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Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of Goodwill
Our goodwill balances, by reporting unit, were as follows:
 
Ownership(1)
 
Management and Franchise(2)
 
Total
 
(in millions)
Balance as of December 31, 2016
$
184

 
$
5,034

 
$
5,218

Spin-off of Park
(91
)
 
—

 
(91
)
Foreign currency translation
11

 
52

 
63

Balance as of December 31, 2017
104

 
5,086

 
5,190

Foreign currency translation
(5
)
 
(25
)
 
(30
)
Balance as of December 31, 2018
$
99

 
$
5,061

 
$
5,160


____________
(1) 
Amounts for the ownership reporting unit include the following gross carrying values and accumulated impairment losses for the periods presented:
 
Gross Carrying Value
 
Accumulated Impairment Losses
 
Net Carrying Value
 
(in millions)
Balance as of December 31, 2016
$
856

 
$
(672
)
 
$
184

Spin-off of Park
(423
)
 
332

 
(91
)
Foreign currency translation
11

 
—

 
11

Balance as of December 31, 2017
444

 
(340
)
 
104

Foreign currency translation
(5
)
 
—

 
(5
)
Balance as of December 31, 2018
$
439

 
$
(340
)
 
$
99



(2) 
There were no accumulated impairment losses for the management and franchise reporting unit as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Schedule of Other Intangible Assets
Amortizing intangible assets were as follows:
 
December 31, 2018
 
Gross Carrying Value
 
Accumulated Amortization
 
Net Carrying Value
 
(in millions)
Management and franchise contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
Management and franchise contracts recorded at Merger(1)
$
2,228

 
$
(1,873
)
 
$
355

Contract acquisition costs
525

 
(101
)
 
424

Development commissions
108

 
(15
)
 
93

 
$
2,861

 
$
(1,989
)
 
$
872

 
 
 
 
 
 
Other intangible assets:
 
 
 
 
 
Leases(1)
$
288

 
$
(161
)
 
$
127

Capitalized software costs
503

 
(321
)
 
182

Hilton Honors(1)
338

 
(236
)
 
102

Other(1)
38

 
(34
)
 
4

 
$
1,167

 
$
(752
)
 
$
415


 
December 31, 2017
 
Gross Carrying Value
 
Accumulated Amortization
 
Net Carrying Value
 
(in millions)
Management and franchise contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
Management and franchise contracts recorded at Merger(1)
$
2,242

 
$
(1,716
)
 
$
526

Contract acquisition costs
416

 
(74
)
 
342

Development commissions
97

 
(12
)
 
85

 
$
2,755

 
$
(1,802
)
 
$
953

 
 
 
 
 
 
Other intangible assets:
 
 
 
 
 
Leases(1)
$
301

 
$
(153
)
 
$
148

Capitalized software costs
585

 
(428
)
 
157

Hilton Honors(1)
341

 
(217
)
 
124

Other(1)
38

 
(34
)
 
4

 
$
1,265

 
$
(832
)
 
$
433

____________
(1) 
Includes intangible assets that were initially recorded at their fair value at the time of the Merger.
Amortization of Amortizing Intangible Assets
Amortization of our amortizing intangible assets was as follows:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
(in millions)
Recognized in depreciation and amortization expense(1)
$
271

 
$
277

 
$
301

Recognized as a reduction of franchise and licensing fees and base and other management fees
27

 
17

 
16

____________
(1) 
Includes amortization expense that was associated with assets recorded at their fair value at the time of the Merger of $204 million, $206 million and $208 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and amortization expense on capitalized software costs of $62 million, $67 million and $87 million, respectively.

Schedule of Future Amortization Expense of Other Intangible Assets
We estimate future amortization of our amortizing intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 to be as follows:
 
Recognized in Depreciation and Amortization Expense
 
Recognized as a Reduction of Franchise and Licensing Fees and Base and Other Management Fees
Year
(in millions)
2019
$
279

 
$
27

2020
236

 
25

2021
97

 
24

2022
66

 
22

2023
48

 
22

Thereafter
137

 
304

 
$
863

 
$
424