development and commercial milestone payments, of which CAD$105.0 million have been achieved and paid as of March 31, 2024.

In August 2018, in connection with the GSK Agreement, DSG and GlaxoSmithKline Trading Services Limited (“GSK Trading”) entered into a clinical manufacturing and supply agreement (the “Clinical Supply Agreement”) for VTAMA pursuant to which DSG obtained an existing supply of VTAMA drug product and drug substance as well as additional supply of VTAMA drug product for clinical trials on a cost plus basis. As required under the GSK Agreement, in April 2019, DSG entered into a commercial manufacturing and supply agreement (the “Commercial Supply Agreement”) with GSK Trading to continue to provide certain quantities of VTAMA drug product and drug substance at agreed upon minimum quantities and price. The Commercial Supply Agreement commenced in April 2022 upon completion of certain quality and regulatory conditions. In July 2022, DSG and GSK entered into a Partial Termination and Supplementary Fee Agreement relating to the Clinical Supply Agreement and Commercial Supply Agreement, which amended the terms of the Clinical Supply Agreement and the Commercial Supply Agreement (the “GSK Amendment”). The GSK Amendment released GSK Trading from certain commitments to supply VTAMA and released DSG from certain commitments to purchase VTAMA in exchange for a supplementary fee. Other supply and purchase commitments under the Clinical Supply Agreement and the Commercial Supply Agreement remain in effect and were not impacted by the GSK Amendment.

In addition, in July 2022, DSG and Thermo Fisher Scientific (“TFS”) entered into a Master Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement, under which TFS will provide a supply of VTAMA to DSG at an agreed upon price.

Collaboration and License Agreement with Japan Tobacco Inc.

In January 2020, DSG entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Japan Tobacco Inc. (“Japan Tobacco”) (the “Japan Tobacco Agreement”). Pursuant to the Japan Tobacco Agreement, DSG granted Japan Tobacco exclusive rights to develop, register and market tapinarof in Japan for the treatment of dermatological diseases and conditions, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In connection with the Japan Tobacco Agreement, Japan Tobacco has signed an exclusive license with its subsidiary, Torii, for co-development and commercialization of tapinarof in Japan.

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Under the Japan Tobacco Agreement, DSG has received (i) an upfront payment of $60.0 million in January 2020 and (ii) payments of $10.0 million and $15.0 million in December 2021 and September 2023, respectively, related to development milestones that were achieved, and DSG may receive up to an additional $28.0 million upon the achievement of certain development milestones for tapinarof in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In addition, DSG will be entitled to tiered purchase prices specified in the Japan Tobacco Agreement in consideration of DSG’s commercial supply of tapinarof to Japan Tobacco under the terms of a separate commercial supply agreement entered into between the parties in February 2024. DSG also has the right to receive royalties, to be negotiated by the parties and consistent with the purchase prices, based on product sales of tapinarof in the indications to the extent that DSG is no longer responsible for supplying tapinarof to Japan Tobacco.

The Japan Tobacco Agreement will remain in effect until expiration of the obligation to pay royalties, unless terminated in accordance with the following: (1) for any reason by Japan Tobacco upon written notice to DSG, which notice must be provided (x) at least 90 days in advance, if the termination is prior to regulatory approval of tapinarof in Japan for any dermatological disease or condition, and (y) at least 180 days in advance, if the termination is subsequent to regulatory approval of tapinarof in Japan for any dermatological disease or condition; (2) by either party upon written notice for the other party’s material breach if such party fails to cure such breach within the specified cure period; or (3) by DSG if Japan Tobacco or its affiliates or sublicenses participate in a challenge to certain of our patents.

Dermavant Financing Agreements—Funding Agreement with NovaQuest

In connection with Dermavant’s acquisition of tapinarof from GSK pursuant to the GSK Agreement, Dermavant and NovaQuest Co-Investment Fund VIII, L.P., an affiliate of NovaQuest Capital Management, LLC (“NovaQuest”) entered into a funding agreement (the “NovaQuest Agreement”). Pursuant to the NovaQuest Agreement, Dermavant borrowed $100.0 million in August 2018 and $17.5 million in October 2018.

In exchange for the $117.5 million in total funding from NovaQuest, Dermavant agreed to make fixed payments to NovaQuest under the NovaQuest Agreement upon regulatory approval of tapinarof. For each of the atopic dermatitis and psoriasis indications, Dermavant is required to make quarterly payments to NovaQuest totaling $176.3 million per indication over a six-year period following regulatory approval of tapinarof for the applicable indication in the U.S. In the event that Dermavant receives regulatory approval for one indication, and Dermavant terminates the development of the other indication for any reason other than a Technical Failure (as defined below), then Dermavant will be required to make the above-referenced quarterly payments to NovaQuest up to $440.6 million over a 15-year period for the approved indication (the “15-Year Payments”). A Technical Failure is deemed to occur for an indication if the development program for such indication is terminated due to (1) significant safety concerns, (2) material adverse developments or (3) the receipt by Dermavant of a complete response letter or a final non-approval letter from the FDA is expected to result in significant delay or cost to reach commercialization for the applicable indication. In addition, Dermavant is required to make up to $141.0 million in payments to NovaQuest upon achievement of certain commercial milestones. In the event that Dermavant is required to start making the 15-Year Payments, then Dermavant has the right to offset such amounts by up to $88.1 million of the commercial milestone payments, with such offset being applied to the quarterly payments in reverse chronological order (such that the final quarterly payments owed will be used first to offset the commercial milestone payments). The NovaQuest Agreement does not contain any royalty payment requirements on commercialization of tapinarof. Upon receiving FDA approval for the psoriasis indication, Dermavant made its first quarterly payment of $7.3 million under the NovaQuest Agreement in May 2022 and has made cumulative quarterly payments totaling $58.8 million as of March 31, 2024.

In May 2024, Dermavant entered into an amendment to the NovaQuest Agreement as part of a renegotiation of its existing debt obligations. For more information, see “Item 9B. Other Information.”

Dermavant Financing Agreements—Dermavant Revenue Interest Purchase and Sale Agreement

In May 2021, DSG, as seller, entered into a Revenue Interest Purchase and Sale Agreement (the “RIPSA”) with XYQ Luxco, NovaQuest Co-Investment Fund XVII, L.P., an affiliate of NovaQuest, and MAM Tapir Lender, LLC, an affiliate of Marathon Asset Management, L.P. (collectively, the “Purchasers”), together with U.S. Bank National Association, as collateral agent.

In June 2022, following satisfaction of the funding conditions set forth in the RIPSA, including receipt of marketing approval from the FDA for VTAMA (received in May 2022), the Purchasers paid DSG a total of $160.0 million in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in the RIPSA (the “Purchase Price”). In consideration therefor, each of the Purchasers has the right to receive a low single-digit to high single-digit tiered percentage of quarterly revenues based on the achievement of specified net sales thresholds for VTAMA in the U.S., up to a cap of $344.0 million. Payments of such quarterly revenues to the Purchasers under the RIPSA are secured by a security interest in certain VTAMA-related assets, including intellectual property rights and certain other assets that are owned by, licensed to or otherwise controlled by DSG related to the development and commercialization of VTAMA.

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The RIPSA contains certain representations and warranties and covenants applicable to DSL and its subsidiaries. The RIPSA also contains certain Events of Default (as defined in the RIPSA) such as the breach of payment and other obligations, bankruptcy-related events and cross-defaults with respect to other related documents and agreements creating indebtedness. The occurrence of an Event of Default following the Purchasers’ funding of the Purchase Price triggers DSG’s obligation to pay an Event of Default Fee (as defined in the RIPSA) of $160.0 million, less revenue payments previously paid, as liquidated damages.

In May 2024, Dermavant entered into an amendment to the RIPSA as part of a renegotiation of its existing debt obligations. For more information, see “Item 9B. Other Information.”

Dermavant Financing Agreements—Dermavant Credit Agreement with XYQ Luxco

In May 2021, our subsidiaries Dermavant Sciences Ltd. (“DSL”), Dermavant Holdings Limited, Dermavant Sciences IRL Limited and DSG, as borrowers (the “Borrowers”), and certain other subsidiaries of DSL, as initial guarantors, entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with XYQ Luxco, as lender, and U.S. Bank National Association, as collateral agent. The Credit Agreement provides for a term loan of $40.0 million (the “Term Loan”), the proceeds of which were used by the Borrowers to repay in full and terminate a then-existing credit facility with Hercules Capital Inc., with the remaining proceeds to be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

The Term Loan bears interest at a fixed interest rate of 10.0% per annum, with interest paid quarterly in arrears until maturity in May 2026, at which time the principal amount is due. The Borrowers have the option to prepay the Term Loan in whole or in part, subject to, until May 2025, a prepayment premium of 2.5% of the principal amount being repaid. From May 2025 through maturity, the Term Loan may be prepaid in whole or in part without a prepayment premium. Optional and mandatory prepayment of the Term Loan, as well as other forms of prepayment, repayment, applications or reductions, will also require that DSL pays an Exit Fee (as defined in the Credit Agreement), calculated based on the amount so prepaid, repaid, applied or reduced.

The Borrowers’ obligations under the Credit Agreement are unconditionally guaranteed by the initial guarantors and secured by first priority security interests in substantially all of the tangible and intangible assets of the Borrowers and guarantors, including certain intellectual property rights, bank accounts, any and all insurance receivables, intercompany receivables and/or trade receivables and certain quotas and/or participation rights.

The Credit Agreement contains certain representations and warranties, affirmative covenants, negative covenants and conditions that are customarily required for similar financings, including a covenant against the occurrence of a “change in control” (subject to the Borrowers’ right to prepay the Term Loan), financial reporting obligations and certain limitations on indebtedness, liens (including on intellectual property and other assets), investments, distributions (including dividends), collateral, transfers, mergers or acquisitions, taxes, corporate changes and deposit accounts.

The Credit Agreement contains a minimum cash covenant that requires the initial Borrowers and the guarantors thereunder to maintain a minimum cash balance of $10.0 million until the earlier of (a) a Qualified IPO (as defined in the Credit Agreement), (b) an Ultimate Parent Spinout (as defined in the Credit Agreement), and (c) the date that XYQ Luxco, in its capacity as a purchaser under the RIPSA, has received cumulative payments from DSG under the RIPSA in an aggregate amount equal to its pro rata portion of the funding amount thereunder. The Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default (subject, in certain instances, to specified grace periods) including, but not limited to, the failure to make payments of interest, premium, fees, indemnity or principal under the Term Loan, the failure to comply with certain covenants and agreements specified in the Credit Agreement, defaults in respect of certain other indebtedness and certain events relating to bankruptcy or insolvency. If any event of default occurs, the principal, premium, if any, interest and any other monetary obligations on all the then outstanding amounts under the Term Loan may become due and payable immediately. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, a default interest rate of an additional 2% per year may be applied to the outstanding principal balance, and the lender may declare all outstanding obligations immediately due and payable and take such other actions as set forth in the Credit Agreement. Upon the occurrence of certain bankruptcy and insolvency events, the obligations under the Credit Agreement would automatically become due and payable.

On the closing date of the Term Loan and in accordance with the Credit Agreement, DSL issued to XYQ Luxco a warrant to purchase an aggregate of 1,199,072 common shares of DSL. The warrant is exercisable at any time until the earlier of (x) seven years from the date of issuance and (y) three years from the closing of an underwritten initial public offering of DSL’s common shares pursuant to an effective registration statement. The warrant includes customary registration rights and customary anti-dilution provisions for the common shares underlying the warrant in respect of certain corporate events (including share splits, share combinations, share dividends and other recapitalization transactions).

In May 2024, Dermavant entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement as part of a renegotiation of its existing debt obligations. For more information, see “Item 9B. Other Information.”

Immunovant

License Agreement with HanAll Biopharma Co., Ltd.

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In December 2017, our wholly owned subsidiary, Roivant Sciences GmbH (“RSG”), entered into a license agreement with HanAll Biopharma Co., Ltd. (“HanAll”) (the “HanAll Agreement”). Under the HanAll Agreement, RSG received (1) the non-exclusive right to manufacture and (2) the exclusive, royalty-bearing right to (a) develop, import and use (i) the antibody referred to as batoclimab, (ii) certain back-up and next-generation antibodies (including IMVT-1402), and (iii) products containing such antibodies, and (b) to commercialize such products, in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, the E.U., the U.K., Switzerland, the Middle East, North Africa and Latin America (the “HanAll Licensed Territory”), for all human and animal uses. RSG also received the right to grant a sublicense, with prior written notice to HanAll of such sublicense, to: (1) a third party in any country in the HanAll Licensed Territory outside of the U.S. and E.U.; (2) an affiliate of RSG in any country in the HanAll Licensed Territory; and (3) a third party in the U.S. and E.U. only after submission of a Biologics License Application (“BLA”) in the U.S. or a Marketing Authorization Application in the E.U. Pursuant to the HanAll Agreement, RSG granted to HanAll an exclusive, royalty-free license under certain RSG patents, know-how and other intellectual property controlled by RSG relating to such antibodies and products to develop, manufacture and commercialize such antibodies and products for use outside of the HanAll Licensed Territory. HanAll also reserves the right to conduct discovery or research activities with the batoclimab antibody, and certain back-up and next-generation antibodies (including IMVT-1402), with or through a contract research organization or service provider in the HanAll Licensed Territory.

In December 2018, Immunovant Sciences GmbH, (“ISG”) obtained and assumed all rights, title, interest and obligations under the HanAll Agreement from RSG, including all rights to IMVT-1402 and batoclimab in the HanAll Licensed Territory, for an aggregate purchase price of $37.8 million.

Pursuant to the HanAll Agreement, ISG was obligated to reimburse HanAll for half of certain specified research and development expenses incurred by HanAll, up to an aggregate reimbursement amount of $20.0 million, which obligation has since expired. As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, ISG did not have any additional amounts payable to HanAll for research and development costs incurred and reported to it pursuant to the HanAll Agreement.

During the quarter ended June 30, 2023, ISG achieved its third and fourth development and regulatory milestones under the HanAll Agreement of $12.5 million, combined, which was paid during the quarter ended September 30, 2023. ISG will be responsible for future contingent payments and royalties, including up to an aggregate of $420.0 million (after an aggregate amount of $32.5 million paid for milestone events achieved as of March 31, 2024) upon the achievement of certain regulatory and sales milestone events. ISG is also obligated to pay HanAll tiered royalties ranging from the mid-single digits to mid-teens percentage of net sales of licensed products, subject to standard offsets and reductions as set forth in the HanAll Agreement. These royalty obligations apply on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis and end upon the latest of: (A) the date on which the last valid claim of the licensed patents expire, (B) the date on which the data or market exclusivity expires or (C) 11 years after the first commercial sale of the licensed product, in each case, with respect to a given product in a given country.

Except for cost-sharing in connection with the research program, ISG is solely responsible, at its expense, for all other activities related to the research, development and commercialization of licensed products for the HanAll Licensed Territory. ISG may use a third party for manufacturing activities necessary for the research, development and commercialization of licensed products for the HanAll Licensed Territory. In addition, under the HanAll Agreement, ISG has agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize licensed products in the HanAll Licensed Territory. Each party has agreed that neither it nor certain of its affiliates will clinically develop or commercialize certain competitive products in the Licensed Territory.

Under the HanAll Agreement, ISG has the sole right, but not the obligation, to control the prosecution, defense and enforcement of the licensed patents in the HanAll Licensed Territory, and HanAll has backup rights to prosecution, defense and enforcement with respect to any licensed patents for which ISG elects not to exercise such rights.

The HanAll Agreement will expire on a product-by-product basis on the expiration of the last royalty term with respect to a given licensed product, unless earlier terminated. ISG may terminate the HanAll Agreement in its entirety without cause upon 180 days’ written notice following 30 days of discussion. Either party may terminate the HanAll Agreement upon 60 days’ written notice for uncured material breach (or 30 days in the case of non-payment), or immediately upon written notice if the other party files a voluntary petition, is subject to a substantiated involuntary petition or for certain other solvency events. HanAll may terminate the HanAll Agreement if ISG or its affiliates challenge the validity or enforceability of any of the licensed patents.

Product Service Agreement and Master Services Agreement

On November 17, 2021, ISG entered into a Product Service Agreement (“PSA”) with Samsung Biologics Co., Ltd. (“Samsung”), pursuant to which Samsung will manufacture and supply ISG with batoclimab drug substance for commercial sale, if approved, and perform other manufacturing-related services with respect to batoclimab. ISG previously entered in a Master Services Agreement (“MSA”) with Samsung, dated April 30, 2021, which governs certain terms of its relationship with Samsung. Upon execution of the PSA, ISG committed to purchase process performance qualification batches of batoclimab and pre-approval inspection batches of batoclimab which may be used for regulatory submissions and, pending regulatory approval, commercial sale. In addition to these, since ISG did not exercise an early termination right prior to its expiration in January 2024, ISG has an additional minimum obligation to purchase additional batches of batoclimab in the four-year period of 2026 through 2029.

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The PSA will continue until the later of December 31, 2029 or the completion of the services thereunder, unless the PSA is terminated earlier. Either party may terminate the PSA on account of (i) the other party’s material breach of the PSA that is not cured within a specified period after the termination notice, (ii) the other party’s insolvency or bankruptcy or (iii) certain force majeure events. The remaining minimum purchase commitment related to this agreement was estimated to be approximately $46.2 million as of March 31, 2024.

Priovant

License and Collaboration Agreement with Pfizer, Inc.

In September 2021, our subsidiary Priovant Therapeutics, Inc. (“Priovant”) entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Pfizer (the “Pfizer-Priovant License Agreement”). Pursuant to the Pfizer-Priovant License Agreement, Pfizer granted Priovant (i) an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable, royalty-bearing license under certain patents and (ii) a non-exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable, royalty-bearing license under certain know-how, in each case, to develop, manufacture and commercialize brepocitinib and TYK2 compounds and products incorporating such compounds for all human and animal uses. In exchange for Pfizer’s inventory of these compounds, Priovant paid Pfizer $10.0 million. Priovant also granted back to Pfizer (i) an exclusive, sublicensable, royalty-bearing license under certain patents and (ii) a non-exclusive, sublicensable, royalty-bearing license under certain know-how, in each case, to commercialize (x) brepocitinib and products incorporating such compound outside of the U.S. and Japan, and (y) TYK2 compounds and products incorporating such compound outside of the U.S., in each case for all human and animal uses.

Priovant is obligated to pay Pfizer a mid tens-of-millions sales milestone payment if aggregate net sales of its licensed products in Priovant’s territory in a given year exceed a mid hundreds-of-millions amount. Pfizer is obligated to pay Priovant a low tens-of-millions milestone payment if aggregate net sales of its licensed products outside of Priovant’s territory in a given year exceed a mid hundreds-of-millions amount.

Priovant is obligated to pay Pfizer a tiered, sub-teens royalty on aggregate net sales of its licensed products in Priovant’s territory. Pfizer is obligated to pay Priovant a tiered high single-digit to sub-teens royalty on aggregate net sales of its licensed products outside of Priovant’s territory. Each of Priovant’s and Pfizer’s royalty obligations apply on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis and end upon the expiration of a customary royalty term, which is the latest of (a) a certain amount of years following the first commercial sale of the applicable products in the applicable country, (b) the date on which the regulatory exclusivity provided by the applicable government authority for the applicable products in that country expires and (c) the date upon which the use, sale, offer for sale or importation of such product in such country would no longer be covered by a valid claim of a licensed product right. Either party may terminate for the other party’s uncured breach and Priovant has the right to terminate for convenience.

Genevant

Cross-License Agreement with Arbutus Biopharma Corporation

In April 2018, our subsidiary, Genevant Sciences Ltd. (together with its subsidiaries, “Genevant”), entered into a cross-license agreement with our affiliate, Arbutus Biopharma Corporation (“Arbutus”), which the parties amended twice in June 2018 (as amended, the “Arbutus Cross-License Agreement”). Pursuant to the Arbutus Cross-License Agreement Arbutus granted Genevant an exclusive, sublicensable, worldwide, transferable, irrevocable and perpetual license under certain patents and know-how relating to Arbutus’s lipid nanoparticle and GaINAc technology for RNA-based applications other than hepatitis B virus (“HBV”), and certain other excluded fields. The license is subject to certain rights which have previously been licensed by Arbutus to other third parties. Under the Arbutus Cross-License Agreement, Genevant granted back to Arbutus an exclusive, sublicensable, worldwide, irrevocable, perpetual, royalty-free license under the intellectual property licensed under the Arbutus Cross-License Agreement and certain intellectual property acquired by Genevant after the effective date of the Arbutus Cross-License Agreement for applications involving the treatment and prevention of HBV.

Genevant is obligated to pay Arbutus tiered low single-digit percentage royalties on sales of products covered by the licensed patents. If Genevant sublicenses intellectual property licensed from Arbutus or collaborates with any third-party to develop, manufacture or commercialize any products covered by the intellectual property licensed by Arbutus, it will be required to pay Arbutus the lesser of (i) up to 20% of the Royalty-Related Receipts (as defined in the Arbutus Cross-License Agreement) received by Genevant from such sublicensees or collaborators and (ii) tiered low single-digit royalties on net sales by sublicensees. Genevant’s royalty obligations apply on a product-by-product, country-by-country basis and end on the date on which the last valid claim of the licensed patents in such country that covers such licensed product expires. The patents and pending patent applications, if granted, currently licensed under the Arbutus Cross-License Agreement begin to expire as early as 2023, ending as late as 2039, without giving effect to any potential patent term extensions or patent term adjustments. Unless earlier terminated based on customary termination rights, the Arbutus Cross-License Agreement will continue until the expiration of Genevant’s royalty obligations.

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In December 2021, Arbutus and Genevant Sciences GmbH, as an assignee of Genevant, entered into the third amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Arbutus Cross License Agreement, which, among other things, clarified the treatment of proceeds received by Genevant from an action for infringement by any third parties of Arbutus’s intellectual property licensed to Genevant. In such an infringement action, Arbutus would be entitled to receive, after deduction of litigation costs, 20% of the proceeds received by Genevant or, if less, tiered low single-digit royalties on net sales of the infringing product (inclusive of the proceeds from litigation or settlement, which would be treated as net sales). The Amendment also clarified that, if a third party sublicensee of intellectual property licensed by Genevant from Arbutus commercializes a sublicensed product, Arbutus becomes entitled to receive a specified percentage of certain revenue that may be received by Genevant for such sublicense, including royalties, commercial milestones and other sales related revenue, or, if less, tiered low single-digit royalties on net sales of the sublicensed product. The specified percentage is 20% in the case of a mere sublicense (i.e., naked sublicense) by Genevant without additional contribution and 14% in the case of a bona fide collaboration with Genevant.

Intellectual Property

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for current and future products and product candidates, technologies and know-how; to operate without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the proprietary rights of others; and to prevent others from infringing our proprietary rights. Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, filing or in-licensing U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications related to our proprietary technology, inventions and improvements that are important to the development and implementation of our business. We may also rely on trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and potential in-licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary position.

The patent positions of companies like us are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. No consistent policy regarding the scope of claims allowable in patents in the fields of genetic therapy, cell therapy, biologics or pharmaceutical products generally has emerged in the U.S. or in Europe, among other countries. Changes in the patent laws and rules, either by legislation, judicial decisions, or regulatory interpretation in other countries may diminish our ability to protect our inventions and enforce our intellectual property rights, and more generally could affect the value of our intellectual property. In particular, our ability to stop third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell, importing or otherwise commercializing any of our patented inventions, either directly or indirectly, will depend in part on our success in obtaining, defending and enforcing patent claims that cover our technology, inventions, and improvements. We cannot be sure that any patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent applications or with respect to any patent applications filed by us in the future, nor can we be sure that any of our existing patents or any patents that may be granted to us in the future will be commercially useful in protecting our product candidates and technology. Moreover, our issued patents and those that may issue in the future may not guarantee us the right to practice our technology in relation to the commercialization of our product candidates or technology. The area of patents and other intellectual property rights in biotechnology is an evolving one with many risks and uncertainties, which may prevent us from commercializing our current and future products and product candidates and practicing our proprietary technology.

Our issued patents and those that may issue in the future may be challenged, narrowed, circumvented or invalidated, which could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing related products or technologies or limit the length of the term of patent protection that we may have for our current and future products and product candidates and technologies. In addition, the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with complete protection or competitive advantages against competitors or other third parties with similar technology. Furthermore, our competitors may independently develop similar technologies that achieve similar outcomes but with different approaches. For these reasons, we may have competition for our product candidates. Moreover, the time required for development, testing and regulatory review of our product candidates may shorten the length of effective patent protection following commercialization. For this and other risks related to our proprietary technology, inventions, improvements, platforms and product candidates, please see the section entitled “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Roivant’s Business and Industry—Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property.”

Patents and Patent Applications

Dermavant

As of March 31, 2024, DSG is the exclusive owner of patent families that include 13 issued U.S. patents and 8 pending U.S. and Patent Cooperation Treaty (“PCT”) patent applications, as well as 99 issued patents and more than 72 pending patent applications in other jurisdictions, including the European Union and Japan, relating to VTAMA, the synthesis of VTAMA, intermediates made in the synthesis, the drug substance crystal form, topical formulations of VTAMA and uses thereof in certain diseases and disorders.

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 One of these patent families is directed to the topical formulation of VTAMA, and its use to treat plaque psoriasis, for which VTAMA has received FDA approval, as well as its use to treat atopic dermatitis, which has been evaluated in Phase 3 clinical trials, which includes a family of patents and patent applications in the U.S. and major foreign jurisdictions that has a natural expiration date in 2036, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustments or extensions and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees. Within this patent family, we have issued four formulation patents in the U.S. with claims directed to topical, homogeneous, oil-in-water micro-emulsions, including VTAMA, containing tapinarof (the active ingredient in VTAMA), an oil phase, a surfactant and other specific ingredients. DSG also owns two issued patents in the U.S. covering methods of using the patented formulations to treat inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Like the formulation patents, the method-of-use patents have a natural expiration date in 2036 in the U.S., without taking into account any possible patent term adjustments or extensions and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity or other governmental fees. Foreign counterpart formulation and method-of-use patents are both issued and pending, and the issued counterparts also have a natural expiration date in 2036, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustments or extensions and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees.

DSG also owns two drug substance (“DS”) patents in the U.S. covering the high purity crystal form of VTAMA, as DS, the DS synthesis and several novel intermediates that are formed in the synthesis. The DS patents have a natural expiration date in 2038 assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees and without taking into account any possible patent term adjustments or extensions. DSG has also filed foreign counterpart DS applications that are both issued and pending in foreign jurisdictions and the issued counterparts similarly have a natural expiration date in 2038, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustments or extensions and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees. DSG also owns a method-of-use patent in the U.S. covering the method of treating mild to severe plaque psoriasis by topically administering VTAMA to achieve treatment success as measured by psoriasis PGA scores. This patent expires in 2039, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustments or extensions and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity or other governmental fees. Finally, DSG owns two method-of-use patents in the U.S. covering the method of treating mild to severe atopic dermatitis by topically administering VTAMA to achieve treatment success as measured by psoriasis IGA scores. These patents expire in 2039 assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity or other governmental fees and without taking into account any possible patent term adjustments or extensions.

Anti-FcRn Franchise

Following ISG’s assumption of all rights, title, interest and obligations under the HanAll Agreement from RSG in December 2018, by virtue of the license of patent rights under the HanAll Agreement, ISG is the exclusive licensee of certain patents, patent applications and know-how directed to batoclimab, IMVT-1402 and certain back-up and next-generation antibodies, and products containing such antibodies, in the HanAll Licensed Territory. As of May 22, 2024, the in-licensed patent portfolio includes a patent family covering batoclimab with pending patent applications and/or issued patent(s) in the U.S., Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, European Patent Office, Egypt, Israel, Mexico and Saudi Arabia. This in-licensed patent family was filed in 2015 and discloses anti-FcRn antibodies, including batoclimab, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, methods of treating autoimmune disease using the same, polynucleotides encoding such antibodies, expression vectors including such polynucleotides, host cells transfected with such recombinant expression vectors, methods of manufacturing such antibodies and methods of detecting FcRn in vivo or in vitro using such antibodies. Notably, in this in-licensed patent family, a U.S. patent was issued on July 2, 2019, with claims directed to batoclimab as defined by its CDRs and epitope or antigen-binding fragment thereof, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising such antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. Furthermore, another U.S. patent was issued in this in-licensed patent family on January 28, 2020, with claims directed to batoclimab as defined by its CDRs or antigen-binding fragment thereof, a pharmaceutical composition comprising such antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, as well as methods of treating various autoimmune diseases using such antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, polynucleotides and expression vectors encoding the same, host cells transfected with such expression vectors and methods of producing such antibody or antigen-binding fragment. A further patent was issued in the U.S. on March 28, 2023 with claims to an isolated anti-FcRn antibody other than batoclimab or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, a pharmaceutical composition comprising such antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, as well as methods of treating various autoimmune diseases using such antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, polynucleotides and expression vectors encoding the same, host cells transfected with such expression vectors and methods of preparing such antibody or antigen-binding fragment. A European patent in this family was issued on May 10, 2023 with claims directed to batoclimab as defined by its heavy and light chain variable sequences. There are also issued patents in this family in Brazil, Canada, Israel, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia. In this family, applications are pending in Argentina, Mexico, the U.S. and in Europe. The patents of this patent family may expire in 2035, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extension and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees.

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In addition, the in-licensed patent portfolio includes another patent family that discloses a pharmaceutical formulation for an anti-FcRn antibody. This patent family includes pending applications in the U.S., and in Europe, Israel, Canada, Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, and any patent issued in this patent family may expire in 2041, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extension and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees.

Additionally, as of May 22, 2024, independent of the licensed patent portfolio, ISG owns patent families directed to methods of treating thyroid eye disease (Graves’ ophthalmopathy) and methods of treating warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia using anti-FcRn antibodies that include patent applications in the U.S. as well as foreign counterparts in certain jurisdictions. Any patent issued from these patent families may expire in 2039 and 2040, respectively, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extension and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees.

ISG jointly owns rights with HanAll to a patent family covering IMVT-1402 and its uses to treat autoimmune disease. A PCT application is pending in this family. Notably, in this patent family, a U.S. patent was issued on March 12, 2024, with claims directed to IMVT-1402 as defined by its CDRs, a pharmaceutical composition comprising such antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, and methods of treating an autoimmune disease using such antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. The patents of this patent family may expire in 2043, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extension and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees.

ISG also owns PCT applications directed to methods of treating Graves’ Disease and methods of treating Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy using anti-FcRn antibodies including IMVT-1402 and batoclimab. Any patent issued from these patent families may expire in 2043, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extension and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees.

ISG also owns a PCT application directed to high concentration protein formulations with polysorbate excipients and methods of making the same. Any patent issued from this patent family may expire in 2044, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extension and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees.

ISG also owns a U.S. provisional application directed to methods of improving anti-FcRn therapies, which describes specific dosing regimens for IMVT-1402. Any patent issued from this patent family may expire in 2044, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extension and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees. For information regarding ISG’s license agreement with HanAll, please see “—Asset Acquisitions and License Arrangements.”

Priovant

As of March 31, 2024, Priovant Therapeutics, Inc. has (1) exclusively licensed rights to six patent families for brepocitinib containing at least 172 issued patents and 65 pending patent applications in the U.S. and other jurisdictions, including the European Union and Japan, with claims covering a composition of matter, a crystalline form, a topical formulation, a process for making brepocitinib, a treatment of hidradenitis, a dosage regimen for treatment of hidradenitis and treatment of dermatomyositis with brepocitinib. These patents and pending applications, if issued, are expected to expire as early as 2035, in each case without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extensions and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees, and (2) exclusively licensed rights to three patent families for ropsacitinib containing at least 126 issued patents and 25 pending patent applications in the U.S. and other jurisdictions, including the European Union and Japan, with claims covering a composition of matter, a treatment of hidradenitis and a crystalline form. These patents and pending applications, if issued, are expected to expire as early as 2037, in each case without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extensions and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees.

Genevant

As of March 31, 2024, we own or co-own 19 patent families containing 38 issued patents and 111 pending patent applications in the U.S., European Union and numerous other jurisdictions, including claims relating to lipid nanoparticle delivery technology, polymers and nucleic acid delivery constructs. These patents and pending applications, if issued, are expected to expire between 2029 and 2044, in each case without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extensions and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity or other governmental fees.

As of March 31, 2024, we have licensed 35 patent families containing 481 issued patents and 269 pending patent applications in the U.S., European Union and numerous other jurisdictions, including claims relating to delivery systems. These patents and pending applications, if issued, are expected to expire between July 2024 and 2039, in each case without taking into account any possible patent term adjustment or extensions and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity or other governmental fees.

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Trade Secrets

In addition to our reliance on patent protection for our inventions, product candidates and research programs, we also rely on trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and potential in-licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, using confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our commercial partners, collaborators, employees and consultants. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements, to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed through a relationship with an employee or a third party. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors or other third parties. As a result, we may not be able to meaningfully protect our trade secrets. For more information regarding the risks related to our intellectual property, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Roivant’s Business and Industry—Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property.”

Government Regulation

Government authorities in the U.S. at the federal, state and local level and in other countries regulate, among other things, the research, development, manufacture, testing, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of drug and biological products, as well as diagnostics, and any future product candidates. Generally, before a new drug, biologic or diagnostic can be marketed, considerable data demonstrating its quality, safety and efficacy must be obtained, organized into a format specific for each regulatory authority, submitted for review and approved, authorized, or cleared by the applicable regulatory authority.

U.S. Government Regulation of Drug and Biological Products

In the U.S., the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (the “FDCA”) and its implementing regulations and biologics under the FDCA and the Public Health Service Act (the “PHSA”), and their implementing regulations. Both drugs and biologics also are subject to other federal, state and local statutes and regulations, such as those related to competition. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, and local statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or following approval may subject an applicant to administrative actions or judicial sanctions. These actions and sanctions could include, among other actions, the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, license revocation, a clinical hold, untitled or warning letters, voluntary or mandatory product recalls or market withdrawals, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement, debarment from producing or marketing drug products or biologics, disqualification from conducting research, and civil or criminal fines or penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on our business, the market acceptance of our products and our reputation.

Our product candidates must be approved by the FDA through either an NDA or a BLA process before they may be legally marketed in the U.S. The process generally involves the following:

• completion of extensive preclinical studies in accordance with applicable regulations, including studies conducted in accordance with GLP requirements;

• submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin;

• approval by an IRB, or independent ethics committee at each clinical trial site before each human trial may be initiated;

• performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with applicable IND regulations and requirements, GCP requirements and other clinical trial-related regulations to establish the safety and efficacy of the investigational product for each proposed indication;

• submission to the FDA of an NDA or BLA;

• a determination by the FDA within 60 days of its receipt of an NDA or BLA to accept the filing for review;

• satisfactory completion of one or more FDA pre-approval inspections of the manufacturing facility or facilities where the drug or biologic will be produced to assess compliance with cGMP requirements to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug or biologic’s identity, strength, quality and purity;

• potential FDA inspection of the clinical trial sites that generated the data in support of the NDA or BLA and/or us as the sponsor;

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• payment of user fees for FDA review of the NDA or BLA (unless a fee waiver applies);

• agreement with FDA on the final labeling for the product and the design and implementation of any required REMS; and

• FDA review and approval of the NDA or BLA, including consideration of the views of any FDA advisory committee, prior to any commercial marketing or sale of the drug or biologic in the U.S.

The preclinical and clinical testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and the regulatory scheme for drugs and biologics is evolving and subject to change at any time. We cannot be certain that any approvals for our product candidates will be granted on a timely basis, or at all.

 Preclinical Studies

Before testing any drug or biological product candidate in humans, the product candidate must undergo rigorous preclinical testing. Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry and formulation, as well as in vitro and animal studies to assess safety and in some cases to establish a rationale for therapeutic use. In the U.S., the conduct of preclinical studies is subject to federal and state regulations and requirements, including GLP regulations for nonclinical (e.g., safety/toxicology) studies.

In the U.S., an IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and plans for clinical trials, among other things, to the FDA as part of an IND. An IND is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational product to humans, and must become effective before human clinical trials may begin. Some long-term preclinical testing, such as animal tests of reproductive AEs and carcinogenicity, may continue, and additional preclinical testing may commence, after the IND is submitted. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time, the FDA raises concerns or questions related to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the trial on clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence. Additionally, the review of information in an IND submission may prompt FDA to, among other things, scrutinize existing INDs or marketed products and could generate requests for information or clinical holds on other product candidates or programs.

Clinical Trials

The clinical stage of development involves the administration of the investigational product to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the trial sponsor’s control, in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety and assess efficacy. In the U.S., each protocol, and any subsequent amendments to the protocol, must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Furthermore, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an IRB for each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted to ensure that the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the informed consent form that must be provided to each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative, and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. There also are requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and completed clinical trial results to public registries. Information about certain clinical trials, including clinical trial results, must be submitted within specific timeframes for publication on the www.clinicaltrials.gov website.

A sponsor who wishes to conduct a clinical trial outside of the U.S. may, but need not, obtain FDA authorization to conduct the clinical trial under an IND. If a foreign clinical trial is not conducted under an IND, the sponsor may submit data from the clinical trial to the FDA in support of an NDA or BLA. The FDA will accept a well-designed and well-conducted foreign clinical study not conducted under an IND if the study was conducted in accordance with GCP requirements, and the FDA is able to validate the data through an onsite inspection if deemed necessary.

Clinical trials generally are conducted in three sequential phases, known as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3, and may overlap or be combined.

• Phase 1 clinical trials generally involve a small number of healthy volunteers or disease-affected patients who are initially exposed to a single dose and then multiple doses of the product candidate. The primary purpose of these clinical trials is to assess the metabolism, pharmacologic action, side effect tolerability and safety of the product candidate.

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• Phase 2 clinical trials involve studies in disease-affected patients to evaluate proof of concept and/or determine the dose required to produce the desired benefits. At the same time, safety and further PK and PD information is collected, possible adverse effects and safety risks are identified, and a preliminary evaluation of efficacy is conducted.

• Phase 3 clinical trials generally involve a large number of patients at multiple sites and are designed to provide the data necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of the product for its intended use, its safety in use and to establish the overall benefit/risk relationship of the product and provide an adequate basis for product labeling.

In March 2022, the FDA finalized a guidance entitled “Expansion Cohorts: Use in First-In-Human Clinical Trials to Expedite Development of Oncology Drugs and Biologics,” the draft of which was released in August 2018. This final guidance outlines how drug developers can utilize an adaptive trial design commonly referred to as a seamless trial design in early stages of oncology drug development, i.e., the first-in-human clinical trial, to compress early phases of trials into one continuous trial called an expansion cohort trial. Information to support the design of individual expansion cohorts are included in IND applications and assessed by FDA. Expansion cohort trials can potentially bring efficiency to drug development and reduce developmental costs and time.

Post-approval trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication and are commonly intended to generate additional safety data regarding use of the product in a clinical setting. In certain instances, the FDA may mandate the performance of Phase 4 clinical trials as a condition of approval of an NDA or BLA or post-approval.

Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials, among other information, must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and written IND safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators 15 days after the trial sponsor determines the information qualifies for reporting for serious and unexpected suspected AEs, findings from other studies or animal or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk for human subjects and any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure. The sponsor must also notify the FDA of any unexpected fatal or life-threatening suspected adverse reaction as soon as possible but in no case later than seven calendar days after the sponsor’s initial receipt of the information.

Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3 and other types of clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug or biologic has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group provides authorization for whether a trial may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the trial. Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and also must develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the drug or biologic as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product and, among other things, companies must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidates do not undergo unacceptable deterioration over their shelf life.

FDA Review Process

Following completion of the clinical trials, data are analyzed to assess whether the investigational product is safe and effective for the proposed indicated use or uses. The results of preclinical studies and clinical trials are then submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA or BLA, along with proposed labeling, chemistry and manufacturing information to ensure product quality and other relevant data. The NDA or BLA is a request for approval to market the drug or biologic for one or more specified indications and must contain proof of safety and efficacy for a drug or safety, purity and potency for a biologic. The application may include both negative and ambiguous results of preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as positive findings. Data may come from company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and efficacy of a product’s use or from a number of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators. To support marketing approval, the data submitted must be sufficient in quality and quantity to establish the safety and efficacy of the investigational product to the satisfaction of FDA. FDA approval of an NDA or BLA must be obtained before a drug or biologic may be marketed in the U.S.

Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (the “PDUFA”), as amended, each NDA or BLA must be accompanied by a user fee. FDA adjusts the PDUFA user fees on an annual basis. Fee waivers or reductions are available in certain circumstances, including a waiver of the application fee for the first application filed by a small business. Additionally, no user fees are assessed on NDAs or BLAs for products designated as orphan drugs, unless the product also includes a non-orphan indication.

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The FDA reviews all submitted NDAs and BLAs before it accepts them for filing, and may request additional information rather than accepting the NDA or BLA for filing. The FDA must make a decision on accepting an NDA or BLA for filing within 60 days of receipt, and such decision could include a refusal to file by the FDA. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the NDA or BLA. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under PDUFA, the FDA targets ten months, from the filing date, in which to complete its initial review of a new molecular entity NDA or original BLA and respond to the applicant, and six months from the filing date of a new molecular entity NDA or original BLA designated for priority review. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority NDAs or BLAs, and the review process is often extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification. During the COVID-19 pandemic, because of travel and other restrictions, the FDA significantly curtailed its inspection program. The reduction in pre-approval inspections resulted in delays to some product approvals. Even with the mostly complete resumption of the FDA’s normal inspection program and continued use of alternative inspection tools, there may be delays to product approvals in the future based on a resurgence of, or new problems with respect to the FDA’s ability to conduct inspections and then, even after a complete resumption of the FDA’s normal inspection program, a possible backlog in applications under review by the agency.

The FDA has developed the Oncology Center of Excellence RTOR pilot program to facilitate a more efficient review process for certain oncology product candidates. Although this program allows FDA to begin reviewing clinical data prior to submission of a complete NDA or BLA, the program is not intended to change the PDUFA review timelines.

Before approving an NDA or BLA, the FDA will typically conduct a pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facilities for the new product to determine whether they comply with cGMP requirements. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. The FDA also may audit data from clinical trials to ensure compliance with GCP requirements. Additionally, the FDA may refer applications for novel products or products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions, if any. The FDA is not bound by recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations when making decisions on approval. The FDA likely will reanalyze the clinical trial data, which could result in extensive discussions between the FDA and the applicant during the review process. After the FDA evaluates an NDA or BLA, it will issue an approval letter or a Complete Response Letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug or biologic with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A Complete Response Letter indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete, and the application will not be approved in its present form. A Complete Response Letter usually describes all of the specific deficiencies in the NDA or BLA identified by the FDA. The Complete Response Letter may require the applicant to obtain additional clinical data, including the potential requirement to conduct additional pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial(s) and/or to complete other significant and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials, or to conduct additional preclinical studies or manufacturing activities. If a Complete Response Letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the NDA or BLA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application or request an opportunity for a hearing. Even if such data and information are submitted, the FDA may decide that the NDA or BLA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data.

Orphan Drug Designation and Exclusivity

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biological product intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the U.S., or more than 200,000 individuals in the U.S. and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making the product available in the U.S. for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product.

Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA or BLA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process.

If a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same indication for seven years from the date of such approval, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan exclusivity by means of greater effectiveness, greater safety or providing a major contribution to patient care or in instances of drug supply issues. Competitors, however, may receive approval of either a different product for the same indication or the same product for a different indication but that could be used off-label in the orphan indication. Orphan drug exclusivity also could block the approval of one of our products for seven years if a competitor obtains approval before we do for the same product, as defined by the FDA, for the same indication we are seeking approval, or if our product is determined to be contained within the scope of the competitor’s product for the same indication or disease. If we pursue marketing approval for an indication broader than the orphan drug designation we have received, we may not be entitled to orphan drug exclusivity. Orphan drug status in the European Union has similar, but not identical, requirements and benefits.

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Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Vouchers

Under the FDCA, as amended, the FDA incentivizes the development of drugs and biologics that meet the definition of a “rare pediatric disease,” defined to mean a serious or life-threatening disease in which the serious of life-threatening manifestations primarily affect individuals aged from birth to 18 years and the disease affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the U.S. or affects more than 200,000 in the U.S. and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making in the U.S. a drug for such disease or condition will be received from sales in the U.S. of such drug. The sponsor of a product candidate for a rare pediatric disease may be eligible for a voucher that can be used to obtain a priority review for a subsequent human drug or biologic application after the date of approval of the rare pediatric disease drug product, referred to as a priority review voucher (a “PRV”). A sponsor may request rare pediatric disease designation from the FDA prior to the submission of its NDA or BLA. A rare pediatric disease designation does not guarantee that a sponsor will receive a PRV upon approval of its NDA or BLA. Moreover, a sponsor who chooses not to submit a rare pediatric disease designation request may nonetheless receive a PRV upon approval of their marketing application if they request such a voucher in their original marketing application and meet all of the eligibility criteria. If a PRV is received, it may be sold or transferred an unlimited number of times. Congress has extended the rare pediatric disease PRV program through September 30, 2024, with the potential for PRVs to be granted through September 30, 2026.

Expedited Development and Review Programs

A sponsor may seek to develop and obtain approval of its product candidates under programs designed to accelerate the development, FDA review and approval of new drugs and biologics that meet certain criteria. For example, the FDA has a fast-track program that is intended to expedite or facilitate the process for reviewing new drugs and biologics that are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the disease or condition. Fast track designation applies to both the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. For a fast track-designated product, the FDA may consider sections of the NDA or BLA for review on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted, if the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the application, the FDA agrees to accept sections of the application and determines that the schedule is acceptable, and the sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the application. The sponsor can request the FDA to designate the product for fast-track status any time before receiving NDA or BLA approval, but ideally no later than the pre-NDA or pre-BLA meeting.

A product submitted to the FDA for marketing, including under a fast-track program, may be eligible for other types of FDA programs intended to expedite development or review, such as priority review and accelerated approval. Priority review means that, for an NDA for a new molecular entity or original BLA, the FDA sets a target date for FDA action on the marketing application at six months after accepting the application for filing as opposed to ten months. A product is eligible for priority review if it is designed to treat a serious or life-threatening disease condition and, if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety and effectiveness compared to available therapies. The FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of an application for a new drug or biologic designated for priority review in an effort to facilitate the review. If criteria are not met for priority review, the NDA for a new molecular entity or original BLA is subject to the standard FDA review period of ten months after FDA accepts the application for filing. Priority review designation does not change the scientific/medical standard for approval or the quality of evidence necessary to support approval.

A product may also be eligible for accelerated approval if it is designed to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, generally provides a meaningful advantage over other available therapies, and demonstrates an effect on either a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality (“IMM”), that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on IMM or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the disease or condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require that a sponsor of a drug or biologic receiving accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled post-marketing clinical trials. FDA may require such trials to be underway prior to, or within a specific period after, approval and will specify the conditions for such studies. Further, sponsors must provide reports on post-marketing trial progress no later than 180 days after approval and every 180 days thereafter until such trials are completed. The failure to conduct required post-approval clinical trials with due diligence and the failure to submit the required reports are prohibited acts. In addition, the FDA currently requires as a condition for accelerated approval pre-approval of promotional materials, which could adversely impact the timing of the commercial launch of the product. FDA may withdraw approval of a drug or indication approved under accelerated approval if, for example, the confirmatory trial is not conducted or fails to verify the predicted clinical benefit of the product. FDA can withdraw accelerated approvals on an expedited basis provided certain procedures are followed.

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Additionally, a drug or biologic may be eligible for designation as a breakthrough therapy if the product is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over currently approved therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. If the FDA designates a breakthrough therapy, it may take actions appropriate to expedite the development and review of the application, which may include holding meetings with the sponsor and the review team throughout the development of the therapy; providing timely advice to, and interactive communication with, the sponsor regarding the development of the drug to ensure that the development program to gather the nonclinical and clinical data necessary for approval is as efficient as practicable; involving senior managers and experienced review staff, as appropriate, in a collaborative, cross-disciplinary review; assigning a cross-disciplinary project lead for the FDA review team to facilitate an efficient review of the development program and to serve as a scientific liaison between the review team and the sponsor; and considering alternative clinical trial designs when scientifically appropriate, which may result in smaller trials or more efficient trials that require less time to complete and may minimize the number of patients exposed to a potentially less efficacious treatment. Breakthrough therapy designation comes with all of the benefits of fast-track designation, which means that the sponsor may file sections of the NDA or BLA for review on a rolling basis if certain conditions are satisfied, including an agreement with the FDA on the proposed schedule for submission of portions of the application and the payment of applicable user fees before the FDA may initiate a review.

The FDA has also announced the availability of the RTOR pilot program for oncology product candidates that are likely to demonstrate substantial improvements over available therapy, which may include drugs previously granted breakthrough therapy designation for the same or other indications and candidates meeting other criteria for other expedited programs, such as fast track and priority review. Submissions for RTOR consideration should also have straightforward study designs and endpoints that can be easily interpreted (such as overall survival or progression free survival). Acceptance into the RTOR pilot does not guarantee or influence approvability of the application, which is subject to the usual benefit-risk evaluation by FDA reviewers, but the program allows FDA to review data earlier, before an applicant formally submits a complete application. The RTOR pilot program does not affect FDA’s PDUFA timelines.

Even if a product qualifies for one or more of these programs, the FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification or the time period for FDA review or approval may not be shortened. Furthermore, fast track designation, priority review, accelerated approval and breakthrough therapy designation do not change the standards for approval.

Pediatric Information and Pediatric Exclusivity

Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act (the “PREA”), certain NDAs and BLAs and certain supplements to an NDA or BLA must contain data to assess the safety and efficacy of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of pediatric data or full or partial waivers. The Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act amended the FDCA to require that a sponsor who is planning to submit a marketing application for a drug that includes a new active ingredient, new indication, new dosage form, new dosing regimen or new route of administration submit an initial Pediatric Study Plan (“PSP”), within 60 days of an end-of-Phase 2 meeting or, if there is no such meeting, as early as practicable before the initiation of the Phase 3 or Phase 2/3 study. The initial PSP must include an outline of the pediatric study or studies that the sponsor plans to conduct, including study objectives and design, age groups, relevant endpoints and statistical approach, or a justification for not including such detailed information, and any request for a deferral of pediatric assessments or a full or partial waiver of the requirement to provide data from pediatric studies along with supporting information. The FDA and the sponsor must reach an agreement on the PSP. A sponsor can submit amendments to an agreed-upon initial PSP at any time if changes to the pediatric plan need to be considered based on data collected from preclinical studies, early phase clinical trials and/or other clinical development programs.

A drug or biologic product can also obtain pediatric market exclusivity in the U.S. Pediatric exclusivity, if granted, adds six months to existing exclusivity periods and patent terms. This six-month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection or patent term, may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric study in accordance with an FDA-issued “Written Request” for such a study.

Post-Marketing Requirements

Following approval of a new product, the manufacturer and the approved product are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, monitoring and record-keeping activities, reporting of adverse experiences and certain problems in the manufacturing process, complying with promotion and advertising requirements, which include restrictions on promoting products for unapproved uses or patient populations (known as “off-label use”) and limitations on industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities. Although physicians may prescribe legally available products for off-label uses, manufacturers may not market or promote such uses. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses and any promotion that is false or misleading, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses or in a false or misleading manner may be subject to significant liability, including investigation by federal and state authorities. Prescription drug promotional materials must be submitted to the FDA in conjunction with their first use or first publication. Further, if there are any modifications to the drug or biologic, including changes in indications, labeling or manufacturing processes or facilities, the applicant may be required to submit and obtain FDA approval of a new NDA/BLA or NDA/BLA supplement, which may require the development of additional data or preclinical studies and clinical trials.

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The FDA may also place other conditions on approvals, including the requirement for a REMS, to assure the safe use of the product. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the NDA or BLA must submit a proposed REMS. The FDA will not approve the NDA or BLA without an approved REMS, if required. A REMS could include medication guides, physician communication plans or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. Any of these limitations on approval or marketing could restrict the commercial promotion, distribution, prescription or dispensing of products. Product approvals may be withdrawn for non-compliance with regulatory standards or if problems occur following initial marketing.

FDA regulations require that products be manufactured in specific approved facilities and in accordance with cGMP regulations. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the production of clinical and commercial quantities of our products in accordance with cGMP regulations. These manufacturers must comply with cGMP regulations that require, among other things, quality control and quality assurance, the maintenance of records and documentation and the obligation to investigate and correct any deviations from cGMP. Manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs or biologics are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements and other laws. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. The discovery of violative conditions, including failure to conform to cGMP regulations, could result in enforcement actions, and the discovery of problems with a product after approval may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer or holder of an approved NDA or BLA, including recall.

Once an approval is granted, the FDA may issue enforcement letters or withdraw the approval of the product if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the drug or biologic reaches the market. Corrective action could delay drug or biologic distribution and require significant time and financial expenditures. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a drug or biologic, including AEs of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:

• restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the drug or biologic, suspension of the approval, complete withdrawal of the drug from the market or product recalls;

• fines, warning letters or holds on post-approval clinical trials;

• refusal of the FDA to approve applications or supplements to approved applications, or suspension or revocation of drug or biologic approvals;

• drug or biologic seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of drugs;

• injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties; or

• debarment from producing or marketing drug products or biologics.

Regulation of Companion Diagnostics

Success of certain product candidates may depend, in part, on the development and commercialization of a companion diagnostic. A companion diagnostic is a medical device, typically an in vitro device, which provides information that is essential for the safe and effective use of a corresponding drug or biological product. Companion diagnostics can identify patients who are most likely to benefit from a particular therapeutic product; identify patients likely to be at increased risk for serious side effects as a result of treatment with a particular therapeutic product; or monitor response to treatment with a particular therapeutic product for the purpose of adjusting treatment to achieve improved safety or effectiveness. Companion diagnostics are generally regulated as medical devices by the FDA. In the U.S., the FDCA and its implementing regulations, and other federal and state statutes and regulations govern, among other things, medical device design and development, preclinical and clinical testing, premarket clearance or approval, registration and listing, manufacturing, labeling, storage, advertising and promotion, sales and distribution, export and import, and post-market surveillance. Unless an exemption or FDA exercise of enforcement discretion applies, diagnostic tests generally require marketing clearance through the premarket notification process (“510(k) clearance”) or premarket approval from the FDA prior to commercialization.

To obtain 510(k) clearance for a medical device, or for certain modifications to devices that have received 510(k) clearance, a manufacturer must submit a premarket notification demonstrating that the proposed device is substantially equivalent to a previously cleared 510(k) device or to a preamendment device that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, or other predicate devices, for which the FDA has not yet called for the submission of a premarket approval application (“PMA”). In making a determination that the device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device, the FDA compares the proposed device to the predicate device or predicate devices and assesses whether the subject device is comparable to the predicate device or predicate devices with respect to intended use, technology, design and other features which could affect safety and effectiveness. If the FDA determines that the subject device is substantially equivalent to the predicate device or predicate devices, the subject device may be cleared for marketing. The 510(k) premarket notification pathway generally takes from three to twelve months from the date the application is completed, but can take significantly longer.

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PMA applications must be supported by valid scientific evidence, which typically requires extensive data, including technical, preclinical, clinical and manufacturing data, to demonstrate to the FDA’s satisfaction the safety and effectiveness of the device. For diagnostic tests, a PMA, typically includes data regarding analytical and clinical validation studies. As part of its review of the PMA, the FDA will typically conduct a pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities to ensure compliance with the Quality System Regulation (the “QSR”), which will transition to the Quality Management System Regulation once effective and requires manufacturers to follow design, testing, control, corrective and preventative action, documentation, and other quality assurance procedures. The FDA’s review of an initial PMA application is generally required by statute to take six months, although the process typically takes longer, and may require several years to complete. If the FDA evaluations of both the PMA application and the manufacturing facilities are favorable, the FDA will either issue an approval letter or an approvable letter, which usually contains a number of conditions that must be met in order to secure the final approval of the PMA. If the FDA’s evaluation of the PMA or manufacturing facilities is not favorable, the FDA will deny the approval of the PMA or issue a not approvable letter. A not approvable letter will outline the deficiencies in the application and, where practical, will identify what is necessary to make the PMA approvable. Once granted, PMA approval may be withdrawn by the FDA if compliance with post-approval requirements, conditions of approval or other regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing. Once cleared or approved, the companion diagnostic device must adhere to post-marketing requirements including the requirements of FDA’s QSR, adverse event reporting, recalls and corrections along with product marketing requirements and limitations. Like drug and biologic makers, companion diagnostic makers are subject to unannounced FDA inspections at any time during which the FDA is able to conduct an inspection of the product(s) and the company’s facilities for compliance with its authorities.

FDA has taken the position that developers of companion diagnostic tests associated with novel therapeutic products should seek clearance or approval at the same time that the therapeutic developer seeks approval. FDA has recognized that contemporaneous clearance or approval of a companion diagnostic with a therapeutic is not always possible, though FDA has indicated that coordination of contemporaneous clearances/approvals is a policy goal. In October 2018, FDA issued a safety alert warning against the use of unapproved or uncleared genetic tests to predict patient response to specific medications. While FDA has historically exercised enforcement discretion against laboratory developed tests—tests which are developed and performed in a single Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (“CLIA”) certified laboratory—the 2018 alert and a subsequent 2019 Warning Letter against Inova Genomics Laboratory suggested that FDA may prioritize for enforcement certain uncleared or unapproved tests marketed as companion diagnostic tests. Subsequently, FDA has attempted to encourage collaboration between in vitro diagnostic test developers and therapeutic developers and to clarify FDA expectations as to companion diagnostic labeling, particularly through guidance in the oncology area. In September 2023, FDA announced a proposed rule, which was published in October 2023, to revise the regulatory definition of an in vitro diagnostic product to explicitly capture laboratory developed tests and make clear that such tests are medical devices subject to FDA regulation. The proposed rule also described a proposed policy under which FDA will gradually end its general enforcement discretion policy for laboratory developed tests in phases over a four-year period. Although FDA and other stakeholders would have preferred a legislative solution to the regulation of laboratory developed tests, we anticipate that FDA will attempt to issue the final rule this year.

Biosimilars and Exclusivity

Certain of our product candidates, including batoclimab, are regulated as biologics. An abbreviated approval pathway for biological products shown to be similar to, or interchangeable with, an FDA-licensed reference biological product was created by the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (the “BPCI Act”), as part of the Affordable Care Act (the “ACA”). This amendment to the PHSA, in part, attempts to minimize duplicative testing. Biosimilarity, which requires that the biological product be highly similar to the reference product notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components and that there be no clinically meaningful differences between the product and the reference product in terms of safety, purity and potency, can be shown through analytical studies, animal studies and a clinical trial or trials. Interchangeability requires that a biological product be biosimilar to the reference product and that the product can be expected to produce the same clinical results as the reference product in any given patient and, for products administered multiple times to an individual, that the product and the reference product may be alternated or switched after one has been previously administered without increasing safety risks or risks of diminished efficacy relative to exclusive use of the reference biological product without such alternation or switch. Complexities associated with the larger, and often more complex, structure of biological products as compared to small molecule drugs, as well as the processes by which such products are manufactured, pose significant hurdles to implementation that are still being worked out by the FDA.

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A reference biological product is granted four and twelve year exclusivity periods from the time of first licensure of the product. The FDA will not accept an application for a biosimilar or interchangeable product based on the reference biological product until four years after the date of first licensure of the reference product, and the FDA will not approve an application for a biosimilar or interchangeable product based on the reference biological product until twelve years after the date of first licensure of the reference product. “First licensure” typically means the initial date the particular product at issue was licensed in the U.S. Date of first licensure does not include the date of licensure of (and a new period of exclusivity is not available for) a biological product if the licensure is for a supplement for the biological product or for a subsequent application by the same sponsor or manufacturer of the biological product (or licensor, predecessor in interest, or other related entity) for a change (not including a modification to the structure of the biological product) that results in a new indication, route of administration, dosing schedule, dosage form, delivery system, delivery device or strength, or for a modification to the structure of the biological product that does not result in a change in safety, purity, or potency. Therefore, one must determine whether a new product includes a modification to the structure of a previously licensed product that results in a change in safety, purity, or potency to assess whether the licensure of the new product is a first licensure that triggers its own period of exclusivity. Whether a subsequent application, if approved, warrants exclusivity as the “first licensure” of a biological product is determined on a case-by-case basis with data submitted by the sponsor.

Other Regulatory Matters

Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities following product approval are also subject to regulation by numerous regulatory authorities in the U.S. in addition to the FDA, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (the “CMS”), the Office of Inspector General and Office for Civil Rights, other divisions of the Department of HHS, the Department of Justice, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Occupational Safety & Health Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency and state and local governments.

Healthcare providers, physicians, and third-party payors will play a primary role in making clinically-appropriate decisions enabling patient access to any products for which we obtain marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with healthcare providers and physicians and any future arrangements with third-party payers, may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute any drugs for which we obtain marketing approval. In the U.S., these laws include: the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the False Claims Act and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”).

The Anti-Kickback Statute makes it illegal for any person, including a prescription drug manufacturer (or a party acting on its behalf), to knowingly and willfully solicit, receive, offer or pay any remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, that is intended to induce or reward referrals, including the purchase, recommendation, order or prescription of a particular drug, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program, such as Medicare or Medicaid. Violations of this law are punishable by imprisonment, criminal fines, administrative civil money penalties and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. In addition, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. Moreover, the ACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act.

Drug manufacturers can be held liable under the federal civil False Claims Act, which imposes civil penalties, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities (including manufacturers) for, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented to federal programs (including Medicare and Medicaid) claims for items or services, including drugs, that are false or fraudulent, claims for items or services not provided as claimed, or claims for medically unnecessary items or services. Penalties for a False Claims Act violation include three times the actual damages sustained by the government, plus mandatory civil penalties for each separate false claim; the potential for exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs, which would preclude reimbursement of our products under the Medicare and Medicaid programs; and, although the federal False Claims Act is a civil statute, conduct that results in a False Claims Act violation may also implicate various federal criminal statutes. The government may deem manufacturers to have “caused” the submission of false or fraudulent claims by, for example, providing certain billing or coding information to customers or promoting a product off-label. Claims which include items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute are false or fraudulent claims for purposes of the False Claims Act. Our future marketing and activities relating to federal, state, and commercial reimbursement for our products, and the sale and marketing of our product candidates, are subject to scrutiny under this law.

HIPAA created federal criminal statutes that prohibit among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud or to obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations or promises, any money or property owned by, or under the control or custody of, any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by trick, scheme or device, a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Like the federal Anti-Kickback Statute a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation.

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The civil monetary penalties statute imposes penalties against any person or entity that, among other things, is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal health program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent.

We are subject to data privacy and security regulations administered and enforced by the federal government as well as statutes and regulations adopted in the states in which we conduct our business. At the federal level, the FDA regulations for the protection of human research subjects require that we protect the privacy of personal information and obtain appropriate informed consent in connection with research using identifiable subject information or identifiable biological samples. In addition, the data privacy and security regulations implementing HIPAA impose strict limitations on the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health information, including for research purposes. Civil and criminal penalties may be imposed on entities subject to HIPAA, both by the HHS Office for Civil Rights and by state attorneys general, who have the authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the HIPAA privacy and security regulations and to seek attorney’s fees and costs associated with pursuing such actions. In addition, the Federal Trade Commission has broad authority to investigate and initiate enforcement actions regarding any activity affecting the privacy or security of personal information that it deems deceptive or unfair. At the state level, a rapidly growing body of privacy and data protection laws impose requirements and restrictions, some of which are more stringent than federal law and many of which differ from each other in significant ways, thus complicating compliance efforts. Failure to comply with these laws can result in the imposition of significant civil and criminal penalties.

Additionally, the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act (the “Sunshine Act”), within the ACA, and its implementing regulations, require that certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biological and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) report annually to CMS information related to certain payments or other transfers of value made or distributed to physicians and teaching hospitals, or to entities or individuals at the request of, or designated on behalf of, physicians, certain other healthcare professionals, and teaching hospitals and to report annually certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians, certain other healthcare professionals, and their immediate family members. Effective January 1, 2022, these reporting obligations were extended to include transfers of value made to certain non-physician providers such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners. In addition, many states also govern the reporting of payments or other transfers of value, many of which differ from each other in significant ways, are often not preempted, and may have a more prohibitive effect than the Sunshine Act, thus further complicating compliance efforts.

Similar federal, state and foreign fraud and abuse laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services. Such laws are generally broad and are enforced by various state agencies and private actions. Also, many states have similar fraud and abuse statutes or regulations that may be broader in scope and may apply regardless of payor, in addition to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs. Some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant federal government compliance guidance, and require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures.

In order to distribute products commercially, we must comply with state laws that require the registration of manufacturers and wholesale distributors of drug and biological products in a state, including, in certain states, manufacturers and distributors who ship products into the state even if such manufacturers or distributors have no place of business within the state. Several states have enacted legislation requiring pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to establish marketing compliance programs, file periodic reports with the state, make periodic public disclosures on sales, marketing, pricing, clinical trials and other activities, and/or register their sales representatives, as well as to prohibit pharmacies and other healthcare entities from providing certain physician prescribing data to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for use in sales and marketing, and to prohibit certain other sales and marketing practices. All of our activities are potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.

The scope and enforcement of each of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of the lack of applicable precedent and regulations. Federal and state enforcement bodies have recently increased their scrutiny of interactions between healthcare companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, individual imprisonment, exclusion of drugs from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs. Ensuring business arrangements comply with applicable healthcare laws, as well as responding to possible investigations by government authorities, can be time- and resource-consuming and can divert a company’s attention from the business.

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Current and Future Legislation

In the U.S. and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and likely will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system directed at broadening the availability of healthcare, improving the quality of healthcare, and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare.

For example, in March 2010, the ACA was enacted in the U.S. The ACA includes measures that have significantly changed, and are expected to continue to significantly change, the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Among the changes made by the ACA to preexisting law of importance to the pharmaceutical industry are that the ACA:

• made several changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, including increasing pharmaceutical manufacturers’ rebate liability by raising the minimum basic Medicaid rebate on most branded prescription drugs to 23.1% of average manufacturer price (“AMP”), and adding a new rebate calculation for “line extensions” (i.e., new formulations, such as extended release formulations) of solid oral dosage forms of branded products, as well as potentially impacting their rebate liability by modifying the statutory definition of AMP.

• imposed a requirement on manufacturers of branded drugs to provide a 70% (increased pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, effective as of 2019) point-of-sale discount off the negotiated price of branded drugs dispensed to Medicare Part D beneficiaries in the coverage gap (i.e., “donut hole”) as a condition for a manufacturer’s outpatient drugs being covered under Medicare Part D.

• extended a manufacturer’s Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations.

• expanded the entities eligible for discounts under the 340B Drug Discount Program.

• established a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted, or injected.

• imposed an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs, apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs.

• established a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research. The research conducted by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute may affect the market for certain pharmaceutical products. The ACA established the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation within CMS to test innovative payment and service delivery models to lower Medicare and Medicaid spending, potentially including prescription drug spending.

Since its enactment, there have been numerous judicial, administrative, executive, and legislative challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to the ACA in the future. Most recently, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the law in June 2021; however, there are ongoing challenges in federal court and future legal disputes remain possible. Additionally, Congress has introduced several pieces of legislation aimed at significantly revising or repealing the ACA, and the law may be subjected to various Executive Orders and/or regulatory action to expand or reduce the scope of the law, based on the administration controlling the White House. The law may continue to exert significant pressure on pharmaceutical pricing and our profitability.

Moreover, in May 2018, the Trump administration released its “Blueprint to Lower Drug Prices and Reduce Out-of-Pocket Costs,” or the Blueprint, and former President Trump also issued a number of Executive Orders in 2020 that were aimed at lowering the prices of prescription drugs. Some rules enacted under the Trump Administration have been stayed as a result of pending litigation or are under review or have been rescinded by the Biden Administration and/or Congress. For example, a rule enacted under the Trump Administration known as the “Most Favored Nations” rule would have set Medicare Part B reimbursement at an amount no higher than the lowest price that a drug manufacturer receives on a particular product in an index of foreign countries. This rule was the subject of litigation and was formally rescinded the Biden Administration in August 2021. Other initiatives under the Trump Administration have taken effect. For example, in May 2019, CMS issued a final rule to allow Medicare Advantage Plans the option of using step therapy, a form of drug utilization management, for Part B drugs, which took effect on January 1, 2020.

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Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the U.S. since the ACA was enacted. In August 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers up to 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect in April 2013, following passage of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, and will remain in effect through the first six months of 2032 unless additional Congressional action is taken. However, the Medicare sequester reductions under the Budget Control Act were suspended from May 1, 2020 through March 31, 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a 1% reduction through the end of June 2022, after which the cuts returned to 2%. Absent further Congressional action, there is a possibility that an up to 4% Medicare sequester could be triggered in January 2025, pursuant to the Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010 (“PAYGO”). Under PAYGO, if the five- or ten-year PAYGO scorecard shows a net cost at the end of a Congressional session, then the Office of Management and Budget is required to issue a sequestration order. The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 was expected to trigger a PAYGO sequestration order at the end of the 2021 Congressional session. However, subsequent legislation has delayed a Statutory PAYGO sequestration order until after 2024. Additionally, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 eliminated the Medicaid unit rebate AMP cap effective as of January 1, 2024, and the removal of this rebate cap could significantly impact our Medicaid rebate liability in the future.

There has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the U.S. with respect to drug pricing practices. Specifically, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under Medicare, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. In July 2021, President Biden issued an executive order pertaining to drug pricing, which expressed support for legislation allowing direct negotiation in Medicare Part D and inflationary rebates, and directed various executive branch agencies to take actions to lower drug prices and promote generic competition. In August 2022, Congress enacted the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”), a law that included sweeping changes to the payment for drugs under the Medicare program. Among other provisions, the IRA contains (i) a drug price negotiation program for certain high spend Medicare drugs that have been on the market for a certain length of time and lack generic or biosimilar competition, under which Medicare prices for such drugs are capped by a “maximum fair price”; (ii) new manufacturer rebate obligations on certain drugs paid under Medicare Part B or D whose prices increase faster than inflation relative to a benchmark period; and (iii) a redesign of the Part D benefit, including capping patients’ annual out-of-pocket costs on Part D drugs, lowering the beneficiary out-of-pocket threshold, streamlining the Part D benefit to eliminate the “coverage gap” phase, and replacing the manufacturer coverage gap discount program with a new manufacturer discount program – the Medicare Part D Manufacturer Discount Program – that provides discounts throughout the post-deductible benefit phases. CMS has begun to implement certain aspects of the IRA, including issuing final guidance describing drug negotiation, inflationary rebates and Part D redesign and selecting Part D drugs for the initial rounds of negotiation, which ultimately will result in the establishment of maximum fair prices, which would become effective in 2026. In November 2023, CMS released final guidance on the Medicare Part D Manufacturer Discount Program implementing exceptions for “specified manufacturers” and “specified small manufacturers,” which allows for a phase-in of discounts under the program. Although CMS did not find Dermavant eligible for these exceptions (presumably because sales of VTAMA did not begin until 2022, following its FDA approval in May 2022), we cannot predict how these exceptions may impact other aspects of Roivant’s business in the future. Over time, provisions of the IRA could increase our government discount and rebate liabilities, reduce the revenues we are able to collect from sales of our products as well as present challenges for payor negotiations and formulary access. However, the degree of impact that the IRA will ultimately have upon our business remains unclear at this time.

In October 2022, President Biden issued an executive order calling on the Secretary to consider whether to select for testing by the CMS innovation center new health care payment and delivery models that would lower drug costs and promote access to innovative drug therapies for beneficiaries enrolled in the Medicare and Medicaid programs, including models that may lead to lower cost-sharing for commonly used drugs and support value-based payment that promotes high-quality care. In response, the CMS innovation center released a report in February 2023, identifying three selected models: Medicare High-Value Drug Model, the Cell & Gene Therapy Access Model, and the Accelerating Clinical Evidence Model. We cannot predict how these new provisions would be implemented or the impact they will have on our business.

It is possible that Congress or the Administration may take further actions to control drug prices. Further federal, state and foreign legislative and regulatory developments are likely, and we expect these already enacted and ongoing initiatives to increase pressure on drug pricing. Reforms could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenues from product candidates and may affect our overall financial condition and ability to develop product candidates.

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At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biotherapeutic product pricing, including restrictions on pricing or reimbursement at the state government level, limitations on discounts to patients, marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, policies to encourage importation from other countries (subject to federal approval) and bulk purchasing, including the National Medicaid Pooling Initiative. In particular, the obligation to provide notices of price increases to purchasers under laws such as California’s SB-17 may influence customer ordering patterns for our products, which in turn may increase the volatility of our revenues as a reflection of changes in inventory volumes. In addition, some state legislatures have established Prescription Drug Affordability Boards (“PDABs”), which under certain circumstances may conduct affordability reviews and establish upper payment limits for drugs purchased in the state. On August 4, 2023, the Colorado PDAB commenced an affordability review of five prescription drugs, including three products that are indicated to treat plaque psoriasis (ENBREL®, COSENTYX®, STELARA®). We cannot predict the outcome of this affordability review, whether the Colorado PDAB will establish upper payment limits for one or more of these drugs, or the impact of any such upper payment limit on utilization of VTAMA. We may continue to see additional state action related to prescription drug pricing.

Packaging and Distribution in the United States

If our products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. Products must meet applicable child-resistant packaging requirements under the U.S. Poison Prevention Packaging Act. Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities also are potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.

The distribution of pharmaceutical products is subject to additional requirements and regulations, including extensive record-keeping, licensing, storage and security requirements intended to prevent the unauthorized sale, diversion or misuse of pharmaceutical products.

The failure to comply with any of these laws or regulatory requirements subjects firms to possible legal or regulatory action. Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet applicable regulatory requirements can result in criminal prosecution, fines or other penalties, injunctions, exclusion from federal healthcare programs, requests for recall, seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of product approvals, or refusal to allow a firm to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. Prohibitions or restrictions on sales or withdrawal of future products marketed by us could materially affect our business in an adverse way.

Changes in regulations, statutes or the interpretation of existing regulations could impact our business in the future by requiring, for example: (i) changes to our manufacturing arrangements; (ii) additions or modifications to product labeling; (iii) the recall or discontinuation of our products; or (iv) additional record-keeping requirements. If any such changes were to be imposed, they could adversely affect the operation of our business.

Other U.S. Environmental, Health and Safety Laws and Regulations

We may be subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. From time to time and in the future, our operations may involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials, and may also produce hazardous waste products. Even if we contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and waste products, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury resulting from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from the use or disposal of our hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure to comply with such laws and regulations.

We maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees, but this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. However, we do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. Current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. In addition, failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

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U.S. Patent Term Restoration and Marketing Exclusivity

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA approval of our future products, some of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit restoration of the patent term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. Patent-term restoration, however, cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date and only those claims covering such approved drug product, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. The patent-term restoration period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of an NDA or BLA plus the time between the submission date of an NDA or BLA and the approval of that application, except that the review period is reduced by any time during which the applicant failed to exercise due diligence. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug is eligible for the extension and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. The USPTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration. In the future, we may apply for restoration of patent term for our currently owned or licensed patents to add patent life beyond its current expiration date, depending on the expected length of the clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of the relevant NDA or BLA.

Marketing exclusivity provisions under the FDCA also can delay the submission or the approval of certain applications. The FDCA provides a five-year period of non-patent marketing exclusivity within the U.S. to the first applicant to gain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the action of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review an ANDA, or a 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company for another version of such drug where the applicant does not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. However, an application may be submitted after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or non-infringement. The FDCA also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA, 505(b)(2) NDA or supplement to an existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, for example, new indications, dosages or strengths of an existing drug. This three-year exclusivity covers only the conditions of use associated with the new clinical investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs for drugs containing the original active agent. Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA. However, an applicant submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all of the preclinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness.

European Union and United Kingdom Drug Development

On June 23, 2016, the electorate in the U.K. voted in favor of leaving the European Union (commonly referred to as Brexit). Thereafter, on March 29, 2017, the country formally notified the European Union of its intention to withdraw pursuant to Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. The U.K. formally left the European Union on January 31, 2020. A transition period began on February 1, 2020, during which EU pharmaceutical law remained applicable in the U.K. However, this ended on December 31, 2020. On December 30, 2020, the U.K. and European Union signed the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, which includes an agreement on free trade between the two parties. Further, on February 27, 2023, an agreement in principle was reached by the UK and EU (the “Windsor Agreement”), relating to post-Brexit trade issues in Northern Ireland, which if implemented into the respective legislation, seeks to simplify the supply of medicines between Great Britain and Northern Ireland and will mean the EU legislation may not apply in all cases in Northern Ireland. Since the regulatory framework in the U.K. covering the quality, safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products, clinical trials, marketing authorizations, commercial sales, and distribution of pharmaceutical products is derived from EU Directives and Regulations, Brexit could materially impact the future regulatory regime which applies to products and the approval of product candidates in the U.K., as the UK legislation now has the potential to diverge from EU legislation. It remains to be seen how Brexit will impact regulatory requirements for medicinal products and devices in the U.K. in the long term. The MHRA has published detailed guidance for industry and organizations to follow now the transition period is over, which will be updated as the U.K.’s regulatory position on medicinal products and medical devices evolves over time. There are also a number of ongoing consultations on the future legislation in the UK.

In the EEA, which is comprised of the Member States of the European Union plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein, and in the U.K., our future products also may be subject to extensive regulatory requirements. As in the U.S., medicinal products can be marketed only if a marketing authorization from the relevant competent authority has been obtained.

Similar to the U.S., the various phases of preclinical and clinical research in the EEA and U.K. are subject to significant regulatory controls. The EU Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC (the “Directive”) sought to harmonize the EU clinical trials regulatory framework, setting out common rules for the control and authorization of clinical trials in the EU, the EU Member States have transposed and applied the provisions of the Directive differently into their national laws, including in the UK. This has led to significant variations in the Member State regimes. Under this regime, before a clinical trial can be initiated it must be approved in each of the EU/UK countries where the trial is to be conducted by two distinct bodies: the National Competent Authority (the “NCA”), and one or more Ethics Committees (“ECs”). Under this regime all suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions to the investigated drug that occur during the clinical trial have to be reported to the NCA and ECs of the country where they occurred.

The EU clinical trials legislation is undergoing a transition process due to the application of a new Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 (the “Regulation”), which is mainly aimed at harmonizing and streamlining clinical trial authorization, simplifying adverse-event reporting procedures, improving the supervision of clinical trials and increasing their transparency. In April 2014, the EU adopted the Regulation, which started to apply on January 31, 2022 and replaced the current Directive. Specifically, the new Regulation, which is directly applicable in all Member States without the need for EU Member States to transpose it into national law, aims at simplifying and streamlining the approval of clinical trials in the EU. For instance, the new Regulation provides for a streamlined application procedure via a single entry point and strictly defined deadlines for the assessment of clinical trial applications. It also provides for increased transparency and proactive publication of clinical trial documents and results, subject to certain exceptions and derogations.

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Following Brexit, this Regulation is not applicable in the UK, and the national legislation put in place to implement the Directive continues to apply to trials conducted in the UK.

European Union and United Kingdom Drug Marketing

Much like the federal Anti-Kickback Statue prohibition in the U.S., the provision of benefits or advantages to physicians and/or healthcare organizations to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation, endorsement, purchase, supply, order, administration or use of medicinal products is also prohibited in the EEA and U.K. EU Directive 2001/83/EC, which is the Directive governing medicinal products for human use, as implemented in the relevant Member State and the UK, the national anti-bribery laws of the European Union Member States, and the Bribery Act 2010 in the UK, as well as the industry Codes of Practice that are based on the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) Code of Practice, collectively govern the provision of benefits or advantages to induce or reward improper performance. Infringement of these laws could result in substantial fines and imprisonment. EU Directive 2001/83/EC further provides that, where medicinal products are being promoted to persons qualified to prescribe or supply them, no gifts, pecuniary advantages or benefits in kind may be supplied, offered or promised to such persons unless they are inexpensive and relevant to the practice of medicine or pharmacy. This provision has been transposed into the national laws of the EU Member States, as well as in the UK Human Medicines Regulations 2012 and so remains applicable in the UK despite its departure from the EU.

Depending on the applicable national rules in the EU Member States and the UK, payments and other transfers of value made to physicians, physician associations, medical students, healthcare organizations, patient organizations and other stakeholders in the EU Member States, the UK and Member States of the EEA must be publicly disclosed. Moreover, agreements with physicians often must be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician’s employer, his or her competent professional organization and/or the regulatory authorities of the individual country. These requirements are provided in the national laws, industry codes or professional codes of conduct, applicable in the relevant country. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in reputational risk, public reprimands, administrative penalties, fines or imprisonment.

European Union and United Kingdom Drug Review and Approval

In the EEA, medicinal products can only be commercialized after obtaining a marketing authorization (“MA”). There are two main types of marketing authorizations for innovative medicinal products, which, however, are based on largely identical regulatory rules, requirements and timelines, including the requirements concerning the presentation and content of the application for marketing authorization.

• The centralized MA is issued by the European Commission through the centralized procedure, based on the opinion of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (the “CHMP”), of the EMA, and is valid throughout the entire territory of the EEA. The centralized procedure is mandatory for certain types of products, such as biotechnology medicinal products, orphan medicinal products, advanced-therapy medicinal products (gene-therapy, somatic cell-therapy or tissue-engineered medicines) and medicinal products containing a new active substance indicated for the treatment of HIV, AIDS, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, auto-immune and other immune dysfunctions and viral diseases. The centralized procedure is optional for products containing a new active substance not yet authorized in the EEA, or for products that constitute a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or which are in the interest of public health in the EEA.

• National MAs, which are issued by the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA and only cover their respective territory, are available for products not falling within the mandatory scope of the centralized procedure. If a product is to be authorized in more than one Member State, the assessment procedure is coordinated between the relevant EU Member States. Where a product has already been authorized for marketing in a Member State of the EEA, the national MA can be recognized in another Member States through the mutual recognition procedure. If the product has not received a national MA in any Member State at the time of application, it can be approved simultaneously in various Member States through the decentralized procedure. Under the decentralized procedure an identical dossier is submitted to the competent authorities of each of the Member States in which the MA is sought, one of which is selected by the applicant as the Reference Member State (the “RMS”). The competent authority of the RMS coordinates the preparation of a draft assessment report, a draft summary of the product characteristics (the “SmPC”), and a draft of the labeling and package leaflet, which are sent to the other Member States (referred to as the Concerned Member States) for their final approval. If the Concerned Member States raise no objections, based on a potential serious risk to public health, to the assessment, SmPC, labeling, or packaging circulated by the RMS, the coordinated procedures is closed, and the product is subsequently granted a national MA in all the Member States (i.e., in the RMS and the Concerned Member States).

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Under the above-described procedures, during the assessment of the documents submitted in the MAA and before granting the MA, the EMA or the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA make an assessment of the risk-benefit balance of the product on the basis of scientific criteria concerning its quality, safety and efficacy.

Now that the U.K. (which comprises Great Britain and Northern Ireland) has left the European Union, Great Britain is no longer covered by centralized MAs (under the Northern Irish Protocol of the Withdrawal Agreement, centralized MAs will continue to apply in Northern Ireland, although this may change if the Windsor Agreement is implemented). All medicinal products with a valid centralized MA as of December 31, 2020 were automatically converted to MAs valid in Great Britain on January, 1 2021 (unless the MA holder opted out of this procedure). On January 1, 2024, the International Recognition Procedure (“IRP”) was introduced, whereby the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (the “MHRA”), the UK medicines regulator, may rely on a decision taken by other international regulators, including the European Commission and the U.S. FDA, in order to more quickly grant a new MA valid in Great Britain or the U.K. A separate application will, however, still be required and the MHRA has the right to undertake its own assessment of the dossier. There are two such routes, allowing recognition in a 60-day or 110-day timelines. The IRP is in addition to the MHRA’s national procedures, including the shortened 150-day timetable.

European Union and United Kingdom Data Protection and Market Exclusivity

In the EEA and UK, innovative medicinal products, approved on the basis of a full dossier of preclinical and clinical data as part of the MAA, qualify for eight years of data protection upon marketing authorization and an additional two years of market exclusivity. The data protection, if granted, prevents generic or biosimilar applicants from referencing the innovator’s preclinical and clinical trial data contained in the dossier of the reference innovative product when applying for a generic or biosimilar MA in the EEA/UK, for a period of eight years from the date of authorization of the reference product. During the additional two-year period of market exclusivity, a generic or biosimilar marketing authorization application can be submitted, and the innovator’s data may be referenced, but no generic or biosimilar product can be marketed until the expiration of the market exclusivity. The overall ten-year period can be extended to a maximum of 11 years if, during the first eight years of those ten years, the marketing authorization holder obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeutic indications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to their authorization, are determined to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with currently approved therapies. Even if an innovative medicinal product gains the prescribed period of data protection, however, another company may market another version of the product if such company obtained a MA based on a marketing authorization application with a complete independent data package of pharmaceutical tests, preclinical tests and clinical trials (i.e., without cross-referencing to the data within the reference innovative product).

European Union and United Kingdom Orphan Designation and Exclusivity

In the EEA, the European Commission, based on the scientific assessment from the EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products, grants orphan drug designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of life-threatening or chronically debilitating conditions and either (i) such condition affects not more than five in 10,000 persons in the EEA, or (ii) it is unlikely that the development of the medicine would generate sufficient return to justify the necessary investment in its development. In either case, the applicant must also demonstrate that no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment has been authorized (or, if a method exists, the product would be a significant benefit to those affected compared to the product available).

In the EEA, orphan drug designation entitles a party to benefits such as scientific advice (protocol assistance) and financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers. In addition, if the criteria for orphan designation are found to be maintained at the time of authorization of the product, ten years of market exclusivity is granted following grant of an orphan marketing authorization. During this market exclusivity period, neither the EMA nor the European Commission nor any of the competent authorities in the EEA Members States can accept an application or grant a marketing authorization for a “similar medicinal product” for the same indication. A “similar medicinal product” is defined as a medicinal product containing a similar active substance or substances as contained in an authorized orphan medicinal product, and which is intended for the same therapeutic indication. This orphan exclusivity period may be reduced to six years if the orphan drug designation criteria are no longer met, including where it is shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity. Market exclusivity may also be broken, so a similar product may be authorized for the same indication, in very select cases, such as if (i) it is established that a similar medicinal product is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior to the authorized product; (ii) the marketing authorization holder consents to the grant of the similar product; or (iii) the marketing authorization holder cannot supply enough orphan medicinal product. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an application for marketing approval. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process.

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On April 26, 2023, as part of the EU Pharmaceutical Strategy, the European Commission published a proposal for a comprehensive revision of the EU pharmaceutical legislation. If adopted by the European Parliament and the Council, the new legislation is likely to significantly change the regulatory regime applicable to both (i) the “non-orphan” data protection and market exclusivity regime described in the previous section; and (ii) the orphan exclusivities. Subject to the outcome of the ongoing legislative process in the European Parliament and the Council, the revisions may potentially reduce/modulate the rewards that could be granted to both non-orphan and orphan medicinal products. In addition, the proposal envisages changes to the concept of unmet medical need and considers introducing novel rewards for orphan medical products addressing high unmet medical need. The adoption of the new legislation is not expected before 2025 and it will start to apply 18 months after the entry in force.

From January 1, 2021, a separate process for orphan drug designation has applied in Great Britain. There is no pre-marketing authorization orphan designation step required (as there is in the EEA), and the application for orphan designation will be reviewed by the MHRA at the time of the marketing authorization application. The criteria are the same as in the EEA, save that they apply to Great Britain only (e.g., there must be no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of the condition concerned in Great Britain). Orphan exclusivity granted to a centralized marketing authorization will also apply in Northern Ireland (although this may change if the Windsor Agreement is implemented).

 European Union and United Kingdom Pediatric Investigation Plan

In the EEA and UK, MAAs for new medicinal products have to include the results of studies conducted in the pediatric population, in compliance with a pediatric investigation plan (a “PIP”), agreed with the EMA’s Pediatric Committee (a “PDCO”) or MHRA as relevant. The PIP sets out the timing and measures proposed to generate data to support a pediatric indication of the drug for which marketing authorization is being sought. The PDCO/MHRA can grant a deferral of the obligation to implement some or all of the measures of the PIP until there are sufficient data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of the product in adults. Further, the obligation to provide pediatric clinical trial data can be waived by the PDCO/MHRA when this data is not needed or appropriate because the product is likely to be ineffective or unsafe in children, the disease or condition for which the product is intended occurs only in adult populations, or when the product does not represent a significant therapeutic benefit over existing treatments for pediatric patients. If a marketing authorization is obtained and trial results are included in the product information, even when negative, and the product is approved in all Member States, non-orphan products are eligible for six months’ supplementary protection certificate extension. In the case of orphan medicinal products, a two-year extension of the orphan market exclusivity may be available. This pediatric reward is subject to specific conditions and is not automatically available when data in compliance with the PIP are developed and submitted.

As noted above, the upcoming legislative reforms in the EU, which are part of the new EU Pharmaceutical Strategy may potentially result in a reduction of the above pediatric rewards and/or imposition of additional requirements for grant of rewards.

European Union and United Kingdom Data Protection Regime

The processing of personal data, including health data, in the EEA is governed by the General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), which became effective May 25, 2018. The GDPR applies to any company established in the EEA and to companies established outside the EEA that process personal data in connection with the offering of goods or services to data subjects in the European Union or EEA or the monitoring of the behavior of data subjects in the European Union or EEA. The GDPR enhances data protection obligations for data controllers of personal data, including inter alia stringent requirements relating to lawful and legitimate basis and purposes for the processing of personal data, the consent of data subjects, expanded disclosures about how personal data is used, requirements to conduct privacy impact assessments for “high risk” processing, limitations on retention of personal data, appointment of a data protection officers, conclusion of data processing agreements, mandatory data breach notification and “privacy by design” requirements, and creates direct obligations on service providers acting as data processors. The GDPR also imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data outside of the EEA to countries that do not ensure an adequate level of protection, like the U.S. Until recently, one such data transfer mechanism was the EU-US Privacy Shield, but the Privacy Shield was invalidated for international transfers of personal data in July 2020 by the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”). In July 2023, the U.S. and EU implemented the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (“DPF”) replacing the invalidated Privacy Shield. Companies can now use this new mechanism to transfer personal data from the EU to the U.S. and potentially from Switzerland to the U.S., subject to national implementation in Switzerland. The UK Extension to the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (“Data Bridge”) entered into force in October 2023, allowing certifying entities to transfer personal data from the UK to the U.S. At the moment it is unclear whether the anticipated legal challenges against the DPF, which may be similar to the challenge that led to the invalidation of the Privacy Shield, would be successful.

In July 2020, the CJEU upheld the validity of standard contractual clauses (“SCCs”) as a legal mechanism to transfer personal data out of the EEA to jurisdictions that the European Commission has not found to provide an adequate level of protection and in July 2021, the European Commission adopted new SCCs. Even so, companies relying on SCCs must, subject to additional guidance from regulators in the EEA and the U.K., regularly evaluate and implement supplementary measures that provide privacy protections additional to those provided under SCCs.

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The use of the new SCCs may increase the legal risks and liabilities under EEA privacy, data protection, and information security laws. Given that, at present, there are few, if any, viable alternatives to the SCCs and the DPF, any transfers by us or our vendors of personal information from the EEA to the US may not comply with the EEA data protection laws, which may increase our exposure to the GDPR’s heightened sanctions for violations of its cross-border data transfer restrictions and may prohibit our transfer of EEA personal information outside of the EEA (including clinical trial data), and may adversely impact our operations, product development and ability to provide our products.

The competent authorities and courts in a number of EU Member States continue to closely scrutinize and question the GDPR compliance of processing of personal data by US-based entities or entities with links to US-based entities, independently of whether personal data is actually transferred outside the EEA. Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR and the related national data protection laws of the EEA Member States may result in fines up to €20 million or 4% of a company’s global annual revenues for the preceding financial year, whichever is higher. Moreover, the GDPR grants data subjects the right to claim material and non-material damages resulting from infringement of the GDPR. In June 2021, the CJEU issued a ruling that expanded the scope of the “one stop shop” under the GDPR. According to the ruling, the competent authorities of EU Member States may, under certain strict conditions, bring claims to their national courts against a company for breaches of the GDPR, including unlawful cross-border processing activities, even such company does not have an establishment in the EU member state in question and the competent authority bringing the claim is not the lead supervisory authority.

In addition, further to the U.K.’s exit from the European Union on January 31, 2020, the GDPR ceased to apply in the U.K. at the end of the transition period on December 31, 2020. However, as of January 1, 2021, the U.K.’s European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 incorporated the GDPR (as it existed on December 31, 2020 but subject to certain UK specific amendments) into UK law, referred to as the UK GDPR. The UK GDPR and the UK Data Protection Act 2018 set out the U.K.’s data protection regime, which is independent from but aligned to the European Union’s data protection regime. Non-compliance with the UK GDPR may result in monetary penalties of up to £17.5 million or 4% of worldwide revenue, whichever is higher. With respect to transfers of personal data from the EEA to the U.K., on June 28, 2021 the European Commission issued an adequacy decision in respect of the UK’s data protection framework, enabling data transfers from EU member states to the UK to continue without requiring organizations to put in place contractual or other measures in order to lawfully transfer personal data between the territories. While it is intended to last for at least four years, the adequacy decision will automatically expire in June 2025 unless the European Commission renews or extends it and may be modified or unilaterally revoked in the interim at any point, and if this occurs it could lead to additional costs and increase our overall risk exposure. On March 8, 2024, the British Government published the Data Protection and Digital Information (No.2) Bill intended to create a more business friendly regime in the UK through changes to the existing legislation. At this stage it is unclear whether and when this legislation will be adopted and whether such legislative reforms could potentially lead the European Commission not to extend or to revoke the UK adequacy decision.

Rest of the World Regulation

For other countries outside of the European Union and the U.S., such as countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America or Asia, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. Additionally, the clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with GCP requirements and the applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki.

If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and

Additional Laws and Regulations Governing International Operations

If we further expand our operations outside of the U.S., we must dedicate additional resources to comply with numerous laws and regulations in each jurisdiction in which we plan to operate. The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”), prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the U.S. to comply with certain accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations.

Compliance with the FCPA is expensive and difficult, particularly in countries in which corruption is a recognized problem. In addition, the FCPA presents particular challenges in the pharmaceutical industry, because, in many countries, hospitals are operated by the government, and doctors and other hospital employees are considered foreign officials. Certain payments to hospitals in connection with clinical trials and other work have been deemed to be improper payments to government officials and have led to FCPA enforcement actions. Further, other anti-corruption laws, such as the UK Bribery Act, are broader and can regulate payments to non-governmental entities.

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Various laws, regulations and executive orders also restrict the use and dissemination outside of the U.S., or the sharing with certain non-U.S. nationals, of information classified for national security purposes, as well as certain products and technical data relating to those products. If we expand our presence outside of the U.S., it will require us to dedicate additional resources to comply with these laws, and these laws may preclude us from developing, manufacturing, or selling certain products and product candidates outside of the U.S., which could limit our growth potential and increase our development costs.

The failure to comply with laws governing international business practices may result in substantial civil and criminal penalties and suspension or debarment from government contracting. The SEC also may suspend or bar issuers from trading securities on U.S. exchanges for violations of the FCPA’s accounting provisions.

Coverage and Reimbursement

Successful commercialization of new drug products depends in part on the extent to which reimbursement for those drug products will be available from government programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers, and other organizations. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which drug products they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. The availability and extent of reimbursement by governmental and private payors is essential for most patients to be able to afford a drug product. Sales of drug products depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of drugs products are covered or paid for by the federal or national government as well as commercial managed care organizations, pharmacy benefit managers, and similar healthcare management organizations.

A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment, and efforts of third-party payors to contain or reduce health care costs may adversely affect our ability to establish or maintain appropriate prices for our products or any drugs that we may develop and commercialize. Such efforts include the use of accumulator adjustment programs that do not consider amounts paid by pharmaceutical copay assistance programs as counting towards a patient’s deductible or other out-of-pocket costs. Under new rules promulgated by CMS that would have taken effect January 1, 2023, such accumulator adjustment (or similar) programs could affect the amount of rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program or affect our ability to offer various forms of patient support, including copay assistance. However, this regulation was struck down in Federal court in May 2022. Additionally, in May 2023, CMS issued a new proposed rulemaking that would repeal the changes implemented by the court-vacated December 2020 final rule regarding co-payment assistance programs. Additionally, there was litigation challenging CMS’ co-pay accumulator policies for non-grandfathered health plans. On September 29, 2023, a federal district court vacated provisions of the 2021 Notice of Benefit and Payment Parameter (“NBPP”) final rule that provided health plans with discretion whether to include manufacturer assistance toward the annual cost-sharing limit. Further, on December 22, 2023, the district court clarified that the effect of the vacatur is to reinstate the 2020 NBPP final rule, which barred the use of accumulators for brand drugs without generics. Both parties initially appealed, and subsequently withdrew their appeals. In its 2025 NBPP final rule, CMS did not address its co-pay accumulator policy and has not issued other guidance explaining its interpretation of the court’s ruling, including whether the 2020 NBPP rule will be enforced. At the same time, however, certain states have passed laws prohibiting third-party payors from utilizing accumulator programs.

Government authorities and third-party payors also have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular drug products. In many countries, the prices of drug products are subject to varying price control mechanisms as part of national health systems. In general, the prices of drug products under such systems are substantially lower than in the U.S. Other countries allow companies to fix their own prices for drug products, but monitor and control company profits. Accordingly, in markets outside the U.S., the acquisition costs and reimbursement for drug products may lower than within the U.S.

In the U.S., the decisions about reimbursement for new drug products under the Medicare program are made by CMS, an agency within HHS. CMS determines coverage standards for products reimbursed by Medicare, and private payors often adopt coverage standards established by CMS for the commercial marketplace. However, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for drug products exists among third-party payors and coverage and reimbursement levels for drug products can differ significantly from payor to payor.

Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list or formulary, which might not include all of the FDA-approved products for a particular indication. Also, third-party payors may refuse to include a particular branded drug on their formularies or otherwise restrict patient access to a branded drug when a less costly generic equivalent or another alternative is available. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services, examining the medical necessity, and reviewing the cost-effectiveness of medical products and services and imposing controls to manage costs.

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The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (the “MMA”), established the Medicare Part D program to provide a voluntary prescription drug benefit to Medicare beneficiaries. Under Part D, Medicare beneficiaries may enroll in prescription drug plans offered by private entities that provide coverage of outpatient prescription drugs. Unlike Medicare Parts A and B, Part D coverage is not standardized. While all Medicare drug plans must give at least a standard level of coverage set by Medicare, Part D prescription drug plan sponsors are not required to pay for all covered Part D drugs, and each drug plan can develop its own drug formulary that identifies which drugs it will cover and at what tier or level. However, Part D prescription drug formularies must include drugs within each therapeutic category and class of covered Part D drugs, though not necessarily all the drugs in each category or class. Any formulary used by a Part D prescription drug plan must be developed and reviewed by a pharmacy and therapeutic committee. Government payment for some of the costs of prescription drugs may increase demand for drugs for which we obtain marketing approval. Any negotiated prices for any of our products covered by a Part D prescription drug plan will likely be lower than the prices we might otherwise obtain. Moreover, while the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own payment rates. Any reduction in payment that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in payments from non-governmental payors.

For a drug product to receive federal reimbursement under the Medicaid or Medicare Part B programs, a manufacturer must enter into agreements with the Secretary of HHS to participate in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and the 340B drug discount program. Under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, manufacturers are obligated to pay rebates to the State Medicaid Programs on each unit of the manufacturer’s drugs that are reimbursed by State Medicaid Programs—both with regard to Medicaid Fee for Service and Medicaid Managed Care. Additionally, under the 340B drug discount program, manufacturers extend discounts to “covered entities” eligible to participate in the 340B program, including various hospital providers. The required 340B discount on a given product is calculated based on the average manufacturer price (“AMP”) and Medicaid rebate amounts reported and paid by the manufacturer under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. As of 2010, the ACA expanded the types of entities eligible to receive discounted 340B pricing, although under current law these newly eligible entities (with the exception of children’s hospitals) will not be eligible to receive discounted 340B pricing on drugs that receive an orphan designation by the FDA. As 340B drug pricing is determined based on AMP and Medicaid rebate data, revisions to the statute and regulations governing the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program may cause the required 340B discount to increase.

Many parameters of the 340B program are subject to uncertainty. Several drug manufacturers have commenced litigation, which remains ongoing, challenging the legality of contract pharmacy arrangements, which may affect the way in which manufacturers are required to extend the 340B Drug Discount Program prices to covered entities, including through contract pharmacies. Manufacturers also challenged the implementation of the 340B Administrative Dispute Resolution Process, which is in part intended to resolve claims by covered entities that they have been overcharged for covered outpatient drugs by manufacturers. In November 2022, the Health Resources and Services Administration (“HRSA”) issued a proposed rule to amend its administrative dispute resolution process for certain disputes arising under the 340B drug pricing program. The public comment period closed on January 30, 2023. The nature of the Administrative Dispute Resolution Process, once finalized, may impact on our revenue. Additionally, although HRSA historically has interpreted 340B discounts to apply only to “patients” who had their care initiated at a given 340B covered entity, a November 2023 district court ruling struck down this understanding as too narrow. Although the ruling applies only to the parties to the litigation, it introduces uncertainty as to the scope of the 340B program and may serve as a precedent for future litigation or legislation impacting the industry at large. In another ongoing case impacting the scope of the 340B program, in November 2023, various hospitals sued HRSA to challenge an agency policy requiring that “child sites” of a hospital must be included on that hospital’s most recent Medicare cost report to qualify for discounts under the program. The outcome of this litigation could increase the speed at which new locations of 340B covered entities are able to access 340B discounts. Finally, it also is possible that Congress could consider other legislation that amends or reforms the 340B Drug Discount Program.

Moreover, there also is significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of cell or genetic therapy products. Although a new rule finalized by CMS for the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program increased flexibility regarding the manner in which manufacturers may offer value-based discounting arrangements, and following a regulatory delay, took effect on July 1, 2022.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides funding for the federal government to compare the effectiveness of different treatments for the same illness. The plan for the research was published in 2012 by the Department of HHS, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the National Institutes for Health, and periodic reports on the status of the research and related expenditures are made to Congress. Although the results of the comparative effectiveness studies are not intended to mandate coverage policies for public or private payors, it is not clear what effect, if any, the research will have on the sales of our drug candidates, if any such drug or the condition that they are intended to treat are the subject of a trial. It is also possible that comparative effectiveness research demonstrating benefits in a competitor’s drug could adversely affect the sales of our drug candidate. If third-party payors do not consider our drugs to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover our drugs after approval as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our drugs on a profitable basis.

These laws, and future state and federal healthcare reform measures may be adopted in the future, any of which may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding and otherwise affect the prices we may obtain for any product candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval or the frequency with which any such product candidate is prescribed or used.

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Outside of the U.S., the pricing of pharmaceutical products and medical devices is subject to governmental control in many countries. For example, in the European Union and UK, pricing and reimbursement schemes vary widely from country to country. Some countries provide that products may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed. Some countries may require the completion of additional studies that compare the cost effectiveness of a particular therapy to currently available therapies or so-called health technology assessments, in order to obtain reimbursement or pricing approval. Other countries may allow companies to fix their own prices for products, but monitor and control product volumes or the amount of profit made on those profits, and issue guidance to physicians to limit prescriptions. Efforts to control prices and utilization of pharmaceutical products and medical devices will likely continue as countries attempt to manage healthcare expenditures.

Human Capital Management

As of March 31, 2024, we and our subsidiaries had approximately 908 full-time employees, including 845 in the U.S.

Our human capital objectives include sourcing, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and developing our existing and future employees. We believe we can achieve our human capital objectives by implementing the following approaches:

• Hire high-caliber talent across all levels using both a dedicated in-house talent acquisition team and top-tier executive search firms

• Recruit diverse, multidisciplinary talent from a broad range of industries, including biopharmaceuticals, financial services, technology, and consulting

• Invest in early career diversity through a robust Rotational Analyst (RA) program, hiring recent college graduates from top private and public institutions

• Support Roivant/Roivant Social Ventures’ Diversity in Pharma summer internship program for current PharmD candidates

• Offer highly competitive short- and long-term incentives through both Roivant and Vant equity programs and meaningful performance-based cash bonuses

• Undertake rigorous benchmarking analyses in partnership with third parties to ensure competitive compensation practices and conduct annual pay equity analyses to detect, analyze, and remediate any compensation disparities where appropriate

• Provide company-wide training and speaker programs on topics such as unconscious bias and professional development

• Partner with external organizations to support biopharma-related initiatives in the community

• Offer a professional development stipend to each employee for use towards individual growth and development

• Unlock unique career progression across Roivant and Vants through “Vant mobility” and offer unparalleled leadership opportunities for employees through the Vant model

• Cultivate diversity and inclusion among our employee base through Employee Resource Groups (ERGs), including Women@Roivant (Roivant’s women’s employee resource group), ROI-GBIV (Roivant’s LGBTQ+ employee resource group), and BIPOC (Roivant’s black, indigenous and people of color employee resource group)

In addition to these specific recruitment and retention practices above, we believe the Vant model offers significant human capital advantages. Our nimble, entrepreneurial Vants operate similarly to independent biotechnology companies where each management team, comprised of world-class drug developers and clinical operators, is solely focused on their respective Vant’s mission. Our and our Vants’ equity incentive plans are designed to attract, retain and motivate selected employees, consultants and directors through the granting of share-based compensation awards to encourage focus and calculated risk-taking. As a public company, we expect to continue to hire additional personnel and to implement procedures and processes to address public company regulatory requirements and customary practices.

Corporate and Other Information

We were registered as an exempted limited company in Bermuda in 2014, under the name Valor Biotechnology Ltd. In November 2014 we changed our name to Roivant Sciences Ltd. Our principal executive offices are located at 7th Floor, 50 Broadway, London SW1H 0DB, United Kingdom. Our telephone number is +44 207 400 3347.

Our web page address is https://roivant.com. Our investor relations website is located at https://investor.roivant.com/. We will make available free of charge on our investor relations website under “SEC Filings” our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, our directors’ and officers’ Section 16 Reports and any amendments to those reports after filing or furnishing such materials to the SEC. Additionally, the SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information. The address of the SEC’s website is www.sec.gov. References to our website address do not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained on the website, and the information contained on the website is not part of this document or any other document that we file with or furnish to the SEC.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our business involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and the related notes, as well as the risks, uncertainties and other information set forth in the reports and other materials filed or furnished by us and our majority-controlled subsidiary, Immunovant, Inc. (“Immunovant”), with the SEC. We cannot assure you that any of the events discussed in the risk factors below will not occur. These risks could have a material and adverse impact on our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. If any such events were to happen, the trading shares of our common shares could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this section to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Roivant” and the “Company” refer to Roivant Sciences Ltd. and its subsidiaries and affiliates, as the context requires.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Strategy

Our limited operating history and the inherent uncertainties and risks involved in biopharmaceutical product development and commercialization may make it difficult for us to execute on our business model and for you to assess our future viability. We have generated limited revenue from our operations since inception, and there is no guarantee that we will generate significant revenues in the future.

We are a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical and healthcare technology company with a limited operating history upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects. We were formed in April 2014, and our operations to date have primarily been limited to acquiring or in-licensing product candidates, pursuing the clinical development and commercialization of those product candidates, efforts to discover new product candidates, financing activities and the creation or acquisition of healthcare technology companies and products, as well as the oversight and management of our subsidiaries developing and commercializing medicines, which we refer to as “Vants.”

Following the approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) in May 2022 of VTAMA^® (tapinarof) cream, 1%, for the treatment of adults with plaque psoriasis, we commenced our transition from a clinical-stage company to one with commercial-stage assets. In February 2024, we submitted a Supplemental New Drug Application (“sNDA”) to the FDA for VTAMA for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis (“AD”) in adults and children 2 years of age and older. VTAMA is not currently approved in any other jurisdictions and we do not have any other product candidates that have received regulatory approvals in the U.S. or in any other jurisdiction.

Our ability to execute on our business model and generate revenues depends on a number of factors, including our ability to:

• successfully continue to commercialize VTAMA;

• successfully complete ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials and obtain regulatory approvals for our current and future product candidates;

• identify new acquisition or in-licensing opportunities;

• launch commercial sales of future product candidates, whether alone or in collaboration with others, including establishing sales, marketing and distribution systems;

• successfully grow our healthcare technology Vants and market the products and services offered by those Vants;

• attract and retain experienced management and advisory teams;

• add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support clinical, preclinical manufacturing and commercialization efforts and operations;

• initiate and maintain relationships with third-party suppliers and manufacturers and have commercial quantities of products and product candidates manufactured at acceptable cost and quality levels and in compliance with FDA and other regulatory requirements;

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• set acceptable prices for products and product candidates and obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors;

• achieve market acceptance of products and product candidates in the medical community and with third-party payors and consumers;

• raise additional funds when needed and on terms acceptable to us;

• successfully identify new product candidates through our discovery efforts and advance those product candidates into preclinical studies and clinical trials; and

• maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio.

If we cannot successfully execute on these objectives, our business may not succeed and the price of our common shares may be negatively impacted.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with biopharmaceutical product development and commercialization, we are unable to predict when and if our products and product candidates will achieve various milestones in their clinical development, including marketing approval from the FDA or other regulatory authorities, the timing or amount of increased expenses related to these activities or when we will be able to generate significant revenues or maintain profitability. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities to perform studies or clinical trials in addition to those that are currently anticipated or to otherwise provide data beyond that which we currently believe is necessary to support an application for marketing approval or to continue clinical development in the U.S. or another jurisdiction, or if there are any delays in any of our or our future collaborators’ clinical trials or the development of our product candidates that we may identify. We anticipate incurring significant costs associated with the continued commercialization of VTAMA and that of any future product candidates, if approved, and advancing our ongoing clinical trials and discovery efforts until our revenues from product sales of VTAMA and any other approved products exceeds such expenses, which may never occur.

We may never achieve sustained profitability.

Investment in biopharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that a product candidate will fail to gain regulatory approval or become commercially viable. While we have received regulatory approval for one product candidate, VTAMA for the treatment of adults with plaque psoriasis in the U.S., and submitted an sNDA to the FDA for VTAMA for the topical treatment of AD in adults and children 2 years of age and older, we have not yet received marketing approval for any of our other product candidates anywhere in the world and we have not generated significant product revenues from the commercial sale of our biopharmaceutical products. We cannot estimate with precision the extent of our future losses. Since inception, we have incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations. As of March 31, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of approximately $6.6 billion and retained earnings of approximately $576.2 million.

We may never be able to develop or successfully commercialize new marketable drugs or achieve sustained profitability. To achieve sustained profitability, we must succeed in developing and commercializing products that generate significant revenue. Revenue from the sale of any products or product candidate for which regulatory approval is obtained will be dependent, in part, upon the size of the markets in the territories for which we have or may gain regulatory approval, the accepted price for the product, the ability to obtain reimbursement at any price, the strength and term of patent exclusivity for the product, the competitive landscape of the product market, and whether we own the commercial rights for that territory. For example, even though VTAMA for the treatment of adults with plaque psoriasis has received regulatory approval in the U.S. and we have submitted an sNDA to the FDA for VTAMA for the topical treatment of AD, we can provide no assurances that we will be able to achieve profitability based on sales in that indication alone or that we will be able to receive approval of and commercialize VTAMA for other indications or in other jurisdictions. Even if we achieve profitability from product revenues in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Our failure to achieve sustained profitability would depress the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, expand our pipeline, market our products and, if approved, product candidates, and continue our operations.

We may never generate meaningful product revenue from the commercial sales of our products or, if approved, product candidates or achieve or maintain profitability. It is possible that we will incur substantial operating losses for the foreseeable future. Our ability to generate meaningful product revenue and achieve sustained profitability is dependent on our ability to complete the development of our products and product candidates, obtain necessary regulatory approvals for our current and future product candidates and manufacture and successfully market our current and future products alone or in collaboration with others.

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We have relatively limited experience as a commercial-stage company and the marketing and sale of VTAMA or any future products may be unsuccessful or less successful than anticipated.

In May 2022, the FDA approved VTAMA for the treatment of adults with plaque psoriasis in the U.S. While we have launched VTAMA in the U.S., we have relatively limited experience as a commercial-stage company and therefore face significant risks and uncertainties relating to the commercialization of VTAMA and any future products that receive marketing approval in the U.S. or another jurisdiction, including:

• our ability to recruit and retain effective sales, marketing and customer service personnel;

• our ability to obtain and retain access to physicians or persuade adequate numbers of physicians to prescribe VTAMA and any future products;

• the inability to manufacture and to price VTAMA and any future products at a price point sufficient to ensure an adequate and attractive level of profitability;

• the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for VTAMA and any future products will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations;

• the risks associated with potential co-promotion or partnership agreements, including the failure to realize the expected benefits of such arrangements;

• the costs and other risks associated with expansion of a commercial product into multiple indications, including increased sales and marketing costs; and

• other unforeseen costs, expenses and risks associated with the commercialization of biopharmaceutical products, including compliance costs.

In February 2024, we submitted an sNDA to the FDA for VTAMA for the topical treatment of AD for adults and children 2 years of age and older. To the extent that we receive FDA approval for VTAMA in that indication, or receive regulatory approval for VTAMA or any of our future products or product candidates in any other jurisdictions, we would expect to incur additional increased cash costs associated with those commercial activities.

Our relatively limited experience as a commercial-stage company means that there is limited information about our ability to overcome many of the risks and uncertainties encountered by companies commercializing products in the biopharmaceutical industry. Further, given our relatively limited experience of commercializing products, we do not have a track record of successfully executing on the commercialization of an approved product. As we continue to develop and seek regulatory approval of additional products and product candidates, as well as additional indications for VTAMA, and to pursue regulatory approvals for VTAMA and other products and product candidates outside the U.S., it could be difficult for us to obtain and devote the resources necessary to successfully pursue our commercialization efforts. If we are unable to manage the risks and uncertainties associated with the commercialization of VTAMA and any future products or product candidates that receive marketing approval, we may be unable to generate significant revenues from the sales of these products and product candidates or to achieve profitability, which will materially affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Our inability to successfully commercialize VTAMA or the failure of any of our product candidates in ongoing or future clinical trials or preclinical studies, in addition to having a direct adverse impact on our business and prospects, could also have a lasting negative impact on our reputation, which could, in turn, impact our ability to successfully enter into future licensing arrangements or other transactions with potential counterparties, raise future capital or attract key personnel to join us. Our business and prospects would be materially harmed by any such failures and our results of operations and financial condition would likely suffer materially as a result.

Our business is dependent to a significant extent on the successful commercialization of VTAMA and the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our current and future products and product candidates.

We currently have one product approved by the FDA: VTAMA, which was approved for the treatment of plaque psoriasis in adults in the U.S. in May 2022. In February 2024, we submitted an sNDA to the FDA for VTAMA for the topical treatment of AD for adults and children 2 years of age and older. The success of our business, including our ability to generate any substantial revenues in the future, will depend to a significant extent on the successful commercialization of VTAMA and the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our other current and future products and product candidates. The commercial success of VTAMA and the clinical and commercial success of our other current and future products and product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including the following:

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• our ability to successfully implement and execute on a marketing strategy for VTAMA and to commercialize any of our current or future products in the U.S. and internationally, whether alone or in collaboration with others;

• acceptance by physicians, payers and patients of the benefits, safety and efficacy of VTAMA or any of our current or future products, including relative to alternative and competing treatments;

• timely completion of our nonclinical studies and clinical trials, which may be significantly slower or cost more than we currently anticipate and will depend substantially upon the performance of third-party contractors;

• whether we are required by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities to conduct additional clinical trials or other studies beyond those planned to support the approval and commercialization of our current or future products or product candidates;

• acceptance of our proposed indications and primary and secondary endpoint assessments relating to the proposed indications of our current or future products or product candidates by the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities;

• the prevalence, duration and severity of potential side effects or other safety issues experienced with VTAMA or our current or future products or product candidates;

• the timely receipt of necessary marketing approvals from the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities for our current or future products or product candidates;

• achieving, maintaining and, where applicable, ensuring that our third-party contractors achieve and maintain compliance with our contractual obligations and with all regulatory requirements applicable to VTAMA or any of our current or future products or product candidates;

• the willingness of physicians and patients to utilize or adopt VTAMA and any of our current or future products or product candidates, if approved;

• the ability of third parties upon which we rely to manufacture clinical trial and commercial supplies of VTAMA or any of our current or future products or product candidates to remain in good standing with relevant regulatory authorities and to develop, validate and maintain commercially viable manufacturing processes that are compliant with Current Good Manufacturing Practice (“cGMP”);

• the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from private third-party payers and governmental healthcare programs for VTAMA and any of our current or future products or product candidates, such as Medicare and Medicaid;

• patient demand for VTAMA and any of our current or future products or product candidates;

• our ability to establish and enforce intellectual property rights in and to any of our current or future products or product candidates;

• our ability to avoid third-party patent interference, intellectual property challenges or intellectual property infringement claims; and

• the ability to raise any additional required capital on acceptable terms, or at all.

Further, competitors who are developing products in the dermatology field or that target the same indications as us with products that have a similar mechanism of action may experience problems with their products that could indicate or result in class-wide problems or additional requirements that would potentially harm our business. Due to these risks and uncertainties, we cannot provide assurances that we will be able to generate sufficient revenue through the sale of VTAMA or any of our current or future products or product candidates to achieve or maintain profitability.

We may not be successful in our efforts to acquire or in-license new product candidates, and newly acquired or in-licensed product candidates may not perform as expected in clinical trials or be successful in eventually achieving marketing approvals.

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The success of our business depends in large part on our ability to successfully identify new product candidates, generally through acquisitions or in-licensing transactions. Our acquisition and in-licensing efforts focus on identifying assets in development by third parties across a diverse range of therapeutic areas that, in our view, are underserved or undervalued. Once identified, we typically seek to in-license these assets from partners for low or no upfront payment, with future royalty or milestone payments to the licensor tied to the successful achievement of pre-specified development or commercialization benchmarks. From time to time, we also use joint venture structures for our Vants, where the licensor receives a minority equity ownership stake in the Vant formed around an in-licensed asset. Certain potential licensors may be unwilling or unable to pursue these types of transaction structures, which could have the effect of limiting the number of available in-licensing candidates or make us a less attractive partner for a given asset, relative to other potential acquirors.

Following the acquisition or in-licensing, our strategy often entails designing low-cost studies for a product candidate that result in a quick “go/no-go” decision on whether or how to proceed with future development for a given asset. We may decide to proceed with the development of a product candidate on the basis of that study and later determine that the more costly and time intensive trials required for regulatory approvals do not support the initial value the product candidate was thought to hold or demonstrate the product profile required for a marketing approval. Even if a product candidate does prove to be valuable or successful in receiving marketing approval, its value may be less than we anticipated at the time of the investment, including after payments of applicable royalty and milestone payments to the licensor, and we may not be able to recover our investment into the development of the product candidate.

We also face significant competition for attractive investment opportunities. A number of companies compete with us for such opportunities, some of which may possess greater financial or technical resources. If we are unable to identify a sufficient number of potential product candidates for acquisition or in-licensing, or if the product candidates that we identify do not prove to be as valuable as anticipated, we will not be able to successfully develop or receive marketing approval for those product candidates, and our business and results of operations may suffer materially as a result. Any such failure to in-license or acquire new product candidates from third parties, or the failure of those product candidates to succeed in clinical trials and eventually receive marketing approval, would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We face risks associated with the allocation of capital and personnel across our businesses.

Because we have finite financial and management resources, we have to make challenging decisions regarding the allocation of capital and personnel across our businesses. We face certain risks associated with these decisions and may fail to capitalize on viable commercial product candidates or profitable market opportunities. For example, we may decide not to pursue a particular in-licensing or acquisition opportunity, or a potential target indication for a product candidate, that later proves to have greater commercial potential than our current and planned development programs and product candidates. Similarly, our management’s attention to one product or product candidate may divert their attention from another opportunity that ultimately might have proven more successful. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and other future product candidates may not yield any commercially viable future product candidates. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such future product candidate.

Additionally, we may pursue additional in-licenses or acquisitions of product candidates or programs, which entails additional risk to us. Identifying, selecting and acquiring promising product candidates requires substantial technical, financial, legal and human resources expertise. Efforts to do so may not result in the actual acquisition or in-license of a successful product candidate, potentially resulting in a diversion of our management’s time and the expenditure of our resources with no resulting benefit. For example, if we are unable to identify programs that ultimately result in approved products, we may spend material amounts of our capital and other resources evaluating, acquiring and developing products that ultimately do not provide a return on our investment, would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We face risks associated with the Vant structure.

Our products and product candidates are developed at our Vants, which operate similarly to independent biopharmaceutical companies with their own management teams and equity incentive structures. While we believe that there are significant competitive advantages to this structure, as compared to traditional pharmaceutical companies or smaller biopharma companies, the Vant structure also poses certain risks for our business.

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Operating the Vants independently, rather than under a centralized, consolidated management team, may result in increased costs at Roivant and the Vants, as certain functions or processes, including sales and marketing, clinical and nonclinical personnel, business development, finance, accounting, human resources and legal functions, are replicated at Roivant and at multiple Vants. There may also be certain start-up costs, associated with the establishment of a new Vant or integration of a newly acquired business into a Vant, which are greater under the Vant model than they would be under a centralized model. The use of the Vant model may also entail increased costs for us, including the time and expenses associated with hiring Vant CEOs and management teams, overseeing Vant equity incentive arrangements and managing compliance-related risks, including the internal controls, reporting systems and procedures necessary for us to operate as a public company. We may also be exposed to increased “key employee” risks, in the event a Vant CEO were to depart, including the loss of other senior Vant personnel, potentially resulting in adverse impacts to commercialization or development work at the Vant. These increased expenses, complexities and other challenges may make using and scaling the Vant model more challenging and costly than it would be for a traditional pharmaceutical company to both operate and expand the number of product candidates under development, which could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. This decentralized model could also make compliance with applicable laws and regulations more challenging to monitor and may expose us to increased costs that could, in turn, harm our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

In addition, a single or limited number of the Vants may, now or in the future, comprise a large proportion of our value. Similarly, a large proportion of our consolidated revenues may be derived from one or a small number of Vants. For example, our only approved product, VTAMA, was developed and is being commercialized by Dermavant, one of our Vants. Any adverse development at Dermavant or any other Vant, including the loss of key members of management, the termination of a key license agreement or other loss of the intellectual property underlying a product or product candidate or the failure of a clinical trial for a product candidate under development at the Vant, could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

We do not wholly own many of our Vants. Our Vants have equity incentive plans, which can dilute our ownership interest in the Vant as those awards vest and are exercised, and certain of our Vants have issued debt or equity securities senior to our ownership interests, which dilutes our economic interest in the Vants and can in certain cases, such as our publicly traded subsidiary Immunovant, limit our operational control of the Vant. The vesting and exercise of incentive equity awards at the Vants, as well as future capital needs at the Vants – which may be financed through senior debt or equity securities or common equity – may further dilute or subordinate our ownership and economic interests in the Vants or reduce our operational control of the Vants. In addition, recipients of Vant equity awards may have economic alignment with a Vant that incentivizes them to act in ways that prioritize the success of a Vant over the success of the Company as a whole, which could adversely impact our consolidated business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. For more information on our ownership of our Vants, see “Business–Overview–Vant Ownership.”

We manage the Vants in part through our designees who serve on the Vant boards of directors. In their capacities as directors, those individuals may owe fiduciary duties to the Vants and their shareholders under applicable law, which may at times require them to take actions that are not directly in our interest as a shareholder. To the extent any such actions have an adverse effect on the value of our ownership interest in the Vant, it could further adversely impact our consolidated business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

We face risks associated with potential future payments related to our products and product candidates.

Our asset in-licensing transactions typically involve zero or low upfront payments combined with milestone and royalty payments. These arrangements generally involve a payment or payments upon the achievement of certain development or regulatory milestones, including regulatory approval, and then royalty payments upon the achievement of specified levels of sales, which can extend for up to the life of a product. Some of these payments may become due before a product is generating sufficient funds to enable us to meet our obligations. If this were to occur, we would default on our payment obligations and could face penalties, delays in commercialization or development activities, the termination of a license agreement or reputational damage. Even for a product that is commercialized and generating revenue, payments could become due that are so large that the investment is not profitable or is less profitable than anticipated. For example, this could occur if at the time of the initial investment, we overestimated the value of the product and agreed to a payment schedule using these inflated estimates. If we are unable to make milestone and royalty payments related to our product candidates when due, our business and prospects could suffer and our ability to in-license future product candidates could be impaired.

Our business strategy and potential for future growth relies on a number of assumptions, some or all of which may not be realized.

Our business strategy and plans for future growth rely on a number of assumptions, including, in the case of our products and product candidates, assumptions related to adoption of a particular therapy, incidence and prevalence of an indication, use of a product or product candidate versus competitor therapies and size of the addressable patient populations. Some or all of these assumptions may be incorrect due to errors or mistaken assumptions in our analysis or the inherent uncertainties in the drug development process, among other reasons. We cannot accurately predict whether our products or product candidates will achieve significant market acceptance in line with these assumptions or whether there will be a market for our products or product candidates that reaches the anticipated size. If any of these assumptions are incorrect or overstated, our results and future prospects will be materially and adversely affected.

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We may engage in strategic transactions that could impact our liquidity, increase our expenses and present significant distractions to our management.

From time to time, we may consider strategic transactions, including acquisitions or divestitures of companies, asset purchases or sales and out-licensing or in-licensing of intellectual property, products or technologies. Additional potential transactions that we may consider in the future include a variety of business arrangements, including spinoffs, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, collaborations, restructurings, divestitures, business combinations and investments. For example, in December 2023, we completed a transaction to sell Telavant, which was owned by us and Pfizer, to Roche for aggregate upfront consideration of $7.1 billion and a near-term, one-time milestone payment of $150 million (the “Roche Transaction”). Any future transactions could increase our near and long-term expenditures, result in potentially dilutive issuances of our or our Vants’ equity securities, including our common shares, or the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses or acquired in-process research and development expenses, and could expose us to the risk of litigation, any of which could affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Future acquisitions, which may or may not include using all or a portion of the cash proceeds from the Roche Transaction as consideration, may also require us to obtain additional financing, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all. These transactions may never be successful and may require significant time and attention of our management, as well as significant costs, whether or not successfully consummated. In addition, the integration or separation of any business that we may acquire in the future may disrupt our existing business and may be a complex, risky and costly endeavor for which we may never realize the full benefits of the transaction. For any alliances or joint ventures that we enter into in the biopharmaceutical industry, we may encounter numerous difficulties in discovering, developing, manufacturing and marketing any new products or product candidates related to such businesses, which may delay or prevent us from realizing the expected benefits or enhancing our business. Divestiture transactions such as the Roche Transaction may adversely impact the price of our common shares, to the extent investors believe the value of the consideration received in the transaction is not equivalent to the value of the asset or program divested. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that transactions of the nature described above will be undertaken or successfully completed, and that any transaction we do complete will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We face risks associated with the use of our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, including any return of capital to shareholders.

As of March 31, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of approximately $6.6 billion, which includes the cash proceeds from the Roche Transaction. Our management team has broad discretion in respect of use of our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, including the proceeds from the Roche Transaction. We may use all or a portion of such proceeds for one or more strategic transactions, including acquisitions of companies, asset purchases or sales or in-licensing of intellectual property, products or product candidates or technologies, as described above. We may not be able to find a suitable strategic transaction that we deem sufficiently attractive to pursue, and may not be able to complete a strategic transaction in the future. Our ability to complete a strategic transaction may be negatively impacted by general market conditions, volatility in the capital markets and the other risks described herein.

We may also decide to return capital to shareholders through one or a combination of public or private share repurchases, or the issuance of cash dividends on our common shares. As previously disclosed, our board of directors has authorized a common share repurchase program, allowing for repurchases of common shares in an aggregate amount of up to $1.5 billion (excluding fees and expenses) (the “2024 Repurchase Program”). A portion of the 2024 Repurchase Program, approximately $648.4 million, was used to repurchase all of the common shares held by Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd. in April 2024.

The timing and total amount of any additional common shares repurchased under the 2024 Repurchase Program or any future repurchase authorization from our board of directors will depend on several factors, including the market price of our common shares, general business, macroeconomic and market conditions and other investment opportunities, as well as the discretion of our board of directors, or its delegees, that any such activity would be in the best interests of our shareholders and in compliance with all applicable laws and our contractual obligations. In the event that we decide to pursue further repurchases of common shares, we may be limited in our ability to repurchase our common shares by various governmental laws, rules and regulations which prevent us from purchasing our common shares during periods when we are in possession of material non-public information. We may also use our discretion to repurchase common shares from certain shareholders without offering the opportunity to all shareholders to have their common shares repurchased at that time and price. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur.

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The amount of cash available to return to shareholders, if any, can vary significantly from period to period for a number of reasons, including, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions, applicable law and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. The returns of capital to shareholders may change in form, amount, value and frequency from time to time, and we cannot guarantee that any such future returns of capital will take place. The trading price of our common shares may decline, possibly materially, if we are unable to meet investor expectations with respect to the timing and total amount of future capital returns to shareholders. There is no guarantee that our significant balance of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, including the proceeds from the Roche Transaction, will be used to increase our operating results, return capital to shareholders or enhance the value of our common shares.

We are exposed to risks related to our significant holdings of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash.

Our significant holdings of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash can be negatively affected by changes in liquidity, financial results, market and economic conditions, political risk, currency risk, credit risk, sovereign risk, interest rate fluctuations or other factors. As a result, the value and liquidity of our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash may fluctuate substantially. Additionally, we may from time to time have balances in bank accounts that are in excess of insured deposit limits, and could be subject to risks of bank failures. Therefore, although we have not realized any significant losses on our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, future fluctuations in their value could result in significant losses and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

We may require additional capital to fund our operations, and if we fail to obtain necessary financing, we may not be able to successfully market our products, acquire or in-license new products or product candidates, complete the development and commercialization of our products and product candidates and continue to pursue our drug discovery efforts.

Acquiring or in-licensing, discovering, developing, commercializing and marketing biopharmaceutical products and product candidates is expensive and time consuming, and, in the future, we may require additional capital to pursue these activities. We are also responsible for payments to third parties under our license and acquisition agreements, including milestone and royalty payments. Because of the inherent uncertainties in these activities – including the outcome of preclinical and clinical trials and the regulatory approval process – we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development, regulatory approval process and commercialization of our current and future products and product candidates.

Our future funding requirements, both near- and long-term, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

• the time and costs necessary to complete our ongoing, planned and future clinical trials for our current and future products and product candidates;

• the time and costs necessary to pursue regulatory approvals for our current and future product candidates;

• the costs associated with future acquisitions or in-licensing transactions;

• the approval, progress, timing, scope and costs of our preclinical studies, clinical trials and other related activities, including the ability to enroll patients in a timely manner for our ongoing and planned clinical trials and potential future clinical trials for our current and future product candidates;

• the costs associated with our ongoing, planned and future preclinical studies and other drug discovery activities;

• our ability to successfully identify and negotiate acceptable terms for third-party supply and contract manufacturing agreements with contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”);

• the costs of obtaining adequate clinical and commercial supplies of raw materials and drug products for our current and future products and product candidates;

• our ability to successfully commercialize VTAMA, including:

o the manufacturing, selling and marketing costs associated with VTAMA, including the cost and timing of expanding sales and marketing capabilities or entering into strategic collaborations with third parties; and

o the amount and timing of sales and other revenues from VTAMA, including the sales price and the availability of adequate third-party reimbursement;

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• the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our patent claims and other intellectual property rights, including current and future patent infringement actions brought against third parties, for our current and future product candidates;

• the cost of pursuing and defending potential intellectual property disputes, including patent infringement actions with third parties, relating to our current or future products or product candidates; and

• our ability to hire, attract and retain qualified personnel.

In the event that we require additional financing, we cannot be certain that additional capital will be available to us or the Vants on acceptable terms, or at all. If we or the Vants are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue our in-licensing and acquisition, discovery, development, commercialization and marketing activities. In addition, attempting to secure additional capital may divert the time and attention of our management from day-to-day activities and harm our business. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with our business, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays, operating expenditures and capital requirements associated with our current and future product development programs and discovery efforts. Moreover, risks associated with broader market conditions, including high levels of inflation, heightened interest rates and increasing market and banking sector instability and volatility, all of which have been observed in recent periods, may further adversely impact our ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms or at all.

In the future, we may require significant additional capital to continue our operations, pursue business opportunities or strategic transactions, or respond to challenges, competition or unforeseen circumstances. Until such time, if ever, that we can generate substantial revenues, we may finance future cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, strategic alliances and license and development agreements or other collaborations at Roivant and the Vants. To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities at Roivant or the Vants, our existing shareholders’ ownership, or our ownership in the Vants, may experience substantial dilution, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that could harm the rights of our shareholders. Additionally, any agreements for future debt or preferred equity financings, if available, may involve covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our products and product candidates, future revenue streams, research programs or technologies or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. The foregoing restrictions associated with potential sources of additional capital may make it more difficult for us to raise additional capital or to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions.

If adequate funds are not available to us, we may be required to forego potential in-licensing or acquisition opportunities, delay, limit or terminate one or more development or discovery programs, scale back marketing efforts for our current and future products or be unable to expand operations or otherwise capitalize on business opportunities, which could materially affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to complete certain strategic transactions if a proposed transaction may be subject to review or approval by regulatory authorities pursuant to certain U.S. laws or regulations.

Certain potential acquisitions, divestitures or other business combinations that we may pursue could be subject to review or approval by regulatory authorities pursuant to certain U.S. laws or regulations. In the U.S., certain mergers that potentially could affect competition may require certain filings and review by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission. In recent years, there has been enhanced regulatory scrutiny over such transactions. In the event that we were to make an investment, acquisition or disposition that was determined to be subject to regulatory review, and such regulatory approval or clearance is not obtained, or the review process is extended beyond the period of time that would permit such strategic transactions to be consummated, we may not be able to consummate such strategic transactions or counterparties may be deterred from pursuing potential strategic transactions with us. This may impair our ability to raise capital when needed and to pursue accretive transactions, which is an important part of our business model, and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.

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Our drug discovery efforts may not be successful in identifying new product candidates.

Our drug discovery efforts are centered on our discovery Vants, including Psivant, Covant and VantAI, which employ a variety of approaches to the drug discovery process, including quantitative proteomics, induced proximity and covalency. As a company, we have relatively limited experience in drug discovery generally and with certain of the computational tools that are employed in those efforts. Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to successfully use these approaches and technologies to identify promising new product candidates and eventually advance those product candidates through preclinical studies and clinical trials. We have not yet succeeded and may not succeed in advancing any product candidates developed through these discovery efforts into clinical trials, demonstrating the efficacy and safety of such product candidates or obtaining regulatory approval thereafter. As a result, it is difficult to predict the time and cost of product candidate development from our discovery Vants and we cannot predict whether the application of these approaches will result in the development and regulatory approval of any products. In addition, many of the active drug discovery efforts at our discovery Vants are being conducted pursuant to collaboration agreements with third parties, in which the third parties are either owed milestone and royalty payments tied to the successful development and commercialization of successfully identified drug candidates, or have been granted exclusive or shared development and commercialization rights with respect to successfully identified drug candidates in exchange for upfront payments, shared expenses, and certain milestone and royalty payments owed to the discovery Vants. Any problems that we or our third party partners experience in the future related to this platform or any of our related development programs may cause significant delays or unanticipated costs or may prevent the development of a commercially viable product. Any of these factors may prevent us from completing our preclinical studies or any clinical trials that we may initiate or commercializing any internally discovered product candidates we may develop on a timely or profitable basis, if at all. Even if successful, as a result of our collaboration agreements, our rights to commercialize any successfully discovered product candidates may be limited.

Risks Related to the Development of Our Products and Product Candidates

Clinical trials and preclinical studies are very expensive, time-consuming, difficult to design and implement and involve uncertain outcomes. We may encounter substantial delays in clinical trials, or may not be able to conduct or complete clinical trials or preclinical studies on the expected timelines, if at all.

Our biopharmaceutical product candidates that are in clinical development or preclinical studies will require, as applicable, extensive clinical testing before a New Drug Application (“NDA”) or other similar application for regulatory approval, such as a Biologics License Application (“BLA”) or an application for marketing authorization in the European Union (“EU”) or United Kingdom (“UK”), may be submitted, or extensive preclinical testing before an Investigational New Drug application (“IND”) or an application for authorization to conduct a clinical trial in the EU or UK may be submitted, a Clinical Trial Application (“CTA”). We cannot provide any assurance that we will submit an IND, NDA, CTA or other similar application for regulatory approval for our product candidates within projected timeframes or whether any such application will be accepted for review or ultimately approved by the relevant regulatory authorities.

Clinical trials and preclinical studies are very expensive, time-consuming and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. For instance, the FDA, an institutional review board (“IRB”), an Ethics Committee (“EC”) or other regulatory authorities may not agree with the proposed analysis plans or trial design for the clinical trials of our product candidates, and during any such review, may identify unexpected efficacy or safety concerns, which may delay the effective date of an IND or approval of an NDA, BLA or similar application. The FDA, the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”), the European Commission, the Medicines and Healthcare product Regulatory Agency (“MHRA”) or other relevant regulatory authority may also find that the benefits of any product candidate in any applicable indication do not outweigh its risks in a manner sufficient to grant regulatory approval.

The FDA or other regulatory authorities may also not agree with the scope of our proposed investigational plan. For example, they may find that our proposed development program is not sufficient to support a marketing authorization application, or that the proposed indication is considered to be too broad. Moreover, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may also refuse or impose certain restrictions on our reliance on data supporting our clinical trial application or marketing authorization application should such data originate from studies outside of the relevant jurisdiction or be affected by regulatory non-compliance, including issues of data integrity. In the EU, data derived from clinical trials that were conducted outside the EU cannot be used to support a CTA unless the clinical trial was registered on a relevant database. In each case, this could delay the clinical development and authorization timeline for a given product candidate.

Failures can occur at any stage of development, including clinical trials or preclinical studies, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials or preclinical studies. In addition, results from clinical trials or preclinical studies may require further evaluation, delaying the next stage of development or submission of an IND or an NDA or similar application in the U.S. or another jurisdiction. Further, product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy results despite having successfully progressed through preclinical and earlier stage clinical trials. Such product candidates may exhibit safety signals in later stage clinical trials that they did not exhibit in earlier studies or trials. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in, or the discontinuation of, advanced clinical trials with a product candidate due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety findings, despite having promising results in earlier trials or studies. Likewise, the results of early clinical trials or preclinical studies of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of current or future development programs. There can also be no assurance that the results of studies conducted by collaborators or other third parties with similar product candidates in similar indications will be viewed favorably or indicative of our own future trial results.

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The commencement and completion of preclinical studies and clinical trials may be delayed by several factors, including:

• failure to obtain regulatory authorization to commence a clinical trial or reaching consensus with regulatory authorities regarding the design or implementation of our studies;

• other regulatory issues, including the receipt of any inspectional observations on FDA’s Form-483, Warning or Untitled Letters, clinical holds, or complete response letters or similar communications/objections by other regulatory authorities;

• unforeseen safety issues, or subjects experiencing severe or unexpected adverse events;

• occurrence of serious adverse events in trials of the same class of agents conducted by other sponsors;

• lack of effectiveness during clinical trials;

• resolving any dosing issues, including those raised by the FDA or other regulatory authorities;

• inability to reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;

• slower than expected rates of patient recruitment or failure to recruit suitable patients to participate in a trial;

• failure to add a sufficient number of clinical trial sites;

• unanticipated impact from changes in or modifications to protocols or clinical trial design, including those that may be required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities;

• inability or unwillingness of clinical investigators or study participants to follow our clinical and other applicable protocols or applicable regulatory requirements;

• an IRB or EC refusing to approve, suspending, or terminating the trial at an investigational site, precluding enrollment of additional subjects, or withdrawing their approval of the trial;

• premature discontinuation of study participants from clinical trials or missing data;

• failure to manufacture or release sufficient quantities of our product candidates or failure to obtain sufficient quantities of active comparator medications for our clinical trials, if applicable, that in each case meet our quality standards, for use in clinical trials;

• inability to monitor patients adequately during or after treatment; or

• inappropriate unblinding of trial results.

We, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may suspend our clinical trials in an entire country at any time, or an IRB/EC may suspend our clinical trial sites within any country, if it appears that we or our collaborators, or the principal investigator, are failing to conduct a trial in accordance with the protocol, applicable regulatory requirements, including Good Clinical Practice (“GCP”) regulations, that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks, or if the FDA or other regulatory authority finds deficiencies in our IND or equivalent applications for other countries or in the manner in which clinical trials are conducted. In addition, disruptions caused by any ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic or future pandemics may increase the likelihood that we encounter such difficulties or delays in initiating, enrolling, conducting or completing our planned and ongoing clinical trials. Therefore, we cannot predict with any certainty the schedule for commencement and completion of future clinical trials.

If we experience delays in the commencement or completion of our clinical trials, or if we terminate a clinical trial prior to completion, the commercial prospects of our product candidates could be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenue from any of our product candidates, if approved, may be delayed. In addition, any delays in our clinical trials could increase our costs, cause a decline in our share price, slow down the approval process, and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenue. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, many of the factors that cause or lead to a termination or suspension of, or delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates. We may make formulation or manufacturing changes to our product candidates, in which case we may need to conduct additional preclinical or clinical studies to bridge our modified product candidates to earlier versions. Any delays to our clinical trials that occur as a result could shorten any period during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates and our competitors may be able to bring product candidates to market before we do, and the commercial viability of our product candidates could be significantly reduced.

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Moreover, principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and receive compensation in connection with such services. Under certain circumstances, we may be required to report some of these relationships to the FDA or other regulatory authorities. The FDA or other regulatory authorities may conclude that a financial relationship between us and a principal investigator has created a conflict of interest or otherwise affected the integrity of the study. The FDA or other regulatory authorities may therefore question the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized. This could result in a delay in approval, or rejection, of our marketing and authorization applications by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, as the case may be, and may ultimately lead to the denial of marketing approval of any of our product candidates.

In addition, for our products or product candidates that are in clinical development, prior to our acquisition of the rights to those products or product candidates we had no involvement with or control over the preclinical or clinical development of those products or product candidates. We are therefore dependent on our licensing and other transaction partners having conducted such research and development in accordance with the applicable protocols and legal, regulatory and scientific standards, having used appropriately regulated and compliant equipment and devices during the preclinical or clinical development, having accurately reported the results of all clinical trials and other research they conducted prior to our acquisition of the rights to those products or product candidates, having correctly collected and interpreted the data from these trials and other research and having supplied us with complete information, data sets and reports required to adequately demonstrate the results reported through the date of our acquisition of these products or product candidates. Problems associated with the pre-acquisition development of our products or product candidates could result in increased costs and delays in the commercialization of our products or development of our product candidates, which could harm our ability to generate any future revenue from sales of products or, if approved, product candidates.

We may encounter difficulties enrolling and retaining patients in clinical trials, and clinical development activities could thereby be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

We may encounter delays or difficulties in enrolling, or be unable to enroll, a sufficient number of patients to complete any of our clinical trials for our products or product candidates on current timelines, or at all, and even once enrolled we may be unable to retain a sufficient number of patients to complete any of our clinical trials for these products or product candidates. Enrollment in our clinical trials may also be slower than we anticipate, or be stopped, leading to delays in the development timelines for our products and product candidates.

Patient enrollment and retention in clinical trials depends on many factors, including EC approval of patient participation as proposed, the size of the patient population, the nature of the trial protocol, our ability to recruit clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience, delays in enrollment due to travel or quarantine policies, or other factors, including those related to any ongoing effects of COVID-19 pandemic or future pandemics, the existing body of safety and efficacy data with respect to the study drug, the number and nature of competing treatments and ongoing clinical trials of competing drugs for the same indication, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial and the proportion of patients screened that meets those criteria, our ability to obtain and maintain patient consents and our ability to successfully complete prerequisite studies before enrolling certain patient populations. For certain of our products and product candidates, including IMVT-1402 and batoclimab, which target certain autoimmune indications, there are limited patient pools from which to draw in order to complete our clinical trials in a timely and cost-effective manner. In addition, for certain of our early-stage development programs, there may be a limited number of sites where it is feasible to run clinical trials, making such programs particularly susceptible to delays caused by issues at those sites.

Furthermore, any negative results or new safety signals we may report in clinical trials of our products or product candidates may make it difficult or impossible to recruit and retain patients in other clinical trials we are conducting or to resume enrolling patients once a paused clinical trial has been resumed. Similarly, negative results reported by our competitors about their drug candidates may negatively affect patient recruitment in our clinical trials. Also, marketing authorization of competitors in this same class of drugs may impair our ability to enroll patients into our clinical trials, delaying or potentially preventing us from completing recruitment of one or more of our trials.

Delays or failures in planned patient enrollment or retention may result in increased costs, program delays or both, which could have a harmful effect on our ability to develop our products and product candidates, or could render further development impracticable. In addition, we expect to rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure proper and timely conduct of our future clinical trials, and, while we intend to enter into agreements governing their services, we will be limited in our ability to compel their actual performance. Any such delays in our current or future clinical trials could have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial condition and results.

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The results of our preclinical studies and clinical trials may not support our proposed claims for our products or product candidates, or regulatory approvals on a timely basis or at all, and the results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

Success in preclinical studies and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and we cannot be sure that the results of later clinical trials will replicate the results of prior preclinical studies and earlier clinical trials. For example, we cannot assure you that the reductions in IgG antibodies and favorable analyte profile observed in our Phase 1 trial of IMVT-1402 will be observed in future clinical trials, including pivotal trials necessary for regulatory approvals. Likewise, promising interim results or other preliminary analyses do not ensure that the clinical trial as a whole will be successful and may lack statistical significance, which would further limit the reliability of such interim or preliminary data. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including biotechnology companies, have suffered significant setbacks in, or the discontinuation of, clinical trials, even after promising results were seen with their product candidates in earlier preclinical studies or clinical trials. These setbacks have been caused by, among other things, preclinical findings made while clinical trials were underway and safety or efficacy observations made in clinical trials, including previously unobserved adverse events.

The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our products and product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. Products and product candidates in later stage clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical and initial clinical trials. A future failure of a clinical trial to meet its pre-specified endpoints may cause us to abandon development of the product candidate in question. Any delay in, or termination of, our clinical trials will prevent or delay the submission of an NDA or other similar applications to the FDA or other relevant comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize our products or, if approved, our product candidates, and generate product revenues. Even if our clinical trials are completed as planned, we cannot be certain that their results will support our claims for differentiation or the effectiveness or safety of our products and product candidates. The FDA and other regulatory authorities, including the EMA and the MHRA, have substantial discretion in the review and approval process and may disagree that our data support the differentiated claims we propose. In addition, only a small percentage of product candidates under development result in the submission of an NDA or other similar application to the FDA and other comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities and even fewer are approved for commercialization.

Interim, top-line or preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, and in some countries, in line with the applicable requirements set out in legislation and guidance, we may publicly disclose preliminary or top-line data from our clinical trials, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available top-line data. For example, we previously disclosed 24-week data from our NEPTUNE trial of brepocitinib in non-anterior non-infectious uveitis, results from the initial cohort of patients in our Phase 2 trial of batoclimab in Graves’ disease and initial human data from our Phase 1 trial of IMVT-1402. These results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a full analysis of all data related to the particular trial. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the preliminary and top-line results that we report may differ from future results of the same trials, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results, once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Top-line data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the top-line data we previously reported. As a result, preliminary and top-line data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. From time to time, we may also disclose interim data from our clinical trials. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Adverse differences between preliminary, top-line or interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects. Further, disclosure of preliminary or interim data by us or by our competitors could result in increased volatility in the price of our shares.

Further, other parties, including regulatory agencies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates, calculations, conclusions or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could impact the value of the particular program, the approvability or commercialization of a particular product or product candidate and our business in general. In addition, the information we choose or are required to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is based on what is typically extensive information, and you or others may not agree with what we determine is the material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure. Any information we determine not to disclose may ultimately be deemed significant with respect to future decisions, conclusions, views, activities or otherwise regarding a particular product, product candidate or our business. If the top-line data that we report differ from actual results, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval for and commercialize our products and product candidates, our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition may be harmed.

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Changes in methods of product manufacturing or formulation may result in additional costs or delay.

As our products and product candidates proceed through the development process, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods and formulation, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize processes and results. Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve these intended objectives. Any of these changes could cause products or product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of planned clinical trials or other future clinical trials conducted with the altered materials. Such changes may also require additional testing, FDA notification or FDA approval, or another regulatory authority’s notification or approval, as applicable, since similar requirements apply in other jurisdictions. This could delay the completion, or result in the abandonment, of clinical trials, require the conduct of bridging clinical trials, the repetition of one or more clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of our products and product candidates and jeopardize our ability to commence sales and generate revenues.

We rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical trials, and if those third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner or fail to comply with applicable requirements, it may harm our business.

We rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials, and we expect to have limited influence over their actual performance. In addition, we rely upon CROs to monitor and manage data for our clinical programs, as well as the execution of future nonclinical studies. We expect to control only certain aspects of our CROs’ activities. Nevertheless, we will be responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable contract, protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards and that clinical trial sites meet applicable protocol and regulatory requirements. Our reliance on CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory or specified contractual responsibilities.

We and our CROs are required to comply with Good Laboratory Practices (“GLPs”) and GCPs, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and other comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities, which also require compliance with the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (“ICH”) guidelines for any of our products and product candidates that are in preclinical and clinical development. The regulatory authorities enforce GCP regulations through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. Although we may rely on CROs to conduct our GLP-compliant nonclinical studies and GCP-compliant clinical trials, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our GLP nonclinical studies and GCP clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its investigational plan and protocol and applicable laws and regulations. Our expected reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory or contractual responsibilities. If we or our CROs fail to comply with GCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or non-U.S. regulatory authorities may reject our marketing authorization applications and require us to perform additional clinical trials to generate additional data before approving our marketing applications. Accordingly, if our CROs fail to comply with these regulations or other applicable laws, regulations or standards, or fail to recruit a sufficient number of subjects, we may be required to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process. Failure by any future CROs to properly execute study protocols in accordance with applicable law could also create product liability and healthcare regulatory risks for us as sponsors of those studies.

Our CROs are independent, third-party organizations and we do not control whether they devote sufficient time, attention and resources to our clinical and nonclinical programs. These CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials, or other drug development activities which could harm our competitive position. We face the risk of potential unauthorized disclosure or infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual property by CROs, which may reduce our trade secret and intellectual property protection and allow our potential competitors to access and exploit our proprietary technology. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for any other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize any product or product candidate that we develop. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for any product or product candidate that we develop would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

If our relationships with these CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or do so on commercially reasonable terms or in a timely manner. Switching or adding additional CROs involves substantial cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which can adversely impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we intend to carefully manage our relationships with the CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

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We do not have our own manufacturing capabilities and rely on third parties to produce clinical and commercial supplies of our products and product candidates.

We do not own or operate, and do not expect to own or operate, facilities for product manufacturing, storage and distribution or testing. Accordingly, we rely on third parties to produce commercial and clinical supplies of our products and product candidates. For example, Dermavant, ThermoFisher and GSK have entered into agreements pursuant to which ThermoFisher and GSK are providing commercial drug product and drug substance for VTAMA as well as drug product and drug substance for Dermavant’s completed pivotal atopic dermatitis Phase 3 ADORING 1 and ADORING 2 trials of VTAMA as well as its ongoing open label long-term extension study of VTAMA in atopic dermatitis. If these counterparties do not fulfill their obligations under these agreements, Dermavant’s ability to sell VTAMA commercially and conduct its ongoing and future clinical trials with VTAMA may be adversely impacted.

Third-party vendors may be difficult to identify for our product process and formulation development and manufacturing due to special capabilities required, and they may not be able to meet our quality standards. In addition, certain of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers may encounter delays in providing their services as a result of supply chain constraints. If any third-party manufacturers or third parties in the supply chain for materials used in the production of our products or product candidates are adversely impacted by supply chain constraints, our supply chain may be disrupted, limiting our ability to manufacture our products for commercialization and products or product candidates for our preclinical studies, clinical trials and research and development activities. Any significant delay in the supply of a product or product candidate, or the raw material components thereof, or of equipment and devices as necessary, for either commercialization or an ongoing clinical trial, due to the need to replace a third-party manufacturer or otherwise, could considerably delay marketing efforts for the product in question or the completion of clinical trials, product testing and potential regulatory approval of the product candidate in question. If our manufacturers or we are unable to purchase these raw materials after regulatory approval has been obtained for our products or product candidates, the commercial launch of our products or product candidates would be delayed or there would be a shortage in supply, which would impair our ability to generate revenue from the sale of our products or product candidates and may require notification to the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Moreover, as a result of projected supply constraints for certain materials used in the production of our products or product candidates, we have in the past and may in the future reserve manufacturing capacity in advance of receiving required efficacy or safety results from our clinical trials, which may involve committing substantial financial resources to current or future products or product candidates that may never be approved or achieve commercialization at scale or at all. In addition, legislative, executive and regulatory proposals were recently enacted or are pending to, among other things, prevent drug shortages, improve pandemic preparedness and reduce the dependency of the U.S. on foreign supply chains and manufacturing. While we are still assessing these developments, they could impact our selection and utilization of CMOs, vendors and other suppliers and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The facilities used by our contract manufacturers to manufacture our products and product candidates must be approved by the FDA pursuant to inspections that will be conducted after we submit an NDA or other similar application to the FDA. Such facilities must also register with the FDA. Similar requirements apply in other jurisdictions. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners for compliance with cGMP requirements for the manufacture of products and product candidates. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities, we will not be able to secure or maintain regulatory approval for our products or product candidates. In addition, we have limited control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities do not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our products or product candidates or if they withdraw any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to market our products and develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates, if approved.

Further, our reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured our products and product candidates ourselves, including:

• inability to meet our product specifications and quality requirements consistently;

• delay or inability to procure or expand sufficient manufacturing capacity;

• manufacturing and product quality issues related to scale-up of manufacturing;

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• costs and validation of new equipment and facilities required for scale-up;

• failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and standards, including cGMP and similar standards;

• deficient or improper record-keeping;

• inability to negotiate manufacturing agreements with third parties under commercially reasonable terms;

• termination or nonrenewal of manufacturing agreements with third parties in a manner or at a time that is costly or damaging to us;

• reliance on a limited number of sources, and in some cases, single sources for product components, such that if we are unable to secure a sufficient supply of these product components, we will be unable to manufacture and sell our products or product candidates in a timely fashion, in sufficient quantities or under acceptable terms;

• lack of qualified backup suppliers for those components that are currently purchased from a sole or single source supplier;

• operations of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers could be disrupted by conditions unrelated to our business or operations, including the bankruptcy of the manufacturer or supplier or other regulatory sanctions related to the manufacturer of another company’s product candidates;

• carrier disruptions or increased costs that are beyond our control; and

• failure to deliver our products or product candidates under specified storage conditions and in a timely manner.

Any of these events could lead to clinical trial delays, cost overruns, delay or failure to obtain regulatory approval or impact our ability to successfully commercialize our products and product candidates as well as potential product liability litigation, product recalls or product withdrawals. Some of these events could be the basis for FDA or other regulatory authority action, including injunction, recall, seizure, total or partial suspension of production, or suspension or revocation of manufacturing/import authorizations and GMP certificates.

If the contract manufacturing facilities on which we rely do not continue to meet regulatory requirements or are unable to meet our requirements, including providing an adequate supply, our business will be harmed.

All entities involved in the preparation of products and product candidates for clinical trials or commercial sale, including our existing CMOs for all of our products and product candidates, are subject to extensive regulation. Components of a finished therapeutic product approved for commercial sale or used in late-stage clinical trials must be manufactured in accordance with cGMP, or similar regulatory requirements outside the U.S. These regulations govern manufacturing processes and procedures, including record-keeping, and the implementation and operation of quality systems to control and assure the quality of investigational products and products approved for sale. Poor control of production processes can lead to the introduction of contaminants or to inadvertent changes in the properties or stability of our products and product candidates. Our failure, or the failure of third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in the issuance of inspectional observations on FDA’s Form-483, Warning or Untitled Letters, similar communications or objections by other authorities, public safety alerts identifying our company or products and sanctions being imposed on us, including clinical holds, import alerts, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, suspension of production, seizures or recalls of products or product candidates, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect clinical or commercial supplies of our products and product candidates.

We and/or our CMOs must supply all necessary documentation in support of an NDA or similar regulatory application on a timely basis, and must adhere to regulations enforced by the FDA and other regulatory agencies through their facilities inspection program. Some of our CMOs have never produced a commercially approved pharmaceutical product and therefore have not obtained the requisite regulatory authority approvals to do so. The facilities and quality systems of some or all of our third-party contractors must pass a pre-approval inspection for compliance with the applicable regulations as a condition of regulatory approval of our products and product candidates. In addition, the regulatory authorities may, at any time, audit or inspect a manufacturing facility involved with the preparation of our products and product candidates or the associated quality systems for compliance with the regulations applicable to the activities being conducted. Although we oversee the CMOs, we cannot control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, our CMO partners for compliance with the regulatory requirements. If these facilities do not pass a pre-approval plant inspection, regulatory approval of the products and product candidates may not be granted or may be substantially delayed until any violations are corrected to the satisfaction of the regulatory authority, if ever.

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The regulatory authorities also may, at any time following approval of a product for sale, inspect the manufacturing facilities of our third-party contractors. If any such inspection or audit identifies a failure to comply with applicable regulations or if a violation of our product specifications or applicable regulations occurs independent of such an inspection or audit, we or the relevant regulatory authority may require remedial measures that may be costly and/or time consuming for us or a third party to implement, and that may include the temporary or permanent suspension of a clinical trial or commercial sales or the temporary or permanent closure of a facility. Any such remedial measures imposed upon us or third parties with whom we contract could materially harm our business.

Additionally, if supply from one approved manufacturer is interrupted, an alternative manufacturer would need to be qualified through a supplemental NDA or similar regulatory filing, which could result in further delay. The regulatory agencies may also require additional studies if a new manufacturer is relied upon for commercial production. In some cases, the technical skills required to manufacture our products and product candidates may be unique or proprietary to the original CMO and we may have difficulty, or there may be contractual restrictions prohibiting us from, transferring such skills to a back-up or alternate supplier, or we may be unable to transfer such skills at all. In addition, if we are required to change CMOs for any reason, we will be required to verify that the new CMO maintains facilities and procedures that comply with quality standards and with all applicable regulations. We will also need to verify, such as through a manufacturing comparability study, that any new manufacturing process will produce our product or product candidate according to the specifications previously submitted to the FDA or another regulatory authority. The delays associated with the verification of a new CMO could negatively affect our ability to develop product candidates or commercialize our products in a timely manner or within budget. In addition, changes in manufacturers often involve changes in manufacturing procedures and processes, which could require that we conduct bridging studies between our prior clinical supply used in our clinical trials and that of any new manufacturer. We may be unsuccessful in demonstrating the comparability of clinical supplies, which could require the conduct of additional clinical trials. Accordingly, switching manufacturers may involve substantial costs and is likely to result in a delay in our desired clinical and commercial timelines.

These factors could cause us to incur higher costs and could cause the delay or termination of clinical trials, regulatory submissions, required approvals, or commercialization of our products and product candidates. Furthermore, if our suppliers fail to meet contractual requirements and we are unable to secure one or more replacement suppliers capable of production at a substantially equivalent cost, our clinical trials may be delayed or we could lose potential revenue.

Certain of our products and product candidates are novel, complex and difficult to manufacture. We could experience manufacturing problems that result in delays in our development or commercialization programs or otherwise harm our business.

The manufacturing processes our CMOs use to produce our products and product candidates are complex, novel and, in the case of our product candidates, have not necessarily been validated for commercial use. Several factors could cause production interruptions, including equipment malfunctions, facility contamination, raw material shortages or contamination, natural disasters, disruption in utility services, human error or disruptions in the operations of our suppliers.

Our biologic product candidates may require processing steps that are more complex than those required for most small molecule drugs. Moreover, unlike small molecules, the physical and chemical properties of biologics generally cannot be fully characterized. As a result, assays of the finished product may not be sufficient to ensure that the product is consistent from lot-to-lot or will perform in the intended manner. Accordingly, our CMOs must employ multiple steps to control the manufacturing process to assure that the process is reproducible and the product candidate is made strictly and consistently in compliance with the process. Problems with the manufacturing process, even minor deviations from the normal process, could result in product defects or manufacturing failures that result in lot failures, product recalls, product liability claims or insufficient inventory to conduct clinical trials or supply commercial markets. We may encounter problems achieving adequate quantities and quality of clinical-grade materials that meet the FDA, the EU, the UK or other applicable standards or specifications with consistent and acceptable production yields and costs.

In addition, the FDA, the EMA, the MHRA and other regulatory authorities may require us to submit samples of any lot of any approved product together with the protocols showing the results of applicable tests at any time. Under some circumstances, the FDA, the EMA, the MHRA or other comparable regulatory authorities may require that we not distribute a lot until the agency authorizes its release. Slight deviations in the manufacturing process, including those affecting quality attributes and stability, may result in unacceptable changes in the product that could result in lot failures or product recalls. Lot failures or product recalls could cause us to delay product launches or clinical trials, which could be costly to us and otherwise harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Our CMOs also may encounter problems hiring and retaining the experienced scientific, quality assurance, quality-control and manufacturing personnel needed to operate our manufacturing processes, which could result in delays in production or difficulties in maintaining compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. Any problems in our CMOs’ manufacturing processes or facilities could result in delays in planned clinical trials and increased costs, and could make us a less attractive collaborator for potential partners, including larger biopharmaceutical companies and academic research institutions, which could limit access to additional attractive development programs. Problems in any of our manufacturing processes could restrict our ability to meet potential future market demand for our products or to conduct clinical trials with our product candidates.

Risks Related to Regulatory Approval and Commercialization of Our Products and Product Candidates

Obtaining approval of a new drug is an extensive, lengthy, expensive and inherently uncertain process, and the FDA or another regulator may delay, limit or deny approval. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval in one or more jurisdictions for any products or product candidates, our business will be substantially harmed.

We cannot commercialize a product until the appropriate regulatory authorities have reviewed and approved the product candidate. Approval by the FDA and comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities is lengthy and unpredictable, and depends upon numerous factors, including substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. Approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of nonclinical or clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s development and may vary among jurisdictions, which may cause delays in the approval or the decision not to approve an application. While we have obtained regulatory approval in the U.S. for one of our product candidates, VTAMA, for the treatment plaque psoriasis in adults, and have submitted an sNDA to the FDA for the approval of VTAMA for the treatment of AD for adults and children 2 years of age and older, it is possible that VTAMA will not receive this regulatory approval or obtain any other regulatory approvals in the U.S. for other indications or in other jurisdictions, and that other current and future product candidates will not be successful in obtaining regulatory approval in the U.S. and other jurisdictions. In addition, we cannot be certain that any products or product candidates that receive regulatory approval will be successfully commercialized.

Obtaining marketing approval of a new drug is an extensive, lengthy, expensive and inherently uncertain process and the FDA or other non-U.S. regulatory authorities may delay, limit or deny approval of a product candidate for many reasons, including:

• we may not be able to demonstrate that a product candidate is safe and effective as a treatment for the targeted indications, and in the case of our product candidates regulated as biological products, that the product candidate is safe, pure and potent for use in its targeted indication, to the satisfaction of the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities;

• the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may require additional pre-approval studies or clinical trials, which would increase costs and prolong development timelines;

• the results of clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical or clinical significance required by the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities for marketing approval;

• the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may disagree with the number, design, size, conduct or implementation of clinical trials, including the design of proposed preclinical and early clinical trials of any future product candidates;

• the CROs that we retain to conduct clinical trials may take actions outside of our control, or otherwise commit errors or breaches of protocols, that adversely impact the clinical trials and ability to obtain marketing approvals;

• the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may not find the data from nonclinical, preclinical studies or clinical trials sufficient to demonstrate that the clinical and other benefits of a product candidate outweigh its safety risks;

• the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may disagree with an interpretation of data or significance of results from nonclinical, preclinical studies or clinical trials or may require additional studies;

• the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may not accept data generated at clinical trial sites, including in situations where the authorities deem that the data was not generated in compliance with GCP, ethical standards or applicable data protection laws;

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• if an NDA, BLA or a similar application is referred for review by an advisory committee, the FDA or other relevant regulatory authority, as the case may be, may have difficulties scheduling an advisory committee meeting in a timely manner or the advisory committee may recommend against approval of our application or may recommend that the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities, as the case may be, require, as a condition of approval, additional nonclinical, preclinical studies or clinical trials, limitations on approved labelling or distribution and use restrictions;

• the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may require development of a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (“REMS”) drug safety program or its equivalent, as a condition of approval;

• the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may require additional post-marketing studies and/or patient registries for product candidates;

• the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may find the chemistry, manufacturing and controls data insufficient to support the quality of our product candidates;

• the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may identify deficiencies in the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers; or

• the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may change their approval policies or adopt new regulations.

 Our future success depends significantly on our ability to successfully complete clinical trials for our product candidates, obtain regulatory approval and then successfully commercialize those product candidates. Any inability to successfully initiate, conduct or complete clinical trials could result in additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenue. In addition, if we make manufacturing or formulation changes to our product candidates, we may be required to or we may elect to conduct additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials to bridge data obtained from our modified product candidates to data obtained from nonclinical and clinical research conducted using earlier versions of these product candidates. Clinical trial delays could also shorten any periods during which our products have patent protection and may allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which could impair our ability to successfully commercialize product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations.

Delays in the initiation, conduct or completion of any clinical trial of our product candidates will increase our costs, slow down the product candidate development and approval process and delay or potentially jeopardize our ability to receive regulatory approvals, commence product sales and generate revenue. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations and have a negative impact on the price of our common shares.

Our clinical trials may fail to demonstrate substantial evidence of the safety and efficacy of product candidates that we may identify and pursue for their intended uses, which would prevent, delay or limit the scope of regulatory approval and commercialization.

Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any of our product candidates, we must demonstrate through lengthy, complex and expensive nonclinical studies, preclinical studies and clinical trials that the applicable product candidate is both safe and effective for use in each target indication, and in the case of our product candidates regulated as biological products, that the product candidate is safe, pure, and potent for use in its targeted indication. Each product candidate must demonstrate an adequate risk versus benefit profile in its intended patient population and for its intended use.

Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical development process. Most product candidates that begin clinical trials are never approved by regulatory authorities for commercialization. We have relatively limited experience in designing clinical trials and may be unable to design and execute a clinical trial to support additional marketing approvals.

We cannot be certain that our current clinical trials or any other future clinical trials will be successful. Additionally, any safety concerns observed in any one of our clinical trials in our targeted indications could limit the prospects for regulatory approval of our product candidates in those and other indications, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, even if such clinical trials are successfully completed, we cannot guarantee that the FDA or comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities will interpret the results as we do, and more trials could be required before we submit our product candidates for approval. Moreover, results acceptable to support approval in one jurisdiction may be deemed inadequate by another regulatory authority to support regulatory approval in that other jurisdiction. To the extent that the results of the trials are not satisfactory to the FDA or comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities for support of a marketing application, we may be required to expend significant resources, which may not be available to us, to conduct additional trials in support of potential approval of our product candidates. Even when regulatory approval is secured for a product or product candidate, the terms of such approval may limit the scope and use of the specific product candidate, which may also limit its commercial potential.

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Our products and product candidates may cause adverse effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, cause us to suspend or discontinue clinical trials, abandon further development or limit the scope of any approved label or market acceptance.

Adverse events caused by or associated with our products and product candidates have caused us and could, in the future, cause us, other reviewing entities, clinical trial sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in the denial of regulatory approval. If an unacceptable frequency or severity of adverse events or new safety signals are reported in our clinical trials for our product candidates or any future product candidates, our ability to obtain regulatory approval for such product candidates may be negatively impacted. Treatment-related side effects arising from, or those perceived to arise from, our product candidates or those from other companies targeting similar diseases, could also affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete their participation in our clinical trials or result in potential product liability claims. In addition, these side effects may not be appropriately recognized or managed by the treating medical staff. For example, as previously disclosed, in early 2021, our subsidiary Immunovant voluntarily paused dosing in early phase clinical studies for batoclimab to evaluate treatment-induced elevations in total cholesterol and LDL levels observed in some trial subjects. After evaluation of the available safety data and following discussions with multiple regulatory agencies, Immunovant is continuing its clinical development of batoclimab. While Immunovant does not expect that increases in LDL over a short-term treatment duration would pose a safety concern for patients, the risk-benefit profile of long-term administration of batoclimab will need to incorporate any unfavorable effects on lipid profiles. These occurrences have harmed, and any reoccurrence may continue to harm our business, financial condition and prospects.

Furthermore, if any of our products, or any future product candidates that are approved, cause serious or unexpected side effects, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

• regulatory authorities may withdraw, revoke, suspend, vary, or limit their approval of the product or require a REMS (or equivalent outside the U.S.) to impose restrictions on its distribution or other risk management measures;

• regulatory authorities may request or require that we recall a product;

• additional restrictions being imposed on the distribution, marketing or manufacturing processes of the products or any components thereof, including a “black box” warning or contraindication on product labels or communications containing warnings or other safety information about the product;

• regulatory authorities may require the addition of labelling statements, such as warnings or contraindications, require other labelling changes of a product or require field alerts or other communications to physicians, pharmacies or the public;

• we may be required to change the way a product is administered or distributed, conduct additional clinical trials, change the labelling of a product or conduct additional post-marketing studies or surveillance;

• we may be required to repeat preclinical studies or clinical trials or terminate programs for a product candidate, even if other studies or trials related to the program are ongoing or have been successfully completed;

• we may be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients, or may be subject to fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues;

• physicians may stop prescribing a product;

• reimbursement may not be available for a product;

• we may elect to discontinue the sale of our products;

• our products may become less competitive; and

• our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected products or product candidates, substantially increase the costs of commercializing our products or product candidates in the future and have a negative impact on the price of our common shares.

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The regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities are lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable, and gaining approval for a product candidate in one country or jurisdiction does not guarantee that we will be able to obtain approval for or commercialize it in any other jurisdiction, which would limit our ability to realize our full market potential.

Prior to obtaining approval to commercialize a product candidate in any jurisdiction, we or our collaborators must demonstrate with substantial evidence from well-controlled clinical trials, and to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities, that such product candidate is safe and effective and, as applicable, pure and potent for its intended use. Results from nonclinical studies and clinical trials can be interpreted in different ways. Even if we believe the nonclinical or clinical data for a product candidate are promising, such data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. In order to market any products in any particular jurisdiction, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements on a country-by-country basis regarding safety and efficacy. Approval of a product candidate by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in any other country or jurisdiction outside the U.S. In addition, clinical trials conducted in one country, and the data generated therefrom, may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not guarantee regulatory approval in any other country. Approval processes vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation, as well as additional administrative review periods. Seeking regulatory approval could result in difficulties and costs for us and require additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials, which could be costly and time consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in those countries. We have one product, VTAMA, which has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of plaque psoriasis in adults in the U.S., and have submitted an sNDA to the FDA for the approval of VTAMA for the treatment of AD, but do not have any other products approved for sale in the U.S. or any other jurisdiction, including in international markets, and we do not have significant experience in obtaining regulatory approval in other markets. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, or if regulatory approvals in international markets are delayed, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of any product we develop will be unrealized.

FDA approval for a product candidate in the United States does not guarantee that we will be able to or that we will make efforts to obtain approval for or commercialize our product candidates in any other jurisdiction, which would limit our ability to realize the drug candidate’s full market potential.

We have one product, VTAMA, approved by the FDA for the treatment of plaque psoriasis in adults in the U.S. We have also submitted an sNDA to the FDA for the approval of VTAMA for the treatment of AD. In order to market VTAMA or any of our other products or product candidates outside of the U.S., we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and effectiveness. Clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not mean that regulatory approval will be obtained in any other country. Approval processes vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation and additional or different administrative review periods from those in the U.S., including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials, as clinical trials conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions outside the U.S., a product candidate must be approved for reimbursement before it can be sold in that jurisdiction. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for our products is also subject to approval.

Seeking regulatory approval outside of the U.S. could result in difficulties and costs and require additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials which could be costly and time-consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of our product candidates in those countries. The regulatory approval process outside of the U.S. may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. Other than VTAMA, we do not have any products or product candidates approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including international markets, and we do not have significant experience in obtaining regulatory approval in international markets. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, or if regulatory approval in international markets is delayed, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our products will be harmed.

Following regulatory approvals for our products and product candidates, we will continue to face extensive ongoing quality and regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense, and our products may face future development and quality or regulatory compliance difficulties.

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We have one product, VTAMA, approved by the FDA for the treatment of plaque psoriasis in adults in the U.S. We have also submitted an sNDA to the FDA for the approval of VTAMA for the treatment of AD. Any product or product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements, including for manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labelling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, recordkeeping, traceability, conduct of potential post-marketing studies and post-marketing submission requirements, export, import, advertising and promotional activities for such product, among other things, will be subject to extensive and ongoing requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, establishment of registration and drug listing requirements, continued compliance with cGMP or equivalent requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of drug product samples to physicians, prior notification/review and/or approval of advertising and promotional materials by the competent authorities, record-keeping and GCP requirements for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Even when marketing approval of a product or product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, including any requirement to implement a REMS. When a product or product candidate receives marketing approval, the accompanying label may limit the approved use of the drug or the FDA or other regulatory authorities may require that contraindications, warnings or precautions, including in some cases, a boxed warning, be included in the product labelling or accompanying documentation, which could limit sales of the product.

The FDA and other relevant regulatory authorities may also impose requirements for costly post-marketing studies or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of a product. Failure to complete such post-marketing requirements in accordance with the timelines and conditions set forth by the FDA and other relevant regulatory authorities could significantly increase costs, result in regulatory enforcement, or delay, limit or ultimately restrict the commercialization of such product. The FDA and other relevant regulatory authorities closely regulate the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs to ensure drugs are marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labelling and that promotional and advertising materials and communications are truthful and non-misleading. Although the FDA and other regulatory agencies do not regulate a physician’s choice of drug treatment made in the physician’s independent medical judgment, regulatory authorities impose stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications and if we do not market our products or product candidates for their approved indications or in a manner which regulators believe to be truthful and non-misleading, we may be subject to enforcement action. Moreover, in the EU and the UK we will be prohibited from promoting prescription-only medicinal products to individuals who are not healthcare professionals. Violations of the FDCA in the U.S. and other comparable laws and regulations in other jurisdictions relating to the promotion of prescription drugs may lead to enforcement actions and investigations by the FDA, Department of Justice, State Attorneys General and other comparable non-U.S. regulatory agencies alleging violations of U.S. federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws, as well as state consumer protection laws and comparable laws in other jurisdictions.

In addition, later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or other problems with our products or product candidates, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may negatively impact our business and the price of our common shares and may yield various results, including:

• restrictions on the manufacture of such products or product candidates;

• restrictions on the labelling or marketing of such products or product candidates, including a “black box” warning or contraindication on the product label or communications containing warnings or other safety information about the product;

• restrictions on product distribution or use;

• requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials, or any regulatory holds on our clinical trials;

• requirement of a REMS (or equivalent outside the U.S.);

• Warning or Untitled Letters or similar communications from other relevant regulatory authorities;

• withdrawal of the product or product candidates from the market;

• refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;

• recall of products or product candidates;

• fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues;

• suspension, variation, revocation or withdrawal of marketing approvals;

• refusal to permit the import or export of our products or product candidates;

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• seizure of our products or product candidates; or

• lawsuits, injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

Non-compliance by us or any current or future collaborator with regulatory requirements, including safety monitoring or pharmacovigilance can also result in significant financial penalties.

Our failure to maintain or continuously improve our quality management program could have an adverse effect upon our business, subject us to regulatory actions and cause patients to lose confidence in us or our products, among other negative consequences.

Quality management plays an essential role in the manufacturing of drugs or drug products, conducting clinical trials, preventing defects, improving our product candidates and services and assuring the safety and efficacy of our products and product candidates. We seek to maintain a robust quality management program which includes the following broad pillars of quality:

• monitoring and assuring regulatory compliance for clinical trials, manufacturing and testing of good applicable practice (“GxP”) (e.g., GCP, GLP and GMP regulated) products;

• monitoring and providing oversight of all GxP suppliers (e.g., contract development manufacturing organizations and CROs);

• establishing and maintaining an integrated, robust quality management system for clinical, manufacturing, supply chain and distribution operations; and

• cultivating a proactive, preventative quality culture and employee and supplier training to ensure quality.

Our future success depends on our ability to maintain and continuously improve our quality management program. A quality or safety issue may result in adverse inspection reports, warning letters, monetary sanctions, injunctions to halt manufacture and distribution of drugs or drug products, civil or criminal sanctions, costly litigation, refusal of a government to grant approvals and licenses, restrictions on operations or withdrawal, suspension or variation of existing approvals and licenses. An inability to address a quality or safety issue in an effective and timely manner may also cause negative publicity, or a loss of patient confidence in us or our products or product candidates, which may result in difficulty in successfully launching products and the loss of potential future sales, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Breakthrough Therapy Designation, Fast Track Designation or Orphan Drug Designation by the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities, even if granted for any product candidate, may not lead to a faster development, regulatory review or approval process, and does not necessarily increase the likelihood that any product candidate will receive marketing approval in the United States or other jurisdictions.

We have sought, or may in the future seek, Breakthrough Therapy Designation, Fast Track Designation or Orphan Drug Designation for certain of our product candidates. For example, in July 2021, Immunovant was granted orphan drug designation in the U.S. by the FDA for batoclimab for the treatment of MG and, in August 2022, it received orphan drug designation from the European Commission for batoclimab for the treatment of MG. Immunovant plans to seek orphan drug designation from the FDA for IMVT-1402 and/or batoclimab where there is a medically plausible basis for IMVT-1402 and batoclimab’s use. Immunovant may also seek orphan drug designation for IMVT-1402 and batoclimab for the treatment of other indications in the E.U. We may also do so for other of our products and product candidates in the future where there is a basis for doing so.

A breakthrough therapy is defined as a therapy that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other therapies, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the therapy may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For therapies that have been designated as breakthrough therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor of the trial can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed on potentially less efficacious control regimens. Therapies designated as breakthrough therapies by the FDA may also be eligible for priority review and accelerated approval. Designation as a breakthrough therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe a product candidate meets the criteria for designation as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. In any event, the receipt of a Breakthrough Therapy Designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to therapies considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if a product candidate qualifies as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may later decide that such product candidate no longer meets the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened.

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Recently, there has been heightened scrutiny of the accelerated approval pathway, with some stakeholders advocating for reform. The HHS Office of Inspector General has initiated, and partly completed, an assessment of how the FDA implements the accelerated approval pathway. In addition, Section 3210 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, revised the accelerated approval pathway. Although this legislation did not change the standard for accelerated approval, it, among other things, requires the FDA to specify the conditions for required post-marketing trials, permits the FDA to require such trials to be underway prior to, or within a specific period after, approval, requires sponsors to provide reports on post-marketing trial progress no later than 180 days after approval and every 180 days thereafter until such trials are completed, makes the failure to conduct required post-marketing trials with due diligence and the failure to submit the required reports prohibited acts, and details procedures the FDA must follow to withdraw an accelerated approval on an expedited basis. We understand that FDA approval letters to products granted accelerated approval subsequent to passage of this legislation are including language that informs the sponsor that they are required to submit status reports of the progress of each requirement no later than 180 days post-approval and every 180 days thereafter. Further, we understand that a company received a Complete Response Letter for a product seeking accelerated approval in two indications because enrollment had not yet begun for confirmatory portions of ongoing clinical trials. At this time, it is not clear what impact, if any, these developments may have on our business, financial condition results of operations or prospects.

If a therapy is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition and the therapy demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for this condition, the therapy sponsor may apply for Fast Track Designation. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant this designation, so even if we believe a particular product candidate is eligible for this designation, we cannot assure you that the FDA would decide to grant it. Even if we do receive Fast Track Designation, we may not necessarily experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may withdraw Fast Track Designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Fast Track Designation alone does not guarantee qualification for the FDA’s priority review procedures.

Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the U.S. and the European Economic Area (the “EEA”), may designate drugs and biologics for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. In the U.S., the FDA may designate a drug or biologic as an orphan drug if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is defined as a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals annually in the U.S. or for which there is no reasonable expectation that costs of research and development of the drug for the disease or condition can be recovered by sales of the drug in the U.S. Generally, if a product with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the FDA from approving another marketing application for the same drug or biologic for the same orphan indication for that time period. In the U.S., in order for a product to receive orphan drug exclusivity, FDA must not have previously approved a drug considered the same drug for the same orphan indication, or the subsequent drug must be shown to be clinically superior to such a previously approved same drug. The applicable period of marketing exclusivity is seven years in the U.S. A similar market exclusivity scheme exists in the EEA. The European Commission, on the basis of a scientific opinion by the EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products grants Orphan Drug Designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition affecting not more than five in 10,000 persons in the EU. Additionally, designation is granted for products intended for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of a life-threatening, seriously debilitating or serious and chronic condition when, without incentives, it is unlikely that sales of the drug in the EU would be sufficient to justify the necessary investment in developing the drug or biological product. In any event, Orphan Drug Designation is granted only if there is no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention, or treatment, or, if such a method exists, the medicine must be of significant benefit to those affected by the condition. Orphan designation in the EU entitles a party to certain benefits, such as scientific assistance (protocol assistance), financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers and ten years of market exclusivity following drug or biological product approval. This orphan market exclusivity period prevents the European Commission, EMA and the competent authorities of the EU Member States from accepting an application or granting marketing authorization for any similar medicinal product intended for the same orphan indication. The orphan market exclusivity applies in parallel to the “normal” data and market exclusivity in the EEA, whereby no company can make reference to (rely on) the innovator drug company’s preclinical and clinical data in order to obtain a marketing authorization for eight years from the date of the first approval of the innovator drug in the EEA and no generic or biosimilar drug can be marketed for ten years from the first approval of the innovator drug in the EEA; the innovator drug may qualify for an extra year’s protection. This additional one year of marketing exclusivity may be obtained where the innovator company is granted, during the first eight years of the ten years market exclusivity, a marketing authorization for a significant new indication for the relevant medicinal product. In such a situation, the generic or biosimilar company can only market their product after 11 years from the first grant of the innovator company’s marketing authorization for the product in the EEA.

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Orphan drug exclusivity may be lost if the FDA or EMA determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the drug or biologic to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition. In the EEA, orphan drug designation, and the related benefits, may be lost if it is established before the market authorization is granted that the designation criteria are no longer met.

Moreover, the ten year orphan market exclusivity in the EEA may be reduced to six years if the orphan drug designation criteria are no longer met at the end of the fifth year since grant of the approval, including where it is shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity.

In April 2023, as part of the EU Pharmaceutical Strategy, the European Commission published a proposal for a comprehensive revision of the EU pharmaceutical legislation (which will not apply in the UK). If adopted by the European Parliament and the Council, the new legislation is likely to significantly change the regulatory regime applicable to both the “normal” data and market exclusivity and the orphan exclusivities and reduce/modulate the exclusivities and rewards that could be granted to medicinal products. In addition, the proposal envisages changes to the concept of unmet medical need and considers introducing novel rewards for orphan medicinal products addressing a high unmet medical need. The adoption of the new legislation is not expected before 2025 and it will start to apply 18 months after the entry in force.

If we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs can be approved for the same condition. Even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA or the European Commission can subsequently approve the same drug for a different condition or the same condition if the FDA or the EMA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. In the EEA, a marketing authorization may also be granted, for the same therapeutic indication, to a competitor with a similar medicinal product during the exclusivity period if we are unable to supply sufficient quantities of the medicinal product for which we received marketing authorization. Moreover, our orphan exclusivity may be reduced if we are unable to comply with any new obligation that may be imposed by the upcoming reform of the EU pharmaceutical legislation, as discussed above.

Moreover, a September 2021 Eleventh Circuit decision in Catalyst Pharmaceuticals, Inc. vs. Becerra regarding interpretation of the Orphan Drug Act exclusivity provisions as applied to drugs approved for orphan indications narrower than the drug’s orphan designation could significantly broaden the scope of orphan drug exclusivity for such products. In January 2023, the FDA, however, issued a Federal Register notice clarifying its approach to orphan drug exclusivity following the Catalyst decision. Consistent with the court’s decision, the FDA set aside its approval of the drug at issue in the case, but announced that, while complying with the court’s order in Catalyst, the FDA intended to continue to apply its regulations tying the scope of orphan-drug exclusivity to the uses or indications for which a drug is approved to matters beyond the scope of that order. Legislation has also been introduced that may reverse the Catalyst decision.

Receipt of marketing approval for our products and product candidates does not guarantee that they will achieve market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors or others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

The commercial success of our products and product candidates will depend upon their degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community. Receipt of marketing approval for our products and product candidates does not guarantee that they will gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community. The degree of market acceptance for any product or product candidates we may develop, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

• the efficacy and safety of such products and product candidates as demonstrated in pivotal clinical trials and published in peer-reviewed journals;

• the potential and perceived advantages compared to alternative treatments, including any similar generic treatments;

• the ability to offer these products for sale at competitive prices;

• the ability to offer appropriate patient financial assistance programs, such as commercial insurance co-pay assistance;

• convenience and ease of dosing and administration compared to alternative treatments;

• the clinical indications for which the product or product candidate is approved by FDA or comparable non-U.S. regulatory agencies;

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• product labelling or product insert requirements of the FDA or other comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities, including any limitations, contraindications or warnings contained in a product’s approved labelling;

• restrictions on how the product is dispensed or distributed;

• the timing of market introduction of competitive products;

• publicity concerning these products or competing products and treatments;

• the strength of marketing and distribution support;

• favorable third-party coverage and sufficient reimbursement; and

• the prevalence and severity of any side effects or adverse events.

Sales of medical products also depend on the willingness of physicians to prescribe the treatment, which is likely to be based on a determination by these physicians that the products are safe, therapeutically effective and cost effective. In addition, the inclusion or exclusion of products from treatment guidelines established by various physician groups and the viewpoints of influential physicians can affect the willingness of other physicians to prescribe such products.

If approved, our product candidates regulated as biologics may face competition from biosimilars approved through an abbreviated regulatory pathway.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (the “Affordable Care Act” or “ACA”), includes a subtitle called the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (the “BPCIA”), which created an abbreviated approval pathway under section 351(k) of the PHSA for biological products that are biosimilar to or interchangeable with an FDA-licensed reference biological product. Under the BPCIA, a section 351(k) application for a biosimilar or interchangeable product may not be submitted to the FDA until four years following the date that the reference product was first licensed by the FDA. In addition, the approval of a biosimilar or interchangeable product may not be made effective by the FDA until 12 years from the date on which the reference product was first licensed. During this 12-year period of exclusivity, another company may still market a competing version of the reference product if the FDA approves a full BLA for the competing product submitted under section 351(a) of the PHSA containing the competing sponsor’s own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity, and potency of the other company’s product. The law is complex and is still being interpreted and implemented by the FDA and the FDA only approved the first interchangeable biosimilar in July 2021. As a result, its ultimate impact, implementation, and meaning are subject to uncertainty. In addition, the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, which incorporated the framework from the Creating and Restoring Equal Access To Equivalent Samples legislation, purports to promote competition in the market for drugs and biological products by facilitating the timely entry of lower-cost generic and biosimilar versions of those drugs and biological products, including by allowing generic drug, 505(b)(2) NDA or biosimilar developers to obtain access to branded drug and biological product samples. Its provisions do have the potential to facilitate the development and future approval of biosimilar ver