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Retirement benefits - changes in benefit obligations (Details) - Pension Plan - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended
Aug. 31, 2018
Aug. 31, 2017
Aug. 31, 2016
Change in benefit obligation [Roll Forward]      
Benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 8,880 $ 9,463  
Service costs 5 5 $ 4
Interest costs 193 174 308
Amendments/other (4) (11)  
Net actuarial gain (466) (295)  
Benefits paid (398) (298)  
Currency translation adjustments 83 (158)  
Benefit obligation at end of year $ 8,293 $ 8,880 $ 9,463