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Income Taxes (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of loss before provision for income taxes Our loss before provision for income taxes was as follows (in thousands):
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Domestic
$
(328,161
)
 
$
(54,681
)
 
$
(76,404
)
Foreign
1,045

 
530

 
—

Loss before income taxes and non-controlling interests
$
(327,116
)
 
$
(54,151
)
 
$
(76,404
)
Components of income tax expense (benefit)

Components of income tax expense (benefit) (in thousands) consist of the following:
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Current
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
$
1,175

 
$
458

 
$
368

State and local
14

 
9

 
266

Foreign
399

 
251

 
—

Total current tax expense
1,588

 
718

 
634

Deferred
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
(27,334
)
 
(14,820
)
 
3,202

State and local
(5,046
)
 
(2,252
)
 
(3,102
)
Foreign
6

 
(49
)
 
—

Total deferred tax expense
(32,374
)
 
(17,121
)
 
100

Change in valuation allowance
9,250

 
16,443

 
(7,371
)
Total tax expense (benefit)
$
(21,536
)
 
$
40

 
$
(6,637
)
Schedule of reconciliation of the U.S. statutory tax rate to our effective tax rate
A reconciliation of the U.S. statutory tax rate to our effective tax rate and our statutory rate is presented below:
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
U.S. statutory tax rate
21.0
 %
 
21.0
 %
 
35.0
 %
U.S. state income taxes, net of U.S. federal tax benefit
4.4
 %
 
3.6
 %
 
3.3
 %
Foreign earnings at other than U.S. rates
(0.1
)%
 
(0.2
)%
 
—
 %
Change in valuation allowance
(2.8
)%
 
(30.4
)%
 
(34.0
)%
Change in valuation allowance, tax reform
—
 %
 
—
 %
 
43.7
 %
Impact of tax reform
—
 %
 
—
 %
 
(36.0
)%
Non-deductible goodwill impairment
(15.8
)%
 
—
 %
 
—
 %
Non-controlling interest
(0.3
)%
 
(0.7
)%
 
(4.6
)%
Excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation
(0.2
)%
 
3.9
 %
 
3.1
 %
Federal and state research tax credits
—
 %
 
4.5
 %
 
—
 %
Change in uncertain tax positions
0.1
 %
 
(1.1
)%
 
—
 %
Effect of investment in MHG
(1.4
)%
 
—
 %
 
—
 %
Change in indefinite reinvestment assertion for domestic subsidiaries
2.6
 %
 
—
 %
 
—
 %
Other, net
(0.8
)%
 
(0.7
)%
 
(1.8
)%
Effective rate
6.7
 %
 
(0.1
)%
 
8.7
 %
Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities
Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities (in thousands) were as follows:

  
As of December 31,
  
2019
 
2018
Deferred Tax Assets
 
 
 
Start-up and organizational costs
$
149

 
$
160

Internally developed software costs
—

 
3,283

Goodwill
19,142

 
—

Operating lease liabilities
18,055

 
—

Accrued expenses
9,534

 
—

Stock based compensation
8,899

 
—

Net operating loss carryforwards
112,316

 
76,019

Federal and state research tax credits
1,828

 
1,828

Other
3,941

 
861

Subtotal
173,864

 
82,151

Valuation allowance
(50,815
)
 
(37,037
)
Total deferred tax assets
123,049

 
45,114

 
 
 
 
Deferred Tax Liabilities
 
 
 
Internally developed software costs
14,603

 
—

Intangible assets
58,655

 
26,710

Outside basis differences
5,865

 
43,492

Right-of-use assets - Operating
16,180

 
—

Contract fulfillment costs
9,510

 
—

Convertible debt
15,732

 
—

Fixed assets
796

 
—

Other
3,650

 
—

Total deferred tax liabilities
124,991

 
70,202

Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)
$
(1,942
)
 
$
(25,088
)
Changes in valuation allowance
Changes in our valuation allowance (in thousands) were as follows:

 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Balance at beginning-of-year
$
37,037

 
$
53,201

 
$
26,376

Charged to costs and expenses
9,250

 
16,443

 
(7,371
)
Charged to other accounts (1)
4,528

 
(32,607
)
 
34,196

Balance at end-of-year
$
50,815

 
$
37,037

 
$
53,201

(1) 
Amounts charged to other accounts includes an increase of $4.5 million and a decrease of $32.6 million and an increase of $34.2 million charged to additional paid-in-capital for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Changes in unrecognized tax benefits
Changes in our unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands) were as follows:
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Balance at beginning-of-year
$
934

 
$
762

 
$
—

Gross increases - tax positions in prior period
—

 
934

 
1,108

Gross decreases - tax positions in prior period
—

 
(762
)
 
—

Gross increases - tax positions in current period
—

 
—

 
74

Lapse of statute of limitations
(181
)
 
—

 
—

Change in tax rate
—

 
—

 
(420
)
Balance at end-of-year
$
753

 
$
934

 
$
762