Pension Plan

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Pension Plan

26. Pension Plan

We operate a combined scheme which comprises of a defined benefit section and a defined contribution section in the UK.

The defined contribution scheme assets are held separately from those of the Group in an independently administered fund. The pension cost charge represents contributions payable by the Group and amounted to $1,965 and $1,788 for the periods ending September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Contributions totaling $247 and $228 were payable to the fund as at September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The defined benefit section has been closed to new entrants since April 1, 1999 and closed to future accruals for services rendered to the Company for the entire financial statement periods presented in these consolidated financial statements. Retirement benefits are generally based on a portion of an employee’s pensionable earnings during years prior to 2010. Our policy is to make contributions according to schedules agreed with the trustee every 3 years after completion of the triennial valuation undertaken by the scheme’s actuaries. Per the current Schedule of Contributions, $2,999 will be contributed to the pension plan in the period ending September 30, 2019. The Company is currently re-negotiating future contributions in line with the next triennial valuation and, as a result, the actual contributions to the pension plan in the period ending September 30, 2019 may be materially different to $2,999. The latest actuarial valuation of the scheme at March 31, 2015 revealed a funding shortfall and a recovery plan consisting of additional contributions payable to the scheme has been put into place.

The trustee has made an allowance for the pension scheme liability profile when deciding the investment strategy of the pension scheme. Since the pension scheme is closed to new entrants and ceased future accrual with effect from March 31, 2010, it has continued to mature gradually. Therefore, the trustee reviews the investment strategy regularly to check whether any changes are needed. When considering the investment strategy, the trustee has taken into account the effect of any possible increases in the deficit reduction contributions on the financial position of the Company, and the extent to which the Company will be able to bear these changes.

The plan investment policy is to maximize long-term financial return commensurate with security and minimizing risk. This is achieved by holding a portfolio of marketable investments that avoids over-concentration of investment and spreads assets both over industries and geographies. In setting investment strategy, the trustees considered the lowest risk strategy that they could adopt in relation to the plan’s liabilities and designed an asset allocation to achieve a higher return while maintaining a cautious approach to meeting the plan’s liabilities. The trustees undertook a review of investment strategy and took advice from their investment advisors. They considered a full range of asset classes, the risks and rewards of a range of alternative asset allocation strategies, the suitability of each asset class and the need for appropriate diversification. The pension scheme has implemented a new investment strategy over the year to reduce risk without adversely affecting return. The current strategy is to hold 27% in a diversified growth fund, 14% in absolute return bonds, 18% in equity-linked bonds, 5% in a liability-driven investment fund and 36% in a buy-in policy.

Our pension benefit costs are calculated using various actuarial assumptions and methodologies. These assumptions include discount rates, inflation, expected returns on plan assets, mortality rates and other factors. The assumptions used in recording the obligations under our plans represent our best estimates, and we believe that they are reasonable, based on information as to historical experience and performance as well as other factors that might cause future expectations to differ from past trends. Differences in actual experience or changes in assumptions may affect our pension obligations and future expense. The principal factors contributing to actuarial gains and losses each year are (1) changes in the discount rate used to value pension benefit obligations as of the measurement date and (2) differences between the expected and the actual return on plan assets.

Our valuation methodologies used for pension assets measured at fair value are as follows. There have been no changes in the methodologies used at September 30, 2018 and 2017.

The diversified fund is valued at fair value by using the net asset value (“NAV”) of shares held by the plan at the year end. The NAV of the diversified fund is not publicly quoted. The majority of the underlying securities have observable Level 1 or 2 pricing inputs, including quoted prices for similar assets in active or non-active markets. ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, allows NAV per share to serve as a practical expedient to estimate the fair value of the diversified fund. ASC 820 also states that where NAV is allowed to be used as an estimate of fair value, if the reporting entity has the ability to redeem its investment at NAV as of the measurement date, that investment shall be categorized as a Level II fair value measurement. If the investment cannot be redeemed at the measurement date, but may be redeemable in the future, but at an uncertain date, the investment shall be categorized as a Level 3 fair value measurement.

As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, the diversified fund was redeemable at NAV as of the measurement dates and, therefore, classified as Level 2.

With respect to the buy-in contract, it was agreed during the year ended September 27, 2014, that 281 pensioners of the plan would be insured by means of a pensioner buy-in. The liabilities and assets in respect of insured pensioners are assumed to match for the purposes of ASC 715, Pensions - Retirement Benefits, disclosures (i.e. the full benefits have been insured). The approach adopted has therefore been to include within the total value of assets, an amount equal to the calculated total liability value of the insured pensioners on the actuarial assumptions adopted for ASC 715 purposes. The buy-in contract is, therefore, classified as Level 3.

The following table sets forth the combined funded status of the pension plans and their reconciliation to the related amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements at our September 30, 2018 and 2017 measurement dates:

	September 30, 2018			September 30, 2017
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of period	$	105,877		$	104,667
Interest cost		2,954			2,559
Prior service cost		477			—
Actuarial (gain)/loss		(8,322	)		300
Benefits paid		(2,577	)		(4,827	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(2,600	)		3,178
Benefit obligation at end of period	$	95,809		$	105,877
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of period	$	102,454		$	96,692
Actual gain on plan assets		670			3,596
Employer contributions		3,307			3,280
Benefits paid		(2,577	)		(4,827	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(2,788	)		3,713
Fair value of assets at end of period	$	101,066		$	102,454
Amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets:
Overfunded (Unfunded) status (non-current)	$	5,257		$	(3,423	)
Net amount recognized	$	5,257		$	(3,423	)

The following table presents the components of our net periodic pension benefit cost:

	September 30, 2018			September 30, 2017
Components of net periodic pension benefit cost:
Interest cost	$	2,954		$	2,559
Expected return on plan assets		(3,733	)		(2,402	)
Amortization of net loss		425			448
Net periodic (benefit) cost	$	(354	)	$	605

The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $95,809 and $105,877 as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The overfunded (underfunded) status of our defined benefit pension plans recorded as an asset/liability in our consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $5,257 and $(3,423), respectively.

The estimated net loss, net transition asset (obligation) and prior service cost for the plan that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic pension cost over the next fiscal year are $215, $0 and $18, respectively.

The fair value of the plan assets at September 30, 2018 by asset category is presented below:

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Diversified fund	$	—	$	63,904	$	—	$	63,904
Buy-in contract		—		—		36,621		36,621
Cash		541		—		—		541
Total	$	541	$	63,904	$	36,621	$	101,066

The fair value of the plan assets at September 30, 2017 by asset category is presented below:

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Diversified fund	$	—	$	60,977	$	—	$	60,977
Buy-in contract		—		—		40,452		40,452
Cash		1,025		—		—		1,025
Total	$	1,025	$	60,977	$	40,452	$	102,454

The table below presents the weighted-average actuarial assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation and net periodic benefit cost for the Plan.

	September 30, 2018			September 30, 2017
Discount rate		2.90	%		2.80	%
Expected return on assets		3.70	%		3.60	%
RPI inflation		3.20	%		3.40	%
CPI inflation		2.20	%		2.40	%
Pension increases – pre-2006 service		3.10	%		3.30	%
Pension increases – post-2006 service		2.20	%		2.20	%

The following benefit payments are expected to be paid: 

2019	$	2,453
2020	$	2,419
2021	$	2,646
2022	$	2,671
2023	$	2,989
Thereafter (5 years from September 2023)	$	17,285