Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of these financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Accordingly, actual results may differ from these estimates. Significant estimates include the useful lives of property and equipment, land use rights, assumptions used in assessing collectability of receivables and impairment for long-term assets.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

Muliang Agritech consolidates the following entities, including wholly-owned subsidiaries, Muliang HK, Shanghai Mufeng, and its wholly controlled variable interest entities, Muliang Industry, and Zhongbao, 60% controlled Agritech Development, 99% controlled Fukang, 65% controlled Zhonglian, 80% controlled Yunnan Muliang and 51% controlled Heilongjiang. The 40% equity interest holder of Agritech Development, 1% equity interest holders in Fukang, 35% equity interest holders in Zhonglian, 20% interest in Yunnan Muliang and 49% equity interest in Heilongjiang are accounted as non-controlling interest in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The variable interest entities consolidated for which the Company is deemed the primary beneficiary. All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Control by Principal Stockholders

Control by Principal Stockholders

The Company’s directors and executive officers and their affiliates or related parties own, beneficially and in the aggregate, the majority of the voting power of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Accordingly, if our directors and executive officers and their affiliates or related parties vote their shares uniformly, they would have the ability to control the approval of most corporate actions, including increasing our authorized capital stock and the dissolution or merger of our company or the sale of our assets.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of the statements of cash flows, the Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less and money market accounts to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains cash with various financial institutions.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses. The Company reviews the accounts receivable on a periodic basis and makes general and specific allowances when there is doubt as to the collectability of individual balances. In evaluating the collectability of individual receivable balances, the Company considers many factors, including the age of the balance, a customer’s historical payment history, its current credit-worthiness and current economic trends. Accounts are written off after exhaustive efforts at collection.

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories, consisting of raw materials, work in process, and finished goods related to the Company’s products are stated at the lower of cost or market utilizing the weighted average method.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment

Plant and equipment are carried at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The cost of repairs and maintenance is expensed as incurred; major replacements and improvements are capitalized. When assets are retired or disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gains or losses are included in income in the year of disposition. The Company examines the possibility of decreases in the value of fixed assets when events or changes in circumstances reflect the fact that their recorded value may not be recoverable.

Included in property and equipment is construction-in-progress which consisted of factory improvements and machinery pending installation and includes the costs of construction, machinery and equipment, and any interest charges arising from borrowings used to finance these assets during the period of construction or installation of the assets. No provision for depreciation is made on construction-in-progress until such time as the relevant assets are completed and ready for their intended use.

Estimated useful lives of the Company's assets are as follows:

	Useful Life
Building	20 years
Operating equipment	5-10 years
Vehicle	3-5 years
Electronic equipment	3-20 years
Office equipment	3-20 years
Apple orchard	10 years

The apple orchard includes rental for an apple farm, labor cost, fertilizers, apple seeds, apple seedlings and others. The costs to purchase and cultivate apple trees and the expenditures related to labor and materials to plant apple trees until they become commercially productive are capitalized, which require a two-year period. The estimated production life for apple tree is ten years, and the costs are depreciated without a residual value. Expenses incurred maintaining apple trees during the growth cycle until seedling apple trees or grafted varieties are fruited are capitalized into inventory and included in Work In Process—apple orchard, a component of inventories.

Depreciation expenses pertaining to apple trees will be included in inventory costs for those apples to be sold and ultimately become a component of cost of goods sold. Similar to other assets, the failure of our apple trees to be serviceable over the entirety of their anticipated useful lives or to be sold at their anticipated residual value will negatively impact our operating results.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

Included in the intangible assets are land use rights and non-patented technology. According to the laws of the PRC, the government owns all the land in the PRC. Companies or individuals are authorized to possess and use the land only through land use rights granted by the Chinese government. Useful life for non-patented technology refers to the period during which economic benefits can be generated. Intangible assets are being amortized using the straight-line method over their lease terms or estimated useful life.

Estimated useful lives of the Company’s intangible assets are as follows:

	Useful Life
Land use rights	50 years
Non-patented technology	10 years

The Company carries intangible assets at cost less accumulated amortization. In accordance with US GAAP, the Company examines the possibility of decreases in the value of intangible assets when events or changes in circumstances reflect the fact that their recorded value may not be recoverable. The Company computes amortization using the straight-line method over estimated useful life of 50 years for the land use rights.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

In accordance with ASC Topic 360, the Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable, or at least annually. The Company recognizes an impairment loss when the sum of expected undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset. The amount of impairment is measured as the difference between the asset’s estimated fair value and its book value. The Company recorded no impairment charge for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Advances from Customers

Advances from Customers

Advances from customers consist of prepayments from customers for merchandise that had not yet been shipped. The Company will recognize the deposits as revenue as customers take delivery of the goods and title to the assets is transferred to customers in accordance with the Company’s revenue recognition policy.

Non-controlling Interest

Non-controlling Interest

Non-controlling interests in the Company’s subsidiaries are recorded in accordance with the provisions of ASC 810 and are reported as a component of equity, separate from the parent’s equity. Purchase or sale of equity interests that do not result in a change of control are accounted for as equity transactions. Results of operations attributable to the non-controlling interest are included in our consolidated results of operations and, upon loss of control, the interest sold, as well as interest retained, if any, will be reported at fair value with any gain or loss recognized in earnings.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606 using the modified retrospective method. Results for the reporting period beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the Company’s historic accounting under Topic 605.

Management has determined that the adoption of ASC 606 did not impact the Company’s previously reported financial statements in any prior period nor did it result in a cumulative effect adjustment to opening retained earnings.

Revenue for sale of products is derived from contracts with customers, which primarily include the sale of fertilizer products and environmental protection equipment. The Company’s sales arrangements do not contain variable consideration. The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time based on management’s evaluation of when performance obligations under the terms of a contract with the customer are satisfied and control of the products has been transferred to the customer. For vast majority of the Company’s product sales, the performance obligations and control of the products transfer to the customer when products are delivered, and customer acceptance is made.

Pursuant to the guidance of ASC Topic 840, rent shall be reported as income by lessors over the lease term as it becomes receivable. The Company currently leased part of the building of the Shanghai new plant to third parties as warehouse. The Company recognizes building leasing revenue over the beneficial period described by the agreement, as the revenue is realized or realizable and earned. 

The Company recognized rental income from leasing a portion of its manufacturing facility located in Shanghai to third parties. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, rental income of $194,663 and $388,309 were recognized as other income.

Cost of Sales

Cost of Sales

Cost of goods sold consists primarily of raw materials, utility and supply costs consumed in the manufacturing process, manufacturing labor, depreciation expense and direct overhead expenses necessary to manufacture finished goods as well as warehousing and distribution costs such as inbound freight charges, shipping and handling costs, purchasing and receiving costs.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the provisions of Section 740-10-30 of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification, which is an asset and liability approach that requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in its financial statements or tax returns.

The Company is subject to the Enterprise Income Tax law (“EIT”) of the People’s Republic of China. The Company’s operations in producing and selling fertilizers are subject to the 25% enterprise income tax.

Related Parties

Related Parties

Parties are considered to be related to the Company if the parties, directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, control, are controlled by, or are under common control with the Company. Related parties also include principal owners of the Company, its management, members of the immediate families of principal owners of the Company and its management and other parties with which the Company may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests. The Company discloses all related party transactions.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) comprised of net income (loss) and all changes to the statements of stockholders’ equity, except those due to investments by stockholders, changes in paid-in capital and distributions to stockholders. The Company’s comprehensive income (loss) consist of net income (loss) and unrealized gains from foreign currency translation adjustments.

Reclassification

Reclassification

Certain prior year balances have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on net earnings or financial position.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company’s functional currency is the Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”); however, the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been translated and presented in United States Dollars (“USD”). Results of operations and cash flows are translated at average exchange rates during the period, assets and liabilities are translated at the unified exchange rate at the end of the period, and equity is translated at historical exchange rates. As a result, amounts relating to assets and liabilities reported on the statements of cash flows may not necessarily agree with the changes in the corresponding balances on the balance sheets. Translation adjustments resulting from the process of translating the local currency financial statements into U.S. dollars are included in determining comprehensive income/loss. The translation adjustment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was loss of $111,336 and gain of $103,785, respectively. Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing on the transaction dates. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date with any transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in the results of operations as incurred.

All of the Company’s revenue transactions are transacted in the functional currency. The Company does not enter into any material transaction in foreign currencies. Transaction gains or losses have not had, and are not expected to have, a material effect on the results of operations of the Company.

Asset and liability accounts at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were translated at 6.9499 RMB to $1 USD and 6.8764 RMB to $1 USD, respectively, which were the exchange rates on the balance sheet dates. The average translation rates applied to the statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were 6.9053 RMB and 6.6146 RMB to $1 USD, respectively.

Earnings (Loss) per Share

Earnings (Loss) per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, excluding the effects of any potentially dilutive securities. Diluted earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive potential of shares of common stock outstanding during the period including stock options or warrants, using the treasury stock method (by using the average stock price for the period to determine the number of shares assumed to be purchased from the exercise of stock options or warrants), and convertible debt or convertible preferred stock, using the if-converted method. Earnings per share excludes all potential dilutive shares of common stock if their effect is anti-dilutive. There were no potential dilutive securities at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company adopted the guidance of ASC Topic 820 for fair value measurements which clarifies the definition of fair value, prescribes methods for measuring fair value, and establishes a fair value hierarchy to classify the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1-Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities available at the measurement date.

Level 2-Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3-Inputs are unobservable inputs which reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions on what assumptions the market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best available information.

The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventories, advances to suppliers, prepaid expenses, short-term loans, accounts payable, accrued expenses, advances from customers, VAT and service taxes payable and income taxes payable approximate their fair market value based on the short-term maturity of these instruments.

ASC Topic 825-10 “Financial Instruments” allows entities to voluntarily choose to measure certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value (fair value option). The fair value option may be elected on an instrument-by-instrument basis and is irrevocable, unless a new election date occurs. If the fair value option is elected for an instrument, unrealized gains and losses for that instrument should be reported in earnings at each subsequent reporting date. The Company did not elect to apply the fair value option to any outstanding instruments.

The following table summarizes the carrying values of the Company’s financial instruments:

	December 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Short-term loan	$	-	$	150,515
Current portion of long-term loan		5,373,859		5,453,435
Long-term loan		1,855,294		3,454,543
	$	7,229,153	$	9,058,493

Government Contribution Plan

Government Contribution Plan

Pursuant to the laws applicable to PRC law, the Company is required to participate in a government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan pursuant to which certain retirement, medical and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. Chinese labor regulations require the Company to pay to the local labor bureau a monthly contribution at a stated contribution rate based on the monthly basic compensation of qualified employees. The relevant local labor bureau is responsible for meeting all retirement benefit obligations; the Company has no further commitments beyond its monthly contribution.

Statutory Reserve

Statutory Reserve

Pursuant to the laws applicable to the PRC, the Company must make appropriations from after-tax profit to the non-distributable “statutory surplus reserve fund”. Subject to certain cumulative limits, the “statutory surplus reserve fund” requires annual appropriations of 10% of after-tax profit until the aggregated appropriations reach 50% of the registered capital (as determined under accounting principles generally accepted in the PRC (“PRC GAAP”) at each year-end). For foreign invested enterprises and joint ventures in the PRC, annual appropriations should be made to the “reserve fund”. For foreign invested enterprises, the annual appropriation for the “reserve fund” cannot be less than 10% of after-tax profits until the aggregated appropriations reach 50% of the registered capital (as determined under PRC GAAP at each year-end). If the Company has accumulated loss from prior periods, the Company is able to use the current period net income after tax to offset against the accumulate loss.

Segment Information

Segment Information

The standard, “Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information,” codified with ASC-280, requires certain financial and supplementary information to be disclosed on an annual and interim basis for each reportable segment of an enterprise. The Company believes that it operates in two business segments and in one geographical segment (China), as all of the Company’s current operations are carried in China.

Recent Accounting Pronouncement

Recent Accounting Pronouncement

In February, 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02 (ASU 2016-02) “Leases (Topic 842)”. ASU 2016-02 requires a lessee to recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. ASU 2016-02 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. For finance leases, a lessee is required to do the following:

· Recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in the statement of financial position

· Recognize interest on the lease liability separately from amortization of the right-of-use asset in the statement of comprehensive income

· Classify repayments of the principal portion of the lease liability within financing activities and payments of interest on the lease liability and variable lease payments within operating activities in the statement of cash flows.

For operating leases, a lessee is required to do the following:

· Recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in the statement of financial position

· Recognize a single lease cost, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term on a generally straight-line basis

· Classify all cash payments within operating activities in the statement of cash flows.

In July, 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-11 (ASU 2018-11), which amends ASC 842 so that entities may elect not to recast their comparative periods in transition (the “Comparatives Under 840 Option”). ASU 2018-11 allows entities to change their date of initial application to the beginning of the period of adoption. In doing so, entities would:

· Apply ASC 840 in the comparative periods.

· Provide the disclosures required by ASC 840 for all periods that continue to be presented in accordance with ASC 840.

· Recognize the effects of applying ASC 842 as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings for the period of adoption.

In addition, the FASB also issued a series of amendments to ASU 2016-02 that address the transition methods available and clarify the guidance for lessor costs and other aspects of the new lease standard.

The management has reviewed the accounting pronouncements and adopted the new standard on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method of adoption. The transition method expedient which allows entities to initially apply the requirements by recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. As a result of electing this transition method, prior periods have not been restated. The adoption of this ASU resulted in the recording of additional lease assets and liabilities $352,266 each with no effect to opening balance of retained earnings as the Company did not have any leases prior to the adoption of this ASU.