10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

___________________________________

Form 10-Q

___________________________________

(Mark One)

x   QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020

Or

¨   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from             to

Commission File Number: 001-34899

___________________________________

Pulse Biosciences, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	46-5696597
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
3957 Point Eden Way Hayward, CA	94545
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(510) 906-4600

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

___________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	PLSE	The Nasdaq Stock Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes x    No ¨ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).     Yes x   No ¨ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. 

Large accelerated filer	¨	Accelerated filer	x
Non-accelerated filer	¨	Smaller reporting company	x
		Emerging growth company	x

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).     Yes ¨   No x

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as of November 2, 2020: 25,341,540

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	PAGE ‎ No.
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited):	3
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss ‎for the Three- and Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	4 ‎
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows ‎for the Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	5 ‎
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three- and Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	6
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	18
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	25
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	26
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	27
Item 1A. Risk Factors	27
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	60
Item 3. Default Upon Senior Securities	60
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	60
Item 5. Other Information	60
Item 6. Exhibits	61
Signatures	62

‎

2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

PULSE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	September 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	7,070	$	6,899
Investments		22,516		18,499
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		748		1,005
Total current assets		30,334		26,403
Property and equipment, net		2,562		2,566
Intangible assets, net		4,048		4,547
Goodwill		2,791		2,791
Right-of-use assets		9,595		5,114
Other assets		365		494
Total assets	$	49,695	$	41,915
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,432	$	1,963
Accrued expenses		4,111		2,496
Lease liability, current		457		—
Total current liabilities		6,000		4,459
Lease liability, less current		10,991		6,719
Total liabilities		16,991		11,178
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; ‎authorized – 50,000 shares; no shares issued and outstanding		—		—
Common stock, $0.001 par value: authorized – 500,000 shares; issued and outstanding – 25,290 shares and 20,825 shares at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively		25		21
Additional paid-in capital		191,468		153,401
Accumulated other comprehensive income		1		4
Accumulated deficit		(158,790)		(122,689)
Total stockholders’ equity		32,704		30,737
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	49,695	$	41,915

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

 
‎

3

PULSE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Three-Month Periods Ended				Nine-Month Periods Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenue	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Operating expenses:
General and administrative		5,771		5,606		16,691		15,153
Research and development		6,968		6,192		19,019		18,371
Amortization of intangible assets		166		166		499		500
Total operating expenses		12,905		11,964		36,209		34,024
Other income:
Interest income		9		218		108		841
Total other income		9		218		108		841
Net loss		(12,896)		(11,746)		(36,101)		(33,183)
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities		1		(14)		(3)		9
Comprehensive loss	$	(12,895)	$	(11,760)	$	(36,104)	$	(33,174)
Net loss per share:
Basic and diluted net loss per share	$	(0.51)	$	(0.57)	$	(1.60)	$	(1.60)
Weighted average shares used to compute net loss per common share — basic and diluted		25,223		20,774		22,540		20,728

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

 
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4

PULSE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Nine-Month Periods Ended
	September 30,
	2020		2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(36,101)	$	(33,183)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation		310		390
Amortization of intangible assets		499		500
Stock-based compensation		7,686		7,739
Net premium amortization and discount on available-for-sale securities		(6)		(458)
Loss on disposal of fixed assets		119		—
Gain on U.S. Treasury securities		(8)		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		431		(658)
Right-of-use assets		352		—
Other long-term assets		129		—
Accounts payable		(595)		544
Accrued expenses		1,352		633
Lease liabilities		(104)		—
Other assets		(174)		(2,734)
Other current and long-term liabilities		—		2,238
Net cash used in operating activities		(26,110)		(24,989)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(162)		(645)
Purchases of investments		(25,516)		(72,981)
Maturities of investments		4,510		57,000
Sales of investments		17,000		—
Net cash used in investing activities		(4,168)		(16,626)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan		490		423
Proceeds from exercises of warrants		112		—
Proceeds from exercises of stock options		349		272
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of issuance cost of $565		29,498		—
Tax payments related to shares withheld for vested restricted stock units		—		(613)
Net cash provided by financing activities		30,449		82
Net increase (decrease) in cash		171		(41,533)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		6,899		51,103
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	7,070	$	9,570
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities:
Change in unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities	$	(3)	$	9
Unpaid property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses		263		219
Issuance costs for rights offering in accounts payable		64

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements. 
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5

PULSE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

				Additional		Accumulated Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity
Balance, June 30, 2020	25,149	$	25	$	188,197	$	—	$	(145,894)	$	42,328
Issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options	85		—		340		—		—		340
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan	40		—		235		—		—		235
Issuance of shares upon exercise of warrants	16		—		112		—		—		112
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		2,648		—		—		2,648
Rights offering, additional issuance costs	—		—		(64)		—		—		(64)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities	—		—		—		1		—		1
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(12,896)		(12,896)
Balance, September 30, 2020	25,290	$	25	$	191,468	$	1	$	(158,790)	$	32,704

				Additional		Accumulated Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity
Balance, December 31, 2019	20,825	$	21	$	153,401	$	4	$	(122,689)	$	30,737
Issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options	86		—		349		—		—		349
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan	83		—		490		—		—		490
Issuance of common stock and warrants in connection with rights offering, net of issuance cost of $565	4,280		4		29,430		—		—		29,434
Issuance of shares upon exercise of warrants	16		—		112		—		—		112
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		7,686		—		—		7,686
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities	—		—		—		(3)		—		(3)
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(36,101)		(36,101)
Balance, September 30, 2020	25,290	$	25	$	191,468	$	1	$	(158,790)	$	32,704

				Additional		Accumulated Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity
Balance, June 30, 2019	20,768	$	21	$	146,973	$	22	$	(97,155)	$	49,861
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan	20		—		201		—		—		201
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		2,679		—		—		2,679
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities	—		—		—		(14)		—		(14)
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(11,746)		(11,746)
Balance, September 30, 2019	20,788	$	21	$	149,853	$	8	$	(108,901)	$	40,981

6

				Additional		Accumulated Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity
Balance, December 31, 2018	20,593	$	21	$	142,032	$	(1)	$	(75,718)	$	66,334
Issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options	99		—		272		—		—		272
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan	38		—		423		—		—		423
Issuance of shares upon vesting of restricted stock units	58		—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		7,739		—		—		7,739
Tax payments related to shares withheld for vested restricted stock units	—		—		(613)		—		—		(613)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities	—		—		—		9		—		9
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(33,183)		(33,183)
Balance, September 30, 2019	20,788	$	21	$	149,853	$	8	$	(108,901)	$	40,981

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
‎

7

PULSE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1. Description of the Business

Pulse Biosciences, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, the Company) is a novel bioelectric medicine company committed to health innovation that improves and potentially extends the lives of patients. The Company is pursuing regulatory clearance to market its first product, its proprietary CellFX^® System. The Company’s CellFX System utilizes its patented Nano-Pulse Stimulation™ (NPS™) technology to treat a variety of applications for which an optimal solution remains unfulfilled. NPS is a proprietary technology that delivers nano-second duration pulses of high amplitude electrical energy to non-thermally clear targeted cells while sparing adjacent non-cellular tissue. The cell-specific effects of NPS technology have been validated in a series of completed and ongoing clinical studies.

The Company was incorporated in Nevada on May 19, 2014. On June 18, 2018, the Company reincorporated from the State of Nevada to the State of Delaware. The Company’s headquarters and manufacturing and research facility is located in Hayward, California.

The Company’s activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including the need for additional capital. The Company has not yet commenced any revenue-generating operations, does not have any cash flows from operations, and will need to raise additional capital to finance its operations. However, there can be no assurances that the Company will be able to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms and in the amounts necessary to fully fund its operating requirements.

Pulse Biosciences, CellFX, Nano-Pulse Stimulation, and NPS and the stylized logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of the Company in the United States and other countries.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Going Concern

As of September 30, 2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $158.8 million, cash outflows from operations of $26.1 million for the nine months then ended, and cash, cash equivalents and investments of $29.6 million. The Company has not generated any revenue from product sales since its inception and anticipates that losses may continue for the next several years until such time as the Company can generate substantial product revenue and achieve profitability. To fund ongoing operating and capital needs, the Company will need to raise additional capital. The Company plans to raise additional capital to fund its operations, for at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of the accompanying consolidated financial statements, through the issuance and sale of equity securities. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available when needed or that management of the Company will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to the Company. Accordingly, the Company’s management cannot conclude that such plans will be effectively implemented within twelve months from the date of issuance of the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

These factors, combined with the Company’s forecast of cash required to fund operations for a period of at least twelve months from the date of issuance of the accompanying consolidated financial statements, raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. 

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

8

COVID-19 Pandemic

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties as a result of the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s business is highly uncertain and difficult to predict, as the response to the pandemic continues to evolve. The Company considered the impact of COVID-19 on the assumptions and estimates used to determine the results reported and asset valuations as of September 30, 2020.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis consistent with the Company’s December 31, 2019 audited Consolidated Financial Statements and include all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary to fairly state the information set forth herein. The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and, as permitted by such rules and regulations, omit certain information and footnote disclosures necessary to present the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP). The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. The results of operations for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the entire year or any future periods.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Pulse Biosciences, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions, if any, have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Financial Statements and accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Estimates include, but are not limited to, the valuation of cash equivalents and investments, the valuation and recognition of share-based compensation and the useful lives assigned to long-lived assets. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions based on historical experience and other factors and adjusts those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the significant accounting policies described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Net Loss per Share

The Company calculates basic net loss per share by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. For purposes of this calculation, options to purchase common stock and common stock warrants are considered common stock equivalents. Potential common shares that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share.

Basic and diluted net loss per common share is the same for all periods presented because all warrants, stock options and restricted stock units outstanding are anti-dilutive.

9

The following outstanding stock options, warrants and restricted stock units were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

	Nine-Month Periods Ended
	September 30,
	2020		2019
Common stock warrants		793,464		213,485
Common stock options		5,207,326		3,545,491
Restricted stock units		34,402		111,305
Total		6,035,192		3,870,281

 Recent Accounting Pronouncement

In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which eliminates certain exceptions related to the general principles in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740 and makes amendments to other areas with the intention of simplifying various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods therein; with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the standard will have on its financial statements and related disclosures; and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

3. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The authoritative guidance with respect to fair value established a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels, and requires that assets and liabilities carried at fair value be classified and disclosed in one of three categories, as presented below.

Level 1 - Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for an identical asset or liability that the Company has the ability to access as of the measurement date. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 1 inputs include money market funds.

Level 2 - Inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, which are directly observable for the asset or liability or indirectly observable through corroboration with observable market data. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs include commercial paper, corporate bonds, and asset-backed securities.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data for the asset or liability which requires the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions. The Company did not classify any of its investments within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial assets measured on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively (in thousands):

		September 30, 2020								December 31, 2019
Assets	Classification		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Money market funds	Cash and cash equivalents	$	5,598	$	—	$	—	$	5,598	$	6,429	$	—	$	—	$	6,429
U.S. Treasury Securities	Investments		—		22,516		—		22,516		—		18,499		—		18,499
Total assets measured at fair value		$	5,598	$	22,516	$	—	$	28,114	$	6,429	$	18,499	$	—	$	24,928

The Company did not have any financial liabilities measured on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 assets or liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and the valuation techniques used did not change compared to the Company’s established practice.

10

4. Balance Sheet Components

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

	September 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Leasehold improvements	$	2,834	$	2,248
Laboratory equipment		792		677
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment		481		466
Software		117		118
Construction in progress		134		543
		4,358		4,052
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(1,796)		(1,486)
	$	2,562	$	2,566

Depreciation expense was $0.1 million for each of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Depreciation expense was $0.3 million for each of the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. 

Intangible Assets, Net

Intangible assets primarily consist of acquired licenses to utilize certain patents, know-how and technology relating to the Company’s NPS technology for biomedical applications acquired from Old Dominion University Research Foundation (ODURF), Eastern Virginia Medical School, and the University of Southern California. In addition, the Company entered into a Sponsored Research Agreement with Old Dominion University’s Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, which includes certain intellectual property rights arising from the research. The Company is amortizing the intangible assets over an estimated useful life of 12 years.

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

	September 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Acquired patents and licenses	$	7,985	$	7,985
Less: Accumulated amortization		(3,937)		(3,438)
	$	4,048	$	4,547

A schedule of the amortization of intangible assets for the remainder of 2020 and the succeeding five fiscal years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):

Year Ending December 31:
2020 (remaining 3 months)	$	166
2021		665
2022		665
2023		665
2024		665
2025		665
Thereafter		557
	$	4,048

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Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):

	September 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Compensation	$	2,276	$	1,699
Accrued clinical		268		262
Professional fees		8		51
Property and equipment		262		234
Director and officer liability insurance		938		—
Other		359		250
	$	4,111	$	2,496

5. Goodwill

In 2014, the Company acquired three companies (the acquisitions) for aggregate consideration of $5.5 million. In accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, the Company recorded goodwill of $2.8 million in connection with the acquisitions as the consideration paid exceeded the fair value of the net tangible assets and the intangible assets acquired.

The Company reviews goodwill for impairment at least annually or whenever changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable. Based on the Company’s annual impairment test as of December 31, 2019 the Company determined that no impairment of goodwill existed and was not aware of any indicators of impairment at such date. In addition, there were no indicators of impairment at September 30, 2020.

6. Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-Based Compensation

Rights Offering

During June 2020, the Company completed a rights offering to purchase up to $30 million of units, each unit consisting of one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 0.15 warrants to purchase shares of common stock (the Units) at a price of $7.01 per Unit (the Rights Offering). The common stock and warrants comprising the Units separated upon the closing of the Rights Offering and were issued separately.

A total of 4,279,600 shares of common stock and 641,571 warrants (the Rights Offering Warrants) were issued and sold in the Rights Offering for net proceeds of approximately $29.4 million. Each warrant is exercisable for one share of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to $7.01, the subscription price for the Units. The Rights Offering Warrants are exercisable immediately and expire on the fifth anniversary of the completion of the Rights Offering, or June 16, 2025. The Rights Offering Warrants are subject to redemption by the Company for $0.01 per warrant, with not less than 30 days written notice, if the volume weighted average price of our common stock equals or exceeds 200% of the exercise price for the Rights Offering Warrants for 10 consecutive trading days, provided that the Company may not redeem the warrants prior to December 16, 2020, six months after the issuance date.

Robert W. Duggan, the Company’s Chairman of the Board of Directors and the beneficial owner of approximately 43% of the Company’s outstanding common stock prior to the Rights Offering, participated in the Rights Offering and purchased an aggregate of 2,561,873 Units. After giving effect to the rights offering, Mr. Duggan is the beneficial owner of approximately 47% of the Company’s outstanding common stock as of September 30, 2020.

Common Stock Warrants

In connection with a private placement in 2014 of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, the Company issued warrants as compensation to the placement agent to purchase a total of 299,625 shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $2.67 per share (the Private Placement Warrants). The Private Placement Warrants are exercisable for period of seven years from issuance. As of September 30, 2020, there were a total of 46,238 of Private Placement Warrants outstanding.

In connection with the closing of the Company’s initial public offering in 2016, the Company issued warrants as compensation to its underwriters, to purchase a total of 574,985 shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share (the IPO Warrants). The IPO Warrants are exercisable for a period of five years from issuance. As of September 30, 2020, there were a total of 121,609 of the IPO Warrants outstanding.

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In connection with the Rights Offering, the Company issued warrants to purchase a total of 641,571 shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $7.01. As of September 30, 2020, there were a total of 625,617 of the Rights Offering Warrants outstanding.

Equity Plans

2017 Equity Incentive Plan and 2017 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan

The Board of Directors of the Company (the Board) previously adopted, and the Company’s stockholders approved, the Company’s 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2017 Plan).

The 2017 Plan has a 10-year term, and provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units, and performance shares to employees, directors and consultants of the Company and any parent or subsidiary of the Company, as the Compensation Committee of the Board may determine. Subject to an annual evergreen increase and adjustment in the case of certain capitalization events, the Company initially reserved 1,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for issuance pursuant to awards under the 2017 Plan. In addition, shares remaining available under the Company’s 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the 2015 Plan), and shares reserved but not issued pursuant to outstanding equity awards that expire or terminate without being exercised or that are forfeited or repurchased by the Company will be added to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2017 Plan. The 2017 Plan is administered by the Board’s Compensation Committee. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company’s Board authorized an increase in the number of shares of common stock available under the 2017 Plan by 833,018 shares pursuant to the evergreen provision of the 2017 Plan. Pursuant to the 2017 Plan, the 2020 share increase is determined based on the least of (i) 1,200,000 shares, (ii) 4% of the Company’s common stock outstanding at December 31 of the immediately preceding year, or (iii) such number of shares as determined by the Board. As of September 30, 2020, 371,958 shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the 2017 Plan.

During November 2017, the Board adopted the 2017 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the Inducement Plan) and reserved 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for issuance pursuant to equity awards granted under the Inducement Plan. The Inducement Plan was adopted without stockholder approval. The Inducement Plan has a 10-year term, and provides for the grant of equity-based awards, including nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock units, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, performance shares and performance units, and its terms are substantially similar to the 2017 Plan, including with respect to treatment of equity awards in the event of a “merger” or “change in control” as defined under the Inducement Plan. Options issued under the Inducement Plan may have a term up to ten years and have variable vesting provisions. New hire grants generally vest 25% annual starting upon the first anniversary of the grant. Equity-based awards issued under the Inducement Plan are only issuable to individuals not previously engaged as employees or non-employee directors of the Company prior to the Inducement Plan’s adoption date. As of September 30, 2020, 26,283 shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the Inducement Plan.

Certain stock options awarded to the Company’s executives and other key employees contain performance conditions related to certain financial measures and achievements of strategic/operational milestones (performance options). As of September 30, 2020, not all of the performance conditions are probable to be achieved. Compensation expense has only been recognized for those conditions that are assumed to be probable.

2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Board previously adopted and the stockholders approved the Company’s 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the 2017 ESPP).

The 2017 ESPP is a broad-based plan that provides employees of the Company and its designated affiliates with the opportunity to become stockholders through periodic payroll deductions that are applied towards the purchase of Company common shares at a discount from the then-current market price. Subject to adjustment in the case of certain capitalization events, a total of 250,000 common shares of the Company were available for purchase at adoption of the 2017 ESPP. Pursuant to the 2017 ESPP, the annual share increase pursuant to the evergreen provision is determined based on the least of (i) 450,000 shares, (ii) 1.5% of the Company’s common stock outstanding at December 31 of the immediately preceding year, or (iii) such number of shares as determined by the Board. During January 2020, the Board determined not to increase the number of shares of common stock available under the 2017 ESPP pursuant to the evergreen provision of the 2017 ESPP. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, the Company issued 82,971 shares of common stock under the 2017 ESPP. As of September 30, 2020, 357,224 shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the 2017 ESPP.

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A summary of stock option activity under the 2015 Plan, 2017 Plan and Inducement Plan for the nine-months ended

September 30, 2020 is presented below:

	Stock Options Outstanding
			Weighted
	Number		average
	of shares		exercise price
Balances — December 31, 2019	3,749,186	$	16.18
Options granted	1,933,560
Options exercised	(85,750)
Options canceled	(324,584)
Options expired	(65,086)
Balances — September 30, 2020	5,207,326	$	14.30
Exercisable — September 30, 2020	2,519,812	$	17.08

Stock-based Compensation

Total stock-based compensation expense consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Three-Month Periods Ended				Nine-Month Periods Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
General and administrative	$	1,465	$	1,735	$	4,729	$	4,881
Research and development		1,183		944		2,957		2,858
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	2,648	$	2,679	$	7,686	$	7,739

The Company estimated the fair value of employee stock options on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The estimated fair value of employee stock options is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. The Company reviews, and when deemed appropriate, updates the assumptions used on a periodic basis. Due to the limited trading history of the Company’s common stock, the Company utilizes a portfolio of comparable companies to estimate volatility. The fair value of employee stock options was estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Three-Month Periods Ended September 30,		Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30,
	2020	2019	2020	2019
Expected term in years	5.8 - 6.1	5.8 - 6.1	5.3 - 6.1	0.4 - 6.1
Expected volatility	70%	70%	70%	70%
Risk-free interest rate	0.3 - 0.4%	1.4 - 1.7%	0.4 - 0.5%	1.4 - 2.6%
Dividend yield	—	—	—	—

The Company estimated the fair value of ESPP on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The estimated fair value of ESPP is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. The Company reviews, and when deemed appropriate, updates the assumptions used on a periodic basis. The Company utilizes its estimated volatility in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of ESPP. The fair value of ESPP was estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Three-Month Periods Ended September 30,		Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30,
	2020	2019	2020	2019
Expected term in years	0.5 - 1.0	0.5 - 1.0	0.5 - 1.0	0.5 - 1.0
Expected volatility	70%	70%	70%	70%
Risk-free interest rate	0.1 - 0.1%	1.7 - 1.9%	0.1 - 1.0%	1.7 - 2.6%
Dividend yield	—	—	—

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7. Research Grants and Agreements

Sponsored Research Agreement

Annually, the Company may sponsor research activities (SRAs) performed by Old Dominion University’s Frank Reidy Center (ODURF). ODURF is compensated by the Company for its conduct of each study in accordance with the budget and payment terms set forth in the applicable task order. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company agreed to sponsor $0.8 million in research during the subsequent 12-month period funded through monthly payments made upon ODURF certifying, to the Company’s reasonable satisfaction, that ODURF has met its obligations pursuant to the specified task order and statement of work. The principal investigator may transfer funds with the budget as needed without the Company’s approval so long as the obligations of ODURF under the task order and statement of work remain unchanged and unimpaired. As of September 30, 2020, the Company has incurred costs of the entire $0.8 million under this agreement.

During the three-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company incurred costs relating to the SRAs equal to $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively; and during both the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 the Company incurred costs of $0.6 million.

8. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

During January 2017, the Company entered into a five-year lease (the Existing Lease) for approximately 15,700 square feet for its corporate headquarters located in Hayward, California (the Existing Premises). The lease commenced during July 2017.

During May 2019, the Company entered into Lease Amendment 1 (the Amendment) in relation to the Existing Lease and added the lease of new premises of approximately 34,600 square feet (the Expansion Premises); additionally, the term of the Existing Lease was extended to October 2029.

The Company evaluated the Amendment under the provisions of ASC 842 that it adopted on January 1, 2019, and accounted for the Amendment as a single contract with the Existing Lease because the additional lease payments due to the Amendment was not commensurate with the right-of-use (ROU) asset granted to the Company. Though the Amendment was accounted for as a single contract, the Existing Premises and Expansion Premises are accounted for as separate lease components. Accordingly, the Company measured and allocated consideration to each lease component as of the modification date.

During May 2020, the Company took possession and commenced the final lease component of the Expansion Premises, which was originally anticipated to be occupied in April 2020. Taking possession of the Expansion Premises resulted in a change in payments for the entire lease. Accordingly, the lease components were remeasured as of the commencement date of the final lease component, and a corresponding ROU asset and lease liability was recorded. As of May 2020, all components under the Amendment are in use and will be co-terminous until October 2029.

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Information related to the Company’s ROU assets and related lease liabilities are as follows (in thousands except for remaining lease term and discount rate):

Year Ending December 31:
2020 (remaining 3 months)	$	374
2021		1,643
2022		1,806
2023		1,845
2024		1,910
2025		1,977
Thereafter		8,237
Total lease payments		17,792
Less imputed interest		(6,344)
Total lease liabilities	$	11,448

Other supplemental information:
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities	$	671
Operating lease liabilities arising from ROU assets		4,833
Current operating lease liabilities		457
Non-current operating lease liabilities		10,991
Total lease liabilities	$	11,448
Weighted average remaining lease term		9.08
Weighted average discount rate		10%

Rent expense, including common area maintenance charges, was $0.5 million and $0.1 million during the three-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively; and was approximately $1.2 million and $0.2 million during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Legal Proceedings

The Company maintains indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify them against liabilities that arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, except as prohibited by applicable law.

From time to time, the Company may be involved in a variety of claims, lawsuits, investigations and proceedings relating to securities laws, product liability, patent infringement, contract disputes and other matters relating to various claims that arise in the normal course of the Company’s business. The Company currently believes that these ordinary course matters are not material to the condensed consolidated financial statements of the business; however, the results of litigation and claims are inherently unpredictable.

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9.   Related Party Transactions

Kenneth A. Clark, a director of the Company since November 2017, is a member of the law firm of Wilson Sonsini Goodrich and Rosati (WSGR), which also serves as the outside corporate counsel to the Company. During the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, the Company incurred expenses reported in general and administrative in the consolidated statement of operations for legal services rendered by WSGR totaling approximately $0.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively. Additionally, in June 2020, the Company incurred approximately $0.4 million of legal expenses in connection with the rights offering which was offset against the gross proceeds (Note 6). During the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2019, the Company incurred expenses for legal services rendered by WSGR totaling approximately $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

During June 2020, the Company completed a rights offering to purchase up to $30 million of units, each unit consisting of one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 0.15 warrants to purchase shares of common stock (the Units) at a price of $7.01 per Unit (the Rights Offering). A total of 4,279,600 shares of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 641,571 warrants were issued and sold in the Rights Offering for net proceeds of $29.4 million. Robert W. Duggan, the Company’s Chairman of the Board of Directors and the beneficial owner of approximately 43% of the Company’s outstanding common stock prior to the Rights Offering, participated in the Rights Offering and purchased an aggregate of 2,561,873 Units. After giving effect to the Rights Offering, Mr. Duggan was the beneficial owner of approximately 47% of the Company’s outstanding stock as of September 30, 2020.

The Company determined not to renew its director and officer liability insurance policies due to disproportionately high premiums quoted by insurance companies. Instead, Robert W. Duggan and the Company entered into a letter agreement, dated May 12, 2020 (the Letter Agreement), pursuant to which Mr. Duggan agreed with the Company to personally provide indemnity coverage on substantially the same terms as the Company’s prior coverage program for a one-year period, and has deposited $30 million of cash as security for such obligations. The Company will pay a fee of $2.5 million to Mr. Duggan that shall be due on May 13, 2021, the last day of the one-year period, in consideration of the obligations set forth in the Letter Agreement. The other members of the Board are third-party beneficiaries under the Agreement. As of September 30, 2020, the amount owed to Mr. Duggan under the Letter Agreement was $0.9 million, recorded in the balance sheet under Accrued Liabilities.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the “Quarterly Report”) and those in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

This report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act). Forward-looking statements relate to expectations concerning matters that are not historical facts. Words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plans,” “projects,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements related to our expected business, new product introductions, results of clinical studies, expectations regarding regulatory clearance and the timing of FDA or non-US filings or approvals including meetings with FDA or non-US regulatory bodies, procedures and procedure adoption, future results of operations, future financial position, our ability to generate revenues, the anticipated mix of our revenues between procedure and system revenues, our financing plans and future capital requirements, anticipated costs of revenue, anticipated expenses, the effect of recent accounting pronouncements, our investments, anticipated cash flows, our ability to finance operations from cash flows and similar matters, the impact of the recent COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and related public health measures on our business, and statements based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about the economies and markets in which we intend to operate and our beliefs and assumptions regarding these economies and markets. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements that we make. You should read the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

Pulse Biosciences, CellFX, Nano-Pulse Stimulation, and NPS and the stylized logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of the Company in the United States and other countries.

Overview

We are a novel bioelectric medicine company committed to health innovation that has the potential to improve and extend the lives of patients. We are initially pursuing regulatory clearances in the United States, the European Union, and Canada to market our first product, our proprietary CellFX System. The CellFX System utilizes its patented Nano-Pulse Stimulation (NPS) technology to treat a variety of applications for which an optimal solution remains unfulfilled. NPS technology delivers nano-second pulses of electrical energy to non-thermally clear cells while sparing adjacent non-cellular tissue. The cell-specific effects of NPS technology have been validated in a series of completed and ongoing clinical studies.

We have submitted a 510(k) Premarket Notification application to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for our CellFX System to obtain an initial clearance for a general dermatologic indication following the completion of our preclinical studies conducted under Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) as discussed with the FDA during a Pre-Submission meeting in May 2020. With this submission, potential FDA clearance remains on track to be received in the first quarter of 2021.

Following the general dermatologic indication submission, we plan to pursue specific indications for the CellFX System, starting with an indication for the treatment of sebaceous hyperplasia (SH) lesions. This will require an additional 510(k) submission for each indication based on comparative clinical data. A formal Pre-Submission meeting with the FDA was held in early August 2020 to discuss the proposed study design for the treatment of SH lesions using the CellFX System versus those performed by electrodessication, and in September 2020, we received FDA Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) approval for this pivotal comparison study. We have completed the enrollment of 60 patients across five study sites. All subjects will have up to two procedures and will be evaluated through the primary safety and efficacy endpoints 60 days following their last procedure. We intend to submit a 510(k) Premarket Notification application for the treatment of SH in the first quarter of 2021.

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We have submitted the technical file for the CellFX System to our European notified body and will continue to work with the notified body in pursuit of the CE mark, a requirement to commercialize the CellFX System in the European Union. Our notified body has progressed in the technical file review process tracking for the potential controlled launch of CellFX in the European Union in the first quarter of 2021. We have also submitted a Medical Device License application to Health Canada for the distribution of our CellFX System after receiving the Medical Device Single Audit Program certification. With this submission, we are on track for a potential Health Canada license in the first quarter of 2021.

We have incurred substantial operating losses and have used cash in our operating activities since inception. Based on our current operating plan, we believe we do not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents on hand to support current operations for at least twelve months from the date that our unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report were issued. To finance our operations beyond that point, we will need to raise additional capital, which cannot be assured. We have concluded that this circumstance raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for at least twelve months from the date that our unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report were issued. As such, we plan to seek to raise capital from time to time through future issuance and sale of equity securities to fund our future operations and remain as a going concern.

Plan of Operation

We plan to establish ourselves as a medical therapy company with a local, non-thermal, and drug-free treatment platform that initiates cell death in targeted tissue by a process of cell signaling and also induces an adaptive immune response to the targeted tissue. In order to accomplish this, we plan to:

Improve our technology by continuing our research and product development efforts. We expect to develop interchangeable tissue applicators to target different tissue types that will leverage the novel characteristics of our technology platform.

Further explore and understand the benefits of NPS technology platform with the objectives of broadening the currently planned cosmetic and therapeutic applications and identifying new applications. We anticipate that results of our clinical studies will enable us to recognize certain unmet medical needs that may be addressed by our technology.

Continue to protect and expand our intellectual property portfolio with respect to NPS technology, which we expect will increase our ability to deter competitors and position our company for favorable licensing and partnering opportunities.

Partner with medical or biomedical device companies for certain applications which we anticipate may accelerate product development and acceptance into target market areas and allow us to gain the sales and marketing advantages of the distribution infrastructure.

COVID-19 Pandemic

In accordance with local and state guidelines regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, we are requiring all of our employees to work remotely unless they cannot perform their essential functions remotely, and have also suspended all non-essential travel for our employees. While many of our employees are accustomed to working remotely, much of our workforce has not historically been remote. Although we continue to monitor the situation and may adjust our current policies as more information and public health guidance becomes available, temporarily suspending travel and restricting the ability to do business in person may create operational or other challenges, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, our clinical trials may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Site initiation and patient enrollment may be delayed, for example, due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the COVID-19 pandemic, travel restrictions imposed by governments, and the inability to access sites for initiation and monitoring. Also, some of our suppliers of certain materials used in the production of our product candidates are located in areas impacted by COVID-19 which could limit our ability to obtain sufficient materials for our product candidates. COVID-19 has and will continue to adversely affect global economies and financial markets, resulting in an economic downturn that could affect demand for our product candidates, if approved, and impact our operating results. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may continue to experience an adverse impact to our business as a result of the continued global economic impact of the pandemic. We cannot anticipate all of the ways in which health epidemics such as COVID-19 could adversely impact our business. Although we are continuing to monitor and assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or a similar health epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. See the Risk Factors section for further discussion of the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our critical accounting policies and estimates. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

There have been no material changes to the critical accounting policies and estimates discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC on March 16, 2020.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 2 of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Quarterly Report.

Segment and Geographical Information

We operate and manage our business as one reportable and operating segment. Our Chief Executive Officer, who is the chief operating decision maker, reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. All of our long-lived assets are based in the United States.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019

Our condensed consolidated statements of operations as discussed herein are presented below:

	Three-Month Periods Ended
	September 30,
(in thousands)	2020		2019		$ Change
Revenue	$	—	$	—	$	—
Operating expenses:
General and administrative		5,771		5,606		165
Research and development		6,968		6,192		776
Amortization of intangible assets		166		166		—
Total operating expenses		12,905		11,964		941
Other income:
Interest income		9		218		(209)
Total other income		9		218		(209)
Net loss	$	(12,896)	$	(11,746)	$	(1,150)

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist of compensation and other related employee expenses for executives, finance, legal, human resources, information technology and administrative personnel, professional fees, patent fees and costs, insurance costs and other general corporate expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by $0.2 million to $5.8 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2020, from $5.6 million during the same period in 2019 primarily due to $0.4 million of increased compensation costs related to headcount growth, $0.1 million of increased facility related expenses and $0.2 million of increased business insurance costs. These increases were partially offset by $0.3 million of reduced stock-based compensation and $0.3 million of reduced employee-related costs including recruitment and travel related expenses. Facility related expenses increased due to the facility expansions in November 2019 and May 2020, while travel related expenses decreased due primarily to the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist of compensation and other related employee expenses for research and development personnel, clinical trials and consulting costs related to the design, development and enhancement of our potential future products, prototype material and devices. Research and development expenses increased by $0.8 million to $7.0 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2020, from $6.2 million during the same period in 2019 primarily due to $0.7 million of increased compensation and other employee related expenses, $0.4 million of increased consulting and outside services and $0.2 million of increased stock-based compensation. These increases were partially offset by decreases of $0.5 million in clinical trial and other outside research costs due to the timing and stage of active studies, and $0.2 million in prototype material and devices related to the initial CellFX builds in the prior year. Compensation costs increased primarily due to headcount growth, while consulting and outside services increased primarily due to our GLP preclinical studies in support of our initial CellFX System 510(k) submission for a general dermatologic indication.

Interest Income

Interest income decreased by $0.2 million to $9,000 for the three-month period ended September 30, 2020, from $0.2 million during the same period in 2019 due to lower cash, cash equivalents and investment balances.

Comparison of the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019

Our condensed consolidated statements of operations as discussed herein are presented below:

	Nine-Month Periods Ended
	September 30,
(in thousands)	2020		2019		$ Change
Revenue	$	—	$	—	$	—
Operating expenses:
General and administrative		16,691		15,153		1,538
Research and development		19,019		18,371		648
Amortization of intangible assets		499		500		(1)
Total operating expenses		36,209		34,024		2,185
Other income:
Interest income		108		841		(733)
Total other income		108		841		(733)
Net loss	$	(36,101)	$	(33,183)	$	2,918

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist of compensation and other related employee expenses for executives, finance, legal, human resources, information technology and administrative personnel, professional services, patent fees and costs, insurance costs and other general corporate expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by $1.5 million to $16.7 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, from $15.2 million during the same period in 2019. This increase was primarily due to $1.9 million of increased compensation costs related to headcount growth, $0.2 million of increased facility related expenses and $0.6 million of increased business insurance costs. These increases were partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in consulting and outside services, a $0.5 million decrease in travel and other employee related costs, and a $0.2 million decrease in stock-based compensation. Facility related expenses increased primarily due to the facility expansions in November 2019 and May 2020, while travel and other employee related costs decreased primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Consulting and outside services decreased primarily due to reduced marketing-related expenses compared to the same period in 2019.

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Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist of compensation and other related employee expenses for research and development personnel, clinical trials and consulting costs related to the design, development and enhancement of our potential future products, prototypes material and devices. Research and development expenses increased by $0.6 million to $19.0 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, compared to $18.4 million during the same period in 2019. This increase was primarily due to $1.1 million of increased compensation costs related to headcount growth, $0.9 million of increased consulting and outside services in support of our 510(k) submission to the FDA for a general dermatologic indication and $0.8 million of increased facility related expenses primarily as a result of our facility expansion. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $1.4 million in clinical trial costs due to the timing and stage of active studies, as well as a decrease of $0.5 million in prototype material and devices related to the initial CellFX builds in the prior year.

Interest Income

Interest income decreased by $0.7 million to $0.1 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, from $0.8 million during the same period in 2019 due to lower cash, cash equivalents and investment balances.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

To date, we have not generated any revenues from product sales. Since inception, we have funded our business primarily through the issuance of equity securities. Over the next few years, we intend to invest in research and development to develop commercially viable products and to assess the feasibility of potential future products.

During June 2020, we completed a rights offering pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of 4,279,600 shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 641,571 warrants, for net proceeds of $29.4 million.

Our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows as discussed herein are presented below:

	Nine-Month Periods Ended
	September 30,
(in thousands)	2020		2019
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(26,110)	$	(24,989)
Net cash used in investing activities		(4,168)		(16,626)
Net cash provided by financing activities		30,449		82
Net increase (decrease) in cash		171		(41,533)

At September 30, 2020, we had cash, cash equivalents and investments of $29.6 million. We have determined that there is substantial doubt concerning our ability to continue as an ongoing business for the next twelve months from the date that our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report were issued unless we obtain additional capital. To date, we have not generated any revenue. As a result, we have incurred significant operating losses in each year since our inception and we may continue to incur additional losses for the next several years.

We plan to raise additional capital to fund our operations. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available when needed or that our management will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us.

These expectations are based on our current operating and financing plans which are subject to change. Until we are able to generate sustainable product revenues at profitable levels, we expect to finance our future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings or corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements. Such additional funds may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and resulting negative impact on the global macroeconomic environment and capital markets may make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds. If we raise funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, the ownership of some or all of our stockholders will be diluted and the holders of new equity securities may have priority rights over our existing stockholders. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to curtail operations significantly or to obtain funds by entering into agreements on unattractive terms. Our inability to raise capital could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Operating Activities

Our primary uses of cash in operating activities are for ongoing product development.

During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, we used cash of $26.1 million in operating activities. The difference between cash used in operating activities and net loss consisted primarily of stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, and decreases in prepaid expenses and accrued liabilities.

During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019, we used cash of $25.0 million in operating activities. The difference between cash used in operating activities and net loss consisted primarily of stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, and increases in accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities, partially offset by increased prepaid expenses and other current assets.

Investing Activities

Our investing activities consist primarily of investment purchases, sales and maturities and capital expenditures.

During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, $4.2 million of cash used in investing activities was primarily from the purchase of investments of $25.5 million offset by the cash proceeds from the maturities and sale of investments of $21.5 million.

During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019, $16.6 million of cash used in investing activities was from the purchase of investments of $73.0 million and purchase of property and equipment of $0.6 million offset by $57.0 million of cash proceeds from the maturities of investments.

Financing Activities

During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, cash provided from financing activities was $30.4 million, primarily due to $29.5 million net cash received from our rights offering, $0.4 million from stock option and warrant exercises, and $0.5 million from the sale of stock under our employee stock purchase plan. 

During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019, cash provided from financing activities was $0.1 million primarily due to $0.7 million of cash received from stock option exercises and the sale of stock under our employee stock purchase plan, offset by $0.6 million tax payments related to shares withheld for vested restricted stock units.

Contractual Obligations

There have been no material changes outside the ordinary course of our business to the contractual obligations disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

At September 30, 2020, we did not have any transactions, obligations or relationships that constitute off-balance sheet arrangements.

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into standard indemnification arrangements. Pursuant to these arrangements, we indemnify, hold harmless, and agree to reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to its technology, or from claims relating to our performance or non-performance under a contract. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable because it involves claims that may be made against us in future periods, but have not yet been made. To date, we have not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements.

We also enter and have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and officers that may require us to indemnify them against liabilities that arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, except as prohibited by applicable law. In addition, we may have obligations to hold harmless and indemnify third parties involved with our fundraising efforts and their respective affiliates, directors, officers, employees, agents or other representatives against any and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities related to claims arising against such parties pursuant to the terms of agreements entered into between us and such third parties in connection with such fundraising efforts. No liability associated with such indemnification agreements has been recorded as of September 30, 2020.

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JOBS Act Accounting Election

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Trends, Events and Uncertainties

Research and development of new technologies are, by their nature, unpredictable. Although we undertake development efforts with commercially reasonable diligence, there can be no assurance that the net proceeds from our financings will be sufficient to enable us to develop our technology to the extent needed to generate future sales to sustain our operations. If we do not continue to have enough funds to sustain our operations, we will consider other options to continue our path to commercialization of our CellFX System, including, but not limited to, additional financing through follow-on stock offerings, debt financings, or co-development agreements and /or other alternatives.

We cannot assure investors that our technology will be adopted or that we will ever achieve sustainable revenues sufficient to support our operations. Even if we are able to generate revenues, there can be no assurances that we will be able to achieve profitability or positive operating cash flows. There can be no assurances that we will be able to secure additional financing in the future on acceptable terms or at all. If cash resources are insufficient to satisfy our ongoing cash needs, we would be required to scale back or discontinue our technology and product development programs, or obtain funds, if available, although there can be no assurances, through the sale, licensing or strategic alliances that could require us to relinquish rights to our technology and intellectual property, or to curtail, suspend or discontinue our operations entirely.

See the section entitled “COVID-19 Pandemic” above and elsewhere in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for a discussion of the current and potential future impact of COVID-19 on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Other than as discussed above and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, we are not currently aware of any trends, events or uncertainties that are likely to have a material effect on our financial condition in the near term, although it is possible that new trends or events may develop in the future that could have a material effect on our financial condition.  

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Except for the broad effects of COVID-19 as a result of its negative impact on the global economy and financial markets, there have been no material changes in market risk from the information provided in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. We are exposed to market risk in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of fluctuations in interest rates. We do not hold financial instruments for trading purposes.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, our principal executive and principal financial officers, respectively, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of September 30, 2020, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective (a) to ensure that information that we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and (b) to include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act, as amended, that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting means a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be involved in a variety of legal proceedings and claims relating to securities laws, product liability, patent infringement, contract disputes, employment matters and other matters relating to the normal course of our business in addition to governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. In addition, third parties may, from time to time, assert claims against us in the form of letters and other communications.

The results of legal proceedings and claims are inherently unpredictable. We do not believe any currently pending matters will have a material adverse effect on our business based on our current understanding of such matters. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Quarterly Report, including our financial statements and related notes, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The risks described below are not the only risks facing us. Risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, the impact of COVID-19 and any worsening of the economic environment may exacerbate the risks described below, any of which could have a material impact on us. This situation is changing rapidly and additional impacts may arise that we are not aware of currently.

Summary

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that you should consider before investing in our common stock. These risks are described more fully below and include, but are not limited to, risks relating to the following:

Limited operating history and lack of revenue producing operations

Lack of commercial products or product revenue

Substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern

Our ability to obtain sufficient funding

Fluctuation of our operating results

Competition within our industry

Health epidemics, including the coronavirus pandemic

Reliance on third parties

Loss of key management personnel

Security breaches, loss of data and other disruptions to us or our third-party service providers that could compromise sensitive information

Potential product liability lawsuits and other litigation

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Timing, unpredictability and expense of clinical development process

Trial results and changes in trial data

Failure to obtain and maintain necessary regulatory clearances or approvals

Determination and validation of the mechanism of action of our NPS technology platform

Safety and effectiveness of our product candidates, and potential adverse side effects

Failure to obtain broad adoption of our CellFX System and NPS technology

Enrollment of patients in our clinical trials

Ability to obtain an adequate level of reimbursement by Medicare and other third-party payers

Protection of intellectual property, potential litigation related to intellectual property and obligations under intellectual property agreements

Stringent domestic and foreign regulation in respect of any potential devices and products, including healthcare laws and regulations

Healthcare policy changes

Volatility of the price of our common stock

Concentration of ownership by our principal stockholder and Chairman of our board of directors, Robert W. Duggan

Unfavorable global economic or political conditions

Material weaknesses and maintenance of an effective system of internal control over financial reporting

Risks Relating to Our Business, Industry and Financial Condition

Since we have a limited operating history and have not commenced any revenue producing operations, it is difficult to evaluate the future of our business.

We are a bioelectric medicine technology company and have not yet commenced revenue-producing operations. To date, our operations on a consolidated basis have consisted of the continued development and clinical studies of our technologies and implementation of the early parts of our business plan. We have incurred significant operating losses in each year since our inception and we may continue to incur additional losses for the next several years. In addition, a high percentage of our expenses will continue to be fixed; accordingly, our losses may be greater than expected and our operating results may suffer. We have limited historical financial data upon which we may base our projected revenue and base our planned operating expenses. Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our technology or prospective operations and business prospects.

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We currently have no commercial products or product revenue and may never become profitable.

To date, we have not generated revenue and have relied on financing from the sale of equity securities to fund our operations. We expect that our future financial results will depend primarily on our success in obtaining clearance or approval for, launching, selling and supporting our therapies and treatments utilizing our CellFX System or other products based on NPS technology; however, our technology is still in development and has not been cleared or approved to treat any disease or condition. We expect to expend significant resources on hiring of personnel, continued scientific and product research and development, potential product testing and pre-clinical and clinical investigation, intellectual property development and prosecution, marketing and promotion, capital expenditures, working capital, general and administrative expenses, and fees and expenses associated with our capital raising efforts. We expect to incur costs and expenses related to consulting costs, laboratory development costs, hiring of scientists, engineers, sales representatives and other operational personnel, and the continued development of relationships with potential partners as we continue to seek regulatory clearance or approval for our products. We are incurring significant operating losses, we expect to continue to incur additional losses for at least the next several years, and we cannot assure you that we will generate revenue or be profitable in the future. Our future products may never be cleared or approved or become commercially viable or accepted for use. Even if we find commercially viable applications for our technology, which may include licensing, we may never recover our research and development expenses.

Investment in medical technology is highly speculative, because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product will fail to demonstrate adequate efficacy or clinical utility. Investors should evaluate an investment in us in light of the uncertainties encountered by developing medical technology companies in a competitive environment. There can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful or that we will ultimately be able to achieve profitability. Even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and could significantly impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business or continue to implement our business plan.

There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and have incurred significant operating losses in each year since our inception and we anticipate that losses may continue for the next several years until such time as we can generate substantial product revenue and achieve profitability. In connection with the preparation of this Quarterly Report for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, our management concluded that there is substantial doubt we can continue as an ongoing business for the next twelve months from the date that our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report were issued unless we obtain additional capital.

We plan to raise additional capital to fund our operations. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available when needed or that our management will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us. Accordingly, our management cannot conclude that such plans will be effectively implemented within the twelve months from the date that our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report were issued. These factors, combined with our forecast of cash required to fund operations for a period of at least twelve months from the date that our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report were issued, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

If we are unable to obtain sufficient funding, we may be unable to execute our business plan and fund operations. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

We have experienced operating losses, and we may continue to incur operating losses for the next several years as we implement our business plan. Currently, we have no revenue and do not have arrangements in place for all the anticipated financing that would be required to fully implement our business plan. Our prior losses combined with expected future losses, have had and will continue to have, for the foreseeable future, an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital.

We will need to raise additional capital in order to continue to execute our business plan. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available when needed or that management will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us. If we are unable to raise sufficient additional funds, we will have to scale back our operations. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and resulting negative impact on the global macroeconomic environment and capital markets may make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds.

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We cannot give any assurance that we will be able to obtain all the necessary funding that we may need. In addition, we believe that we will require additional capital in the future to fully develop our technologies and planned products to commercial launch. We have pursued and may pursue additional funding through various financing sources, including the private sale of our equity and debt securities, licensing fees for our technology, joint ventures with capital partners and project type financing. If we raise funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, dilution to some or all our stockholders will result. Any equity securities issued may also provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities issued or borrowings could impose significant restrictions on our operations. We also may seek government-based financing, such as development and research grants. There can be no assurance that funds will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

The incurrence of indebtedness or the issuance of certain equity securities could result in increased fixed payment obligations and could also result in restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt or issue additional equity, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights, and other operating restrictions that could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business. In addition, the issuance of additional equity securities by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline. In the event that we enter into collaborations or licensing arrangements to raise capital, we may be required to accept unfavorable terms. These agreements may require that we relinquish, or license to a third party on unfavorable terms, our rights to technologies or product candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves, or reserve certain opportunities for future potential arrangements when we might otherwise be able to achieve more favorable terms. In addition, we may be forced to work with a partner on one or more of our products or market development programs, which could lower the economic value of those programs to us.

If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, we may terminate or delay the development of one or more of our products, delay clinical trials necessary to market our products, or delay establishment of sales and marketing capabilities or other activities necessary to commercialize our products. If this were to occur, our ability to grow and support our business and to respond to market challenges could be significantly limited or we may be unable to continue operations, in which case you could lose your entire investment.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations.

Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. These fluctuations may occur due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including:

the timing and cost of, and level of investment in, research, development and commercialization activities relating to our product candidates, which may change from time to time;

the timing of receipt of approvals or clearances for our product candidates from regulatory authorities in the United States (U.S.) or internationally;

the timing and status of enrollment for our clinical trials;

coverage and reimbursement policies with respect to our product candidates, if approved or cleared, including the degree to which treatments using our products are covered and receive adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, and potential future drugs or devices that compete with our product candidates;

the cost of manufacturing our product candidates, as well as building out our supply chain, which may vary depending on the quantity of production and the terms of our agreements with manufacturers;

expenditures that we may incur to acquire, develop or commercialize additional product candidates and technologies;

the level of demand for our products, if approved or cleared, which may vary significantly over time;

litigation, including patent, employment, securities class action, stockholder derivative, general commercial and other lawsuits;

future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies; and

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the timing and success or failure of nonclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates or competing product candidates, or any other change in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors or partners.

The cumulative effects of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance.

This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated revenue or earnings guidance we may provide.

We expect to operate in a highly competitive market, we may face competition from large, well-established medical technology, device and product manufacturers with significant resources, and we may not be able to compete effectively.

The medical technology, medical device, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by intense and dynamic competition to develop new technologies and proprietary therapies. We face competition from a number of sources, such as pharmaceutical companies, medical device companies, generic drug companies, biotechnology companies and academic and research institutions. We may find ourselves in competition with companies that have competitive advantages over us, such as:

significantly greater name recognition;

established relations with healthcare professionals, customers and third-party payers;

greater efficacy or better safety profiles;

established distribution networks;

additional lines of products, and the ability to offer rebates, higher discounts or incentives to gain a competitive advantage;

greater experience in obtaining patents and regulatory approvals for product candidates and other resources;

greater experience in conducting research and development, manufacturing, clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approval for products, and marketing approved products; and

greater financial and human resources for product development, sales and marketing, and patent litigation.

We may also face increased competition in the future as new companies enter our markets and as scientific developments surrounding electro-signaling therapeutics continue to accelerate. While we will seek to expand our technological capabilities to remain competitive, research and development by others may render our technology or product candidates obsolete or noncompetitive or result in treatments or cures superior to any therapy developed by us. In addition, certain of our product candidates, if cleared or approved, may compete with other dermatological products, including over-the-counter (OTC) treatments, for a share of some patients’ discretionary budgets and for physicians’ attention within their clinical practices. Even if a generic product or an OTC product is less effective than our product candidates, a less effective generic or OTC product may be more quickly adopted by physicians and patients than our competing product candidates based upon cost or convenience. As a result, we may not be able to compete effectively against current and potential future competitors or their devices and products.

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We may rely on third parties for our sales, marketing, manufacturing and/or distribution, and these third parties may not perform satisfactorily.

We do not currently conduct any aspects of sales, marketing, large-scale manufacturing or distribution. To be able to commercialize our planned products, we may elect to internally develop all of the foregoing or utilize third parties with respect to one or more of these items. Our reliance on these third parties may reduce our control over these activities; however, reliance on third parties does not relieve us of our responsibility to ensure compliance with all required legal, regulatory and scientific standards. These third parties may be adversely impacted by COVID-19 which could affect their ability to perform satisfactorily. Any failure of these third parties to perform satisfactorily and in compliance with relevant laws and regulations could lead to delays in the development of our planned products, including delays in our clinical trials, or failure to obtain regulatory approval for our planned products, or failure to successfully commercialize our planned products or other future products. Some of these events could be the basis for FDA or other regulatory action, including injunction, recall, seizure or total or partial suspension of production.

We do not have any corporate experience in establishing these capabilities, and therefore, we may be unsuccessful in achieving commercialization and earning revenues. We believe that setting up the commercialization aspects of a company will take a substantial amount of capital and commitment of time and effort. We may seek development and marketing partners and license our technology to others in order to avoid our having to provide the marketing, manufacturing and distribution capabilities within our organization. There can be no assurance that we will find any development and marketing partners or companies that are interested in licensing our technology. If we are unable to establish and maintain adequate sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution capabilities, independently or with others, we will not be able to generate product revenue, and may not become profitable.

If we lose key management personnel, our ability to identify, develop and commercialize new or next generation product candidates will be impaired, could result in loss of markets or market share and could make us less competitive.

We are highly dependent upon the principal members of our management team, including our Chief Executive Officer, Darrin Uecker, and members of our finance, sales, marketing, scientific and engineering teams. These persons have significant experience and knowledge with sub-microsecond pulsed electric fields and more broadly in aesthetics, dermatology, life sciences and medical technologies. The loss of any team member could impair our ability to design, identify, and develop new intellectual property and new scientific or product ideas. The loss of a key employee, the failure of a key employee to perform in his or her current position or our inability to attract and retain skilled employees could result in our inability to continue to grow our business or to implement our business strategy. We compete for qualified management and scientific personnel with other life science companies, academic institutions and research institutions. Our employees could leave our company with little or no prior notice and may be free to work for a competitor. If one or more of our senior executives or other key personnel were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all, and other senior management may be required to divert attention from other aspects of the business. In addition, we do not have “key person” life insurance policies covering any member of our management team or other key personnel. The loss of any of these individuals or any inability to attract or retain qualified personnel, including scientists, engineers and others, could prevent us from pursuing collaborations and materially and adversely affect our product development and introductions, business growth prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

There is a limited talent pool of experienced professionals in our industry. If we are not able to retain and recruit personnel with the requisite technical skills, we may be unable to successfully execute our business strategy.

The specialized nature of our industry results in an inherent scarcity of experienced personnel in the field. Our future success depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel, including scientific, technical, commercial, business, regulatory and administrative personnel, necessary to support our anticipated growth, develop our business and perform certain contractual obligations. Given the scarcity of professionals with the scientific knowledge that we require and the competition for qualified personnel among life science businesses, we may not succeed in attracting or retaining the personnel we require to continue and grow our operations.

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Rapidly changing technology in life sciences could make the products we are developing obsolete.

The life sciences industries are characterized by rapid and significant technological changes, frequent new product introductions and enhancements and evolving industry standards. Our future success will depend on our ability to continually develop and then improve the products that we design and to develop and introduce new products that address the evolving needs of our customers on a timely and cost-effective basis. We also will need to pursue new market opportunities that develop as a result of technological and scientific advances. These new market opportunities may be outside the scope of our proven expertise or in areas which have unproven market demand. Any new products developed by us may not be accepted in the intended markets. Our inability to gain market acceptance of new products could harm our future operating results.

If we are unable to manage the anticipated growth of our business, our future revenue and operating results may be harmed.

We have experienced rapid growth in our business. Recent and future growth imposes significant added responsibilities on management, including the need to identify, recruit, train and integrate additional employees. Rapid expansion in personnel could mean that less experienced people carry out our research and development activities, manufacture, market and sell CellFX System and NPS therapies and treatments, which could result in inefficiencies and unanticipated costs, reduced quality and disruptions to our operations. In addition, rapid and significant growth may strain our administrative and operational infrastructure, and the failure to continue to upgrade our technical, administrative, operating and financial control systems or the occurrence of unexpected expansion difficulties could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to timely execute our business plan. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, it may be difficult for us to execute our business strategy and our business could be harmed.

We are subject to laws and regulations relating to personally identifiable information, and maintain other sensitive information. Security breaches, loss of data and other disruptions to us or our third-party service providers could compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business and our reputation.

In the ordinary course of our business, we, and our third-party service providers may collect and store sensitive data, including legally protected health information, personally identifiable information about our patients, information related to our trials, intellectual property, and our proprietary business and financial information. We manage and maintain our applications and data utilizing a combination of on-site and vendor-owned systems. We face a number of risks related to our protection of, and our service providers’ protection of, this critical information, including loss of access, data, unauthorized disclosure and unauthorized access, as well as risks associated with our ability to identify and audit such events.

Although we take measures to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure, or those of our vendors, may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or otherwise breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other activities. While we have not experienced any such attack or breach, we, and our vendors may be unable to anticipate attacks, to implement adequate preventative or mitigation measures, to identify any attacks or incidents on a timely basis, or to remediate or otherwise address any attacks or incidents in a timely manner. If any such attack or other incident were to occur, our systems and networks would be compromised and the information we store on those systems and networks could be accessed by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in a loss of intellectual property protection, legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, such as the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (HITECH), and the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the CCPA), which was enacted in June 2018 and became operative on January 1, 2020, or regulatory penalties, and could require substantial efforts to remediate and otherwise respond to the incident. The CCPA requires covered companies to, among other things, make certain enhanced disclosures related to California residents regarding our use or disclosure of their personal information, allow California residents to opt-out of certain uses and disclosures of their personal information without penalty, provide Californians with other choices related to personal data in our possession, and obtain opt-in consent before engaging in certain uses of personal information relating to Californians under the age of 16. The California Attorney General may seek substantial monetary penalties and injunctive relief in the event of our non-compliance with the CCPA. The CCPA also allows for private lawsuits from Californians in the event of certain data breaches. Certain aspects of the CCPA and its interpretation remain uncertain, and we may need to modify our policies or practices in an effort to comply with it. Moreover, a new privacy law, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) was recently approved by California voters, which significantly modifies the CCPA, resulting in further uncertainty and requiring us to incur additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply.

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Unauthorized access, loss or dissemination could also disrupt our operations, including our ability to process tests, provide test results, provide services, conduct research and development activities, collect, process and prepare company financial information, provide information about our product candidates and manage the administrative aspects of our business and could damage our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our business. We cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate for data handling or data security liabilities actually incurred, that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any future claim will not be excluded or otherwise be denied coverage by any insurer. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, operating results and reputation.

In addition, the interpretation and application of federal and state consumer, health-related and data protection laws in the U.S. are often uncertain, contradictory and in flux. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is, or alleged to be, inconsistent with our practices. If so, this could result in regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, private litigation, claims for damages, and government-imposed fines or orders requiring that we change our practices, any of which could adversely affect our business. Complying with these various laws could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices, systems and compliance procedures in a manner adverse to our business.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the future sale of planned products and the use of planned products in human clinical studies. For example, we may be sued if any of our product candidates, including any that are developed in combination therapies, allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. We may also be subject to liability for a misunderstanding of, or inappropriate reliance upon, the information we provide. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our planned products caused injuries, we may incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

decreased demand for any planned products that we may develop;

injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

withdrawal of patients from clinical studies or cancellation of studies;

significant costs to defend the related litigation and distraction to our management team;

substantial monetary awards to patients;

loss of revenue; and

the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop.

For example, for our clinical trials in the field of oncology, patients with the types and stages of cancer targeted by our NPS technology may already be in severe and advanced stages of disease, may have worsened conditions despite traditional therapies, may not be surgical candidates, and/or may have both known and unknown significant pre-existing and potentially life-threatening conditions. During the course of treatment, patients may suffer adverse events, including death, for reasons that may be related to our CellFX System or our NPS technology. Such events could subject us to costly litigation, require us to pay substantial amounts of money to injured patients, delay, negatively impact or end our opportunity to receive or maintain regulatory approval to market those products, or require us to suspend or abandon our commercialization efforts. Even in a circumstance in which we do not believe that an adverse event is related to our product, the investigation into the circumstance may be time-consuming or inconclusive. These investigations may interrupt our sales efforts, delay our regulatory approval processes, or impact and limit the type of regulatory approvals our products could receive or maintain. As a result of these factors, a product liability claim, even if successfully defended, could harm our business.

We currently maintain product liability insurance coverage, which may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

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Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

We have incurred net losses since our inception and anticipate that we may continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. If not utilized, some of our federal and state net operating losses (NOLs) carryforwards will begin to expire in various years beginning after 2034. Under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, and certain similar state tax provisions, we are generally allowed to carry forward our NOLs from a prior taxable year to offset our future taxable income, if any, until such NOLs are used or expire, subject to certain limitations. The same is true of other unused tax attributes, such as tax credits.

In addition, under Section 382 of the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change NOLs to offset future taxable income. We believe that we have had one or more ownership changes, and, as a result, a portion of our existing NOLs may be subject to limitation. Future changes in our stock ownership could result in additional limitations. We may not be able to utilize a material portion of our NOLs even if we attain profitability.

Further, in December 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) was enacted into law and later modified by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act). The primary impacts to us include a decrease of the corporate income tax rate and changes to certain limitations on the use of our federal NOLs. We are assessing the TCJA, as modified by the CARES Act, with professional advisers, and believe that the impact of the TCJA, as modified by the CARES Act, on our business may not be fully known for some time, and until such analysis is complete, the full impact of the new tax law on us in future periods is uncertain, and no assurances can be made by us on any potential impacts. Additionally, California recently enacted legislation limiting our ability to use our state NOLs for taxable years 2020, 2021, and 2022.

We have a substantial amount of goodwill and intangible assets which over time may have to be written down as we make the required periodic assessments as to their value as reflected in our financial statements. 

A significant portion of our total assets are comprised of goodwill and intangibles that arose from our 2014 business acquisitions. We review goodwill for impairment at least annually or whenever changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the goodwill may not be recoverable. We also review our intangible assets for impairment at each fiscal year end or when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of these assets may exceed their current fair values. If we take an impairment charge for either goodwill or intangible assets, the overall assets will be reduced. Such an impairment charge may result in a change in the perceived value of the company and ultimately may be reflected as a reduction in the market price of our securities. Additionally, an impairment charge may also adversely influence our ability to raise capital in the future.

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Risks Related to Product Development

We currently do not have any products approved or cleared by the FDA or other similar foreign regulatory authorities for commercial sale or any commercialized products.

To date, we have invested a substantial amount of time and capital to research and develop the foundations of our technology and potential applications. For us to develop any products that might ultimately be commercialized, we will have to invest further time and capital in research and product development, obtaining regulatory approval or clearance, implementing regulatory compliance standards, and market development. Pending regulatory clearance or approval of our CellFX System, we plan to commercially introduce our CellFX System in the U.S. However, we may never develop any products that can be commercialized. All of our development efforts will require substantial additional investment, which may never result in any revenue. Our efforts may not lead to approved or commercially successful products for a number of reasons, including:

we may not be able to complete the development of any planned products;

we may not be able to obtain regulatory approvals or clearances for our planned products and indications that we have studied, or the approved or cleared indications may be narrower than we seek;

we may experience delays in our development program, clinical trials and the regulatory approval or clearance process including as a result of COVID-19;

our NPS technology may not prove to be safe or effective in one or more clinical trials;

the actual and perceived effectiveness and reliability of our products, especially relative to alternative products may be perceived negatively;

the results of clinical trials relating to the use of our products may not be what we expect or desire;

the availability, relative cost and perceived advantages and disadvantages of alternative technologies or uses thereof may impact any future sales of our products;

physicians may not adopt our products, or may not adopt our products to a degree sufficient to reach profitability;

we may not be able to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights with respect to our products;

we may not be able to sustain a meaningful clinical benefit better than our competitors and alternative treatments or therapies;

we may not be able to achieve and maintain compliance with all regulatory requirements applicable to our products;

we may not be successful in educating medical professionals, including about the benefits of our products;

the strength of our marketing and distribution infrastructure may not be sufficient;

our distributors’ marketing and sales efforts in the U.S. and abroad, including our efforts to build out our sales team, may be inadequate;

the level of education and awareness among medical professionals concerning our products;

we may not develop positive reputation among physicians, clinics or patients;

we may not be able to continue to develop, validate and maintain a commercially viable manufacturing process that is compliant with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) and Quality Systems Regulations (QSR);

we may be required by the FDA or comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities to conduct additional clinical trials for future or current indications;

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physicians may not receive any reimbursement from third-party payers, or the level of reimbursement may be insufficient to support widespread adoption of any of our products;

any products that are approved or cleared by regulatory authorities may not be accepted in the marketplace by physicians or patients;

we may not be able to manufacture our products in commercial quantities or at an acceptable cost; and

rapid technological change or the appearance of a new competitive technology may make our technology and products obsolete.

Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure or delay can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. Success in nonclinical studies and early feasibility clinical studies does not ensure that expanded clinical trials that will be used to support regulatory submissions will be successful. These setbacks have been caused by, among other things, nonclinical findings made while clinical trials were underway, and safety or efficacy observations made in clinical trials, including previously unreported adverse events. Even if our clinical trials are completed, the results may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approval or clearance for our product candidates. 

Interim “top-line” and preliminary results from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publish interim top-line or preliminary results from our clinical trials. Interim results from clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Preliminary or top-line results also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, interim and preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects and may cause the trading price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly.

If we fail to obtain and maintain necessary regulatory clearances or approvals for our planned products, or if clearances or approvals for future devices and indications are delayed or not issued, our commercial operations would be harmed. Additionally, changes in methods of product candidate manufacturing may result in additional costs or delay.

Our product candidates under development are medical devices that are subject to extensive regulation by FDA in the U.S. and by regulatory agencies in other countries where we plan to do business. Government regulations specific to medical devices are wide-ranging and govern, among other things:

device design, development and manufacture;

laboratory, pre-clinical and clinical testing, labeling, packaging, storage and distribution;

premarketing clearance or approval;

record keeping;

device marketing, promotion and advertising, sales and distribution; and

post-marketing surveillance, including reporting of deaths and serious injuries and recalls and correction and removals.

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Before a new medical device or a new intended use for, an existing device can be marketed in the U.S., a company must first submit and receive either 510(k) clearance or premarketing approval (PMA) from the FDA, unless an exemption applies. In the 510(k) clearance process, the FDA will determine that a proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a device legally on the market, known as a “predicate” device, with respect to intended use, technology and safety and effectiveness, in order to clear the proposed device for marketing. Clinical data is sometimes required to support substantial equivalence. The PMA pathway requires an applicant to demonstrate reasonable safety and effectiveness of the device based on extensive data, including, but not limited to, technical, pre-clinical, clinical trial, manufacturing and labeling data. The PMA process is typically required for devices that are deemed to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices. Products that are approved through a PMA application generally need FDA approval before they can be modified. Similarly, some modifications made to products cleared through a 510(k) may require a new 510(k). Either process can be expensive, lengthy and unpredictable.

For example, in February 2019, we submitted a 510(k) to the FDA seeking clearance to commercialize our CellFX System. In February 2020, we received a “not substantially equivalent” (NSE) letter from the FDA, indicating that based on the data provided, we had not demonstrated that the CellFX System is substantially equivalent to the predicate device. This concluded the 510(k) review process without clearance. The failure to obtain 510(k) clearance has added significant time and expense to our regulatory clearance process (including additional expense that we will incur in preparing a new 510(k) submission), has delayed our ability to generate revenue, and has had a negative impact on our stock price. We will continue to work with the FDA in pursuit of a clearance via a new 510(k) submission. However, we may not be able to obtain the necessary clearances or approvals necessary to market our CellFX System or such approvals or clearances may be unduly delayed, which could harm our business. If the FDA rejects our new 510(k) submission, we may be required to obtain FDA approval through the de novo pathway, which will require additional time and resources, including the need to conduct more clinical studies to demonstrate safety and effectiveness of our candidate device.

The FDA may not approve or clear, or may delay approval or clearance of, our 510(k), de novo, or PMA applications on a timely basis or at all. Such delays or refusals could have a material adverse effect on our business operations and financial condition. The FDA may also change its clearance and approval policies, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations, or take other actions which may prevent or delay approval or clearance of our products under development. Any of these actions could have a material adverse effect on our business operations and financial condition.

The FDA and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) also regulate the advertising and promotion of our devices to ensure that the claims we make are consistent with our regulatory clearances or approvals, that there are adequate and reasonable data to substantiate the claims and that our promotional labeling and advertising is neither false nor misleading in any respect. If the FDA or the FTC determines that any of our advertising or promotional claims are misleading, not substantiated or not permissible, we may be subject to enforcement actions, including FDA warning letters, and we may be required to revise our promotional claims and make other corrections or restitutions.

FDA and state authorities have broad enforcement powers. Our failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could result in enforcement action by the FDA or state agencies, which may include any of the following sanctions:

adverse publicity, warning letters, fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties;

repair, replacement, refunds, recall or seizure of our devices;

operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of production;

refusing our requests for 510(k) clearance or premarket approval of new devices, new intended uses or modifications to existing devices;

withdrawing 510(k) clearance or premarket approvals that have already been granted; and

criminal prosecution.

If any of these events were to occur, our business and financial condition would be harmed.

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Our efforts may never demonstrate the feasibility of our technology.

Our research and development efforts remain subject to all of the risks associated with the development of new technology. Our CellFX System and NPS applications are not yet fully developed. Development of the underlying technology, including the development of our CellFX System, may be affected by unanticipated technical or other problems, among other development and research issues, and the possible insufficiency of funds needed in order to complete development of these products or devices. Regulatory and clinical hurdles or challenges also may result in delays and cause us to incur additional expenses that may increase our need for capital and result in additional losses. In addition, the potential indications for our NPS technology are numerous, and we may fail to pursue the most optimal indications. If we cannot complete, or if we experience significant delays in developing our technology, applications or products for use in potential commercial applications, particularly after incurring significant expenditures, our business may fail and investors may lose the entirety of their investment.

The mechanism of action of NPS technology platform has not been fully determined or validated.

The exact mechanism(s) of action(s) of the NPS technology platform is not fully understood, and data is still being gathered regarding its use. Furthermore, there are only a relatively small number of scientists and researchers who can be considered experts in the use of this emerging technology. A full understanding of a future product’s mechanism of action and a large scale of scientific experts are typically believed to make product development less risky. The FDA or similar foreign regulatory authorities may view this as increasing the potential risks, and diminishing the potential benefits, of products based on NPS technology. In addition, potential partners may view this as a limitation of the program, and it may be more challenging for us to obtain a partnership on favorable terms as a result.

Our product candidates may cause serious adverse side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial desirability of an approved label or result in significant negative consequences following any marketing approval.

The risk of failure of clinical development is high. For example, the vast majority of our in vivo data has been a result of animal testing, and we have only completed a limited number of feasibility studies in humans. It is difficult to predict when or if this or any planned products will prove safe enough to receive regulatory approval or clearance. Undesirable side effects caused by our CellFX System, NPS pulses or any of our planned products could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials. They could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authority.

Additionally, if any of our product candidates receive marketing approval or clearance but, we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such product, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

we may be forced to recall such product and suspend the marketing of such product;

regulatory authorities may withdraw their approvals of such product;

regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label and/or narrow the indication that could diminish the usage or otherwise limit the commercial success of such products;

the FDA or other regulatory authorities may issue safety alerts, Dear Healthcare Provider letters, press releases or other communications containing warnings about such product;

the FDA may restrict distribution of our products and impose burdensome implementation requirements on us;

we may be required to change the way the product is administered or conduct additional clinical trials;

we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to subjects or patients;

we may be subject to litigation or product liability claims; and

our reputation may suffer.

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Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular planned product, if approved.

Our business is dependent upon physicians adopting our CellFX System and NPS technology, and if we fail to obtain broad adoption, our business would be adversely affected.

If we obtain regulatory approval or clearance for our CellFX System, our success will depend on our ability to educate physicians regarding the benefits of CellFX procedures over existing treatment modalities and to persuade them to prescribe CellFX procedures for their patients. We do not know if the CellFX System or NPS technology will be successful over the long term, and market acceptance may be hindered if physicians are not presented with compelling data demonstrating the efficacy and safety of our products compared to alternative treatments. Any studies we, or third parties, may conduct comparing our CellFX System or NPS technology with alternative treatments may be expensive, time consuming or may not yield positive results. Additionally, adoption will be directly influenced by a number of financial factors, including the ability of providers to attract cash payments from patients or to obtain sufficient reimbursement from third party commercial payors, and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) for the professional services they provide in administering CellFX procedures. The efficacy, safety, performance and cost-effectiveness of our CellFX System, NPS technology, or other potential products based on NPS technology, on a stand-alone basis and relative to competing services, will determine the availability and level of reimbursement received by us and providers. If physicians do not adopt and prescribe our future products, we may never become profitable.

We may find it difficult to enroll patients in our clinical trials. If we cannot enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in the clinical trials, we may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials, which could delay or prevent development of our product candidates.

Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates is critical to our success. The timing of our clinical trials depends on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in testing our product candidates as well as completion of required follow-up periods. In general, if patients are unwilling to participate in our trials because of negative publicity from adverse events in the health care industry or for other reasons, including competitive clinical trials for similar patient populations, the timeline for recruiting patients, conducting trials and obtaining regulatory approval or clearance of planned products may be delayed. If there are delays in accumulating the required patients and patient data, there may be delays in completing the trial. Further, if any of our clinical trial sites fail to comply with required good clinical practices, we may be unable to use the data gathered at those sites. If our clinical investigators fail to carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations or fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to their failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be delayed, suspended, or terminated. These delays could result in increased costs, delays in advancing our product development, delays in testing the effectiveness of our technology or termination of the clinical trials altogether, and delays in obtaining regulatory authorization for our products. Our clinical trials may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Site initiation and patient enrollment may be delayed, for example, due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the COVID-19 pandemic, travel restrictions imposed by governments, and the inability to access sites for initiation and monitoring.

Laboratory conditions differ from commercial conditions and field conditions, and the safety and effectiveness of our product candidates may depend on the technique of the user.

Observations and developments that may be achievable under laboratory circumstances may not be able to be replicated in broader research and development phases, in commercial settings, or in the use of any of the product candidates in the field. Furthermore, if commercialized, CellFX procedures will be administered by healthcare professionals and will require a degree of training and practice to administer correctly. Treatment results achieved during the laboratory or in clinical trials conducted by us or other investigators may not be representative of the results actually encountered during commercial use of our products due to variability in administration technique. The training and skills of investigators in our clinical trials may not be representative of the training and skills of future product users, which could negatively affect treatment results. In addition, there may be a selection bias in the patients and/or sites of administration chosen for any clinical trials that would positively affect treatment results that may not be representative or predictive of real-world experience with our products.

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Issues with our firmware and software may negatively affect the function of our devices.

The safety and effectiveness of CellFX procedures and therapies may depend, in part, on the function of firmware run by the microprocessors embedded in the device and associated software. This firmware and software is proprietary to us. While we have made efforts to test the firmware and software extensively, it is potentially subject to malfunction which in turn may harm a patient. Further, it may be vulnerable to physical break-ins, hackers, improper employee or contractor access, computer viruses, programming errors, data breaches, or similar problems. Any of these might result in harm to a patient or the unauthorized release of confidential medical, business or other information of other persons or of ours.

We may encounter manufacturing problems or delays that could result in lost revenue. Additionally, we currently rely on third-party suppliers for critical materials needed to manufacture our CellFX System and related applicators. Any problems experienced by these suppliers could result in a delay or interruption of their supply to us, and as a result, we may face delays in the development and commercialization of planned products.

We perform final assembly of our devices to support our current research and development activities at our facility in California. We believe we have adequate manufacturing capacity for these purposes. However, if demand for our planned products increases significantly, we will need to either expand our manufacturing capabilities or outsource to other manufacturers. We have no corporate experience in commercial-scale manufacturing of our planned products, and we currently rely upon third-party suppliers to manufacture and supply components for our CellFX System. The manufacture of these products in compliance with the FDA’s regulations requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. Manufacturers of medical device products often encounter difficulties in production, including difficulties with production costs and yields, quality control, quality assurance testing, shortages of qualified personnel, as well as compliance with applicable FDA requirements, other federal and state regulatory requirements, and foreign regulations.

We do not control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners for compliance with the regulatory requirements, and if our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture our product candidates that conform to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions, we may not be able to rely on their manufacturing facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates. In addition, we have limited control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority finds these facilities inadequate for the manufacture of our product candidates or if such facilities are subject to enforcement action in the future or are otherwise inadequate with respect to complying with applicable regulatory requirements, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval or clearance for or market our product candidates.

We currently purchase components for our CellFX System under purchase orders and do not have long-term contracts with most of the suppliers of these materials. If suppliers were to delay or stop producing our components, or if the prices they charge us were to increase significantly, or if they elected not to sell to us, we would need to identify other suppliers. We could experience delays in manufacturing the devices while finding another acceptable supplier, which could impact our ability to obtain regulatory approval or clearance for our products and our business and results of operations.

We may not become commercially viable if our ultimate commercialized products or related treatments fail to obtain an adequate level of reimbursement by Medicare and other third-party payers.

We believe that the commercial viability of our potential devices and products and related treatments, and therefore our commercial success as a company, may be affected by the availability of government reimbursement and medical insurance coverage and reimbursement for newly approved medical therapies, technologies and devices. Insurance coverage and reimbursement are not assured. It typically takes a period of use in the market place before coverage and reimbursement are granted, if it is granted at all. In the U.S. and other jurisdictions in Europe and other regions, physicians and other healthcare providers generally rely on insurance coverage and reimbursement for their revenues, therefore this is an important factor in the overall commercialization plans of a proposed product and whether it will be accepted for use in the marketplace. Without insurance coverage and reimbursement for our planned products, we would expect to earn only diminished revenues, if any revenues are earned.

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Medicare, Medicaid, health maintenance organizations and other third-party payers are increasingly attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both the scope of coverage and the level of reimbursement of new medical technologies and products, and as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for the use of our planned products. In order to obtain satisfactory reimbursement arrangements, we may have to agree to reduce the fee or sales price than initially planned. Each plan may separately require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products and, as a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained at all. Even if Medicare and other third-party payers decide to cover treatments involving our proposed devices and products, we cannot be certain that the reimbursement levels will be adequate. Accordingly, even if our planned products are approved for commercial sale, unless government and other third-party payers provide adequate coverage and reimbursement for our devices and products, some physicians may be discouraged from using them, and our sales would suffer.

Medicare reimburses for medical technologies and products in a variety of ways, depending on where and how the item is used. However, Medicare only provides reimbursement if CMS determines that the item should be covered and that the use of the device or product is consistent with the coverage criteria. A coverage determination can be made at the local level by the Medicare administrative contractor, a private contractor that processes and pays claims on behalf of CMS for the geographic area where the services were rendered, or at the national level by CMS through a national coverage determination. There are statutory provisions intended to facilitate coverage determinations for new technologies, but it is unclear how these new provisions will be implemented and it is not possible to indicate how they might apply to any of our proposed devices and products, as they are still in the development stages. Coverage presupposes that the technology, device, or product has been cleared or approved by the FDA and further, that the coverage will be consistent with the approved intended uses of the device or product as approved or cleared by the FDA, but coverage can be narrower. A coverage determination may be so limited that relatively few patients will qualify for a covered use of a device or product.

Obtaining a coverage determination, whether local or national, is a time-consuming, expensive and highly uncertain proposition, especially for a new technology, and inconsistent local determinations are possible. On average, Medicare coverage determinations for medical devices and products lag behind FDA approval or clearance. The Medicare statutory framework is also subject to administrative rulings, interpretations and discretion that affect the amount and timing of reimbursement made under Medicare. Medicaid coverage determinations and reimbursement levels are determined on a state by state basis, because Medicaid, unlike Medicare, is administered by the states under a state plan filed with the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Medicaid generally reimburses at lower levels than Medicare. Moreover, Medicaid programs and private insurers are frequently influenced by Medicare coverage determinations.

We work with outside scientists and their institutions in developing product candidates. These scientists may have other commitments or conflicts of interest, which could limit our access to their expertise, harm our ability to leverage our discovery platforms, or negatively impact our clinical trials.

We work with scientific advisors and collaborators at academic research institutions in connection with our product development. These scientists and collaborators are not our employees, but they serve as either independent contractors or researchers under research agreements that we have with their sponsoring clinic, academic institution or research institution. Such scientists and collaborators may have other commitments that would limit their availability to us. Although our scientific advisors generally agree not to do competing work, if an actual or potential conflict of interest between their work for us and their work for another entity arises, we may lose their services. It is also possible that some of our valuable proprietary knowledge may become publicly known through these scientific advisors if they breach their confidentiality agreements with us, which would cause competitive harm to our business. To the extent these scientists and collaborators may receive cash or equity compensation in connection with such services from time to time, these relationships and any related compensation may result in perceived or actual conflicts of interest, or a regulatory authority to conclude that the financial relationship may have affected the interpretation of the trial, such that the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site may be questioned and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized, which could result in the delay or rejection of the marketing application we submit.

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Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we or our licensors are unable to protect our/their intellectual property, then our financial condition, results of operations and the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected.

Patents and other proprietary rights are essential to our business, and our ability to compete effectively with other companies is dependent upon the proprietary nature of our technologies. We also rely upon trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovations and licensing opportunities to develop, maintain and strengthen our competitive position. We seek to protect these, in part, through confidentiality agreements with certain employees, consultants and other parties. Our success will depend in part on the ability of our licensors and us to obtain, to maintain (including making periodic filings and payments) and to enforce patent protection for the licensed intellectual property, in particular, those patents to which we have secured rights. We, and our licensors, may not successfully prosecute or continue to prosecute the patent applications which we have licensed. Even if patents are issued in respect of these patent applications, we or our licensors may fail to maintain these patents, may determine not to pursue litigation against entities that are infringing upon these patents, or may pursue such enforcement less aggressively than we ordinarily would for our own patents. Without adequate protection for the intellectual property that we own or license, other companies might be able to offer substantially identical products for sale, which could unfavorably affect our competitive business position and harm our business prospects. Even if issued, patents may be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented, which could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing similar products or limit the length of term of patent protection that we may have for our products.

Litigation or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement or challenges to the validity of our patents would require us to use resources to protect our technology and may prevent or delay our development, regulatory approval or commercialization of our product candidates.

If we are the target of claims by third parties asserting that our products or intellectual property infringe upon the rights of others we may be forced to incur substantial expenses or divert substantial employee resources from our business. If successful, those claims could result in our having to pay substantial damages or could prevent us from developing one or more product candidates. Further, if a patent infringement suit were brought against us or our collaborators, we or they could be forced to stop or delay research, development, manufacturing or sales of the product or product candidate that is the subject of the suit.

If we or our collaborators experience patent infringement claims, or if we elect to avoid potential claims others may be able to assert, we or our collaborators may choose to seek, or be required to seek, a license from the third-party and would most likely be required to pay license fees or royalties or both. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we or our collaborators were able to obtain a license, the rights may be nonexclusive, which would give our competitors access to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing a product, or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement claims, we or our collaborators are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. This could harm our business significantly. The cost to us of any litigation or other proceeding, regardless of its merit, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. Some of our competitors may be able to bear the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their having greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace. Intellectual property litigation and other proceedings may, regardless of their merit, also absorb significant management time and employee resources.

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If we fail to comply with our obligations in the agreements under which we license development or commercialization rights to products or technology from third-parties, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.

We hold licenses from Old Dominion University Research Foundation (ODURF) and Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS) and from Alfred E. Mann Institute for Biomedical Engineering at the University of Southern California to intellectual property relating to the sub-microsecond electric field technology, as well as applicator design and configuration, and pulse generators in addition to the intellectual property that we own for these things. For the continuance of the license with ODURF and EVMS, we must continue to comply with the various obligations set forth in the license. If we fail to meet these obligations, the licensor will have the right to terminate the applicable license or modify certain terms of the license agreement. Generally, the loss of any one of our current licenses, or any other license we may acquire in the future, could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operation. In addition, some of our licenses from third parties limit the field in which we can use the licensed technology. Therefore, in order for us to use such licensed technology in potential future applications that are outside the licensed field of use, we may be required to negotiate new licenses with our licensors or expand our rights under our existing licenses. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such licenses or expanded rights on reasonable terms or at all. In the event a dispute with our licensors were to occur, our licensors may seek to renegotiate the terms of our licenses, increase the royalty rates that we pay to obtain and maintain those licenses, limit the field or scope of the licenses, or terminate the license agreements. In addition, we have limited rights to participate in the prosecution and enforcement of the patents and patent applications that we have licensed. As a result, we cannot be certain that these patents and applications will be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. Further, because of the rapid pace of technological change in our industry, we may need to rely on key technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties at all or on reasonable terms. The occurrence of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our intellectual property rights will not necessarily provide us with competitive advantages.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

others may be able to make products that are similar to our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or have exclusively licensed;

others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies without infringing on our intellectual property rights;

issued patents that we own or have exclusively licensed may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors;

we may obtain patents for certain products many years before we obtain marketing approval for products utilizing such patents, and because patents have a limited life, which may begin to run prior to the commercial sale of the related product, the commercial value of our patents may be limited;

our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

we may fail to develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;

the laws of certain foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S., or we may fail to apply for or obtain adequate intellectual property protection in all the jurisdictions in which we operate; and

the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business, for example by preventing us from marketing one or more of our product candidates for one or more indications.

Any of the aforementioned threats to our competitive advantage could harm our business.

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If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information and know-how, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected.

In addition to patented technology, we rely upon, among other things, unpatented proprietary technology, processes, trade secrets and know-how. Any involuntary disclosure to or misappropriation by third-parties of our confidential or proprietary information could enable competitors to duplicate or surpass our technological achievements, potentially eroding our competitive position in our market. We seek to protect confidential or proprietary information in part by confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and third-parties. While we require all of our employees, consultants, advisors and any third-parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information and technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, we cannot be certain that this know-how, information and technology will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. These agreements may be terminated or breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such termination or breach. Furthermore, these agreements may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets and know-how in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure. To the extent that any of our staff were previously employed by other pharmaceutical, medical technology or biotechnology companies, those employers may allege violations of trade secrets and other similar claims in relation to their medical device development activities for us.

If we are unable to protect the intellectual property used in our products, others may be able to copy our innovations which may impair our ability to compete effectively in our markets.

The strength of our patents involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. Our patents or patent applications may be challenged or our patent applications may fail to result in issued patents and our existing or future patents may be too narrow to prevent third-parties from developing or designing around our intellectual property and in that event we may lose competitive advantage and our business may suffer. Further, the patent applications that we license or have filed may fail to result in issued patents. The claims may need to be amended. Even after amendment, a patent may not issue and in that event we may not obtain the use of the intellectual property that we seek and may lose competitive advantage which could result in harm to our business.

We may become involved in future lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our licensors. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we or our licensors may file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours or of our licensors is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. If we or any current licensors or future licensees or licensors with rights to prosecute, assert or defend patents related to our product candidates fail to appropriately prosecute and maintain patent protection for patents covering any of our product candidates, or if patents covering any of our product candidates are asserted against infringers or defended against claims of invalidity or unenforceability in a manner which adversely affects such coverage, our ability to develop and commercialize any such product candidate may be adversely affected and we may not be able to prevent competitors from making, using and selling competing products. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing.

The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) may initiate interference proceedings to determine the priority of inventions described in or otherwise affecting our patents and patent applications or those of our collaborators or licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if a prevailing party does not offer us a license on terms that are acceptable to us. Litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distraction of our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our proprietary rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the U.S.

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Confidentiality agreements with employees and third parties may not prevent unauthorized disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information, which would harm our competitive position.

In addition to patents, we rely on trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information concerning our business strategy and product candidates in order to protect our competitive position, which are difficult to protect. As we collaborate with various third parties on the research and development of our planned products, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. In the course of our research and development activities and our business activities, we rely on confidentiality agreements to protect our proprietary information. Such confidentiality agreements are used, for example, when we talk to vendors or potential strategic collaborators. In addition, each of our employees and consultants is required to sign a confidentiality agreement and invention assignment agreement upon joining our company. Our employees, consultants, contractors, business partners or outside scientific collaborators might intentionally or inadvertently disclose our trade secret information in breach of these confidentiality agreements or our trade secrets may otherwise be misappropriated. Our collaborators might also have rights to publish data, and we might fail to apply for patent protection prior to such publication. It is possible that a competitor will make use of such information, and that our competitive position will be compromised. In addition, to the extent that our employees, consultants or contractors use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using any of our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the U.S. sometimes are less willing than U.S. courts to protect trade secrets. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how, and our trade secrets cannot be enforced against such independently developed knowledge. If we cannot maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary technology and other confidential information, then our ability to obtain patent protection or to protect our trade secret information would be jeopardized, which would adversely affect our competitive position.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

Although we seek to protect our ownership of intellectual property rights by ensuring that our agreements with our independent contractors, collaborators and other third parties with whom we do business include provisions requiring such parties to assign rights in inventions to us, we may also be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents or other intellectual property. We may be subject to ownership disputes in the future arising, for example, from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our product candidates. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could harm our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the U.S. can be less extensive than those in the U.S. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the U.S. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the U.S., or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the U.S. or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the U.S. These products may compete with our current or future product candidates, if any, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

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Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. We believe this is caused by both the technical nature of the subject matter and a general enthusiasm for generic competition in developing countries, and is not a concern that is specific to any particular foreign jurisdiction. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

We have not yet registered some of our trademarks in all of our potential markets, and failure to secure those registrations could adversely affect our business. If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.

Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented, declared generic or conflict with third-party rights. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition by potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. Additionally, if we apply to register our trademarks in all of our potential markets, our applications may not be allowed for registration, and our registered trademarks may not be maintained or enforced. In addition, in the USPTO and in comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademarks, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings. If we do not secure registrations for our trademarks, we may encounter more difficulty in enforcing them against third parties than we otherwise would. In such cases, over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then our marketing abilities may be impacted.

Changes in patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our existing and future products.

Patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. In 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (Leahy-Smith Act) was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and also may affect patent litigation. These also include provisions that switched the U.S. from a “first-to-invent” system to a “first-to-file” system, allow third party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and set forth additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by the USPTO administered post grant proceedings. Under a first-to-file system, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application generally will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether another inventor had made the invention earlier. The USPTO developed new regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, the first to file provisions, only became effective in 2013. Accordingly, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. The Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In addition, patent reform legislation may pass in the future that could lead to additional uncertainties and increased costs surrounding the prosecution, enforcement and defense of our patents and applications. Furthermore, the U.S. Supreme Court and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit have made, and will likely continue to make, changes in how the patent laws of the U.S. are interpreted. Similarly, foreign courts have made, and will likely continue to make, changes in how the patent laws in their respective jurisdictions are interpreted. We cannot predict future changes in the interpretation of patent laws or changes to patent laws that might be enacted into law by U.S. and foreign legislative bodies. Those changes may materially affect our patents or patent applications and our ability to obtain additional patent protection in the future.
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Risks Related to Government Regulation

We may never receive regulatory approval or clearance, including that from the FDA, for any of our planned products.

We may never receive regulatory approval or clearance, including from the FDA, for any potential devices or products in the U.S. or in any foreign market. For example, during September 2017, we withdrew our application seeking clearance of our system for soft tissue ablation. In addition, in connection with the 510(k) we submitted to the FDA seeking clearance to commercialize our CellFX System, in February 2020, we received a NSE letter from the FDA, indicating that based on the data provided, we had not demonstrated that the CellFX System is substantially equivalent to the predicate device, concluding the 510(k) review process without clearance. We will continue to work with the FDA in pursuit of a clearance via a new 510(k) submission. However, we may not be able to obtain the necessary clearances or approvals necessary to market our CellFX System or such approvals or clearances may be unduly delayed, which could harm our business. We may be required to seek FDA approval through the de novo pathway for our CellFX System, which will require additional clinical data, resources and time.

We will be subject to stringent domestic and foreign regulation in respect of any potential devices and products. Any unfavorable regulatory action may materially and adversely affect our future financial condition and business operations and prospects.

Our potential devices and products, further development activities and manufacturing and distribution, once developed and determined, will be subject to extensive, rigorous and ongoing regulation by numerous government agencies, including the FDA and similar foreign regulatory authorities. To varying degrees, each of these agencies monitors and enforces our compliance with laws and regulations governing the development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, marketing, distribution, and the safety and effectiveness of our medical technology. The process of obtaining and maintaining marketing approval or clearance from the FDA and similar foreign regulatory authorities for new devices and products, or for enhancements, expansion of the indications or modifications to existing products, could:

take a significant, indeterminate amount of time;

require the expenditure of substantial resources;

involve rigorous pre-clinical and clinical testing, and possibly post-market surveillance;

involve modifications, repairs or replacements of our products;

require design changes of our products;

result in limitations on the indicated uses of our products; and

result in our never being granted the regulatory approval or clearance we seek.

If we experience any of these occurrences, our operations may suffer, we might experience harm to our competitive standing and result in further losses that adversely affect our financial condition. For example, the receipt of the NSE letter from the FDA indicating failure to obtain 510(k) clearance on our February 2019 submission has added significant time and expense to our regulatory clearance process (including additional expense that we will incur in preparing a new 510(k) submission), has delayed our ability to generate revenue, and has had a negative impact on our stock price.

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We will have ongoing responsibilities under FDA and international regulations, both before and after a product is approved or cleared and commercially released. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements is subject to continual review and is monitored rigorously through periodic inspections. If an inspection were to conclude that we are not in compliance with applicable laws or regulations, or that any of our devices are ineffective or pose an unreasonable health risk, the FDA or similar foreign regulatory authorities could ban such devices or products, detain or seize such devices or products, order a recall, repair, replacement, or refund of such devices or products, or require us to notify health professionals and others that the therapies, devices or products present unreasonable risks of substantial harm to the public health. Additionally, the FDA or similar foreign regulatory authorities may impose other operating restrictions, enjoin and restrain certain violations of applicable law pertaining to our devices and products and assess civil or criminal penalties against our officers, employees, or us. The FDA and similar foreign regulatory authorities have been increasing its scrutiny of the industry and the government is expected to continue to scrutinize the industry closely with inspections and possibly enforcement actions. Any adverse regulatory action, depending on its magnitude, may restrict us from effectively manufacturing, marketing and selling our devices and products. In addition, negative publicity and product liability claims resulting from any adverse regulatory action could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The continuing development of our CellFX System and other products depends upon maintaining strong working relationships with physicians.

The development, marketing, and sale of our products in development, including the CellFX System, depends upon our ability to maintain strong working relationships with physicians. We rely on these professionals to provide us with considerable knowledge and experience regarding the development, marketing and sale of our products. Physicians assist us in clinical trials and as researchers, marketing and product consultants and public speakers. If we cannot maintain our strong working relationships with these professionals and continue to receive their advice and input, the development and marketing of our products could suffer, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. The medical device industry’s relationship with physicians is under increasing scrutiny by the Office of Inspector General (OIG), the Department of Justice (DOJ), state attorneys general, and other foreign and domestic government agencies. Our failure to comply with laws, rules and regulations governing our relationships with physicians, or an investigation into our compliance by the OIG, DOJ, state attorneys general and other government agencies, could significantly harm our business, including compromising the use or integrity of our clinical data in regulatory submissions to the FDA or similar regulatory authorities.

We may be subject to healthcare laws and regulations relating to our business and could face substantial penalties if we are determined not to have fully complied with such laws, which would have an adverse impact on our business.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees and independent contractors, including principal investigators, consultants, any future commercial collaborators, service providers and other vendors may engage in misconduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or other unauthorized activities that violate the laws and regulations of the FDA and other similar regulatory bodies. There are many federal and state laws and regulations prohibiting fraud and abuse in the healthcare industry that can result in significant criminal and civil penalties. These laws may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct our operations, including how we research, market, sell and distribute our products for which we obtain marketing approval or clearance. Such laws include:

the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons and entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program, such as Medicare and Medicaid. The term “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, and the government can find a violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute without proving that a person or entity had actual knowledge of the law or a specific intent to violate. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act;

U.S. federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalties laws, including the civil False Claims Act, which, among other things, impose criminal and civil penalties, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the U.S. government, claims for payment or approval that are false or fraudulent, knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim, or from knowingly making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the U.S. government;

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HIPAA imposes criminal and civil liability for, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement, in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, and its implementing regulations, which also imposes obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information without appropriate authorization by covered entities subject to the rule, such as health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and healthcare providers as well as their business associates that perform certain services for or on their behalf involving the use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information;

the U.S. Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to the government information related to payments or other “transfers of value” made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, and requires applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations to report annually to the government ownership and investment interests held by the physicians described above and their immediate family members;

the CCPA, which went into effect in January 2020, requires covered companies to, among other things provide new disclosures to California consumers and afford such consumers new abilities to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. We cannot yet predict the impact of the CCPA or the recently approved CPRA on our business or operations, but it may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply;

federal consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate marketplace activities and activities that potentially harm consumers; and

analogous state and non-U.S. laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to our business practices, including, but not limited to, research, distribution, sales and marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers; state laws that require device companies to comply with the industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the U.S. government, or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources; state laws and regulations that require manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures and pricing information; and state and non-U.S. laws governing the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

We have implemented a compliance program to help identify and deter healthcare violations by employees and other third parties that perform services for us. Notwithstanding our efforts, it is possible that governmental authorities may conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, agency guidance or case law involving applicable healthcare laws. In addition, we are subject to the risk that a person or government could allege violations of such laws, regulations and other obligations, or that fraud or other misconduct has taken place, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and financial results, including, without limitation, the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgements, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other U.S. healthcare programs, individual imprisonment, other sanctions, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and curtailment of our operations if we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights. Defending against any such actions can be costly, time-consuming and may require significant financial and personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired. If any of the above occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.

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To obtain the necessary device approvals or clearances from regulatory authorities for our product candidates, we will have to conduct various pre-clinical and clinical tests, which may be costly and time consuming, and may not provide results that will allow us to seek regulatory approval or clearance.

The number of pre-clinical and clinical tests that will be required for regulatory clearance or approval varies depending on the disease or condition to be treated, the method of treatment, the nature of the device, the jurisdiction in which we are seeking approval or clearance and the applicable regulations. Regulatory agencies, including those in the U.S., Canada, Europe and other countries where medical devices and products are regulated, can delay, limit or deny approval of a product for many reasons. For example, regulatory agencies:

may not deem a technology or device to be reasonably safe or effective for any intended use or indication;

may interpret data from pre-clinical and clinical testing differently than we do;

may determine our manufacturing facility or processes do not comply with Quality System regulations;

may conclude that our device does not meet quality standards for durability, long-term reliability, biocompatibility, electromagnetic compatibility, or electrical safety; and

may change their approval or clearance policies or adopt new regulations.

The FDA may make requests or disagree with us regarding the design or conduct of our clinical trials, resulting in an increased risk of difficulties or delays in obtaining regulatory approval or clearance in the U.S. and increased costs. For example, in February 2020, we received a NSE letter from the FDA, indicating that based on the data provided, we had not demonstrated that the CellFX System is substantially equivalent to the predicate device, concluding the 510(k) review process without clearance. We will continue to work with the FDA in pursuit of a clearance via a new 510(k) submission, providing additional clinical data as required.

Even if a potential device or product ultimately is cleared or approved by the different regulatory authorities, it may be cleared or approved only for narrow indications which may render it commercially less viable.

Even if we complete clinical testing and a potential device or product of ours is cleared or approved, it may not be cleared or approved for the indications that are necessary or desirable for a successful commercialization. The FDA may grant marketing authorization contingent on the performance of costly additional clinical trials which may be required after approval or clearance. The FDA also may approve or clear our lead product candidates for a more limited indication or a narrower patient population than we originally requested. Our preference will be to obtain as broad an indication as possible for use in connection with the particular disease or treatment for which it is designed. However, the final indication or labeling may be more limited than we originally seek. The limitation on use may make the device or product commercially less viable and more difficult, if not impractical, to market. Therefore, we may not obtain the revenues that we seek in respect of the proposed product, and we will not be able to become profitable and provide an investment return to our investors.

Even if we obtain clearance or approval to sell a potential product, we will be subject to ongoing requirements and inspections that could lead to the restriction, suspension or revocation of our clearance.

We, as well as any potential third-party manufacturer, will be required to adhere to FDA Quality System, which include testing, control, and documentation requirements. We will be subject to similar regulations in foreign countries. Even if regulatory approval or clearance of a product is granted, the approval or clearance may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval or clearance, or contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. Ongoing compliance with Quality System regulations and other applicable regulatory requirements is strictly enforced in the U.S. through periodic inspections by state and federal agencies, including the FDA, and in international jurisdictions by comparable agencies. Failure to comply with regulatory requirements could result in, among other things, warning letters, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, failure to obtain premarket clearance or premarket approval for devices, withdrawal of approvals or clearances previously obtained, and criminal prosecution. The restriction, suspension or revocation of regulatory approvals or clearances, or any other failure to comply with regulatory requirements will limit our ability to operate and could increase our costs.

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Any failure or delay in completing clinical trials or studies for our devices and products and the expense of those trials may adversely affect our business.

Pre-clinical studies, clinical trials and post-clinical monitoring and trials required to demonstrate the reasonable safety and efficacy of our potential devices and products are and will be time consuming and expensive. If we must conduct additional clinical trials or other studies with respect to any of our proposed product candidates to those that are initially contemplated, if we are unable to successfully complete any clinical trials or other studies, or if the results of these trials or studies are not positive or are only modestly positive, we may be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for the planned products, we may not be able to obtain marketing approval, or we may obtain approval for indications that are not as broad as we seek. Our research and product development costs also will increase if we experience delays in testing or approvals. The completion of clinical trials for our proposed therapies, devices and products could be delayed because of our inability to manufacture or obtain from third-parties materials sufficient for use in pre-clinical studies and clinical trials; delays in patient enrollment and variability in the number and types of patients available for clinical trials; difficulty in maintaining contact with patients after treatment, resulting in incomplete data; poor effectiveness of proposed devices and products during clinical trials; unforeseen safety issues or side effects; and governmental or regulatory delays and changes in regulatory requirements and guidelines. If we incur significant delays in our clinical trials, our competitors may be able to bring their products to market before we do, which could result in harming our ability to commercialize our planned products. If we experience any of these occurrences our business will be materially harmed. Our clinical trials may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Site initiation and patient enrollment may be delayed, for example, due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the COVID-19 pandemic, travel restrictions imposed by governments, and the inability to access sites for initiation and monitoring.

Because we and one of our licensors have used federal funding in the development of certain aspects of our technology, the federal government retains ‘march-in’ rights in connection with results derived from these grants.

March-in rights give the federal government the right to grant to other entities, which may include competitors, licenses or to take a license for itself if the government funded the development of a patent. The march-in right applies to patents that have been issued. The march-in right is intended to be used only if there is a threat to public health and safety that the owner of the patent is not equipped to handle. The march-in right may also be used to remove the exclusive rights belonging to a patent holder if the patent for which the government provided funding is not suitable for public use. If march-in rights are used by the government, the entities using the patent are required to pay royalties to the patent holder, which amount would be subject to negotiation. Because federal funding was used for some aspects of the company’s technology that will be the subject of some of our patents, the company could be subject to the march-in right and lose its exclusivity of those patents, and may suffer direct competition if any license is granted by the government under the march-in right to a competitor.

Our employees, collaborators and other personnel may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by or employees, collaborators and other personnel, which could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violates: (i) the laws of the FDA and other similar foreign regulatory bodies, including those laws requiring the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to such regulators; (ii) manufacturing standards; or (iii) healthcare fraud and abuse laws in the U.S. and similar foreign fraudulent misconduct laws. These laws may impact, among other things, future sales, marketing and education programs. The promotion, sales and marketing of healthcare items and services, as well as certain business arrangements in the healthcare industry, are subject to extensive laws designed to prevent fraud and abuse, kickbacks, self-dealing, and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, structuring and commissions, certain customer incentive programs and other business arrangements generally. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of patient recruitment for clinical trials.

We adopted a code of conduct applicable to all of our employees, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions. Whether or not we are successful in defending against any such actions or investigations, we could incur substantial costs, including legal fees, and divert the attention of management in defending ourselves against any of these claims or investigations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

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Healthcare policy changes, including recent federal legislation to reform the U.S. healthcare system, may have a material adverse effect on us. 

Proposals by the federal government, state governments, regulators and third-party payors to control or manage the increased costs of healthcare and to reform the U.S. healthcare system may impact our business significantly. Certain proposals could limit the prices we are able to charge for our products or the coverage and reimbursement available for our products and could limit the acceptance and availability of our products. The adoption of proposals to control costs could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. We cannot predict the initiatives that may be adopted in the future or their full impact on our business. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of healthcare may negatively impact our ability to set a price that we believe is fair for our products, our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability, and the availability of capital.

Our operations may be impacted by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). For example, the PPACA imposed, among other things, a 2.3% federal excise tax, with limited exceptions, on any entity that manufactures or imports Class I, II and III medical devices offered for sale in the U.S. that began on January 1, 2013. The excise tax was suspended for a two year period beginning January 1, 2016 and was further suspended through December 31, 2019. In December 2019, this excise tax was permanently repealed, effective after December 31, 2019.

On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, came into effect, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare devices and services, which could result in reduced demand for our devices or additional pricing pressures.

We face uncertainties that might result from modification or repeal of any of the provisions of the PPACA, including as a result of current and future executive orders and legislative actions. The impact of those changes on us and potential effect on the medical device industry as a whole is currently unknown. Any changes to the PPACA are likely to have an impact on our results of operations, and may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. We cannot predict what other healthcare programs and regulations will ultimately be implemented at the federal or state level or the effect of any future legislation or regulation in the U.S. may have on our business.

‎

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Risks Related to Owning Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock has been, and we expect it to continue to be, highly volatile, and you may be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid to acquire them.

The market price of our common stock has been highly volatile, and we expect it to continue to be highly volatile for the foreseeable future in response to many risk factors listed in this section, and others beyond our control, including:

results of clinical trials of our planned products or those of our competitors;

actions by regulatory bodies, such as the FDA, that affect our business or have the effect of delaying or rejecting approval or clearance of our planned products such as the CellFX System;

actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results;

announcements by our customers, partners or suppliers relating directly or indirectly to our products, services or technologies;

announcements of technological innovations by us or our competitors;

changes in laws or regulations applicable to our planned products;

announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, capital commitments or achievement of significant milestones;

additions or departures of key personnel;

competition from existing products or new products that may emerge;

fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

disputes or other developments related to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters or our ability to obtain intellectual property protection for our technologies;

actual or alleged security breaches;

announcements or expectations of additional financing efforts;

sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders;

stock price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares;

reports, guidance and ratings issued by securities or industry analysts;

overall conditions in our industry and market including the negative impact of COVID-19 on the global economy and markets; and

general economic and market conditions.

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If any of the foregoing occurs, it may cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. Stock markets in general, and the market for companies in our industry in particular, have experienced price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market price of our common stock. Investors may not realize any return on their investment in us and may lose some or all of their investment. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns and adversely impact our ability to raise capital to fund our operations, which could seriously harm our business.

Sales or purchases of shares of our common stock may adversely affect the market for our common stock.

If we or our stockholders, particularly our directors, executive officers and significant stockholders, sell or purchase, register for sale, or indicate an intent to sell or purchase, shares of our common stock in the public market, it may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. In particular, Robert W. Duggan is not subject to any contractual restrictions with us on his ability to sell or transfer our common stock, and these sales or transfers could create substantial declines in the price of our securities or, if these sales or transfers were made to a single buyer or group of buyers, could contribute to a transfer of control of our company to a third party. Sales by Robert W. Duggan of a substantial number of shares, or the expectation of such sales, could cause a significant reduction in the market price of our common stock.

We may issue shares of common stock or securities convertible into, exchangeable or exercisable for our common stock from time to time in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments or otherwise. Any such issuances would result in dilution to some or all of our existing stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall. We may also sell shares or other securities at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by existing investors, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders.

We do not know whether an active, liquid and orderly trading market will be maintained for our common stock and as a result it may be difficult for you to sell your common stock.

Prior to our initial public offering in May 2016, there was no public market for our common stock. Although our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market (Nasdaq), the market for our shares has demonstrated varying levels of trading activity. As a result of these and other factors, you may not be able to sell your common stock quickly or at or above the price paid to acquire the stock or at all. Further, an inactive market may also harm our ability to raise capital by selling additional common stock and may harm our ability to enter into strategic collaborations or acquire companies or products by using our common stock as consideration.

Concentration of ownership by our principal stockholder may limit your ability to influence the outcome of director elections and other transactions requiring stockholder approval.

A significant percentage of our outstanding stock is held by Robert W. Duggan, Chairman of our board of directors, who beneficially owns approximately 47% of our common stock outstanding as of the date of this Quarterly Report. As a result, Mr. Duggan has significant influence over corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the following actions:

to elect or defeat the election of our directors;

to amend or prevent amendment of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws;

to effect or prevent a merger, sale of assets or other corporate transaction; and

to control the outcome of any other matter submitted to our stockholders for vote.

Mr. Duggan’s stock ownership may discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company, which in turn could reduce our stock price or prevent our stockholders from realizing a premium over our stock price. In addition, Mr. Duggan is not subject to any contractual restrictions on his ability to acquire additional shares of common stock and any such purchases, including purchases of equity securities in connection with any rights offerings or any alternative equity or equity-linked offering that we may conduct, could result in his acquisition of a majority of our common stock. If this were to occur, we would be considered a “controlled” company under the Nasdaq rules and would be exempt from the obligation to comply with certain Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.

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Management currently beneficially holds a small percentage of our common stock. Other than their positions as directors or officers, and the restriction on the stockholders being able to call a special meeting limited to holders of 15% or more of the outstanding shares of common stock, our management will not be able to greatly influence corporate actions requiring stockholder approval.

Robert W. Duggan’s significant ownership position may impact our stock price and may deter or prevent efforts by other companies to acquire us, which could prevent our stockholders from realizing a control premium. 

Robert W. Duggan is the Chairman of our board of directors, and beneficially owns approximately 47% of our common stock outstanding as of the date of this Quarterly Report. In addition, Mr. Duggan is not subject to any contractual restrictions on his ability to acquire additional shares of common stock, and any such purchases, including purchases of equity securities in connection with any rights offerings or any alternative equity or equity-linked offering that we may conduct, could result in his acquisition of a majority of our common stock. As a result of Robert W. Duggan’s significant ownership and position as Chairman of the board of directors, other companies may be less inclined to pursue an acquisition of us and therefore we may not have the opportunity to be acquired in a transaction that stockholders might otherwise deem favorable, including transactions in which our stockholders might realize a substantial premium for their shares. In addition, public speculation regarding Mr. Duggan, as well as our relationship with Mr. Duggan, could cause our stock price to fluctuate.

We have incurred and will continue to incur costs as a result of operating as a public company and our management has been and will be required to devote substantial time to public company compliance initiatives.

As a public company, listed in the U.S., we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses due to our compliance with regulations and disclosure obligations applicable to us, including compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq. The SEC and other regulators have continued to adopt new rules and regulations and make additional changes to existing regulations that require our compliance.

Stockholder activism, the current political environment, and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact, in ways we cannot currently anticipate, the manner in which we operate our business. Our management and other personnel have and will continue to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance programs and monitoring of public company reporting obligations and, as a result of the new corporate governance and executive compensation related rules, regulations, and guidelines prompted by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, and further regulations and disclosure obligations expected in the future, we will likely need to devote additional time and costs to comply with such compliance programs and rules. New laws and regulations as well as changes to existing laws and regulations affecting public companies, including the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, and rules adopted by the SEC and Nasdaq, will likely result in increased costs to us as we respond to their requirements. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

Furthermore, these and future rules and regulations could make it more difficult or more costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. For example, we determined not to renew our director and officer liability insurance this year due to disproportionately high premiums quoted by insurance companies. Instead, we and Robert W. Duggan, Chairman of our board of directors, have entered into a letter agreement pursuant to which Mr. Duggan has agreed with us to personally provide indemnity coverage on substantially the same terms as our prior coverage program for a one-year period. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as our executive officers.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our market price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. We currently have only limited analyst coverage of us and there can be no assurance that analysts will continue to cover us or provide favorable coverage. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or change their opinion of our stock, our market price would likely decline. If analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

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We have not paid dividends in the past and have no plans to pay dividends.

We plan to reinvest all of our earnings, to the extent we have earnings, into our product research and development. We do not plan to pay any cash dividends with respect to our securities in the foreseeable future. We cannot assure you that we would, at any time, generate sufficient surplus cash that would be available for distribution to the holders of our common stock as a dividend. Therefore, you should not expect to receive cash dividends on our outstanding common stock.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock.

Certain anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law and provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to elect directors that are not nominated by the current members of our board of directors or take other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions that:

authorize our board of directors to issue, without further action by the stockholders, up to 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock and up to approximately 500,000,000 shares of authorized but unissued shares of common stock;

require that any action to be taken by our stockholders be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent;

specify that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by our board of directors, the chairman of our board of directors, any of our officers, or any stockholder holding at least fifteen percent (15%) of the voting power of the capital stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote;

establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder approvals to be brought before an annual meeting of our stockholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors;

the requirement for the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all the then outstanding shares of our voting stock, voting together as a single class, to amend provisions of our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws;

the ability of our board of directors by majority vote, to amend the bylaws; and

provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum.

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. Furthermore, our bylaws provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us, (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of us to us or our stockholders, (c) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, or (d) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to the Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein; provided that, if and only if the Court of Chancery dismisses any such action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, such action may be brought in another state or federal court sitting in Delaware. Our bylaws further provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions. These exclusive-forum provisions may discourage lawsuits against us or our directors, officers, and employees. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which limits the ability of stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock to engage in certain types of transactions with us.

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General Risk Factors

Unfavorable global economic or political conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets including the negative impact of COVID-19 on the global economy and markets. Furthermore, the market for aesthetic medical treatments may be particularly vulnerable to unfavorable economic conditions. A global financial crisis or a global or regional political disruption could cause extreme volatility in the capital and credit markets as has recently been the case due to COVID-19. A severe or prolonged economic downturn or political disruption could result in a variety of risks to our business, including weakened demand for our lead product candidates or any future product candidates, if approved, and our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy or political disruption could also strain our manufacturers or suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption, or cause our customers to delay making payments for our services. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the political or economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

If we experience material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and provide a management report on internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place so that we can produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. We may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation in a timely fashion. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal controls are effective.

In connection with the preparation of our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. The material weakness related to a lack of effective controls to adequately restrict access and segregate duties. We implemented measures and remediated the material weakness in 2017; however, we cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, and are continuing to implement, will be sufficient to avoid potential future material weaknesses. The identification of one or more material weaknesses would preclude a conclusion that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, there could continue to be a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

We are required to disclose changes made in our internal control and procedures on a quarterly basis. However, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act until we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act) if we continue to take advantage of the exemptions contained in the JOBS Act. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating. Our remediation efforts may not enable us to avoid a material weakness in the future. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or when required in the future, if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an unqualified opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

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We may become involved in litigation that may materially adversely affect us.

From time to time, we may be involved in a variety of claims, lawsuits, investigations and proceedings relating to securities laws, product liability, patent infringement, contract disputes and other matters relating to various claims that arise in the normal course of our business in addition to governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. In addition, third parties may, from time to time, assert claims against us in the form of letters and other communications. Such matters can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability and/or require us to change our business practices. Because of the potential risks, expenses and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we have meritorious claims or defenses, by agreeing to settlement agreements. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable, we cannot assure you that the results of any of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. See the section entitled “Legal Proceedings” for more detail on our current legal proceedings.

Our business may be adversely affected by health epidemics including the coronavirus pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in government authorities implementing numerous measures to try to contain the virus, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place or stay-at-home orders, and business shutdowns.

In accordance with local and state guidelines regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, we are requiring all of our employees to work remotely unless they cannot perform their essential functions remotely, and have also suspended all non-essential travel for our employees. While many of our employees are accustomed to working remotely or working with other remote employees, much of our workforce has not historically been remote. Although we continue to monitor the situation and may adjust our current policies as more information and public health guidance becomes available, temporarily suspending travel and restricting the ability to do business in person may create operational or other challenges, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, our clinical trials may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Site initiation and patient enrollment may be delayed, for example, due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the COVID-19 pandemic, travel restrictions imposed by governments, and the inability to access sites for initiation and monitoring. Also, some of our suppliers of certain materials used in the production of our product candidates are located in areas impacted by COVID-19 which could limit our ability to obtain sufficient materials for our product candidates. COVID-19 has and will continue to adversely affect global economies and financial markets of many countries, resulting in an economic downturn that could affect demand for our product candidates, if approved, and impact our operating results. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may continue to experience an adverse impact to our business as a result of the continued global economic impact of the pandemic. We could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which health epidemics such as COVID-19 could adversely impact our business. Although we are continuing to monitor and assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or a similar health epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change.

Our facilities in California are located near known earthquake faults, and the occurrence of an earthquake or other catastrophic disaster could cause damage to our facilities and equipment, which could require us to cease or curtail operations.

Our facilities in Hayward, California are located near known earthquake fault zones and are vulnerable to damage from earthquakes. We are also vulnerable to damage from other types of disasters, including fire, floods, power loss, communications failures and similar events. If any disaster were to occur, our ability to operate our business at our facilities would be seriously, or potentially completely, impaired. In addition, the nature of our activities could cause significant delays in our research programs and commercial activities and make it difficult for us to recover from a disaster. The insurance we maintain may not be adequate to cover our losses resulting from disasters or other business interruptions. Accordingly, an earthquake or other disaster could materially and adversely harm our ability to conduct business.

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We are an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act as well as a “smaller reporting company”; as a result, we cannot be certain if the applicable reduced disclosure requirements will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We also qualify as a “smaller reporting company,” as defined in the Exchange Act, and so long as we remain a smaller reporting company, we benefit from and may take advantage of scaled disclosure requirements.

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile and it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital as and when we need it. Investors may be unable to compare our business with other companies in our industry if they believe that our reporting is not as transparent as other companies in our industry. If we are unable to raise additional capital as and when we need it, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. We will remain an “emerging growth company” for up to five years from our IPO in 2016, although we will lose that status sooner if our revenues exceed $1.07 billion, if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt in a three-year period, or if the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of June 30.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Default Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit ‎Number	Exhibit Description
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*	Certification of the Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officers pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. Section 1350).
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

* The certification attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompanies this Quarterly Report is deemed furnished and not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Pulse Biosciences, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	PULSE BIOSCIENCES, INC.
Date: November 9, 2020	By:	/s/   Sandra A. Gardiner
		Sandra A. Gardiner
		Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President of Finance and Administration, Secretary and Treasurer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), AS ADOPTED PURSUANT

TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Darrin R. Uecker,  certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 of Pulse Biosciences, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e))and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November9, 2020	By:	/s/ DarrinR. Uecker
		DarrinR. Uecker
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), AS ADOPTED PURSUANT

TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Sandra A. Gardiner,  certify that:

1. I  have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q  for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 of Pulse Biosciences, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November9, 2020	By:	/s/Sandra A. Gardiner
		Sandra A. Gardiner
		Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President of Finance and Administration, Secretary and Treasurer
		(PrincipalFinancial and Accounting Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATIONS PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Pulse Biosciences, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period endedSeptember 30, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), each of the undersigned certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of his knowledge:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

In Witness Whereof, the undersigned have set their hands hereto as of the 9th day of November 2020.

4
	/s/ Darrin R. Uecker
	Darrin R. Uecker
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)

4
	/s/ Sandra A. Gardiner
	Sandra A. Gardiner
	Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President of Finance and Administration, Secretary and Treasurer
	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

This certification is deemed furnished and not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Pulse Biosciences, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this report, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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Document And Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Nov. 02, 2020
Document And Entity Information [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2020
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-34899
Entity Registrant Name	Pulse Biosciences, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	46-5696597
Entity Address, Address Line One	3957 Point Eden Way
Entity Address, City or Town	Hayward
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	94545
City Area Code	510
Local Phone Number	906-4600
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share
Trading Symbol	PLSE
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	true
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		25,341,540
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Entity Central Index Key	0001625101
Amendment Flag	false

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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 7,070	$ 6,899
Investments	22,516	18,499
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	748	1,005
Total current assets	30,334	26,403
Property and equipment, net	2,562	2,566
Intangible assets, net	4,048	4,547
Goodwill	2,791	2,791
Right-of-use assets	9,595	5,114
Other assets	365	494
Total assets	49,695	41,915
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	1,432	1,963
Accrued expenses	4,111	2,496
Lease liability, current	457
Total current liabilities	6,000	4,459
Lease liability, less current	10,991	6,719
Total liabilities	16,991	11,178
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; authorized – 50,000 shares; no shares issued and outstanding
Common stock, $0.001 par value: authorized – 500,000 shares; issued and outstanding – 25,290 shares and 20,825 shares at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	25	21
Additional paid-in-capital	191,468	153,401
Accumulated other comprehensive income	1	4
Accumulated deficit	(158,790)	(122,689)
Total stockholders' equity	32,704	30,737
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 49,695	$ 41,915

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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	50,000,000	50,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	25,290,000	20,825,000
Common stock, shares outstanding	25,290,000	20,825,000

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Condensed Consolidated Statements Of Operations And Comprehensive Loss - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Operating expenses:
General and administrative	$ 5,771	$ 5,606	$ 16,691	$ 15,153
Research and development	6,968	6,192	19,019	18,371
Amortization of intangible assets	166	166	499	500
Total operating expenses	12,905	11,964	36,209	34,024
Other income:
Interest income	9	218	108	841
Total other income	9	218	108	841
Net loss	(12,896)	(11,746)	(36,101)	(33,183)
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities	1	(14)	(3)	9
Comprehensive loss	$ (12,895)	$ (11,760)	$ (36,104)	$ (33,174)
Net loss per share:
Basic and diluted net loss per share	$ (0.51)	$ (0.57)	$ (1.60)	$ (1.60)
Weighted average shares used to compute net loss per common share - basic and diluted	25,223	20,774	22,540	20,728

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Condensed Consolidated Statements Of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (36,101)	$ (33,183)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation	310	390
Amortization of intangible assets	499	500
Stock-based compensation	7,686	7,739
Net premium amortization and discount on available-for-sale securities	(6)	(458)
Loss on disposal of fixed assets	119
Gain U.S. Treasury securities	(8)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	431	(658)
Right-of-use assets	352
Other long-term assets	129
Accounts payable	(595)	544
Accrued expenses	1,352	633
Lease liabilities	(104)
Other assets	(174)	(2,734)
Other current and non-current liabilities		2,238
Net cash used in operating activities	(26,110)	(24,989)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(162)	(645)
Purchases of investments	(25,516)	(72,981)
Maturities of investments	4,510	57,000
Sales of investments	17,000
Net cash used in investing activities	(4,168)	(16,626)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan	490	423
Proceeds from exercises of warrants	112
Proceeds from exercises of stock options	349	272
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net of issuance cost of $565	29,498
Tax payments related to shares withheld for vested restricted stock units		(613)
Net cash provided by financing activities	30,449	82
Net increase (decrease) in cash	171	(41,533)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	6,899	51,103
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	7,070	9,570
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities:
Change in unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities	(3)	9
Unpaid property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	263	$ 219
Issuance costs for rights offering in accounts payable	$ 64

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Condensed Consolidated Statements Of Cash Flows (Parenthetical) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Condensed Consolidated Statements Of Cash Flows [Abstract]
Issuance costs	$ 565

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]	Accumulated Deficit [Member]	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 21	$ 142,032	$ (1)	$ (75,718)	$ 66,334
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2018	20,593,000
Issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options		272			272
Issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options, shares	99,000
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan		423			423
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan, shares	38,000
Issuance of shares upon vesting of restriced stock units, shares	58,000
Stock-based compensation expense		7,739			7,739
Tax payments related to shares withheld for vested restricted stock units		(613)			(613)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities			9		9
Net loss				(33,183)	(33,183)
Balance at Sep. 30, 2019	$ 21	149,853	8	(108,901)	40,981
Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2019	20,788,000
Balance at Jun. 30, 2019	$ 21	146,973	22	(97,155)	49,861
Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2019	20,768,000
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan		201			201
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan, shares	20,000
Stock-based compensation expense		2,679			2,679
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities			(14)		(14)
Net loss				(11,746)	(11,746)
Balance at Sep. 30, 2019	$ 21	149,853	8	(108,901)	40,981
Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2019	20,788,000
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 21	153,401	4	(122,689)	$ 30,737
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2019	20,825,000				20,825,000
Issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options		349			$ 349
Issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options, shares	86,000				85,750
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan		490			$ 490
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan, shares	83,000
Issuance of shares upon exercise of warrants		112			112
Issuance of shares upon exercise of warrants, shares	16,000
Issuance of common stock and warrants in connection with rights offering, net of issuance cost of $565	$ 4	29,430			29,434
Issuance of common stock and warrants in connection with rights offering, net of issuance cost of $565, shares	4,280,000
Stock-based compensation expense		7,686			7,686
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities			(3)		(3)
Net loss				(36,101)	(36,101)
Balance at Sep. 30, 2020	$ 25	191,468	1	(158,790)	$ 32,704
Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2020	25,290,000				25,290,000
Balance at Jun. 30, 2020	$ 25	188,197		(145,894)	$ 42,328
Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2020	25,149,000
Issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options		340			340
Issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options, shares	85,000
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan		235			235
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan, shares	40,000
Issuance of shares upon exercise of warrants		112			112
Issuance of shares upon exercise of warrants, shares	16,000
Stock-based compensation expense		2,648			2,648
Rights offering, additional issuance costs		(64)			(64)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities			1		1
Net loss				(12,896)	(12,896)
Balance at Sep. 30, 2020	$ 25	$ 191,468	$ 1	$ (158,790)	$ 32,704
Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2020	25,290,000				25,290,000

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Parenthetical) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Issuance costs	$ 565

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Description Of The Business

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Description Of The Business [Abstract]

Description Of The Business

1. Description of the Business

Pulse Biosciences, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, the Company) is a novel bioelectric medicine company committed to health innovation that improves and potentially extends the lives of patients. The Company is pursuing regulatory clearance to market its first product, its proprietary CellFX^® System. The Company’s CellFX System utilizes its patented Nano-Pulse Stimulation™ (NPS™) technology to treat a variety of applications for which an optimal solution remains unfulfilled. NPS is a proprietary technology that delivers nano-second duration pulses of high amplitude electrical energy to non-thermally clear targeted cells while sparing adjacent non-cellular tissue. The cell-specific effects of NPS technology have been validated in a series of completed and ongoing clinical studies.

The Company was incorporated in Nevada on May 19, 2014. On June 18, 2018, the Company reincorporated from the State of Nevada to the State of Delaware. The Company’s headquarters and manufacturing and research facility is located in Hayward, California.

The Company’s activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including the need for additional capital. The Company has not yet commenced any revenue-generating operations, does not have any cash flows from operations, and will need to raise additional capital to finance its operations. However, there can be no assurances that the Company will be able to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms and in the amounts necessary to fully fund its operating requirements.

Pulse Biosciences, CellFX, Nano-Pulse Stimulation, and NPS and the stylized logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of the Company in the United States and other countries.

 

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Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Going Concern

As of September 30, 2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $158.8 million, cash outflows from operations of $26.1 million for the nine months then ended, and cash, cash equivalents and investments of $29.6 million. The Company has not generated any revenue from product sales since its inception and anticipates that losses may continue for the next several years until such time as the Company can generate substantial product revenue and achieve profitability. To fund ongoing operating and capital needs, the Company will need to raise additional capital. The Company plans to raise additional capital to fund its operations, for at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of the accompanying consolidated financial statements, through the issuance and sale of equity securities. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available when needed or that management of the Company will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to the Company. Accordingly, the Company’s management cannot conclude that such plans will be effectively implemented within twelve months from the date of issuance of the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

These factors, combined with the Company’s forecast of cash required to fund operations for a period of at least twelve months from the date of issuance of the accompanying consolidated financial statements, raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. 

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

COVID-19 Pandemic

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties as a result of the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s business is highly uncertain and difficult to predict, as the response to the pandemic continues to evolve. The Company considered the impact of COVID-19 on the assumptions and estimates used to determine the results reported and asset valuations as of September 30, 2020.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis consistent with the Company’s December 31, 2019 audited Consolidated Financial Statements and include all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary to fairly state the information set forth herein. The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and, as permitted by such rules and regulations, omit certain information and footnote disclosures necessary to present the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP). The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. The results of operations for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the entire year or any future periods.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Pulse Biosciences, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions, if any, have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Financial Statements and accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Estimates include, but are not limited to, the valuation of cash equivalents and investments, the valuation and recognition of share-based compensation and the useful lives assigned to long-lived assets. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions based on historical experience and other factors and adjusts those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the significant accounting policies described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Net Loss per Share

The Company calculates basic net loss per share by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. For purposes of this calculation, options to purchase common stock and common stock warrants are considered common stock equivalents. Potential common shares that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share.

Basic and diluted net loss per common share is the same for all periods presented because all warrants, stock options and restricted stock units outstanding are anti-dilutive.

The following outstanding stock options, warrants and restricted stock units were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

	Nine-Month Periods Ended
	September 30,
	2020		2019
Common stock warrants		793,464		213,485
Common stock options		5,207,326		3,545,491
Restricted stock units		34,402		111,305
Total		6,035,192		3,870,281

 Recent Accounting Pronouncement

In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which eliminates certain exceptions related to the general principles in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740 and makes amendments to other areas with the intention of simplifying various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods therein; with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the standard will have on its financial statements and related disclosures; and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

 

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Fair Value Of Financial Instruments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Fair Value Of Financial Instruments [Abstract]

Fair Value Of Financial Instruments

3. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The authoritative guidance with respect to fair value established a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels, and requires that assets and liabilities carried at fair value be classified and disclosed in one of three categories, as presented below.

Level 1 - Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for an identical asset or liability that the Company has the ability to access as of the measurement date. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 1 inputs include money market funds.

Level 2 - Inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, which are directly observable for the asset or liability or indirectly observable through corroboration with observable market data. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs include commercial paper, corporate bonds, and asset-backed securities.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data for the asset or liability which requires the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions. The Company did not classify any of its investments within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial assets measured on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively (in thousands):

		September 30, 2020								December 31, 2019
Assets	Classification		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Money market funds	Cash and cash equivalents	$	5,598	$	—	$	—	$	5,598	$	6,429	$	—	$	—	$	6,429
U.S. Treasury Securities	Investments		—		22,516		—		22,516		—		18,499		—		18,499
Total assets measured at fair value		$	5,598	$	22,516	$	—	$	28,114	$	6,429	$	18,499	$	—	$	24,928

The Company did not have any financial liabilities measured on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 assets or liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and the valuation techniques used did not change compared to the Company’s established practice.

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Balance Sheet Components

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Balance Sheet Components [Abstract]

Balance Sheet Components

4. Balance Sheet Components

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

	September 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Leasehold improvements	$	2,834	$	2,248
Laboratory equipment		792		677
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment		481		466
Software		117		118
Construction in progress		134		543
		4,358		4,052
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(1,796)		(1,486)
	$	2,562	$	2,566

Depreciation expense was $0.1 million for each of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Depreciation expense was $0.3 million for each of the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. 

Intangible Assets, Net

Intangible assets primarily consist of acquired licenses to utilize certain patents, know-how and technology relating to the Company’s NPS technology for biomedical applications acquired from Old Dominion University Research Foundation (ODURF), Eastern Virginia Medical School, and the University of Southern California. In addition, the Company entered into a Sponsored Research Agreement with Old Dominion University’s Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, which includes certain intellectual property rights arising from the research. The Company is amortizing the intangible assets over an estimated useful life of 12 years.

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

	September 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Acquired patents and licenses	$	7,985	$	7,985
Less: Accumulated amortization		(3,937)		(3,438)
	$	4,048	$	4,547

A schedule of the amortization of intangible assets for the remainder of 2020 and the succeeding five fiscal years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):

Year Ending December 31:
2020 (remaining 3 months)	$	166
2021		665
2022		665
2023		665
2024		665
2025		665
Thereafter		557
	$	4,048

Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):

	September 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Compensation	$	2,276	$	1,699
Accrued clinical		268		262
Professional fees		8		51
Property and equipment		262		234
Director and officer liability insurance		938		—
Other		359		250
	$	4,111	$	2,496

 

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Goodwill

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Goodwill [Abstract]

Goodwill

5. Goodwill

In 2014, the Company acquired three companies (the acquisitions) for aggregate consideration of $5.5 million. In accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, the Company recorded goodwill of $2.8 million in connection with the acquisitions as the consideration paid exceeded the fair value of the net tangible assets and the intangible assets acquired.

The Company reviews goodwill for impairment at least annually or whenever changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable. Based on the Company’s annual impairment test as of December 31, 2019 the Company determined that no impairment of goodwill existed and was not aware of any indicators of impairment at such date. In addition, there were no indicators of impairment at September 30, 2020.

 

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Stockholders' Equity And Stock-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Stockholders' Equity And Stock-Based Compensation [Abstract]

Stockholders' Equity And Stock-Based Compensation

6. Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-Based Compensation

Rights Offering

During June 2020, the Company completed a rights offering to purchase up to $30 million of units, each unit consisting of one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 0.15 warrants to purchase shares of common stock (the Units) at a price of $7.01 per Unit (the Rights Offering). The common stock and warrants comprising the Units separated upon the closing of the Rights Offering and were issued separately.

A total of 4,279,600 shares of common stock and 641,571 warrants (the Rights Offering Warrants) were issued and sold in the Rights Offering for net proceeds of approximately $29.4 million. Each warrant is exercisable for one share of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to $7.01, the subscription price for the Units. The Rights Offering Warrants are exercisable immediately and expire on the fifth anniversary of the completion of the Rights Offering, or June 16, 2025. The Rights Offering Warrants are subject to redemption by the Company for $0.01 per warrant, with not less than 30 days written notice, if the volume weighted average price of our common stock equals or exceeds 200% of the exercise price for the Rights Offering Warrants for 10 consecutive trading days, provided that the Company may not redeem the warrants prior to December 16, 2020, six months after the issuance date.

Robert W. Duggan, the Company’s Chairman of the Board of Directors and the beneficial owner of approximately 43% of the Company’s outstanding common stock prior to the Rights Offering, participated in the Rights Offering and purchased an aggregate of 2,561,873 Units. After giving effect to the rights offering, Mr. Duggan is the beneficial owner of approximately 47% of the Company’s outstanding common stock as of September 30, 2020.

Common Stock Warrants

In connection with a private placement in 2014 of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, the Company issued warrants as compensation to the placement agent to purchase a total of 299,625 shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $2.67 per share (the Private Placement Warrants). The Private Placement Warrants are exercisable for period of seven years from issuance. As of September 30, 2020, there were a total of 46,238 of Private Placement Warrants outstanding.

In connection with the closing of the Company’s initial public offering in 2016, the Company issued warrants as compensation to its underwriters, to purchase a total of 574,985 shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share (the IPO Warrants). The IPO Warrants are exercisable for a period of five years from issuance. As of September 30, 2020, there were a total of 121,609 of the IPO Warrants outstanding.

In connection with the Rights Offering, the Company issued warrants to purchase a total of 641,571 shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $7.01. As of September 30, 2020, there were a total of 625,617 of the Rights Offering Warrants outstanding.

Equity Plans

2017 Equity Incentive Plan and 2017 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan

The Board of Directors of the Company (the Board) previously adopted, and the Company’s stockholders approved, the Company’s 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2017 Plan).

The 2017 Plan has a 10-year term, and provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units, and performance shares to employees, directors and consultants of the Company and any parent or subsidiary of the Company, as the Compensation Committee of the Board may determine. Subject to an annual evergreen increase and adjustment in the case of certain capitalization events, the Company initially reserved 1,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for issuance pursuant to awards under the 2017 Plan. In addition, shares remaining available under the Company’s 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the 2015 Plan), and shares reserved but not issued pursuant to outstanding equity awards that expire or terminate without being exercised or that are forfeited or repurchased by the Company will be added to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2017 Plan. The 2017 Plan is administered by the Board’s Compensation Committee. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company’s Board authorized an increase in the number of shares of common stock available under the 2017 Plan by 833,018 shares pursuant to the evergreen provision of the 2017 Plan. Pursuant to the 2017 Plan, the 2020 share increase is determined based on the least of (i) 1,200,000 shares, (ii) 4% of the Company’s common stock outstanding at December 31 of the immediately preceding year, or (iii) such number of shares as determined by the Board. As of September 30, 2020, 371,958 shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the 2017 Plan.

During November 2017, the Board adopted the 2017 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the Inducement Plan) and reserved 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for issuance pursuant to equity awards granted under the Inducement Plan. The Inducement Plan was adopted without stockholder approval. The Inducement Plan has a 10-year term, and provides for the grant of equity-based awards, including nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock units, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, performance shares and performance units, and its terms are substantially similar to the 2017 Plan, including with respect to treatment of equity awards in the event of a “merger” or “change in control” as defined under the Inducement Plan. Options issued under the Inducement Plan may have a term up to ten years and have variable vesting provisions. New hire grants generally vest 25% annual starting upon the first anniversary of the grant. Equity-based awards issued under the Inducement Plan are only issuable to individuals not previously engaged as employees or non-employee directors of the Company prior to the Inducement Plan’s adoption date. As of September 30, 2020, 26,283 shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the Inducement Plan.

Certain stock options awarded to the Company’s executives and other key employees contain performance conditions related to certain financial measures and achievements of strategic/operational milestones (performance options). As of September 30, 2020, not all of the performance conditions are probable to be achieved. Compensation expense has only been recognized for those conditions that are assumed to be probable.

2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Board previously adopted and the stockholders approved the Company’s 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the 2017 ESPP).

The 2017 ESPP is a broad-based plan that provides employees of the Company and its designated affiliates with the opportunity to become stockholders through periodic payroll deductions that are applied towards the purchase of Company common shares at a discount from the then-current market price. Subject to adjustment in the case of certain capitalization events, a total of 250,000 common shares of the Company were available for purchase at adoption of the 2017 ESPP. Pursuant to the 2017 ESPP, the annual share increase pursuant to the evergreen provision is determined based on the least of (i) 450,000 shares, (ii) 1.5% of the Company’s common stock outstanding at December 31 of the immediately preceding year, or (iii) such number of shares as determined by the Board. During January 2020, the Board determined not to increase the number of shares of common stock available under the 2017 ESPP pursuant to the evergreen provision of the 2017 ESPP. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, the Company issued 82,971 shares of common stock under the 2017 ESPP. As of September 30, 2020, 357,224 shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the 2017 ESPP.

A summary of stock option activity under the 2015 Plan, 2017 Plan and Inducement Plan for the nine-months ended

September 30, 2020 is presented below:

	Stock Options Outstanding
			Weighted
	Number		average
	of shares		exercise price
Balances — December 31, 2019	3,749,186	$	16.18
Options granted	1,933,560
Options exercised	(85,750)
Options canceled	(324,584)
Options expired	(65,086)
Balances — September 30, 2020	5,207,326	$	14.30
Exercisable — September 30, 2020	2,519,812	$	17.08

Stock-based Compensation

Total stock-based compensation expense consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Three-Month Periods Ended				Nine-Month Periods Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
General and administrative	$	1,465	$	1,735	$	4,729	$	4,881
Research and development		1,183		944		2,957		2,858
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	2,648	$	2,679	$	7,686	$	7,739

The Company estimated the fair value of employee stock options on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The estimated fair value of employee stock options is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. The Company reviews, and when deemed appropriate, updates the assumptions used on a periodic basis. Due to the limited trading history of the Company’s common stock, the Company utilizes a portfolio of comparable companies to estimate volatility. The fair value of employee stock options was estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Three-Month Periods Ended September 30,		Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30,
	2020	2019	2020	2019
Expected term in years	5.8 - 6.1	5.8 - 6.1	5.3 - 6.1	0.4 - 6.1
Expected volatility	70%	70%	70%	70%
Risk-free interest rate	0.3 - 0.4%	1.4 - 1.7%	0.4 - 0.5%	1.4 - 2.6%
Dividend yield	—	—	—	—

The Company estimated the fair value of ESPP on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The estimated fair value of ESPP is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. The Company reviews, and when deemed appropriate, updates the assumptions used on a periodic basis. The Company utilizes its estimated volatility in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of ESPP. The fair value of ESPP was estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Three-Month Periods Ended September 30,		Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30,
	2020	2019	2020	2019
Expected term in years	0.5 - 1.0	0.5 - 1.0	0.5 - 1.0	0.5 - 1.0
Expected volatility	70%	70%	70%	70%
Risk-free interest rate	0.1 - 0.1%	1.7 - 1.9%	0.1 - 1.0%	1.7 - 2.6%
Dividend yield	—	—	—

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Research Grants And Agreements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Research Grants And Agreements [Abstract]

Research Grants And Agreements

7. Research Grants and Agreements

Sponsored Research Agreement

Annually, the Company may sponsor research activities (SRAs) performed by Old Dominion University’s Frank Reidy Center (ODURF). ODURF is compensated by the Company for its conduct of each study in accordance with the budget and payment terms set forth in the applicable task order. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company agreed to sponsor $0.8 million in research during the subsequent 12-month period funded through monthly payments made upon ODURF certifying, to the Company’s reasonable satisfaction, that ODURF has met its obligations pursuant to the specified task order and statement of work. The principal investigator may transfer funds with the budget as needed without the Company’s approval so long as the obligations of ODURF under the task order and statement of work remain unchanged and unimpaired. As of September 30, 2020, the Company has incurred costs of the entire $0.8 million under this agreement.

During the three-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company incurred costs relating to the SRAs equal to $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively; and during both the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 the Company incurred costs of $0.6 million.

 

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Commitments And Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Commitments And Contingencies [Abstract]

Commitments And Contingencies

8. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

During January 2017, the Company entered into a five-year lease (the Existing Lease) for approximately 15,700 square feet for its corporate headquarters located in Hayward, California (the Existing Premises). The lease commenced during July 2017.

During May 2019, the Company entered into Lease Amendment 1 (the Amendment) in relation to the Existing Lease and added the lease of new premises of approximately 34,600 square feet (the Expansion Premises); additionally, the term of the Existing Lease was extended to October 2029.

The Company evaluated the Amendment under the provisions of ASC 842 that it adopted on January 1, 2019, and accounted for the Amendment as a single contract with the Existing Lease because the additional lease payments due to the Amendment was not commensurate with the right-of-use (ROU) asset granted to the Company. Though the Amendment was accounted for as a single contract, the Existing Premises and Expansion Premises are accounted for as separate lease components. Accordingly, the Company measured and allocated consideration to each lease component as of the modification date.

During May 2020, the Company took possession and commenced the final lease component of the Expansion Premises, which was originally anticipated to be occupied in April 2020. Taking possession of the Expansion Premises resulted in a change in payments for the entire lease. Accordingly, the lease components were remeasured as of the commencement date of the final lease component, and a corresponding ROU asset and lease liability was recorded. As of May 2020, all components under the Amendment are in use and will be co-terminous until October 2029.

Information related to the Company’s ROU assets and related lease liabilities are as follows (in thousands except for remaining lease term and discount rate):

Year Ending December 31:
2020 (remaining 3 months)	$	374
2021		1,643
2022		1,806
2023		1,845
2024		1,910
2025		1,977
Thereafter		8,237
Total lease payments		17,792
Less imputed interest		(6,344)
Total lease liabilities	$	11,448

Other supplemental information:
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities	$	671
Operating lease liabilities arising from ROU assets		4,833
Current operating lease liabilities		457
Non-current operating lease liabilities		10,991
Total lease liabilities	$	11,448
Weighted average remaining lease term		9.08
Weighted average discount rate		10%

Rent expense, including common area maintenance charges, was $0.5 million and $0.1 million during the three-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively; and was approximately $1.2 million and $0.2 million during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Legal Proceedings

The Company maintains indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify them against liabilities that arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, except as prohibited by applicable law.

From time to time, the Company may be involved in a variety of claims, lawsuits, investigations and proceedings relating to securities laws, product liability, patent infringement, contract disputes and other matters relating to various claims that arise in the normal course of the Company’s business. The Company currently believes that these ordinary course matters are not material to the condensed consolidated financial statements of the business; however, the results of litigation and claims are inherently unpredictable.

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Related Party Transactions

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related Party Transactions

9.   Related Party Transactions

Kenneth A. Clark, a director of the Company since November 2017, is a member of the law firm of Wilson Sonsini Goodrich and Rosati (WSGR), which also serves as the outside corporate counsel to the Company. During the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, the Company incurred expenses reported in general and administrative in the consolidated statement of operations for legal services rendered by WSGR totaling approximately $0.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively. Additionally, in June 2020, the Company incurred approximately $0.4 million of legal expenses in connection with the rights offering which was offset against the gross proceeds (Note 6). During the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2019, the Company incurred expenses for legal services rendered by WSGR totaling approximately $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

During June 2020, the Company completed a rights offering to purchase up to $30 million of units, each unit consisting of one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 0.15 warrants to purchase shares of common stock (the Units) at a price of $7.01 per Unit (the Rights Offering). A total of 4,279,600 shares of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 641,571 warrants were issued and sold in the Rights Offering for net proceeds of $29.4 million. Robert W. Duggan, the Company’s Chairman of the Board of Directors and the beneficial owner of approximately 43% of the Company’s outstanding common stock prior to the Rights Offering, participated in the Rights Offering and purchased an aggregate of 2,561,873 Units. After giving effect to the Rights Offering, Mr. Duggan was the beneficial owner of approximately 47% of the Company’s outstanding stock as of September 30, 2020.

The Company determined not to renew its director and officer liability insurance policies due to disproportionately high premiums quoted by insurance companies. Instead, Robert W. Duggan and the Company entered into a letter agreement, dated May 12, 2020 (the Letter Agreement), pursuant to which Mr. Duggan agreed with the Company to personally provide indemnity coverage on substantially the same terms as the Company’s prior coverage program for a one-year period, and has deposited $30 million of cash as security for such obligations. The Company will pay a fee of $2.5 million to Mr. Duggan that shall be due on May 13, 2021, the last day of the one-year period, in consideration of the obligations set forth in the Letter Agreement. The other members of the Board are third-party beneficiaries under the Agreement. As of September 30, 2020, the amount owed to Mr. Duggan under the Letter Agreement was $0.9 million, recorded in the balance sheet under Accrued Liabilities.

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Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies (Policy)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Going Concern

Going Concern

As of September 30, 2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $158.8 million, cash outflows from operations of $26.1 million for the nine months then ended, and cash, cash equivalents and investments of $29.6 million. The Company has not generated any revenue from product sales since its inception and anticipates that losses may continue for the next several years until such time as the Company can generate substantial product revenue and achieve profitability. To fund ongoing operating and capital needs, the Company will need to raise additional capital. The Company plans to raise additional capital to fund its operations, for at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of the accompanying consolidated financial statements, through the issuance and sale of equity securities. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available when needed or that management of the Company will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to the Company. Accordingly, the Company’s management cannot conclude that such plans will be effectively implemented within twelve months from the date of issuance of the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

These factors, combined with the Company’s forecast of cash required to fund operations for a period of at least twelve months from the date of issuance of the accompanying consolidated financial statements, raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. 

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 PandemicThe Company is subject to risks and uncertainties as a result of the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s business is highly uncertain and difficult to predict, as the response to the pandemic continues to evolve. The Company considered the impact of COVID-19 on the assumptions and estimates used to determine the results reported and asset valuations as of September 30, 2020.

Basis Of Presentation

Basis of PresentationThe accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis consistent with the Company’s December 31, 2019 audited Consolidated Financial Statements and include all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary to fairly state the information set forth herein. The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and, as permitted by such rules and regulations, omit certain information and footnote disclosures necessary to present the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP). The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. The results of operations for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the entire year or any future periods.

Principles Of Consolidation

Principles of ConsolidationThe accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Pulse Biosciences, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions, if any, have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use Of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Financial Statements and accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Estimates include, but are not limited to, the valuation of cash equivalents and investments, the valuation and recognition of share-based compensation and the useful lives assigned to long-lived assets. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions based on historical experience and other factors and adjusts those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting PoliciesThere have been no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the significant accounting policies described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Net Loss Per Share

Net Loss per Share

The Company calculates basic net loss per share by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. For purposes of this calculation, options to purchase common stock and common stock warrants are considered common stock equivalents. Potential common shares that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share.

Basic and diluted net loss per common share is the same for all periods presented because all warrants, stock options and restricted stock units outstanding are anti-dilutive.

The following outstanding stock options, warrants and restricted stock units were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

	Nine-Month Periods Ended
	September 30,
	2020		2019
Common stock warrants		793,464		213,485
Common stock options		5,207,326		3,545,491
Restricted stock units		34,402		111,305
Total		6,035,192		3,870,281

Recent Accounting Pronouncement

 Recent Accounting PronouncementIn December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which eliminates certain exceptions related to the general principles in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740 and makes amendments to other areas with the intention of simplifying various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods therein; with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the standard will have on its financial statements and related disclosures; and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

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Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Anti-Dilutive Shares Excluded From Computation Of Diluted Net Loss Per Share

	Nine-Month Periods Ended
	September 30,
	2020		2019
Common stock warrants		793,464		213,485
Common stock options		5,207,326		3,545,491
Restricted stock units		34,402		111,305
Total		6,035,192		3,870,281

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Fair Value Of Financial Instruments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Fair Value Of Financial Instruments [Abstract]

Fair Value Of Financial Assets Measured On A Recurring Basis

		September 30, 2020								December 31, 2019
Assets	Classification		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Money market funds	Cash and cash equivalents	$	5,598	$	—	$	—	$	5,598	$	6,429	$	—	$	—	$	6,429
U.S. Treasury Securities	Investments		—		22,516		—		22,516		—		18,499		—		18,499
Total assets measured at fair value		$	5,598	$	22,516	$	—	$	28,114	$	6,429	$	18,499	$	—	$	24,928

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Balance Sheet Components (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Balance Sheet Components [Abstract]

Schedule Of Property And Equipment, Net

	September 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Leasehold improvements	$	2,834	$	2,248
Laboratory equipment		792		677
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment		481		466
Software		117		118
Construction in progress		134		543
		4,358		4,052
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(1,796)		(1,486)
	$	2,562	$	2,566

Schedule Of Intangible Assets, Net

	September 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Acquired patents and licenses	$	7,985	$	7,985
Less: Accumulated amortization		(3,937)		(3,438)
	$	4,048	$	4,547

Schedule Of Amortization Of Intangible Assets

Year Ending December 31:
2020 (remaining 3 months)	$	166
2021		665
2022		665
2023		665
2024		665
2025		665
Thereafter		557
	$	4,048

Schedule Of Accrued Expenses

	September 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Compensation	$	2,276	$	1,699
Accrued clinical		268		262
Professional fees		8		51
Property and equipment		262		234
Director and officer liability insurance		938		—
Other		359		250
	$	4,111	$	2,496

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Stockholders' Equity And Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]

Summary Of Stock Option Activity

	Stock Options Outstanding
			Weighted
	Number		average
	of shares		exercise price
Balances — December 31, 2019	3,749,186	$	16.18
Options granted	1,933,560
Options exercised	(85,750)
Options canceled	(324,584)
Options expired	(65,086)
Balances — September 30, 2020	5,207,326	$	14.30
Exercisable — September 30, 2020	2,519,812	$	17.08

Summary Of Stock-Based Compensation Expense

	Three-Month Periods Ended				Nine-Month Periods Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
General and administrative	$	1,465	$	1,735	$	4,729	$	4,881
Research and development		1,183		944		2,957		2,858
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	2,648	$	2,679	$	7,686	$	7,739

Employee Stock Option [Member]

Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]

Schedule Of Fair Value Of Employee Stock Options

	Three-Month Periods Ended September 30,		Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30,
	2020	2019	2020	2019
Expected term in years	5.8 - 6.1	5.8 - 6.1	5.3 - 6.1	0.4 - 6.1
Expected volatility	70%	70%	70%	70%
Risk-free interest rate	0.3 - 0.4%	1.4 - 1.7%	0.4 - 0.5%	1.4 - 2.6%
Dividend yield	—	—	—	—

2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member]

Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]

Schedule Of Fair Value Of Employee Stock Options

	Three-Month Periods Ended September 30,		Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30,
	2020	2019	2020	2019
Expected term in years	0.5 - 1.0	0.5 - 1.0	0.5 - 1.0	0.5 - 1.0
Expected volatility	70%	70%	70%	70%
Risk-free interest rate	0.1 - 0.1%	1.7 - 1.9%	0.1 - 1.0%	1.7 - 2.6%
Dividend yield	—	—	—

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Commitments And Contingencies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Commitments And Contingencies [Abstract]

Schedule Of Maturity Lease Payments

Year Ending December 31:
2020 (remaining 3 months)	$	374
2021		1,643
2022		1,806
2023		1,845
2024		1,910
2025		1,977
Thereafter		8,237
Total lease payments		17,792
Less imputed interest		(6,344)
Total lease liabilities	$	11,448

Schedule Of Information Related To Right-Of-Use Assets And Lease Liabilities

Other supplemental information:
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities	$	671
Operating lease liabilities arising from ROU assets		4,833
Current operating lease liabilities		457
Non-current operating lease liabilities		10,991
Total lease liabilities	$	11,448
Weighted average remaining lease term		9.08
Weighted average discount rate		10%

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Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Accumulated deficit	$ (158,790)		$ (122,689)
Cash used in operating activities	(26,110)	$ (24,989)
Cash, cash equivalents, and investments	29,600
Right-of-use assets	$ 9,595		$ 5,114

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Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies (Anti-Dilutive Shares Excluded From Computation Of Diluted Net Loss Per Share) (Details) - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	6,035,192	3,870,281
Warrants [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	793,464	213,485
Employee Stock Option [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	5,207,326	3,545,491
Restricted Stock Units [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	34,402	111,305

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Fair Value Of Financial Instruments (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Fair Value Of Financial Instruments [Abstract]
Liabilities measured at fair value	$ 0	$ 0
Transfers between level 1, 2, or 3	$ 0

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Fair Value Of Financial Instruments (Fair Value Of Financial Assets Measured On A Recurring Basis) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
ASSETS
Total assets measured at fair value	$ 28,114	$ 24,928
Cash And Cash Equivalents [Member] | Money Market Funds [Member]
ASSETS
Total cash and cash equivalents	5,598	6,429
Investments [Member] | U.S. Treasury Securities [Member]
ASSETS
Total investments	22,516	18,499
Level 1 [Member]
ASSETS
Total assets measured at fair value	5,598	6,429
Level 1 [Member] | Cash And Cash Equivalents [Member] | Money Market Funds [Member]
ASSETS
Total cash and cash equivalents	5,598	6,429
Level 2 [Member]
ASSETS
Total assets measured at fair value	22,516	18,499
Level 2 [Member] | Investments [Member] | U.S. Treasury Securities [Member]
ASSETS
Total investments	$ 22,516	$ 18,499

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Balance Sheet Components (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Balance Sheet Components [Abstract]
Depreciation expense	$ 100	$ 100	$ 310	$ 390
Intangible asset useful life			12 years
Compensation expense	$ 2,276		$ 2,276		$ 1,699

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Balance Sheet Components (Schedule Of Property And Equipment, Net) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Equipment, gross	$ 4,358	$ 4,052
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(1,796)	(1,486)
Equipment, net	2,562	2,566
Leasehold Improvements [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Equipment, gross	2,834	2,248
Laboratory Equipment [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Equipment, gross	792	677
Furniture, Fixtures, And Equipment [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Equipment, gross	481	466
Software [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Equipment, gross	$ 134	$ 543

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Balance Sheet Components (Schedule Of Intangible Assets, Net) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Less: Accumulated amortization	$ (3,937)	$ (3,438)
Intangible assets, net	4,048	4,547
Acquired Patents And Licenses [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Acquired patents and licenses	$ 7,985	$ 7,985

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Balance Sheet Components (Schedule Of Amortization Of Intangible Assets) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Balance Sheet Components [Abstract]
2020 (remaining 3 months)	$ 166
2021	665
2022	665
2023	665
2024	665
Thereafter	557
Intangible assets, net	$ 4,048	$ 4,547

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Balance Sheet Components (Schedule Of Accrued Expenses) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Balance Sheet Components [Abstract]
Compensation expense	$ 2,276	$ 1,699
Accrued clinical	268	262
Professional fees	8	51
Property and equipment	262	234
Director and officer liability insurance	938
Other	359	250
Accrued expenses	$ 4,111	$ 2,496

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Goodwill (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2014
Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 2,791,000	$ 2,791,000	$ 2,800,000
Goodwill impairment	$ 0	$ 0
TPI, BEM And NB [Member]
Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]
Aggregate consideration			$ 5,500,000

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Stockholders' Equity And Stock-Based Compensation (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019	Nov. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2014
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Common stock, par value			$ 0.001		$ 0.001		$ 0.001
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan					$ 490	$ 423
Common stock, shares issued			25,290,000		25,290,000		20,825,000
Options granted					1,933,560
Warrants exercised					85,750
Exercise price			$ 17.08		$ 17.08
Total stock-based compensation expense			$ 2,648	$ 2,679	$ 7,686	7,739
Cash received from option exercises					$ 349	272
2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Common stock, shares issued			82,971		82,971
Shares authorized			250,000		250,000
Increase in shares available for issuance threshold of common stock outstanding, number of shares					450,000
Increase in shares available for issuance threshold of common stock outstanding, percent outstanding					1.50%
Shares available for grant			357,224		357,224
2017 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Term period					10 years
Shares authorized								1,000,000
Shares available for grant			26,283		26,283
2017 Plan [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Term period					10 years
Shares authorized			1,500,000		1,500,000
Additional common stock reserved for issuance	833,018
Increase in shares available for issuance threshold of common stock outstanding, number of shares					1,200,000
Increase in shares available for issuance threshold of common stock outstanding, percent outstanding					4.00%
Shares available for grant			371,958		371,958
Rights Offering [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Common stock, par value		$ 0.001
Price per share		$ 7.01
Value of warrants/rights		$ 30,000
Number of warrants to purchase shares of common stock		0.15
Net proceeds		$ 29,400
Warrants/rights outstanding		641,571	625,617		625,617
Exercise price of warrants/rights		$ 7.01
Redemption per warrant		$ 0.01
Period the warrants are exercisable after issuance					30 days
Percentage requirement for warrant redemption		200.00%
Period of time required for redemption of warrants					10 days
Period of time warrant not able to be redeemed					6 months
Number of common shares called by issuance of warrants		4,279,600
Rights Offering [Member] | Rights Offering [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Common stock, par value		$ 0.001
Number of warrants to purchase shares of common stock		0.15
First Vesting Portion [Member] | 2017 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Vesting percentage					25.00%
General and administrative [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense			$ 1,465	1,735	$ 4,729	4,881
Research and development [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense			$ 1,183	$ 944	$ 2,957	$ 2,858
Initial Public Offering [Member] | Rights Offering [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Warrants/rights outstanding			121,609		121,609
Private Placement [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Common stock, par value										$ 0.001
Chairman, Robert W. Duggan [Member] | Rights Offering [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Ownership percentage			47.00%		47.00%		43.00%
Shares purchased					2,561,873
Common Stock
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Warrants exercised			85,000		86,000	99,000
Common Stock | Rights Offering [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Warrants/rights outstanding			641,571		641,571
Robert W. Duggan [Member] | Rights Offering [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Ownership percentage		43.00%	47.00%		47.00%
Number of common shares called by issuance of warrants		2,561,873
MDB Capital Group, LLC [Member] | Initial Public Offering [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Price per share									$ 5.00
Exercisable period of warrants or rights					5 years
Number of common shares called by issuance of warrants									574,985
MDB Capital Group, LLC [Member] | Private Placement [Member]
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Price per share										$ 2.67
Warrants/rights outstanding			46,238		46,238
Exercisable period of warrants or rights					7 years
Number of common shares called by issuance of warrants										299,625

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Stockholders' Equity And Stock-Based Compensation (Summary Of Stock Option Activity) (Details) - $ / shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020
Stockholders' Equity And Stock-Based Compensation [Abstract]
Beginning Balance, Number of shares	3,749,186
Options granted, Number of shares	1,933,560
Options exercised, Number of shares	(85,750)
Options canceled, Number of shares	(324,584)
Options expired, Number of shares	(65,086)
Ending Balance, Number of shares	5,207,326
Exercisable, Number of shares	2,519,812
Beginning Balance, Weighted average exercise price per share	$ 16.18
Ending Balance, Weighted average exercise price per share	14.30
Exercisable, Weighted average exercise price per share	$ 17.08

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Stockholders' Equity And Stock-Based Compensation (Schedule Of Stock-Based Compensation Expense) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 2,648	$ 2,679	$ 7,686	$ 7,739
General and administrative [Member]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	1,465	1,735	4,729	4,881
Research and development [Member]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 1,183	$ 944	$ 2,957	$ 2,858

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Stockholders' Equity And Stock-Based Compensation (Schedule Of Fair Value Of Employee Stock Options) (Details)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Employee Stock Option [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected volatility	70.00%	70.00%	70.00%	70.00%
Employee Stock Option [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term in years	5 years 9 months 18 days	5 years 9 months 18 days	5 years 3 months 18 days	4 months 24 days
Risk-free interest rate	0.30%	1.40%	0.40%	1.40%
Employee Stock Option [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term in years	6 years 1 month 6 days	6 years 1 month 6 days	6 years 1 month 6 days	6 years 1 month 6 days
Risk-free interest rate	0.40%	1.70%	0.50%	2.60%
2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected volatility	70.00%	70.00%	70.00%	70.00%
2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term in years	6 months	6 months	6 months	6 months
Risk-free interest rate	0.10%	1.70%	0.10%	1.70%
2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term in years	1 year	1 year	1 year	1 year
Risk-free interest rate	0.10%	1.90%	1.00%	2.60%

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Research Grants And Agreements (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Research and Development Arrangement, Contract to Perform for Others [Line Items]
Research and development expense	$ 6,968	$ 6,192	$ 19,019	$ 18,371
Sponsored Research Agreement ("SRA") [Member]
Research and Development Arrangement, Contract to Perform for Others [Line Items]
Research and development expense	$ 200	100	600
ODURF [Member]
Research and Development Arrangement, Contract to Perform for Others [Line Items]
Research and development expense			$ 800
Period of time for Sponsored Research Agreement ("SRA")			12 months
ODURF [Member] | Sponsored Research Agreement ("SRA") [Member]
Research and Development Arrangement, Contract to Perform for Others [Line Items]
Research and development expense		$ 800

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Commitments And Contingencies (Narrative) (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	May 31, 2019 ft²	Jan. 31, 2017 ft²
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Rent expense, including common area maintenance charges | $	$ 0.5	$ 0.1	$ 1.2	$ 0.2
Hayward, CA [Member]
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Lease term						5 years
Area Of Lease						15,700
Lease Amendment [Member]
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Area Of Lease					34,600

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Commitments And Contingencies (Schedule Of Maturity Lease Payments) (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Commitments And Contingencies [Abstract]
2020 (remaining 3 months)	$ 374
2021	1,643
2022	1,806
2023	1,845
2024	1,910
2025	1,977
Thereafter	8,237
Total lease payments	17,792
Less imputed interest	(6,344)
Total lease liabilities	$ 11,448

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Commitments And Contingencies (Schedule Of Information Related To Right-Of-Use Assets And Lease Liabilities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Commitments And Contingencies [Abstract]
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities	$ 671
Operating lease liabilities arising from ROU assets including impact of ASC 842 adoption	4,833
Current operating lease liabilities	457
Non-current operating lease liabilities	10,991	$ 6,719
Total lease liabilities	$ 11,448
Weighted average remaining lease term	9 years 29 days
Weighted average discount rate	10.00%

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Related Party Transactions (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2016
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Common stock, shares issued		25,290,000		25,290,000		20,825,000
Common stock, par value		$ 0.001		$ 0.001		$ 0.001
Coverage period				1 year
Deposit for insurance		$ 30.0		$ 30.0
Chairman, Robert W. Duggan [Member] | Rights Offering [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Ownership percentage		47.00%		47.00%		43.00%
MDB Capital Group, LLC [Member] | Initial Public Offering [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of common shares called by issuance of warrants							574,985
Robert W. Duggan [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Due to related parties		$ 2.5		$ 2.5
Robert W. Duggan [Member] | Rights Offering [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of common shares called by issuance of warrants	2,561,873
Ownership percentage	43.00%	47.00%		47.00%
Legal Expenses [Member] | Wilson Sonsini Goodrich And Rosati (WSGR) [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Related party expenses		$ 0.2	$ 0.1	$ 0.7	$ 0.3
Letter Agreement [Member] | Robert W. Duggan [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Due to related parties		$ 0.9		$ 0.9
Rights Offering [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Common stock, par value	$ 0.001
Warrants/rights outstanding	641,571	625,617		625,617
Number of warrants to purchase shares of common stock	0.15
Exercise price of warrants/rights	$ 7.01
Number of common shares called by issuance of warrants	4,279,600
Value of warrants/rights	$ 30.0
Net proceeds	$ 29.4
Rights Offering [Member] | Initial Public Offering [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Warrants/rights outstanding		121,609		121,609
Rights Offering [Member] | Rights Offering [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Common stock, par value	$ 0.001
Number of warrants to purchase shares of common stock	0.15
Rights Offering [Member] | Legal Expenses [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Related party expenses	$ 0.4
Rights Offering [Member] | Common Stock
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Warrants/rights outstanding		641,571		641,571