UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

☐  REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒  ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

OR

☐   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐   SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

001-37353

(Commission file number)

BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

ISRAEL

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Jerusalem BioPark, 2nd floor

Hadassah Ein Kerem Campus

Jerusalem, Israel

(+972) 8-930-2529
(+972) 8-930-2531 (facsimile)

(Address of principal executive offices)

Ilan Gerzi, Adv.
Mark Hamilton, Adv.
Pearl Cohen Zedek Latzer Baratz

Azrieli Sarona Tower,

121 Menachem Begin Rd., Tel-Aviv, 6701203, Israel

+972 (3) 303-9000

+972 (3) 303-9001

(facsimile)

(Name, telephone, e-mail and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing 40 ordinary share, no par value	Nasdaq Capital Market
Ordinary shares, no par value	Nasdaq Capital Market*

*  Not for trading; only in connection with the registration of American Depositary Shares.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report. 261,419,599 ordinary shares no par value each as of December 31, 2018, and as of the date of this report .

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes  ☐    No  ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.  

Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Note — Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP  ☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board  ☒ Other  ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. N/A

Item 17  ☐    Item 18  ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes  ☐    No  ☒

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. N/A

Yes  ☐    No  ☐

BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

FORM 20-F

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction	ii
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	ii
PART I
Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	1
Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	1
Item 3. Key Information	1
Item 4. Information on the Company	33
Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments	58
Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	59
Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees	67
Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	86
Item 8. Financial Information	88
Item 9. The Offer and Listing	89
Item 10. Additional Information	90
Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	105
Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities	105
PART II
Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	114
Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	114
Item 15. Controls and Procedures	114
Item 16. [Reserved]	115
Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert	115
Item 16B. Code of Ethics	115
Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services	116
Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	116
Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	116
Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	116
Item 16G. Corporate Governance	117
Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure	119
PART III
Item 17. Financial Statements	119
Item 18. Financial Statements	119
Item 19. Exhibits	120
Signatures	122
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-1

 i

INTRODUCTION

Certain Definitions:

In this annual report, unless the context otherwise requires:

● references to “BiondVax,” the “Company,” “us,” “we” and “our” refer to BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (the “Registrant”), an Israeli company;

● references to “ordinary shares,” “our shares” and similar expressions refer to the Registrant’s ordinary shares, no par value;

● references to “ADS” refer to the Registrant’s American Depositary Shares;

● references to “dollars,” “U.S. dollars” and “$” are to United States Dollars;

● references to “shekels” and “NIS” are to New Israeli Shekels, the Israeli currency;

● references to the “Companies Law” are to Israel’s Companies Law, 5759-1999, as amended; and

● references to the “SEC” are to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

Forward-Looking Statements

Some of the statements under the sections entitled “Item 3. Key Information – Risk Factors,” “Item 4. Information on the Company,” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F constitute forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms including “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “should,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements, but these are not the only ways these statements are identified. Forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and subject to risks and uncertainties. In addition, the section of this annual report on Form 20-F entitled “Item 4. Information on the Company” contains information obtained from independent industry and other sources that we have not independently verified. You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Unless we are required to do so under U.S. federal securities laws or other applicable laws, we do not intend to update or revise any forward-looking statements. Readers are encouraged to consult the Company’s filings made on Form 6-K, which are periodically filed with or furnished to the SEC.

Factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

● the initiation, timing, progress and results of our clinical trials;

● the clinical development, commercialization and market acceptance of our product candidate;

● our receipt of regulatory approvals for our product candidate, and the timing of other regulatory filings and approvals;

● our ability to obtain and maintain ongoing regulatory requirements, even if our product candidate receives marketing approvals;

● our ability to maintain and expand our intellectual property in connection with our product candidate;

● our ability to compete with other current influenza vaccines or other competing product candidates;

● estimates of our expenses, future revenues, capital requirements and our needs for additional financing.

 ii

PART I

Item 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

Item 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

Item 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. Selected Financial Data

The following table sets forth our selected financial data for the periods ended and as of the dates indicated. The following selected historical financial data for our company should be read in conjunction with “Item 5. Operational and Financial Review and Prospects” and other information provided elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F and our financial statements and related notes. The selected financial data in this section is not intended to replace the financial statements and is qualified in its entirety thereby.

The selected statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, and the selected balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, have been derived from our audited financial statements set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. The selected statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the selected balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, have been derived from our audited financial statements not included in this Form 20-F.

Our financial statements included in this annual report were prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, and reported in NIS. This annual report contains conversions of NIS amounts into U.S. dollars at specific rates solely for the convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise noted, for the purpose of the presentation of financial data for the period ending on December 31, 2018, all conversions from NIS to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to NIS were made at a rate of 3.748 NIS to $1 U.S. dollar, the daily representative rate in effect as of December 31, 2018. No representation is made that the NIS amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars at any particular rate or at all.

1

	Year ended December 31,
	2014			2015			2016			2017			2018			2018
	NIS in thousands															Convenience translation into USD in thousands(2)
Statements of comprehensive loss data:(1)
Research and development expenses		6,441			10,736			9,397			19,423			72,056			19,225
Participation by the IIA and  UNISEC		(949	)		(2,830	)		(1,603	)		(646	)		(143	)		(38	)
Research and development, net of participations expenses		5,492			7,906			7,794			18,777			71,913			19,187
Marketing, general and administrative expenses		2,650			3,397			4,106			4,879			5,154			1,375
Operating loss		8,142			11,303			11,900			23,656			77,067			20,562
Financial income		394			1,128			3,019			18			2,936			783
Financial expenses		(16	)		(24	)		(303	)		(10,913	)		(13,596	)		(3,628	)
Financial income (expenses), net		378			1,104			2,716			(10,895	)		(10,660	)		(2,845	)
Net loss		7,764			10,199			9,184			34,551			87,727			23,407
Loss from available-for-sale financial assets		4			5			6			6			-			-
Total comprehensive loss		7,768			10,204			9,190			34,557			87,727			23,407
Basic and Diluted net loss per share (NIS)		0.14			0.1			0.07			0.17			0.34			0.09
Weighted average number of shares outstanding used to compute basic and diluted loss per share (in thousands)		54,286			105,523			135,097			201,031			261,420			261,420

	December 31,
	2016		2017		2018			2018
	NIS in thousands							Convenience translation into USD in thousands(2)
Statement of financial position
Cash and cash equivalents		15,705		71,382		75,883			20,246
Short-term deposits		7602		-		-			-
Marketable securities – short term		2,017		-		-			-
Other receivables		815		3,923		965			258
Marketable securities – long term		2,050		-		-			-
Property, plant and equipment		1,443		5,510		28,249			7,537
Other long term assets		478		880		740			197
Total assets		30,110		81,695		105,837			28,238
Trade payables		686		6,223		20,723			5,529
Other payables		689		660		1076			287
Warrants		3,043		8,177		6,168			1,645
Liability in respect of government grants		-		10,300		14,643			3,907
Loan from others		-		-		94,360			25,176
Severance pay liability, net		76		83		82			22
Total liabilities		4,494		25,443		137,052			36,566
Total shareholders’ equity		25,616		56,252		(31,215	)		(8,328	)

(1)	Diluted loss per share data is not presented because the effect of the exercise of our outstanding options is anti-dilutive.
(2)	Calculated using the exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel for December 31, 2018, at the rate of one U.S. dollar per NIS 3.748.

2

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. We operate in a dynamic industry that involves numerous risks and uncertainties. You should carefully consider the factors described below, together with all other information contained in this annual report, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report, before deciding whether to invest in the securities. The following risks may adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows and cause the trading price of the securities to decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Requirements

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company with a history of operating losses, are not currently profitable, do not expect to become profitable in the near future and may never become profitable.

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company that was incorporated in 2003. Since our incorporation, we have primarily focused our efforts on research and development and clinical trials of our product candidate, M-001. M-001 is in clinical trials and has not yet been approved for commercial sale. We may not receive the necessary regulatory approvals to commercialize our product candidate. We are not profitable and have incurred losses since inception, principally as a result of research and development, clinical trials and general administrative expenses in support of our operations. We have not generated any revenue, expect to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, we had net losses of $2,452, $9,220 and $23,407 thousands respectively, and we expect such losses to continue for the foreseeable future. In addition, as of December 31, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $56,335 thousands and we expect to experience negative cash flow for the foreseeable future. As a result, we will ultimately need to generate significant revenues in order to achieve and maintain profitability. We may not be able to generate these revenues or achieve profitability in the future. If M-001 fails in clinical trials or does not gain regulatory clearance or approval, or if M-001 does not achieve market acceptance, we may never become profitable. Our failure to achieve or maintain profitability, or substantial delays in achieving profitability, could negatively impact the value of the securities and our ability to raise additional financing. A substantial decline in the value of the securities would also affect the price at which we could sell them to secure future funding, which could dilute the ownership interest of current shareholders. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Accordingly, it is difficult to evaluate our business prospects. Moreover, our prospects must be considered in light of the risks and uncertainties encountered by an early-stage company in highly regulated and competitive markets, such as the biopharmaceutical market, where regulatory approval and market acceptance of our products are uncertain. There can be no assurance that our efforts will ultimately be successful or result in revenues or profits.

We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts.

As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $20,246 thousands in cash and cash equivalents, a working capital of $14,688 thousands and an accumulated deficit of $56,335 thousands. As of December 31, 2018, we had sufficient cash and cash commitments to fund operations for at least 15 months if we do not raise additional capital. Since our inception, most of our resources have been dedicated to the development of M-001. In particular, we have expended and believe that we will continue to expend significant operating and capital expenditures for the foreseeable future developing M-001 and any future product candidate. These expenditures will include, but are not limited to, costs associated with research and development, manufacturing, conducting clinical trials, contracting CMOs, hiring additional management and other personnel and obtaining regulatory approvals, as well as commercializing any products approved for sale. Furthermore, we incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company in the United States. Because the outcome of our current Phase 3 clinical trials is highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates. We also expect to incur additional costs for the purpose of conducting our ongoing and future clinical trials.

3

As a result of these and other factors currently unknown to us, we will require additional funds, through public or private equity or debt financings or non-dilutive sources or other sources, such as strategic partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. A failure to fund these activities may harm our growth strategy, competitive position, quality compliance and financial condition.

Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including:

● the scope, progress, results and costs of researching and developing M-001 and any future product candidate, and conducting preclinical and clinical trials;

● the timing of, and the costs involved in, obtaining regulatory approvals for M-001 and any future product candidate;

● the cost of commercialization activities if any of M-001 and any future product candidate are approved for sale, including marketing, sales and distribution costs;

● the cost of manufacturing of M-001 and any future product candidate and any products we successfully commercialize;

● our ability to establish and maintain strategic partnerships, licensing or other arrangements and the financial terms of such agreements;

● the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims, including litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation;

● the timing, receipt and amount of sales of, or royalties on, any future products;

● the expenses needed to attract and retain skilled personnel; and

● any product liability or other lawsuits related to any future products.

Additional funds may not be available when we need them, on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate preclinical studies, clinical trials or other research and development activities for M-001 or any future product candidate or delay, limit, reduce or terminate our establishment of sales and marketing capabilities or other activities that may be necessary to commercialize M-001 or any future product candidate.

We have entered into a finance contract with the European Investment Bank, or EIB, for the receipt of a loan of 20 million euros, which was extended to 24 million euros as described in this annual report, and into a security agreement and creation of a first ranking floating charge over all assets of the Company in favor of EIB, and a breach of such finance contract or security agreement may cause EIB to exercise the pledge and materialize certain of our assets.

We entered into a finance contract, or the Finance Contract, with the European Investment Bank, or EIB, for the financing of up to 20 million euros, which was extended to 24 million euros as described in this annual report, and up to 50% of the Company’s expected cost of developing and marketing our product candidate, M-001. A description of the main provisions of the Finance Contract is described in this annual report. To the date of this annual report, we have drawn down an amount of the loan equal to 20 million euros.

4

We have also entered into a security agreement, or the Security Agreement, whereby we created a first ranking floating charge over all of our assets in favor of EIB, excluding assets and/or intellectual property rights subject to the license agreement with YEDA Research and Development Company Limited. While intellectual property rights are excluded from the floating charge pledge, any breach of the Finance Contract or the Security Agreement may cause the EIB to exercise the floating charge pledge and to materialize certain of our assets at the time of such exercise.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing shareholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

We may seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings, strategic partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of existing shareholders will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect shareholder rights. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take certain actions, such as incurring debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through strategic partnerships, alliances and licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or any product candidate, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financing when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Risks Related to Development, Clinical Testing and Regulatory Approval of M-001 and Any Future Product Candidate

We have not yet commercialized any products, and we may never become profitable.

We currently have one product candidate, M-001, in Phase 3 clinical development and no products on the market or close to entering the market. We do not know when or if we will complete our product development efforts, obtain regulatory approval for M-001 or successfully commercialize M-001. Even if we are successful in developing M-001 or any product candidate that we may develop in the future (if any), we will not be successful unless such product gains market acceptance for appropriate indications at favorable reimbursement rates. The degree of market acceptance of these products will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to:

● the timing of regulatory approvals in the U.S. and other countries, and for the uses, we intend to pursue with respect to the commercialization of M-001 or any future product candidate;

● the competitive environment;

● the establishment and demonstration in, and acceptance by, the medical community of the safety and clinical efficacy of our product candidate and its potential advantages over other competitive products;

● our ability to enter into supply agreements with health organizations and governments around the world for the supply of our product candidate or our ability to enter into strategic agreements with pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies with strong marketing and sales capabilities;

● the establishment of external, and potentially, internal, sales and marketing capabilities to effectively market and sell M-001 or any future product candidate in the United States, Israel, Europe and other jurisdictions;

● the adequacy and success of our distribution, sales and marketing efforts; and

● the pricing and reimbursement policies of government and third-party payors, such as insurance companies, health maintenance organizations and other plan administrators.

Physicians, participants, third-party payors or the medical community in general may be unwilling to accept, utilize or recommend, and in the case of third-party payors, cover payment for M-001 or any future product candidate. As a result, we are unable to predict the extent of our future losses or the time required for us to achieve profitability, if at all. Even if we successfully develop one or more products, we may not become profitable.

5

We depend heavily on the success of our M-001. If we are unable to successfully complete our Phase 3 clinical trial for M-001 as and when expected and obtain marketing approvals for M-001, or if thereafter we fail to commercialize M-001 or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

We have invested a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in the development of M-001. There remains significant risk that we will fail to successfully develop M-001 for any indication. We do not expect to have top line data from our pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 trial for M-001 available until the end of 2020. The timing of the availability of such top-line data and the completion of our pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 trial is dependent in part on our ability to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible participants in our pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 trial on a timely basis. A significant delay in enrolment would result in delays to our development timeline and additional development costs beyond what we have budgeted. If we ultimately obtain favorable results from our pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 trial of M-001, we will submit application(s) for marketing approval for M-001.

We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, our Phase 3 clinical trial of M-001, that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approvals to commercialize M-001, including:

● Possible negative or inconclusive results, compelling us to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon product development programs;

● Slower or insufficient enrolment rate of trial participants than anticipated;

● Higher dropout rate of trial participants than anticipated;

● Our third party contactors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner;

● Regulators, institutional review board or independent ethics committees may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site, or may require that we or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

● The cost of clinical trials of our product candidate may be greater than we anticipate;

● The supply or quality of our product candidate or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials may be insufficient or inadequate; and

● Our M-001 may have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, causing us or our investigators, regulators, institutional review board or independent ethics committees to suspend or terminate the trial(s).

● The naturally occurring influenza attack rate may be lower than anticipated, thereby compelling us to increase the number of trial participants and/or extend the trial to an additional season, as per our flexible enrollment trial protocol design.

We may not develop additional product candidates other than M-001.

M-001 is our only product candidate in development. Other than M-001, we may not develop additional product candidates based on our research and know-how and we may never attempt to develop other peptide-based products. As a result, our business and future success depends on our ability to obtain regulatory approval of and then successfully commercialize M-001.

6

We may never receive FDA regulatory approval for the performance of phase 3 clinical trial in the U.S.

We have entered into a pivotal clinical efficacy phase 3 trial in Europe and a clinical trial agreement with NIAID, for a Phase 2 clinical trial in the U.S. using M-001, for which the first participants were enrolled in 2018. We intend, subject to the successful results of our Phase 3 clinical trial in Europe, to enter into discussions with the FDA, regarding market approval of M-001 in the U.S., and to comply with the applicable requirements. Although we believe that the previous approved preclinical and clinical trials we performed will serve as an adequate basis for future FDA regulated clinical trials in the U.S., we may not receive FDA approval to conduct Phase 3 clinical trials in the U.S. Failure to receive FDA approval to conduct Phase 3 clinical trials in the U.S. will materially reduce our target market and the future profitability of M-001, may have a material adverse effect on our business and could potentially cause us to cease operations. It is also possible that we may decide or that the FDA may require that we conduct further clinical trials, provide additional data and information, and meet additional standards for receipt of approval. If this were to occur, the time and financial resources required for obtaining FDA approval for Phase 3 clinical trials, and complications and risks associated therewith, would likely substantially increase. Moreover, while receipt of clinical trial approval by the FDA does not ensure the receipt of clinical trial approval in other countries, failure or delay in obtaining clinical trial approval by the FDA may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in other countries. Any failure or any delay or setback in obtaining clinical trial approval in the U.S. or in other countries would impair our ability to develop and commercialize M-001.

M-001 is subject to extensive regulation and may never obtain regulatory approval.

M-001 must satisfy rigorous standards of safety and efficacy before it can be approved for commercial use by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities for all or any of the indications for which it has undergone or is planned to undergo testing. The FDA and foreign regulatory authorities have full discretion over this approval process. We may need to conduct significant additional research, including testing in animals and in humans, before we can file applications for product approval. Typically, in the pharmaceutical industry, there is a high rate of attrition for product candidates in preclinical testing and clinical trials. Satisfying FDA and foreign regulatory requirements typically takes many years, is dependent upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product and requires the expenditure of substantial resources. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful. For example, a number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after promising results in earlier trials. In addition, delays or rejections may be encountered based upon additional government regulation, including any changes in legislation or EMA, FDA or foreign regulatory policy, during the process of product development, clinical trials and regulatory reviews. Failure to obtain EMA, FDA or foreign regulatory approval of M-001 in a timely manner or at all will severely undermine our business by delaying or halting commercialization of our products, imposing costly procedures, diminishing competitive advantages and reducing the number of saleable products and, therefore, corresponding product revenues.

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M-001 and any product candidate we may develop in the future will remain subject to ongoing regulatory requirements even if we receive regulatory approval to market such product, and if we fail to comply with such requirements, we may not obtain such approvals or could lose those approvals that have been obtained, and the sales of any approved commercial products could be suspended.

Even if we receive regulatory approval to market M-001 and/or other product candidates, any such product will remain subject to extensive regulatory requirements, including requirements relating to manufacturing, labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, distribution and record keeping. Even if regulatory approval of a product is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the uses for which the product may be marketed or the conditions of approval, or may contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product, which could negatively impact us or our collaboration partners by reducing revenues or increasing expenses, and cause the approved product candidate not to be commercially viable. In addition, as clinical experience with a drug expands after approval, typically because it is used by a greater number and more diverse group of people after approval than during clinical trials, side effects and other problems may be observed over time after approval that were not seen or anticipated during pre-approval clinical trials or other studies. Any adverse effects observed after the approval and marketing of a product candidate could result in limitations on the use of, withdrawal of FDA or foreign regulatory approval or withdrawal of any approved products from the marketplace. Absence of long-term safety data may also limit the approved uses of our products, if any. If we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements of the FDA and other applicable U.S. and foreign regulatory authorities, or previously unknown problems with any approved commercial products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes are discovered, we could be subject to administrative or judicially imposed sanctions or other setbacks, including, without limitation, the following:

● suspension or imposition of restrictions on the products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, including costly new manufacturing requirements;

● warning letters;

● civil or criminal penalties, fines and/or injunctions;

● product seizures or detentions;

● import or export bans or restrictions;

● voluntary or mandatory product recalls and related publicity requirements;

● suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals;

● total or partial suspension of production; and

● refusal to approve pending applications for marketing approval of new products or supplements to approved applications.

If we or our collaborators are slow to adapt, or are unable to adapt, to changes in existing regulatory requirements or adoption of new regulatory requirements or policies, marketing approval for our product candidates may be lost or cease to be achievable, resulting in decreased revenue from milestones, product sales or royalties, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If clinical trials for M-001 are prolonged or delayed, we would be unable to commercialize our M-001 on a timely basis, which would require us to incur additional costs and delay our receipt of any revenues from potential M-001 sales.

We cannot predict whether we will encounter problems with any of our completed, ongoing or planned clinical trials that will cause us or any regulatory authority to delay or suspend those clinical trials or delay the analysis of data derived from them. A number of events, including any of the following, could delay the completion of our ongoing and planned clinical trials and negatively impact our ability to obtain regulatory approval for, and to market and sell, a particular product candidate:

● conditions imposed on us by the FDA or any applicable foreign regulatory authority regarding the scope or design of our clinical trials;

● delays in recruiting and enrolling participants or volunteers into clinical trials;

● delays in obtaining, or our inability to obtain, required approvals from institutional review boards or other reviewing entities at clinical sites selected for participation in our clinical trials;

● insufficient supply or deficient quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct our clinical trials;

● lower than anticipated retention rate of subjects and participants in clinical trials;

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● negative or inconclusive results from clinical trials, or results that are inconsistent with earlier results, that necessitate additional clinical studies;

● serious and unexpected drug-related side effects experienced by subjects and participants in clinical trials; or

● failure of our third-party contractors to comply with regulatory requirements or otherwise meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner.

Clinical trials require sufficient participant enrollment, which is a function of many factors, including the size of the participant population, the nature of the trial protocol, the proximity of participants to clinical sites, the availability of effective treatments for the relevant disease and the eligibility criteria for the clinical trial. Delays in participant enrollment can result in increased costs and longer development times. The failure to enroll participants in a clinical trial could delay the completion of the clinical trial beyond our current expectations. In addition, the FDA or foreign applicable regulatory authorities could require us to conduct clinical trials with a larger number of subjects than we have projected for any of our product candidates. We may not be able to enroll a sufficient number of participants in a timely or cost-effective manner. Furthermore, enrolled participants may drop out of clinical trials, which could impair the validity or statistical significance of those clinical trials.

Prior to commencing clinical trials in the United States, we must submit an IND application to the FDA and the IND application must become effective.

We do not know whether additional clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, if at all. Delays in our clinical trials will result in increased development costs for M-001. In addition, if our clinical trials are delayed, our competitors may be able to bring products to market before we do and the commercial viability of M-001 or any other future candidates could be limited.

Clinical trials are very expensive, time-consuming and difficult to design and implement, and, as a result, we may suffer delays or suspensions in future trials which would have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenues

Human clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. Regulatory authorities, such as the EMA and FDA, may preclude clinical trials from proceeding. Additionally, the clinical trial process is time-consuming, failure can occur at any stage of the trials and we may encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials. The commencement and completion of clinical trials may be delayed by several factors, including:

● unforeseen safety issues;

● determination of proper dosing;

● lack of effectiveness or efficacy during clinical trials;

● failure of our contract manufacturers or inability of our in-house facility to manufacture our product candidates in accordance with cGMP;

● failure of third party suppliers to perform final manufacturing steps for the drug substance;

● slower than expected rates of participant recruitment and enrollment;

● lack of healthy volunteers and participants to conduct trials;

● inability to monitor participants adequately during or after treatment;

● failure of third party contract research organizations to properly implement or monitor the clinical trial protocols;

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● failure of the FDA, institutional review boards, or IRBs, or other regulatory bodies to approve our clinical trial protocols;

● inability or unwillingness of medical investigators and IRBs to follow our clinical trial protocols; and

● lack of sufficient funding to finance the clinical trials.

In addition, we or regulatory authorities may suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks or if the regulatory authorities find deficiencies in our regulatory submissions or the conduct of these trials. Any suspension of clinical trials will delay possible regulatory approval, if any, and adversely impact our ability to develop products and generate revenue.

Specifically, we are conducting a phase 3 clinical trial in Europe. If we fail to meet the obligations and planned time table for the performance of this trial, either due to delays caused by factors that are not in our control or that are caused by third parties, we may suffer delays in the commencement of the second cohort of the clinical trial. In addition, other factors, such as delays in the construction of the mid-sized manufacturing facility and the manufacturing of M-001 batches for the clinical trial, may also delay or jeopardize the completion of the planned clinical trial.

Although we are currently conducting a Phase 3 clinical trial in Europe, we have never conducted a Phase 3 clinical trial in the U.S., and may be unable to do so for M-001 or any other future product candidates we may develop.

We have never conducted a Phase 3 clinical trial in the U.S, but we are currently conducting a clinical trial in Europe.

The submission of a successful clinical trial plan, or IND application, and conducting of later-stage clinical trials are complicated processes. As an organization, we have conducted only Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials in Israel in accordance with Israeli Public Health Regulations (Clinical Trials in Human Subjects), as amended from time to time, and other applicable Israeli legislation, and a Phase 2b clinical trial in Europe, as part of the UNISEC consortium, and we are currently in the process of conducting a pivotal clinical efficacy phase 3 trial in Europe. We also have had limited interactions with the FDA and have not discussed our proposed future Phase 3 clinical trial designs or implementation with the FDA. Consequently, we may be unable to successfully and efficiently execute and complete our planned and ongoing clinical trials in a way that leads to the approval of Phase 3 clinical trials for M-001 in the U.S. We may require more time and incur greater costs than our competitors and may not succeed in obtaining regulatory approvals of M-001. Failure to commence or complete, or delays in our planned clinical trials, would prevent us from or delay us in developing and commercializing M-001 or any other product candidate we are developing.

We may be forced to abandon development of M-001 altogether, which will significantly impair our ability to generate product revenues.

The results of any clinical trial may not meet any or all of the trial’s endpoints. Further, success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and the results of later clinical trials may not replicate the results of prior clinical trials and preclinical testing. The clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that M-001 is safe for humans and effective for indicated uses. Any such failure may cause us to abandon M-001 and may delay development of other product candidates. Any delay in, or termination or suspension of, our clinical trials will delay the requisite filings with the relevant foreign regulatory authorities and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize M-001 and generate product revenues. If the clinical trials do not support our drug product claims, the completion of development of M-001 may be significantly delayed or abandoned, which would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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Positive results in the previous clinical trials of M-001 may not be replicated in future clinical trials, which could result in development delays or a failure to obtain marketing approval.

Positive results in the previous clinical trials of M-001 may not be predictive of similar results in future clinical trials. Also, interim results during a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries have suffered significant setbacks in late-stage clinical trials even after achieving promising results in early-stage development. Accordingly, the results from the completed preclinical studies and clinical trials for M-001 may not be predictive of the results we may obtain in later stage trials. Our clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials. Moreover, clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain FDA or European Medicines Agency, or other applicable regulatory agency, approval for their products.

If we experience delays in the enrollment of participants in our clinical trials, our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented.

We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for M-001 or any future product candidate. Although we have succeeded in enrolling cohort 1 of our Phase 3 clinical trial in Europe, we will have to enroll additional participants for our cohort 2. Participant enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors including the size and nature of the population eligible to participate, the proximity of potential participants to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, competing clinical trials and clinicians’ and participants’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs that may be approved for the indications we are investigating. If we fail to enroll and maintain the number of participants for which the clinical trial was designed, the statistical power of that clinical trial may be reduced, which would make it harder to demonstrate that the product candidate being tested in such clinical trial is safe and effective. Additionally, enrollment delays in our clinical trials may result in increased development costs for M-001 and any future product candidate, which would cause our value to decline and limit our ability to obtain additional financing. Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of participants for any of our current or future clinical trials would result in significant delays or may require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether.

If we are not successful in discovering, developing and commercializing additional product candidates, our ability to expand our business and achieve our strategic objectives may be impaired.

Although all of our efforts to date have been, and a substantial amount of our efforts in the future are expected to be focused on the development of M-001, another possible future element of our strategy may include identifying and testing additional compounds that are optimized for peptide-based products. Research programs designed to identify additional product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources, whether or not any product candidates are ultimately identified. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates, yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development or commercialization for many reasons, including the following:

● the research methodology used may not be successful in identifying potential product candidates;

● competitors may develop alternatives that render our product candidates obsolete;

● a product candidate may, on further study, be shown to have harmful side effects or other characteristics that indicate it is unlikely to be effective or otherwise does not meet applicable regulatory criteria;

● a product candidate may not be capable of being produced in commercial quantities at an acceptable cost, or at all; and

● a product candidate may not be accepted as safe and effective by regulatory authorities, participants, the medical community or third-party payors.

If we are unable to identify suitable compounds for preclinical and clinical development, we may not be able to obtain sufficient product revenues in future periods, which likely would result in significant harm to our financial position and adversely impact our ADS price.

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Reimbursement may not be available for M-001 (if and when approved for commercial sale) or any future product candidates, which could make it difficult for us to sell such products profitably.

Market acceptance and sales of M-001 or any future product candidate will depend on coverage and reimbursement policies and may be affected by healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which products they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for our products. We also cannot be sure that the amount of reimbursement available, if any, will not reduce the demand for, or the price of, our products. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully compete through sales of our proposed products.

We are subject to extensive and costly government regulation.

The product we are developing is, and any products we may develop in the future will be, subject to extensive and rigorous domestic government regulation, including with respect to Israel, regulation by the Israeli Ministry of Health, and with respect to the U.S., regulation by the FDA, the CMS, other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, including its Office of Inspector General, the U.S. Department of Justice, the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs and, to the extent our products are paid for directly or indirectly by those departments, state and local governments and their respective foreign equivalents. The FDA regulates the research, development, preclinical and clinical testing, manufacture, safety, effectiveness, record keeping, reporting, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution, import and export of pharmaceutical products under various regulatory provisions. M-001 or any product candidates we may develop, which will be tested and marketed abroad, will be subject to extensive regulation by foreign governments, whether or not we have obtained the Israeli Ministry of Health’s approval and/or FDA approval for M-001 or any other given product and its uses. Such foreign regulation may be equally or more demanding than corresponding Israeli or U.S. regulation.

Government regulation substantially increases the cost and risk of researching, developing, manufacturing, and selling products. Our failure to comply with these regulations could result in, by way of example, significant fines, criminal and civil liability, product seizures, recalls, withdrawals, withdrawals of approvals, and exclusion and debarment from government programs. Any of these actions, including the inability of our proposed products to obtain and maintain regulatory approval, would have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Changes in regulatory requirements and guidance or unanticipated events during our clinical trials may occur, which may result in necessary changes to clinical trial protocols, which could result in increased costs to us, delay our development timeline or reduce the likelihood of successful completion of our clinical trials.

Changes in regulatory requirements and guidance or unanticipated events during our clinical trials may occur, as a result of which we may need to amend clinical trial protocols. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs for review and approval, which may adversely affect the cost, timing and successful completion of a clinical trial. If we experience delays in the completion of, or if we terminate, any of our clinical trials, the commercial prospects for any affected product candidate would be harmed and our ability to generate product revenue would be delayed, possibly materially.

If we acquire or license additional technologies or product candidates, we may incur a number of additional costs, have integration difficulties and/or experience other risks that could harm our business and results of operations.

We may acquire and in-license additional product candidates and technologies. Any product candidate or technologies we in-license or acquire will likely require additional development efforts prior to commercial sale, including extensive preclinical or clinical testing, or both, and approval by the FDA and applicable foreign regulatory authorities, if any. All product candidates are prone to risks of failure inherent in pharmaceutical product development, including the possibility that the product candidate or product developed based on in-licensed technology will not be shown to be sufficiently safe and effective for approval by regulatory authorities. In addition, we cannot assure you that any product candidate that we develop based on acquired or licensed technology that is granted regulatory approval will be manufactured or produced economically, successfully commercialized or widely accepted or competitive in the marketplace. Moreover, integrating any newly acquired or in-licensed product candidates could be expensive and time-consuming. If we cannot effectively manage these aspects of our business strategy, our business may not succeed.

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Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company with no approved products, which makes it difficult to assess our future viability.

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the pharmaceutical area. For example, to execute our business plan, we will need to successfully:

● execute product candidate development activities;

● obtain required FDA and applicable foreign regulatory approvals for the development and commercialization of any product candidate;

● maintain, leverage and expand our intellectual property portfolio;

● build and maintain robust sales, distribution and marketing capabilities, either on our own or in collaboration with strategic partners;

● gain market acceptance for our products;

● develop and maintain any strategic relationships we elect to enter into; and

● manage our spending as costs and expenses increase due to drug discovery, preclinical development, clinical trials, regulatory approvals and commercialization.

If we are unsuccessful in accomplishing these objectives, we may not be able to develop product candidates, raise capital, expand our business or continue our operations.

The members of our management team and certain consultants are important to the efficient and effective operation of our business, and we may need to add and retain additional leading experts. Failure to retain our management and consulting team and add additional leading experts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our executive officers, our management team and technical personnel, as well as certain consultants, are important to the efficient and effective operation of our business, particularly Dr. Ron Babecoff, our Chief Executive Officer, and Dr. Tamar Ben-Yedidia, our Chief Scientific Officer. Our failure to retain the personnel that have developed much of the technology we utilize today, or any other key management and technical personnel, could have a material adverse effect on our future operations. Our success is also dependent on our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly trained technical, and management personnel, among others, to continue the development and commercialization of our current and future products.

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We face significant competition. If we cannot successfully compete with new or existing products, our marketing and sales will suffer and we may never be profitable.

We will compete against fully integrated pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies and smaller companies that are collaborating with pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations. In addition, many of these competitors, either alone or together with their collaborative partners, operate larger research and development programs than we do, and have substantially greater financial resources than we do, as well as significantly greater experience in:

● developing immuno-modulating products (including vaccines);

● undertaking preclinical testing and human clinical trials;

● obtaining FDA approvals and addressing various regulatory matters and obtaining other regulatory approvals of drugs;

● formulating and manufacturing drugs; and

● launching, marketing and selling drugs.

Generally, our competitors currently include large fully integrated pharmaceutical companies such as Sanofi-Pasteur, GlaxoSmithKline, Seqirus (Ex bioCSL and Novartis flu vaccines), AstraZeneca and Abbott (Solvay) as well as companies and academic research institutes in various developmental stages attempting to develop improved influenza vaccines, such as Imutex, AltImmune, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., FluGen, Inc., Medicago, Vivaldi Biosciences, Vaccitech, and Vaxart. If our competitors develop and commercialize products faster than we do, or develop and commercialize products that are superior to our product candidates, our commercial opportunities will be reduced or eliminated. Our competitors may succeed in developing and commercializing products earlier and obtaining regulatory approvals from the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities more rapidly than we do. Our competitors may also develop products or technologies that are superior to those we are developing, and render our product candidate obsolete or non-competitive. If we cannot successfully compete with new or existing products, our marketing and sales will suffer and we may never be profitable.

The extent to which our product candidate achieves market acceptance will depend on competitive factors, many of which are beyond our control. Competition in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industry is intense and has been accentuated by the rapid pace of technology development. Our competitors also compete with us to:

● attract parties for acquisitions, joint ventures or other collaborations;

● license proprietary technology that is competitive with M-001;

● attract funding; and

● attract and hire scientific talent and other qualified personnel.

We may be subject to legal proceedings and/or to product liability lawsuits.

We could incur substantial costs in connection with product liability claims relating to our current or potential product candidates. We may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our products in response to product liability lawsuits, which may result in substantial losses.

M-001 or any future product candidate could cause adverse events, including injury, disease or adverse side effects. These adverse events may not be observed in clinical trials, but may nonetheless occur in the future. If any of these adverse events occur, they may render M-001 or any future product candidate ineffective or harmful in some participants, and any future sales would suffer, materially adversely affecting our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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In addition, potential adverse events caused by M-001 or any future product candidate could lead to product liability lawsuits. If product liability lawsuits are successfully brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit the marketing and commercialization of any future product. Our business exposes us to potential product liability risks, which are inherent in the testing, manufacturing, marketing and sale of pharmaceutical products. We may not be able to avoid product liability claims. For example, changes in laws outside the U.S. are expanding our potential liability for injuries that occur during clinical trials. Product liability insurance is expensive, subject to deductibles and coverage limitations, and may not be available in the amounts that we desire for a price we are willing to pay. Product liability insurance for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries is generally expensive, if available at all. If, at any time, we are unable to obtain sufficient insurance coverage on reasonable terms or to otherwise protect against potential product liability claims, we may be unable to clinically test, market or commercialize our product candidate. A successful product liability claim brought against us in excess of our insurance coverage, if any, may cause us to incur substantial liabilities, and, as a result, our business, liquidity and results of operations would be materially adversely affected. In addition, the existence of a product liability claim could affect the market price of the ADSs.

If our employees commit fraud or other misconduct, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading, our business may experience serious adverse consequences.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures: to comply with FDA regulations, to provide accurate information to the FDA, to comply with manufacturing standards we have established, to comply with federal and state health-care fraud and abuse laws and regulations, to report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. Our board of directors adopted a Code of Ethics. However, it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

In addition, during the course of our operations, our directors, executives and employees may have access to material, non-public information regarding our business, our results of operations or potential transactions we are considering. If a director, executive or employee was to be investigated, or an action was to be brought against a director, executive or employee for insider trading, it could have a negative impact on our reputation and the market price of the ADSs. Such a claim, with or without merit, could also result in substantial expenditures of time and money, and divert attention of our management team from other tasks important to the success of our business.

We may encounter difficulties in managing our growth. Failure to manage our growth effectively will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to successfully grow and expand. Successful implementation of our business plan will require management of growth, including potentially rapid and substantial growth, which will result in an increase in the level of responsibility for management personnel and place a strain on our human and capital resources. To manage growth effectively, we will be required to continue to implement and improve our operating and financial systems and controls to expand, train and manage our employee base. Our ability to manage our operations and growth effectively will require us to continue to expend funds to enhance our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures and to attract and retain sufficient talented personnel. If we are unable to scale up and implement improvements to our control systems in an efficient or timely manner, or if we encounter deficiencies in existing systems and controls, then we will not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidate or future products. Failure to attract and retain sufficient talented personnel will further strain our human resources and could impede our growth or result in ineffective growth. Moreover, the management, systems and controls currently in place or to be implemented may not be adequate for such growth, and the steps we have taken to hire personnel and to improve such systems and controls might not be sufficient. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, it will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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If we are unable to obtain adequate insurance, our financial condition could be adversely affected in the event of uninsured or inadequately insured loss or damage. Our ability to effectively recruit and retain qualified officers and directors could also be adversely affected if we experience difficulty in obtaining adequate directors’ and officers’ liability insurance.

Our business will expose us to potential liability that results from risks associated with conducting clinical trials of M-001 and any future product candidate. We are currently conducting a Phase 3 clinical trial in several countries in Europe. The clinical trial liability insurance is subject in each country to local laws and ranges between $1,150 to $19,000 thousands per each country. A successful clinical trial liability claim, if any, brought against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations even though clinical trial insurance is successfully maintained or obtained. The current and planned insurance coverages may only mitigate a small portion of a substantial claim against us.

In addition, we may be unable to maintain sufficient insurance as a public company to cover liability claims made against our officers and directors. If we are unable to adequately insure our officers and directors, we may not be able to retain or recruit qualified officers and directors to manage the Company.

Recent disruptions in the financial markets and economic conditions could affect our ability to raise capital.

In recent years, the U.S. and global economies suffered dramatic downturns as the result of a deterioration in the credit markets and related financial crisis as well as a variety of other factors including, among other things, extreme volatility in security prices, severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, ratings downgrades of certain investments and declining valuations of others. The U.S. and certain foreign governments have taken unprecedented actions in an attempt to address and rectify these extreme market and economic conditions by providing liquidity and stability to the financial markets. If the actions taken by these governments are not successful, the return of adverse economic conditions may cause a significant impact on our ability to raise capital, if needed, on a timely basis and on acceptable terms or at all.

Our current management team has limited experience in managing and operating a publicly traded U.S. company. Any failure to comply or adequately comply with federal securities laws, rules or regulations could subject us to fines or regulatory actions, which may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Although our ordinary shares were traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and we have filed public reports in Israel in the past, our current management team has limited experience managing and operating a company publicly traded in the U.S. Failure to comply or adequately comply with any laws, rules or regulations applicable to our business may result in fines or regulatory actions, which may materially adversely affect our business, results of operation or financial condition and could result in delays in achieving the development of an active and liquid trading market for the ADSs.

We may be subject to extensive environmental, health and safety, and other laws and regulations in multiple jurisdictions.

Our business involves the controlled use, directly or indirectly through our service providers, of hazardous materials, various biological compounds and chemicals; therefore, we, our agents and our service providers may be subject to various environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing air emissions, water and wastewater discharges, noise emissions, the use, management and disposal of hazardous, radioactive and biological materials and wastes and the cleanup of contaminated sites. The risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be eliminated. If an accident, spill or release of any regulated chemicals or substances occurs, we could be held liable for resulting damages, including for investigation, remediation and monitoring of the contamination, including natural resource damages, the costs of which could be substantial. We are also subject to numerous environmental, health and workplace safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures, exposure to blood-borne pathogens and the handling of biohazardous materials and chemicals. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover the costs and expenses that may be incurred because of injuries to our employees resulting from the use of these materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. Additional or more stringent federal, state, local or foreign laws and regulations affecting our operations may be adopted in the future. We may incur substantial capital costs and operating expenses and may be required to obtain consents to comply with any of these or certain other laws or regulations and the terms and conditions of any permits or licenses required pursuant to such laws and regulations, including costs to install new or updated pollution control equipment, modify our operations or perform other corrective actions at our respective facilities or the facilities of our service providers. For instance, we have undergone inspections and obtained approvals from various governmental agencies.

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Governments outside the United States tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our revenues, if any.

In some countries, particularly the countries comprising the European Union, or the EU, the pricing of pharmaceuticals and certain other therapeutics is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product candidate to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be harmed, possibly materially.

Risks Related to Dependence on Third Parties

M-001 is based on an exclusive license from Yeda, and we could lose our rights to this license if a dispute with Yeda arises or if we fail to comply with the financial and other terms of the license.

We license our core intellectual property from Yeda under an exclusive license agreement, pursuant to which we received an exclusive worldwide license for the development, manufacturing, use, marketing, sale, distribution and importing of products that are directly or indirectly based on certain patents and patent applications owned by Yeda and/or certain other intellectual property to be developed by Yeda and related thereto. Pursuant to the terms of the license agreement, unless earlier terminated in accordance with the provisions thereof, the license agreement will expire upon the later of: (i) the expiration date of the last patent licensed thereunder; (ii) in the event only one product will be developed and/or commercialized by utilizing the licensed intellectual property, 15 years from the date of first commercial sale of such product in either the U.S or Europe, following receipt of New Drug Approval from the FDA or equivalent approval in any European country for such product; (iii) in the event that more than one product will be developed and/or commercialized by utilizing the licensed intellectual property, following the receipt of New Drug Approval from the FDA or equivalent approval in any European country for such product, the expiry of a 20 year period during which there shall not have been a sale of any such products in either the U.S. or Europe. However, Yeda is entitled to terminate the exclusivity rights or to terminate the license agreement with 30 days prior written notice to us if: (a) no commercial sales of at least one product are initiated during six months after receipt of an FDA or similar regulatory approval for commercial marketing; or (b) no sales of any products are reported for over a year after sales of a product have commenced. Yeda will also be entitled to terminate the license agreement by written notice: (x) in the event we materially breach any of our obligations under the agreement, provided that such material breach is un-curable or, if curable, is not cured by us within 30 days (or in the case of failure by us to make payments due to Yeda in connection with the license agreement, 10 days) from receipt of notice of such breach; or (y) in the event a temporary or permanent liquidator is appointed for our Company, a resolution is passed to voluntarily wind up our Company, or an order or act is granted for the winding up of our Company, provided that if such order or act was initiated by any third party, such order or act is not cancelled within 120 days; or (z) we contest the validity of one of the patents registered by Yeda. Upon termination of the license agreement, other than in the case of expiration pursuant to (i) through (iii) above, all rights and documents will be returned to Yeda, and we will be required to grant Yeda an exclusive world-wide irrevocable license to our know-how and products which are based on the intellectual property licensed from Yeda or that were discovered or occur or arise from the performance of our development work pursuant to the license agreement. In the event that Yeda terminates the license agreement due to any reason other than (a), (b) or (x) through (z) above, we will be entitled to receive royalty payments equal to 25% of the net proceeds received by Yeda from the grant to third parties, within the five years following the termination of the license agreement, of a license or other rights which include our developments, up to the aggregate amount of research funds actually expended by us for development. If Yeda terminates the license agreement, or licenses to a third party the intellectual property licensed to us pursuant to the license agreement, or if any dispute arises with respect to our arrangement with Yeda, such dispute may disrupt our operations and would likely have a material and adverse impact on us if resolved in a manner that is unfavorable to us. Our current product candidate is based on the intellectual property licensed under the license agreement, and if the license agreement is terminated prior to its expiration, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects and results of operations.

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We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials

We do not independently conduct our Phase 3 clinical trial of M-001 in Europe. We rely on third parties such as contract research organizations, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions and clinical investigators, to perform this function. We expect to continue to rely on such third parties in conducting our clinical trials of M-001, and expect to rely on these third parties to conduct clinical trials of any other product candidate that we develop. Any of these third parties may terminate their engagement with us at any time. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, it would delay our product development activities.

Our reliance on these third parties for clinical development activities reduces our control over these activities but does not relieve us of our responsibilities. We remain responsible for ensuring that our clinical trial is conducted in accordance with the requirements of the relevant regulator, and failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions.

Furthermore, third parties that we rely on for our clinical development activities may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for M-001. Our product development costs will increase if we experience delays in testing or obtaining marketing approvals.

We have entered into a finance contract with the European Investment Bank, or EIB, for the receipt of a loan of 20 million euros, which was extended to 24 million euros as described in this annual report, and into a security agreement and creation of a first ranking floating charge over all assets of the Company in favor of EIB, and a breach of such finance contract or security agreement may cause EIB to exercise the pledge and materialize certain of our assets.

We entered into a finance contract, or the Finance Contract, with the European Investment Bank, or EIB, for the financing of up to 20 million euros, which was extended to 24 million euros as described in this annual report, and up to 50% of the Company’s expected cost of developing and marketing our product candidate, M-001. A description of the main provisions of the Finance Contract is described in this annual report. To the date of this annual report, we have drawn down an amount of the loan equal to 20 million euros.

We have also entered into a security agreement, or the Security Agreement, whereby the Company created a first ranking floating charge over all of our assets in favor of EIB, excluding assets and/or intellectual property rights subject to the license agreement with YEDA Research and Development Company Limited. While intellectual property rights are excluded from the floating charge pledge, any breach of the Finance Contract or the Security Agreement may cause the EIB to exercise the floating charge pledge and to materialize certain of our assets at the time of such exercise.

Use of third parties to manufacture our M-001 may increase the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of M-001 at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts.

In August 2018, and as planned, we relocated to our mid-sized manufacturing facility in Jerusalem, with potential capacity to annually produce up to forty million doses of M-001 for Phase 3 clinical trial supply or commercial supply. Our production line is still under construction. We currently rely on a third party CMO for the supply of M-001 until the completion of our independent production line.

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Reliance on a third party CMO entails risks, including:

● Reliance on third party for regulatory compliance and quality assurance;

● The possible breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party;

● The possible failure to manufacture sufficient quantities of M-001 due to reasons outside of the reasonable control of the third party;  

● The possible misappropriation of our propriety information, including our know-how; and

● The possible termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us.

Our CMO may not be able to comply with current cGMP, regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside of the U.S. Our failure, or the failure of our third party manufacturers to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidate or product, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our product candidates.

Failure to complete the construction of our independent production line in our new facility, in a timely manner or at all, will prolong our dependency on third parties for the manufacturing of M-001 and may result in insufficient quantities of M-001.

We currently rely on our CMO in the U.S. for the supply of M-001 clinical batches for our current pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 clinical trial. In August 2018 we moved to our new facility in Jerusalem and we intend to complete the construction of our independent production line of M-001 for the purpose of future clinical trials and commercialization by the end of 2021, subject to the successful completion of the pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 trial we are currently conducting in Europe. If we fail to complete our production line in a timely manner or at all, we will enter into agreements with CMOs or expand our existing agreement to manufacture M-001 for the purpose of conducting future clinical trials, as may be, and commercialization. If we fail to expand our existing manufacturing agreement and/or enter into additional agreements, or if our partners do not manufacture adequate amounts of M-001 for reasons that are not within our control, we may not possess adequate amounts of M-001 for our anticipated purposes. Insufficient amounts of M-001 may cause delays in our clinical development and commercialization of M-001.

We may not obtain the necessary materials for the performance of additional clinical trials in the U.S. or other countries around the world.

Some of our clinical trials involve obtaining materials and information that may not currently be in our possession and that we rely on suppliers and manufacturers to provide. Specifically, we were not able to satisfy the FDA’s request for information regarding the H5N1 vaccine (including information as to manufacturing, dosage, formulation, etc.) required for our previously contemplated Phase 2 clinical trial in the U.S., and as a result we elected to convert our IND application submitted in June 2013 into a Drug Master File. It is possible that the FDA or any other relevant regulatory body will request us to provide other materials that are not in our possession before approving any proposed Phase 3 clinical trials to test the safety and efficacy of M-001 for such indication.

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Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we fail to adequately protect, enforce or secure rights to the patents which we own or that were licensed to us or any patents we may own or license in the future, the value of our intellectual property rights would diminish and our business and competitive position would suffer.

Our success, competitive position and future revenues, if any, depend in part on our ability to obtain and successfully leverage intellectual property covering our products and product candidates, know-how, methods, processes and other technologies, to protect our trade secrets, to prevent others from using our intellectual property and to operate without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties.

The risks and uncertainties that we face with respect to our intellectual property rights include, but are not limited to, the following:

● the degree and range of protection any patents will afford us against competitors;

● the patents concerning our business activities were not registered in all countries and therefore our patent protection may be lacking in some territories;

● if and when patents will be issued;

● whether or not others will obtain patents claiming aspects similar to those covered by our own or licensed patents and patent applications;

● we may be subject to interference proceedings;

● we may be subject to opposition or post-grant proceedings in foreign countries;

● any patents that are issued may not provide meaningful protection;

● we may not be able to develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;

● other companies may challenge patents licensed or issued to us or our customers;

● other companies may independently develop similar or alternative technologies, or duplicate our technologies;

● other companies may design around technologies we have licensed or developed;

● enforcement of patents is complex, uncertain and expensive; and

● we may need to initiate litigation or administrative proceedings that may be costly whether we win or lose.

If patent rights covering our products and methods are not sufficiently broad, they may not provide us with any protection against competitors with similar products and technologies. Furthermore, if the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, or any foreign patent office issue patents to us or our licensors, others may challenge the patents or design around the patents, or the patent office or the courts may invalidate the patents. Thus, any patents we own or license from or to third parties may not provide any protection against our competitors.

We cannot be certain that patents will be issued as a result of any pending applications, and we cannot be certain that any of our issued patents or patents licensed from Yeda (or any other third-party in the future) will give us adequate protection from competing products. For example, issued patents, including the patents licensed by us, may be circumvented or challenged, declared invalid or unenforceable, or narrowed in scope.

In addition, since publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make our inventions or to file patent applications covering those inventions.

It is also possible that others may obtain issued patents that could prevent us from commercializing our products or require us to obtain licenses requiring the payment of significant fees or royalties in order to enable us to conduct our business. As to those patents that we have licensed, our rights depend on maintaining our obligations to the licensor under the applicable license agreement, and we may be unable to do so.

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In addition to patents and patent applications, we depend upon proprietary know-how to protect our proprietary technology. We require our employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to enter into confidentiality agreements that prohibit the disclosure of confidential information to any other parties. We also require our employees and consultants to disclose and assign to us their ideas, developments, discoveries and inventions. These agreements may not, however, provide adequate protection for our know-how or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use or disclosure.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for noncompliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Noncompliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to office actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. In such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Costly litigation may be necessary to protect our intellectual property rights and we may be subject to claims alleging the violation of the intellectual property rights of others.

We may face significant expense and liability as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patents and other intellectual property rights of others. In the event that another party has also filed a patent application or been issued a patent relating to an invention or technology claimed by us in pending applications, we may be required to participate in an interference proceeding declared by the USPTO to determine priority of invention, which could result in substantial uncertainties and costs for us, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us. We, or our licensors, also could be required to participate in interference proceedings involving issued patents and pending applications of another entity. An adverse outcome in an interference proceeding could require us to cease using the technology or to license rights from prevailing third parties.

The cost to us of any patent litigation or other proceeding relating to our licensed patents or patent applications, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial and could divert management’s resources and attention. Our ability to enforce our patent protection could be limited by our financial resources, and may be subject to lengthy delays. A third party may claim that we are using inventions claimed by their patents and may go to court to stop us from engaging in our normal operations and activities, such as research, development and the sale of any future products. Such lawsuits are expensive and would consume time and other resources. There is a risk that a court will decide that we are infringing the third party’s patents and will order us to stop the activities claimed by the patents, redesign our products or processes to avoid infringement or obtain licenses (which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all). In addition, there is a risk that a court will order us to pay the other party damages for having infringed their patents.

Moreover, there is no guarantee that any prevailing patent owner would offer us a license so that we could continue to engage in activities claimed by the patent, or that such a license, if made available to us, could be acquired on commercially acceptable terms. In addition, third parties may, in the future, assert other intellectual property infringement claims against us with respect to our product candidate, technologies or other matters. Any claims of infringement asserted against us, whether or not successful, may have a material adverse effect on us.

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We rely on confidentiality agreements that could be breached and may be difficult to enforce, which could result in third parties using our intellectual property to compete against us.

Although we believe that we take reasonable steps to protect our intellectual property, including the use of agreements relating to the non-disclosure of confidential information to third parties, as well as agreements that purport to require the disclosure and assignment to us of the rights to the ideas, developments, discoveries and inventions of our employees and consultants while we employ them, the agreements can be difficult and costly to enforce. Although we seek to enter into these types of agreements with our contractors, consultants, advisors and research collaborators, to the extent that employees and consultants utilize or independently develop intellectual property in connection with any of our projects, disputes may arise as to the intellectual property rights associated with M-001 or any future product candidates. If a dispute arises, a court may determine that the right belongs to a third party. In addition, enforcement of our rights can be costly and unpredictable. We also rely on trade secrets and proprietary know-how that we seek to protect in part by confidentiality agreements with our employees, contractors, consultants, advisors or others. Despite the protective measures we employ, we still face the risk that:

● these agreements may be breached;

● these agreements may not provide adequate remedies for the applicable type of breach;

● our proprietary know-how will otherwise become known; or

● our competitors will independently develop similar technology or proprietary information.

International patent protection is particularly uncertain, and if we are involved in opposition proceedings in foreign countries, we may have to expend substantial sums and management resources.

Patent law outside the United States may be different than in the United States. Further, the laws of some foreign countries, such as China where certain patents owned or licensed by us were granted, may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, if at all. A failure to obtain sufficient intellectual property protection in any foreign country could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and future prospects. Moreover, we may participate in opposition proceedings to determine the validity of our foreign patents or our competitors’ foreign patents, which could result in substantial costs and divert management’s resources and attention. Additionally, due to uncertainty in patent protection law, we have not filed patent applications in many countries where significant markets exist.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

● others may be able to make compounds that are the same as or similar to M-001 or any future product candidate but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or have exclusively licensed;

● we or our licensors or any future strategic partners might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patent or pending patent application that we own or have exclusively licensed;

● we or our licensors or any future strategic partners might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions;

● others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights;

● it is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents;

● issued patents that we own or have exclusively licensed may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors;

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● our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

● we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable; and

● the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our patents and other intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our patents or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our product candidates. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees. In addition, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled in 2012 that an employee who receives a patent or contributes to an invention during his employment may be allowed to seek compensation for such contributions from his or her employer, even if the employee’s contract of employment specifically states otherwise and the employee has transferred all intellectual property rights to the employer. The Israeli Supreme Court ruled that the fact that a contract revokes an employee’s right for royalties and compensation, does not rule out the right of the employee to claim their right for royalties. As a result, it is unclear whether and, if so, to what extent our employees may be able to claim compensation with respect to our future revenue. We may receive less revenue from future products if any of our employees successfully claim for compensation for their work in developing our intellectual property, which in turn could impact our future profitability.

Risks Related to Our Operations in Israel

Potential political, economic and military instability in the State of Israel, where our senior management, our head executive office, research and development, and manufacturing facilities are located, may adversely affect our results of operations.

Our head executive office, our research and development facilities, our current manufacturing facility, as well as some of our clinical sites are located in Israel. Our officers and most of our directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel and the surrounding region may directly affect our business and operations. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring countries. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our operations and results of operations. During the summer of 2006 and the fall of 2012, Israel was engaged in an armed conflict with Hezbollah, a Lebanese Islamist Shiite militia group and political party. In December 2008, January 2009, November 2012 and July 2014, there were escalations in violence between Israel, on the one hand, and Hamas, the Palestinian Authority and/or other groups, on the other hand, as well as extensive hostilities along Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip, which resulted in missiles being fired from the Gaza Strip into Southern and central Israel, including near Tel Aviv and at areas surrounding Jerusalem. These conflicts involved missile strikes against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, including areas in which our employees and some of our consultants are located, and negatively affected business conditions in Israel. Our offices and laboratory, located in Jerusalem, Israel, are within the range of the missiles and rockets that have been fired at Israeli cities and towns from Gaza sporadically since 2006, with escalations in violence during which there were a substantially larger number of rocket and missile attacks aimed at Israel. In addition, since February 2011, Egypt has experienced political turbulence and an increase in terrorist activity in the Sinai Peninsula following the resignation of Hosni Mubarak as president. This turbulence included protests throughout Egypt, and the appointment of a military regime in his stead, followed by the elections to parliament which brought groups affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood (which had been previously outlawed by Egypt), and the subsequent overthrow of this elected government by a military regime. Such political turbulence and violence may damage peaceful and diplomatic relations between Israel and Egypt, and could affect the region as a whole. Similar civil unrest and political turbulence has occurred in other countries in the region, including Syria which shares a common border with Israel, and is affecting the political stability of those countries. Since April 2011, internal conflict in Syria has escalated, and evidence indicates that chemical weapons have been used in the region. This instability and intervention by third parties such as Russia may lead to deterioration of the political and economic relationships that exist between the State of Israel and some of these countries, and may have the potential for causing additional conflicts in the region. In addition, Iran has threatened to attack Israel and is widely believed to be developing nuclear weapons. Iran is also believed to have a strong influence among extremist groups in the region, such as Hamas in Gaza, Hezbollah in Lebanon, and various rebel militia groups in Syria. Additionally, a violent jihadist group named Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (known as ISIS) is involved in hostilities in Iraq and Syria, and has executed terror attacks in Europe and around the world. Although ISIS’s activities have not directly affected the political and economic conditions in Israel, ISIS’s stated purpose is to take control of the Middle East, including Israel. These situations may potentially escalate in the future to more violent events which may affect Israel and us. Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Parties with whom we do business may decline to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary in order to meet our business partners face to face. In addition, the political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have agreements involving performance in Israel claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions in such agreements. Further, in the past, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial condition or the expansion of our business.

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Our operations may be disrupted as a result of the obligation of Israeli citizens to perform military service.

Many Israeli citizens are obligated to perform several days, and in some cases more, of annual military reserve duty each year until they reach the age of 40 (or older, for reservists who are military officers or who have certain occupations) and, in the event of a military conflict, may be called to active duty. In response to increases in terrorist activity, there have been periods of significant call-ups of military reservists. It is possible that there will be military reserve duty call-ups in the future. Our operations could be disrupted by such call-ups, which may include the call-up of members of our management. Such disruption could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Investors may have difficulties enforcing a U.S. judgment, including judgments based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, against us, or our executive officers and directors or asserting U.S. securities laws claims in Israel.

None of our directors or officers are residents of the United States, except for director Mark Germain. Director George Lowell is a dual U.S. and Israel citizen. Most of our directors’ and officers’ assets and our assets are located outside the United States. Service of process upon us or our non-U.S. resident directors and officers and enforcement of judgments obtained in the United States against us or our non-U.S. directors and executive officers may be difficult to obtain within the United States. We have been informed by our legal counsel in Israel that it may be difficult to assert claims under U.S. securities laws in original actions instituted in Israel or obtain a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on a violation of U.S. securities laws against us or our officers and directors because Israel may not be the most appropriate forum to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing the matters described above. Israeli courts might not enforce judgments rendered outside Israel, which may make it difficult to collect on judgments rendered against us or our officers and directors.

Moreover, among other reasons, including but not limited to, fraud or absence of due process, or the existence of a judgment which is at variance with another judgment that was given in the same matter if a suit in the same matter between the same parties was pending before a court or tribunal in Israel, an Israeli court will not enforce a foreign judgment if it was given in a state whose laws do not provide for the enforcement of judgments of Israeli courts (subject to exceptional cases) or if its enforcement is likely to prejudice the sovereignty or security of the State of Israel.

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Under applicable U.S. and Israeli law, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former employees. In addition, employees may be entitled to seek compensation for their inventions irrespective of their agreements with us, which in turn could impact our future profitability.

We generally enter into non-competition agreements with our employees and key consultants. These agreements prohibit our employees and key consultants, if they cease working for us, from competing directly with us or working for our competitors or clients for a limited period of time. We may be unable to enforce these agreements under the laws of the jurisdictions in which our employees work and it may be difficult for us to restrict our competitors from benefitting from the expertise our former employees or consultants developed while working for us. For example, Israeli courts have required employers seeking to enforce non-compete undertakings of a former employee to demonstrate that the competitive activities of the former employee will harm one of a limited number of material interests of the employer which have been recognized by the courts, such as the secrecy of a company’s confidential commercial information or the protection of its intellectual property. If we cannot demonstrate that such interests will be harmed, we may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of our former employees or consultants and our ability to remain competitive may be diminished.

Your rights and responsibilities as our shareholder will be governed by Israeli law, which may differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. corporations.

Since we are incorporated under Israeli law, the rights and responsibilities of our shareholders are governed by our articles of association and Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S.-based corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company, such as us, has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations towards us and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing its power in us, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters, such as an amendment to our articles of association, an increase of our authorized share capital, a merger and approval of related party transactions that require shareholder approval. A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders. In addition, a controlling shareholder or a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholders vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder of ours or other power towards us has a duty to act in fairness towards us. However, Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness. Since Israeli corporate law underwent extensive revisions approximately 15 years ago, the parameters and implications of the provisions that govern shareholder behavior have not been clearly determined. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations and liabilities on our shareholders that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations.

Provisions of Israeli law may delay, prevent or otherwise impede a merger with, or an acquisition of, our company, which could prevent a change of control, even when the terms of such a transaction are favorable to us and our shareholders.

Israeli corporate law regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions. For example, a merger may not be consummated unless at least 50 days have passed from the date that a merger proposal was filed by each merging company with the Israel Registrar of Companies and at least 30 days from the date that the shareholders of both merging companies approved the merger. In addition, the holder of a majority of each class of securities of the target company must approve a merger. Moreover, a full tender offer can only be completed if the acquirer receives at least 95% of the issued share capital (provided that a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in such tender offer shall have approved the tender offer, except that if the total votes to reject the tender offer represent less than 2% of the company’s issued and outstanding share capital, in the aggregate, approval by a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in such tender offer is not required to complete the tender offer), and the shareholders, including those who indicated their acceptance of the tender offer, may, at any time within six months following the completion of the tender offer, petition the court to alter the consideration for the acquisition (unless the acquirer stipulated in the tender offer that a shareholder that accepts the offer may not seek appraisal rights).

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Our articles of association provide that our directors (other than external directors) are elected to terms, with only two or three of our directors (other than external directors) to be elected each year, in each case for a term of three years. Our 2015 annual general meeting approved the staggering and extension of the term of our board members. The staggering of the terms of our directors prevents a potential acquirer from readily replacing our entire board of directors at a single annual general shareholder meeting. This could prevent an acquirer from seeking to effect a change in control of our company by proposing an acquisition proposal offer opposed by our board, even if beneficial to our shareholders.

Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions unappealing to us or to those of our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel exempting such shareholders from Israeli tax. For example, Israeli tax law does not recognize tax-free share exchanges to the same extent as U.S. tax law. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of numerous conditions, including a holding period of two years from the date of the transaction during which sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are restricted. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when such time expires, the tax becomes payable even if no actual disposition of the shares has occurred.

These and other similar provisions could delay, prevent or impede an acquisition of us or our merger with another company, even if such an acquisition or merger would be beneficial to us or to our shareholders.

We have received Israeli government grants for certain research and development expenditures. The terms of these grants and loans may require us to satisfy specified conditions in order to manufacture products and transfer technologies outside of Israel. In addition, under the Encouragement of Industrial, Research and Development Law, 5744-1984, or the Research Law, to which we are subject due to our receipt of grants from the Israeli Innovations Authority, or IIA (formerly known as the Office of the Chief Scientist of the Israeli Ministry of Economy, or OCS), a recipient of IIA grants such as us must report to the IIA regarding any change of control or any change in the holding of the means of control of our Company which transforms any non-Israeli citizen or resident into an “interested party”, as defined in the Research Law, in our Company, and in the latter event, the non-Israeli citizen or resident shall execute an undertaking in favor of the IIA, in a form provided under the IIA guidelines.

Because a certain portion of our expenses is incurred in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, our results of operations may be harmed by currency fluctuations and inflation.

Our reporting and functional currency is the NIS, but some portion of our clinical trials and operations expenses are in the U.S. Dollar and Euro. As a result, we are exposed to some currency fluctuation risks. We may, in the future, decide to enter into currency hedging transactions to decrease the risk of financial exposure from fluctuations in the exchange rate of the currencies mentioned above in relation to the NIS. These measures, however, may not adequately protect us from adverse effects.

We have received Israeli government grants towards some of our research and development activities.  The terms of these grants may require us to satisfy specified conditions in order to manufacture products and transfer technologies outside of Israel.  We may be required to pay penalties in addition to the repayment of the grants.  Such grants may be terminated or reduced in the future, which would increase our costs.

Our research and development efforts have been financed, partially, through grants that we have received from the formerly known as the OCS, or IIA. We therefore must comply with the requirements of the Research Law and related regulations, including, but not limited to, pay royalties to the IIA on income generated from the sale of products and related services associated with such products. As of December 31, 2018, we have received $5.5 million in IIA grants.

The discretionary approval of an IIA committee will be required for any transfer to third parties outside of Israel of rights related to M-001, which has been developed with IIA funding. We may not receive the required approvals should we wish to transfer this technology, manufacturing and/or development outside of Israel in the future. We may be required to pay penalties in addition to repayment of the grants. Such grants may be terminated or reduced in the future, which would increase our costs. IIA approval is not required for the export of any products resulting from the IIA funded research or development in the ordinary course of business.

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Risks Related to our Securities

We incur significant additional increased costs as a public company in the United States as well as in Israel, and our management is required to devote substantial additional time to new compliance initiatives as well as to compliance with ongoing U.S. and Israeli reporting requirements.

We are a publicly traded company in the U.S. As a public company in the U.S., we incur additional significant accounting, legal and other expenses that we did not incur before our initial public offering. We also incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements of the SEC and the NASDAQ Capital Market, as well as requirements under Section 404 and other provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs, introduce new costs such as investor relations, stock exchange listing fees and shareholder reporting, and to make some activities more time consuming and costly. The implementation and testing of such processes and systems may require us to hire outside consultants and incur other significant costs. Any future changes in the laws and regulations affecting public companies in the United States, including Section 404 and other provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the rules and regulations adopted by the SEC and the NASDAQ Capital Market, for so long as they apply to us, will result in increased costs to us as we respond to such changes. These laws, rules and regulations could make it more difficult or more costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees, if any, or as executive officers.

We may currently be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes or may become one in any subsequent year. There may be negative tax consequences for U.S. taxpayers that are holders of our ordinary shares or our ADSs

Generally, if for any taxable year 75% or more of our gross income is passive income, or at least 50% of our assets are held for the production of, or produce, passive income, we would be characterized as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, certain dividends, interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to passive income. Passive income also includes such amounts derived due to the temporary investment of funds, including those raised in a public offering. In determining whether a non-US corporation is a PFIC, a proportionate share of the income and assets of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is considered.

Although we were not a PFIC in 2016, we believe we may have become a PFIC in 2017, and although we have not determined whether we became a PFIC in 2018, or in any subsequent year, our operating results for any such years may cause us to be a PFIC. If we are a PFIC in 2018, or any subsequent year, and a U.S. shareholder does not make an election to treat us as a “qualified electing fund,” or QEF, or make a “mark-to-market” election, then “excess distributions” to a U.S. shareholder, and any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs will be subject to special rules. Under these rules: (i) the excess distribution or gain would be allocated ratably over the U.S. shareholder’s holding period for the ordinary shares (or ADSs, as the case may be); (ii) the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any period prior to the first day of the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income; and (iii) the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year. In addition, if the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, determines that we are a PFIC for a year with respect to which we have determined that we were not a PFIC, it may be too late for a U.S. shareholder to make a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. U.S. shareholders who hold our ordinary shares or ADSs during a period when we are a PFIC will be subject to the foregoing rules, even if we cease to be a PFIC in subsequent years, subject to exceptions for U.S. shareholders who made a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. A U.S. shareholder can make a QEF election by completing the relevant portions of and filing IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the instructions thereto. A QEF election generally may not be revoked without the consent of the IRS. Upon request, we will annually furnish U.S. shareholders with information needed in order to complete IRS Form 8621 (which form would be required to be filed with the IRS on an annual basis by the U.S. shareholder) and to make and maintain a valid QEF election for any year in which we or any of our subsidiaries are a PFIC.

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The application of the PFIC rules may result in a U.S. shareholder incurring a tax liability in excess of cash received. For instance, the application of the deemed deferral benefit under the excess distribution rules can result in an effective tax rate of more than one hundred percent. Further, if a U.S. shareholder makes a QEF election, such U.S. shareholder will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a modified passthrough basis and may be allocated taxable income without receiving a corresponding distribution of cash to pay any resulting tax. Likewise, a U.S. shareholder who makes a mark-to-market election will not receive a distribution of cash to pay any resulting tax. Finally, the disposition of PFIC stock in an otherwise tax-deferred transaction may require a U.S. shareholder to recognize the resulting gain as a PFIC inclusion.

Failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation or financial condition. In addition, current and potential shareholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which could have a material adverse effect on the price of the ADSs and warrants.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and effectively prevent fraud. We will be required to document and test our internal control procedures in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, as such standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to ensure that we can conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. Disclosing deficiencies or weaknesses in our internal controls, failing to remediate these deficiencies or weaknesses in a timely fashion or failing to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a material adverse effect on the price of the ADSs and warrants. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our operating results could be harmed.

As an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act, we are permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements, which could make the ADSs and ADS warrants less attractive to investors.

For as long as we are deemed an emerging growth company, we are permitted to and intend to take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other regulatory requirements that are generally unavailable to other public companies, including:

● an exemption from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; and

● an exemption from compliance with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about our audit and our financial statements.

We will be an emerging growth company until the earliest of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year during which we had total annual gross revenues of $1 billion or more, (ii) December 31, 2020, (iii) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt or (iv) the date on which we are deemed a “large accelerated issuer” as defined in Regulation S-K of the Securities Act.

We cannot predict if investors will find the securities less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find the securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for securities and the market price of the securities may be more volatile.

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We are a “foreign private issuer” and have disclosure obligations that are different from those of U.S. domestic reporting companies.

We are a foreign private issuer and are not subject to the same requirements that are imposed upon U.S. domestic issuers by the SEC. Under the Exchange Act, we are subject to reporting obligations that, in certain respects, are less detailed and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. For example, we are not required to issue quarterly reports, proxy statements that comply with the requirements applicable to U.S. domestic reporting companies. Furthermore, although under the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, as an Israeli public company listed overseas we will be required to disclose the compensation of our five most highly compensated officers on an individual basis (rather than on an aggregate basis, as was previously permitted for Israeli public companies listed overseas prior to such amendment), this disclosure will not be as extensive as that required of U.S. domestic reporting companies. We also have four months after the end of each fiscal year to file our annual reports with the SEC and will not be required to file current reports as frequently or promptly as U.S. domestic reporting companies. Furthermore, our officers, directors and principal shareholders will be exempt from the requirements to report short-swing profit recovery contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Also, as a “foreign private issuer,” we are also not subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act. These exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections available to you in comparison to those applicable to a U.S. domestic reporting companies.

As a “foreign private issuer,” we are permitted, and follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of otherwise applicable SEC and NASDAQ Capital Market requirements, which may result in less protection than is accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.

As a “foreign private issuer,” we are permitted, and follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of those otherwise required under the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market for domestic U.S. issuers. For instance, we intend to follow home country practice in Israel with regard to, among other things, board independence requirements, director nomination procedures and quorum requirements. In addition, we may follow our home country law instead of the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market that require that we obtain shareholder approval for certain dilutive events, such as the establishment or amendment of certain equity based compensation plans, an issuance that will result in a change of control of us, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or greater interest in the Company, and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company. We also intend to follow our home country rules regarding the periodic approval of and changes to the formal charter for our compensation committee instead of the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market. We may in the future elect to follow home country corporate governance practices in Israel with regard to other matters. Following our home country corporate governance practices as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a U.S. company listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market may provide less protection to you than what is accorded to investors under the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they adversely change their recommendations or publish negative reports regarding our business or our traded securities, our securities price and trading volume could be negatively impacted.

The trading market for our securities will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. We do not have any control over these analysts, and we cannot provide any assurance that analysts will cover us or provide favorable coverage. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendation regarding the securities, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of the securities would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could negatively impact the price of the securities or their trading volume.

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The market price for the ADSs and ADS warrants may be volatile.

The market price for the ADSs and ADS warrants is likely to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to numerous factors including the following:

● our failure to obtain the approvals necessary to commence further clinical trials;

● results of clinical and preclinical studies;

● announcements of regulatory approval or the failure to obtain it, or specific label indications or patient populations for its use, or changes or delays in the regulatory review process;

● announcements of technological innovations, new products or product enhancements by us or others;

● adverse actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to our clinical trials, manufacturing supply chain or sales and marketing activities;

● changes or developments in laws, regulations or decisions applicable to our product candidates or patents;

● any adverse changes to our relationship with manufacturers or suppliers;

● announcements concerning our competitors or the pharmaceutical or biotechnology industries in general;

● achievement of expected product sales and profitability or our failure to meet expectations;

● our commencement of or results of, or involvement in, litigation, including, but not limited to, any product liability actions or intellectual property infringement actions;

● any major changes in our board of directors, management or other key personnel;

● legislation in the United States, Europe and other foreign countries relating to the sale or pricing of pharmaceuticals;

● announcements by us of significant strategic partnerships, out-licensing, in-licensing, joint ventures, acquisitions or capital commitments;

● expiration or terminations of licenses, research contracts or other collaboration agreements;

● public concern as to the safety of therapeutics we, our licensees or others develop;

● success of research and development projects;

● developments concerning intellectual property rights or regulatory approvals;

● variations in our and our competitors’ results of operations;

● changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts, if our ADSs are covered by analysts;

● future issuances of ordinary shares, ADSs or other securities;

● general market conditions, including the volatility of market prices for shares of biotechnology companies generally, and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance; and

● the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section.

These factors and any corresponding price fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of the ADSs and ADS warrants, which would result in substantial losses by our investors.

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In addition, the securities market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of any particular company. These market fluctuations may also have a material adverse effect on the market price of the ADS and ADS warrants.

The warrants are speculative in nature and with no established trading market.

The ADS warrants do not confer any rights of ownership of ADSs on its holders but only represent the right to acquire ADSs at a fixed price for a limited period of time. Specifically, commencing on the date of issuance, holders of the warrants may exercise their right to acquire the ADSs and pay an exercise price per share of $6.25 per ADS, subject to adjustment upon certain events, prior to five years from the date of issuance, after which date any unexercised ADS warrants will expire and have no further value. Furthermore, at the time of exercise a fee and any other applicable taxes or charges for issuance of ADSs may be payable by the holder.

Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ordinary shares, ADSs or warrants in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs and warrants to decline.

Substantial sales of our ordinary shares the ADSs or ADS warrants on the NASDAQ may cause the market price of our ADSs and ADS warrants to decline. Sales by us or our security holders of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares, ADSs or ADS warrants, or the perception that these sales may occur in the future, could cause a reduction in the market price of our ADSs or ADS warrants.

The issuance of any additional ordinary shares, any additional ADSs, or any securities that are exercisable for or convertible into our ordinary shares or ADSs, may have an adverse effect on the market price of our ordinary shares, the ADSs and the ADS warrants and will have a dilutive effect on our existing shareholders and holders of ADSs and ADS warrants.

We have not paid, and do not intend to pay, dividends on our ordinary shares and, therefore, unless our traded securities appreciate in value, our investors may not benefit from holding our securities.

We have not paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares since inception. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. Moreover, the Israeli Companies Law, as amended, or the Companies Law, imposes certain restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends. As a result, investors in the ADSs and ADS warrants will not be able to benefit from owning these securities unless their market price becomes greater than the price paid by such investors and they are able to sell such securities. We cannot assure you that you will ever be able to resell our securities at a price more than the price paid.

You may not receive the same distributions or dividends as those we make to the holders of our ordinary shares, and, in some limited circumstances, you may not receive dividends or other distributions on our ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary for the ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying the ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act, but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. In addition, conversion into U.S. dollars from foreign currency that was part of a dividend made in respect of deposited ordinary shares may require the approval or license of, or a filing with, any government or agency thereof, which may be unobtainable. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property and hold it as “deposited securities” or may seek to effect a substitute dividend or distribution, including net cash proceeds from the sale of the dividends that the depositary deems an equitable and practicable substitute. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. In addition, the depositary may withhold from such dividends or distributions its fees and an amount on account of taxes or other governmental charges to the extent the depositary believes it is required to make such withholding. This means that you may not receive the same distributions or dividends as those we make to the holders of our ordinary shares, and, in some limited circumstances, you may not receive any value for such distributions or dividends if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of the ADSs.

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Holders of ADSs must act through the depositary to exercise their rights as our shareholders.

Holders of the ADSs do not have the same rights of our shareholders and may only exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement for the ADSs. Under Israeli law, the minimum notice period required to convene a shareholders meeting is no less than 35 or 21 calendar days, depending on the proposals on the agenda for the shareholders meeting. When a shareholder meeting is convened, holders of the ADSs may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit them to withdraw their ordinary shares to allow them to cast their vote with respect to any specific matter. In addition, the depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to holders of the ADSs or carry out their voting instructions in a timely manner. We will make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to holders of the ADSs in a timely manner, but we cannot assure holders that they will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that they can instruct the depositary to vote their ADSs. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, holders of the ADSs may not be able to exercise their right to vote and they may lack recourse if their ADSs are not voted as they requested. In addition, in the capacity as a holder of ADSs, they will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs and ADS warrants are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs and ADS warrants generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement.

Your percentage ownership in us may be diluted by future issuances of share capital, which could reduce your influence over matters on which shareholders vote.

Our board of directors has the authority, in most cases without action or vote of our shareholders, to issue all or any part of our authorized but unissued shares, including ordinary shares and ADSs issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants and options. Issuances of additional shares and ADSs would reduce your influence over matters on which our shareholders vote.

Management will have broad discretion as to the use of the proceeds from the exercise of the warrants, and we may not use the proceeds effectively.

Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from the exercise of the ADS warrants held by the public investor and the representatives of the underwriters and could spend the proceeds in ways that you do not agree with or that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of ADSs or ADS warrants. Our failure to apply these funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business and cause the price of the ADSs and ADS warrants to decline.

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Item 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company 

Our History

Our legal commercial name is BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd. We are a company limited by shares organized under the laws of Israel. We were incorporated in Israel in 2003 as a privately held company. In February 2007, we completed an initial public offering of our ordinary shares on the TASE, however, we voluntarily delisted from TASE as of January 22, 2018. In May 2015, we completed an initial public offering of our ADSs and ADS Warrants on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

As of August 2018, our principal executive offices are located at Jerusalem BioPark, 2nd floor, Hadassah Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, Israel, and our telephone number is +972-8-930-2529. Our website is www.biondvax.com. Information contained on, or accessible through, our website is not incorporated by reference herein and shall not be considered part of this annual report. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Puglisi & Associates, whose address is 850 Library Avenue, Suite 204, Newark, Delaware, and whose telephone number is (302) 738-6680.

Our capital expenditures for 2018, 2017, and 2016 amounted to approximately $6,332, $1,202 and $5 thousands, respectively. These expenditures were primarily for factory leasehold improvements, computers and Laboratory equipment.

B. Business Overview

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and, ultimately, commercializing immunomodulation therapies for infectious diseases. Our current product candidate, M-001, is a synthetic peptide-based protein targeting both seasonal and pandemic strains of the influenza virus. Unlike existing influenza vaccines, which offer only strain specific seasonal protection or pandemic prevention, M-001 is designed to provide long-lasting protection against multiple existing and future influenza strains. As a result, we believe that M-001 has the potential to become an attractive alternative to existing influenza vaccines.

M-001 is based on research initially conducted at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, or the Weizmann Institute, over a period of approximately 10 years prior to our inception in 2003. In 2003, we acquired from Yeda Research and Development Company Ltd., or Yeda, an affiliate of the Weizmann Institute, an exclusive worldwide license for the development, manufacture, use, marketing, sale, distribution and importation of products based, directly or indirectly, on patents and patent applications filed pursuant to the invention titled “Peptide Based Vaccine for Influenza”, developed on the basis of the research conducted by Professor Ruth Arnon and her team at the Weizmann Institute. Since 2003, we have continued the research and development of M-001 under the supervision of our Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Tamar Ben Yedidia and, at present, we own or license five families of patents filed in a large number of jurisdictions, the latest of which is expected to be in force until 2035.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, an agency of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS), the estimated adjusted seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) from 2005 to 2018 in the USA varied between 10% during the 2004/2005 season to 60% during the 2010/2011 season. In the 2014/15 season, VE was estimated at only 19%. According to this data, the average VE is about 40%. Most existing influenza vaccines are formulated based on weakened or dead strains of the influenza virus that are predicted to be the most common circulating strains during the then upcoming influenza season or that are perceived to have the greatest potential to cause a future pandemic outbreak. While the influenza virus frequently and unpredictably mutates, resulting in novel strains, existing seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines are strain-specific, and only target those specific strains, and are not expected to protect against novel emerging influenza strains. In addition, the production cycle of most existing influenza vaccines is long (approximately 5 to 6 months), considerably limiting the ability to quickly immunize the population in case of a pandemic outbreak.

We intend to seek regulatory approvals to market M-001 for the following indications: (i) as a universal influenza vaccine suitable to be administered to the general population to provide protection against seasonal and pandemic strains of influenza; and (ii) as a pre-pandemic influenza vaccine, or primer, for national stockpile, suitable to be administered to the general population, prior to a strain specific pandemic vaccine, for enhanced pandemic preparedness.

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We are conducting a pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 trial in 54 clinical trial sites in four European countries, subject, among other, to the regulation of the European Medicines Agency (EMA). In March 2018 we entered into a master service agreement and work order with a European contract research organization, or CRO, to conduct the first pivotal clinical efficacy phase 3 trial of M-001. Launched in August 2018, the primary endpoints of this trial are to demonstrate safety of M-001 and the clinical efficacy conferred by M-001 administration, measured by reduction of confirmed flu cases in the vaccinated group versus placebo. A secondary endpoint will assess reduction in flu illness severity among those receiving M-001 versus placebo. In October 2018 we announced the successful enrollment of the last participant of the first cohort, consisting of 4,094 participants, for the first season of this clinical trial. We expect the second cohort of at least approximately 8,000 or more participants to be enrolled prior to the 2019/2020 flu season. The Data Safety Monitoring Board, or DSMB, met in January 2019 in Warsaw, Poland, to review the safety data for our first cohort available at that time, and notified us that they have no safety concerns and recommended that the study continue as planned.

In addition, in November 2017 we entered into a clinical trial agreement with the National Institute of Allergy and Infection Diseases (NIAID) of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) for a Phase 2 clinical trial in the U.S., for the administration of M-001 in participants, and in April 2018 we reported the first participant enrollment in this clinical trial. 

In addition to these ongoing clinical trials, we have completed two Phase 1/2 clinical trials and three Phase 2 clinical trials in Israel pursuant to clinical trial protocols approved by the Israeli Ministry of Health, and a Phase 2b clinical trial in Europe. These clinical trials were designed for adults between the ages of 18 to 65 and older and included an aggregate of 698 participants. Because our product candidate is a vaccine, we conducted our Phase 1/2 clinical trials on healthy participants to test both safety of M-001 as our primary endpoint and the immunogenicity of M-001 as our secondary endpoint. Results from all our Phase 1/2 and Phase 2 clinical trials indicated that M-001 was well tolerated and safe across all treatment groups within the trial population and that M-001 was effective in causing an immune reaction in clinical trial participants administered with M-001.

In October 2015 we entered into a Development and Manufacturing Agreement for the production of clinical batches of M-001 with a CMO, based in the USA, for the purpose of upscaling the small-scale cGMP manufacturing process of M-001 for Phase 3 and commercial production. As planned, on August 20, 2018, we announced our move to a new mid-sized factory in Jerusalem, with potential capacity to annually produce up to forty million doses of M-001. The facility is planned for annual manufacturing capacity of 20 million doses in bulk including up to 10 million doses in filled and finished (PFS packed) syringes. For this purpose, on July 18, 2017, we entered into an agreement to lease approximately 1,800 square meters (20,000 square feet) in the Jerusalem BioPark, located in the Ein Kerem Hadassah campus, next to Hadassah University Hospital and Hebrew University’s Medical School. We financed the costs of the first stage of construction, in an amount of approximately $10 million, with funds and grants received by us, as well as with our own financial resources. This first stage of construction included setting up laboratories, offices, and upstream and downstream manufacturing suites for bulk production and limited capacity for single-dose syringe filling. We also completed setting up an infrastructure to support our plans to be implemented upon successful Phase 3 results, when we intend to install additional equipment such as a higher capacity syringe filling machine, automatic visual inspection, and packing machines in order to establish commercial fill-and-finish capacity.  

On June 19, 2017, we entered into a Finance Contract with the EIB, for the financing of up to Euro 20 million, which was extended to Euro 24 million as described in this annual report, and up to 50% of the Company’s expected cost of developing and marketing the Company’s product candidate, M-001. To date, we have drawn down the amount of Euro 20 million and have entered into a security agreement placing a first ranking floating charge over all our assets in favor of EIB, excluding assets and/or intellectual property rights subject to the license agreement between the Company and YEDA.

The Company has amended its financial information as of September 30, 2018 which was previously reported on form 6-K, in order to adjust certain amounts previously recorded for the three and nine months ended on September 30, 2018 relating to the measurement of the EIB loan fair value. The adjustment set forth above resulted in increase in the fair value of the loans reflected on the company’s balance sheet of NIS 9,294 thousand (approximately $2,563 thousand) against increase in financial expenses, net. the underlying contractual loan obligation of the company remains the same at 12 million euros as at September 30, 2018 (20 million euros as at December 31, 2018, reflecting the full draw down of the EIB loan as previously disclosed), repayable in accordance with the terms of the loan and security agreement previously disclosed.

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The Israeli Innovation Authority (IIA), formerly known as the Office of the Chief Scientist, has granted us since 2006 approximately $5.5 million in funding, for the ongoing development of M-001. In addition, and subject to certain terms and conditions, we have been approved by the Ministry of Economy and Industry of the State of Israel for a grant of approximately NIS 4 million to be utilized towards the construction of a factory for the production of Phase 3 and commercial batches of M-001.

We intend, subject to the successful results of our pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 clinical trial in Europe, to enter into discussions with the FDA, regarding market approval of M-001 in the U.S., and to comply with the applicable requirements. Although we have not yet submitted a Phase 3 IND to the FDA, we believe that the results of the Phase 2 clinical trials conducted by us so far or to be conducted in the future, as well as of our ongoing pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 trial in Europe, will further expand our data to provide greater support for any Phase 3 clinical trial of M-001 we may conduct in the U.S. in the future.

We do not currently have sufficient financial resources to complete Phase 3 clinical trials of M-001 on our own. We may seek to establish collaborations with large multinational pharmaceutical companies and/or national health authorities to finance Phase 3 clinical trials of M-001. However, to the extent that we have sufficient capital to do so (whether through sales of debt or equity securities or otherwise), we may seek to conduct Phase 3 clinical trials of M-001 without such collaborations.

Our Market Opportunity

Influenza is an infectious disease caused by different strains of the influenza virus. The disease is common around the world and appears as seasonal or pandemic outbreaks. The various strains of influenza are classified into A and B groups according to the type of proteins in the virus. According to information published by the WHO, the global annual attack rate of seasonal influenza is estimated at 5% – 10% in adults and 20% – 30% in children, and up to 650,000 of those infected die as a result of influenza and associated respiratory diseases. In the U.S., the CDC estimates that influenza was associated with nearly 49 million illnesses during the 2017/18 flu season, including 959,000 hospitalizations and 79,400 deaths. Most severe morbidity and mortality was observed in adults aged 65 years and older. In addition, during seasonal influenza epidemics from 1979/80 through 2000/01, the estimated overall number of influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States ranged from approximately 54,000 to 430,000 per epidemic, and 63% of these cases occurred among persons over the age of 65. Infants, adults over the age of 50 and chronic disease patients are most likely to contract influenza and suffer from complications.

The influenza virus undergoes frequent mutations. These mutations decrease the effectiveness of the immune reaction of the human body. If the mutations are very significant, the mutated virus strains may cause global pandemics. Over the last few years, new strains of the influenza virus previously only existing in animals have appeared in humans, including Avian flu strains such as H5 and H7. We believe that the appearance of new potentially pandemic strains is a growing concern among health authorities, as these strains increase the risk of worldwide pandemics and high mortality and morbidity rates. Indeed, the WHO listed the threat of global influenza pandemic as one of the “Ten threats to global health in 2019.” Furthermore, according to the scientific journal Vaccine (Molinari et al. 2007), the direct financial loss attributed to the influenza disease in the USA was estimated at a total of $87.1 billion annually, of which $55.7 billion related to incidents of the disease among adults aged 65 years or older.

To date, the most common therapeutic treatment methods for influenza focus on pain and symptom relief. While anti-viral treatments may shorten the duration and severity of the disease, such treatments must be applied in the early stages of the course of the disease to be effective. Many countries around the world, including the United States, provide preventative treatment in the form of annual or seasonal influenza vaccines, which are especially recommended to patients in risk groups. Because seasonal vaccines target only particular influenza strains predicted for the coming year, such vaccines may not be effective against the strains that actually do appear (if different from those predicted) and may not protect against unexpected mutations of a particular influenza strain that was predicted.

 The seasonal influenza vaccine market was dominated in 2017 by three large pharmaceutical companies Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, and GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK). According to GlobalData’s “Seasonal Influenza Vaccines – Global Drug Forecast and Market Analysis to 2025” report, dated November 2016, sales of seasonal influenza vaccines in the seven major markets (US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, and Japan), will rise from $3.1 billion in 2015 to $4.3 billion by 2025. A CNBC report dated October 19, 2015, quoted estimated seasonal flu vaccine revenue in the U.S. alone at $1.61 billion in 2014, with total distribution of 147.8 million doses. The same CNBC report quotes a vaccine manufacturer’s estimated global market in 2015 at $4 billion.

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Our Product Candidate M-001

Our current product candidate, M-001, is comprised of nine peptides that activate the entire immune system (including both a humoral reaction, an immune reaction causing the body to create antibodies against a pathogen or parts thereof, and a cellular immune reaction, and immune reaction causing the body to kill or assist in killing pathogens), to prevent the spread of the influenza disease within the body and shorten the duration of the illness. The selected peptides are from the HA, NP and M1 proteins of both influenza Type A and Type B virus, and each peptide comprises up to 22 amino-acids. These peptides are common in the vast majority of influenza virus strains and are combined into a single protein used in M-001.

In order to produce M-001, we use an expression system that consists of bacteria and a DNA plasmid encoding for M-001. The DNA plasmid encoding is inserted into a proprietary E. coli bacteria specifically designed for the production of peptide-based products. The bacteria express M-001 synthetic protein from the DNA, and once expressed, M-001 is further purified from other non-related bacterial proteins. M-001 is then formulated and filled into sterile vials or syringes (as in our new facility) that are kept in cooled storage until used.

The following image demonstrates the selection of certain peptides common in the influenza virus and the formulation of M-001:

M-001 is intended to be intramuscularly injected into the body. Once administered, M-001 is designed to be recognized by the immune system, triggering both humoral and cellular immune reactions. This process is expected to result in the creation of new memory cells which, upon influenza infection, secrete antibodies to fight the influenza virus.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe our product candidate can potentially improve influenza protection by providing several distinct advantages, including:

● Multi-strain flu protection. We believe that the peptide-based structure of M-001 will allow our product to be effective against many existing and future strains of the influenza virus and to remain effective in protecting against new strains without required updates and alterations. To test this hypothesis, in January and July 2014, we conducted a sequence examination and when possible, animal studies in our laboratories, to compare the structure of M-001 with new flu strains (H7N7, H6N1, H5N8, H7N9 and H10N8) discovered in humans in recent years similarly to the H5N1 strain. Although these strains have not yet been classified as pandemic, they are dangerous for humans and have caused morbidity and death in the past. The results of such examination and studies demonstrated that M-001 was compatible against these strains. This data supports our claim of the universality of M-001 for existing and future influenza virus strains.

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● Long-lasting flu protection. M-001 is designed to enhance humoral and activate cellular reactions of the immune system. We therefore believe that M-001, if approved for commercial sale, will be more effective and long-lasting compared to currently commercially available vaccines that generally stimulate only humoral immune responses.

● Continuous sales cycle not affected by seasonality. Because M-001 is designed to provide a multi-strain flu protection that is long lasting and is not expected to require updates for future virus strains or mutations, we do not expect future sales of M-001 as a universal standalone vaccine or as a pandemic primer to be affected by the influenza season. Unlike traditional influenza vaccines, which are sold and administered in western countries primarily during the period from September through November, we believe that M-001 for these indications can be sold and administered or sold and stored throughout the entire year.

● Shorter production times. We believe that the production time for M-001 will be only 6 to 8 weeks, as opposed to the 16 to 24 weeks (on average) required to produce most currently available seasonal influenza vaccines. We expect that shorter production times will give manufacturers greater flexibility in their production planning, as well as the ability to execute large orders of vaccine doses in a short timeframe in response to pandemics.

● Absence of allergy inducing egg proteins. Most influenza vaccines are produced in hen eggs and may therefore cause an allergic reaction to those allergic to certain egg proteins. An epidemiological study performed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2011 found that eggs are some of the most common allergens in the population. In contrast, M-001 is not produced using eggs and does not cause egg protein allergic reactions.

We also believe the following key strengths provide us with competitive advantages relative to other companies seeking to develop novel treatments for the prevention of influenza:

● M-001 is currently in advanced clinical stage (Phase 3). We are currently conducting a Phase 3 clinical trial in Europe and have completed two Phase 1/2 clinical trials and three Phase 2 clinical trials in Israel pursuant to clinical trial protocols approved by the Israeli Ministry of Health, and an additional Phase 2b clinical trial Europe. Our Phase 1/2 and Phase 2 clinical trial results indicated that M-001 was well tolerated and safe across all treatment groups within the trial population and was effective in causing an immune reaction in clinical trial participants administered with M-001.

● Extensive knowledge and expertise in the use of peptide-based vaccines. We have extensive experience researching and developing peptide-based compounds, including M-001. Our product candidate is based on years of research, including the research headed by Professor Ruth Arnon at the Weizmann Institute during the 10 years prior to our inception. Over the course of that 10 year period the scientific concept of a peptide-based influenza vaccine was established and confirmed in numerous preclinical and clinical trials for various influenza virus strains. We believe that this knowledge and expertise gives us a competitive advantage over other universal influenza vaccine developers with less significant experience and knowledge of these fields of study.

● In-house cGMP production capacity and advanced stage of construction for a commercial manufacturing capacity. Our previous production facility in Ness Ziona was Phase 1 and 2 clinical trial audited and approved for production according to cGMP standards by a European qualified person. In October 2015 we entered into a Development and Manufacturing Agreement with a CMO based in the U.S. for the production of clinical batches of M-001 for our current Phase 3 clinical trial. As planned, on August 20, 2018, we announced our move to a new mid-sized manufacturing facility in Jerusalem, with potential capacity to annually produce up to forty million doses of M-001 for Phase 3 and commercial use.

Indications for our Product Candidate

M-001 is currently in advanced stages of a pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 clinical trial.

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The use of M-001 as a universal flu vaccine for the general population is intended to provide prolonged protection against existing and future influenza strains for a period of at least one year, and may be extended to periods of three to five years, subject to future regulatory approval. According to the US CDC, approximately 40% of the adult population and 60% of the elderly population in the U.S. (ages 65 and up) is annually vaccinated against the influenza virus. Subject to competitive risks (including the risk that our competitors may develop vaccines that are or are perceived by doctors to be more effective, longer lasting or less expensive), we expect that M-001, if approved for commercial sale, will achieve a high penetration rate within its intended markets.

We believe that the approval of M-001 will allow health authorities to more quickly and effectively protect the general population or targeted groups from seasonal influenza and/or pandemic outbreaks, using national stockpiles.

Our Business Strategy

Our strategy is to complete development of, and, thereafter, manufacture and commercialize M-001 for use as a global influenza prevention therapy. Key elements of our current strategy include the following:

● Receive all required regulatory approvals for the commercialization of M-001 as a preventative therapy for influenza. We have launched a pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 clinical trial in Europe under the EMA, following the completion of several Phase 2 clinical trials conducted in Israel and Europe. We have also entered in a clinical trial agreement with the NIAID for a Phase 2 clinical trial in the U.S. for the administration of M-001 in participants.

● Seek attractive partnership opportunities. We believe that the proprietary rights provided by M-001, together with the successful clinical results and commercial scale manufacturing capacity, will create attractive partnership opportunities for large pharmaceutical companies or health authorities in different countries around the world. We intend to seek to build a portfolio of commercially attractive partnerships consisting of co-developments and licenses, which will allow us to commercialize M-001 worldwide.

● Further develop our independent production line. Our previous production facility was Phase 1 and 2 clinical trial audited and approved for production according to cGMP  standards, by a European qualified person. In October 2015 we entered into a Development and Manufacturing Agreement with a CMO located in the U.S. for the production of clinical batches of M-001 for our current Phase 3 clinical trial. As planned, on August 20, 2018, we announced our move to a new mid-sized manufacturing facility in Jerusalem, with potential capacity to annually produce up to forty million doses of M-001 for Phase 3 and commercial use.  We intend to complete the construction of our independent production line of our facility. We intend to complete the construction of our independent production line of our facility by the end of 2021, subject to successfully completing the phase 3 pivotal clinical trial we are currently conducting in Europe.

Results of Our Clinical and Preclinical Trials

General

All clinical trial protocols and their results, including preceding safety and efficacy data, are submitted to the regulatory authorities in the country where the trial is being conducted. The regulatory authority may demand additional preliminary tests before approving the clinical trial as well as changes to the submitted outline of the clinical trial. These changes may affect the planned timetables, costs and method of performance of our trials. Furthermore, regulatory authorities in different countries may have different requirements.

The course of the clinical trials and performance of the different stages of the trials is a process normally required in order to receive approval for marketing pharmaceutical products in countries where the clinical trials are performed. Generally, it is possible to market the product in a country only if such product was approved by that specific country, however in some countries it is possible to market the product even if the trials were not performed in that territory.

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We are currently conducting a pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 trial in 54 clinical trial sites in four European countries, subject, among other, to the regulation of the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Our Phase 3 clinical trial was initiated after we have completed two Phase 1/2 clinical trials and three Phase 2 clinical trials in Israel pursuant to clinical trial protocols approved by the Israeli Ministry of Health, and a Phase 2b clinical trial in Europe. We are assisted by professional advisers in examining the possibilities of performing clinical trials in additional countries, taking into consideration the costs of the trials, speed of receiving the approvals, and manner of performing the trials. We consider this information, together with marketing information regarding future products in each country and whether each country regulatory authority consents to relying on prior approvals and research performed in other countries, in choosing clinical trial sites.

Failure of clinical trials at any stage may cause us to perform an additional trial or to cease the development of the product candidate entirely for a specific indication. We make such decisions based on the nature of the results of the trials. In order to receive the various approvals required in different countries, we set timetables, taking into account the seasonality of the influenza disease.

Ongoing Phase 3 Clinical trials

As planned, we initiated a Phase 3 clinical trial in Europe starting at the 2018/2019 flu season. In this clinical trial, we are administering M-001 for the following indication: as a universal influenza vaccine suitable to be administered to the general population to provide protection against seasonal and pandemic strains of influenza. The placebo-controlled pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 trial plans to enroll a minimum of approximately 12,000 participants over two years, including 4,094 who were enrolled in the trial’s first cohort prior to the 2018/19 flu season. Since assessment of clinical efficacy of influenza vaccines largely depends on the attack rates of circulating influenza strains, the study features flexible enrollment to adjust the required number of participants in the second year, and, optionally, the protocol allows us to extend the clinical trial to a third flu season and a third cohort. The participants will be 50 years and older, with at least half over 65 years of age. The EMA’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) reviewed our Phase 3 trial plan, provided advice, and allowed us to proceed with the Phase 3 clinical trial plan for M-001. The Data Safety Monitoring Board, or DSMB, met in January 2019 in Warsaw, Poland to review the safety data for our first cohort available at that time, and notified us they have no safety concerns and recommended that the study continue as planned.

Clinical trial number	Phase	Location	Regulatory Authority	Trial Design	Trial Purpose	Population	Number of Subjects
BVX-010	3	Europe	EMA	A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pivotal phase 3 trial	Primary Endpoints: Safety and clinical efficacy Secondary Endpoint: reduction of severity of flu illness	Adults ages 50 and older, at least 50% of participants are over 65 years old	A minimum of approximately 12,000 (flexible enrollment, divided into cohorts)

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Results of our completed Clinical Trials

The following table summarizes the structure, design and purpose of our completed Phase 2 clinical trials conducted in Israel and Hungry, subject to the relevant regulatory approvals for each clinical trial: 

Clinical trial number	Phase	Trial Design	Trial Purpose	Population	Number of Subjects	Results
BVX-002	1/2	randomized, single-centered, single-blind, placebo-controlled escalating double-dose		Adults  (ages 18 to 49)	63	M-001 was well tolerated and a humoral and cellular immune reaction was observed.
BVX-003	1/2	randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled escalating double-dose		Elderly  (ages 55 to 75)	60
BVX-004	2	randomized, two centered, two stage, double-blind, placebo controlled double-dose	Primary Endpoint: Safety	Adults  (ages 18 to 49)	200
BVX-005	2	multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled	Secondary Endpoint: immunogenicity	Elderly  (ages 65+)	120
BVX-006	2	Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind	Primary Endpoint: Safety Secondary Endpoint: immunogenicity	adults between ages of 50 to 64	36
BVX-007  Phase 2b	2	Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind	Primary Endpoint: Safety and cell mediated immunity	adults between ages of 18 to 60	219	Safety and cellular immune response of M-001 confirmed.

BVX-002

We completed our BVX-002 Phase 1/2 clinical trial during the third quarter of 2009. This Phase 1/2 study was a single-center, single-blind, placebo-controlled, first-in-man trial, intended to test the safety of M-001 as our primary endpoint and the immunogenicity of M-001 as our secondary endpoint. More specifically, the study was aimed at assessing the safety of repeated intramuscular administration of two different doses of the influenza-targeted M-001 vaccine prepared with or without an adjuvant. Three subjects designated as “pre-pioneer”, were vaccinated once with a low dose (125 mcg) of M-001 and monitored for 7–9 days thereafter to ensure the vaccine’s relative safety before exposing further subjects to higher doses. Only after evaluation of the responses of these three subjects, and a minimum 72-hour observation window after release of the third subject, were further vaccinations and doses authorized. In the remaining cohorts, three subjects of each cohort were always treated before the remainder of the cohort to ensure basic vaccine safety. In addition, a dose escalation was only allowed after a 10-day observation period between the last dosing of the lower dose cohorts and the first vaccination of the higher dose cohorts. The appropriate dosage of M-001 was intramuscularly administered on days 0 and 21 of the clinical trial. Blood was drawn on vaccination days and on day 42 to assess safety and immune parameters. Follow-up and recording of any adverse events extended up to three weeks after administration of the second vaccine dose.

The broadest immune response was recorded among subjects vaccinated with two doses of 250mcg or 500mcg of M-001 with or without an adjuvant formulation. M-001 exhibited a positive safety profile, in that no serious or severe adverse events were reported and no adverse events were defined as probably or definitely related to treatment. The fewest number of adverse events were reported for the experimental group administered with the 500mcg of M-001 with an adjuvant. Of the adverse events described as possibly-related to treatment regimen, 92.6% were graded mild and 61% were overcome within one day of appearance. Only four participants suffered from fever above 100.4°F. 

BVX-003

We completed our BVX-003 Phase 1/2 clinical trial in April 2010. This study was a single-center, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial, intended for further testing the safety of M-001 as our primary endpoint and the immunogenicity of M-001 as our secondary endpoint. More specifically, the study was aimed at assessing the safety and tolerability of two successive intramuscular administrations of M-001, prepared with or without an adjuvant, in elderly volunteers (ages 55 to 75). Subjects were randomly allocated to one of two dosing cohorts, with 30 subjects per cohort, and treated with either 250mcg or 500 mcg active vaccines. An optional third vaccination with the commercial trivalent seasonal influenza 2009/10 vaccine (TIV) (Vaxigrip, Sanofi-Pasteur or equivalent product) was supplied to those interested subjects not immunized prior to the study.

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The strongest immune reactions, both humoral and cellular, were detected among subjects receiving the M-001-based vaccines in 250 or 500 mcg doses with or without an adjuvant, compared to those receiving placebo with an adjuvant. Humoral responses to M-001 were most significant among subjects primed with either of the adjuvanted or non adjuvanted M-001-based formulations and subsequently boosted with the TIV, when compared to the combined control groups that were not previously primed with M-001. All variations of M-001 administration (with an adjuvant or in different doses) proved safe and tolerable among the participants. The number of subjects reporting adverse events after treatment with active vaccines was similar to their respective placebo cohorts, showing that the M-001 was well tolerated and safe.

BVX-004

We completed our BVX-004 Phase 2 clinical trial in June 2011. This Phase 2 study was a multi-center, randomized, two stage, double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-dosed administration study, intended for further testing the safety of M-001 as our primary endpoint and the immunogenicity of M-001 as our secondary endpoint. More specifically, the study was aimed at assessing the safety and tolerability of intramuscular administration of 500 mcg M-001, prepared with an adjuvant, in younger adult volunteers. 200 subjects of the study were randomized to receive either: (i) two doses of adjuvanted 500 mcg M-001 vaccine (ii) two doses of the placebo (iii) two doses of the adjuvanted placebo, and (iv) a single co-administration of adjuvanted M-001. The groups were then treated with a third administration of TIV in different doses approximately 60 days from the second administration.

The results showed increased humoral and cellular responses after two immunizations with adjuvanted M-001 as compared to after immunization with adjuvanted placebo. In addition, increased humoral and cellular responses were detected after co-administration of adjuvanted M-001 with TIV as compared to after co-administration of placebo and TIV. M-001 was found to be well tolerated and safe in all treatment groups and no relation was found between adverse events and the administration of M-001.

BVX-005

We completed our BVX-005 Phase 2 clinical trial in February 2012. This Phase 2 clinical trial was intended for further testing the safety of M-001 as our primary endpoint and the immunogenicity of M-001 as our secondary endpoint. Within the framework of this BVX-005 Phase 2 clinical trial, 120 subjects received two injections of 500 mcg M-001, with or without an adjuvant, or placebo followed by TIV. Accordingly, subjects were randomly allocated to the following treatment groups: (i) two administrations of M-001 followed by a third administration of TIV (ii) one administration of M-001 followed by TIV (iii) one administration of adjuvanted M-001 followed by TIV, and (iv) one administration of placebo followed by TIV.

Results revealed a significant increase in the proportions of Interferon Gamma secreting cells and influenza infection-fighting antibodies, or influenza antigens, which indicated an anti-viral immune response that was not observed in the placebo groups. A humoral immunity reaction was strongest in participants treated with M-001 as a primer and boosted with TIV compared to the placebo group. In addition, all formulations of M-001 were well tolerated and safe across all treatment groups.

We exposed the blood plasma samples from the BVX-005 participants (taken following the completion of the trial in 2012) to the current influenza flu epidemic H3N2, which in 2012 did not yet exist, and examined the immunogenicity (HAI) antibodies in each blood plasma sample. We found significantly increased level of protective antibodies against the H3N2 strain in the samples taken from participants that received the M-001 vaccine in comparison to the control group. An average of 50% or greater of the participants in the experimental group receiving M-001 showed immunogenicity against this new strain versus only 10% on average in the control group, a result which has statistically high significance. This concurs with the similar results found in our recent BVX-006 phase 2 trial showing increased antibody response to the H3N2 epidemic flu strain in those that received our universal vaccine, although it was not included in the commercially available seasonal flu vaccine of the 2014/15 season. We believe this data confirms the universal nature of M-001, effective against all types of flu strains.

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BVX-006

We completed our BVX-006 Phase 2 clinical trial in June 2015. This Phase 2 clinical trial was intended for further testing the safety and immunogenicity of M-001 at regular and higher doses (0.5 mg and 1 mg, respectively) and after three consecutive administrations. Within the framework of this BVX-006 Phase 2 clinical trial, 36 subjects between the ages of 50-65, divided into three groups, were intramuscularly injected three times with M-001 or placebo, followed by an administration of the 2014/2015 season trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) 3 weeks later. Accordingly, subjects were randomly allocated to the following treatment groups: (i) three administrations of 0.5mg of M-001 followed by an administration of TIV (ii) three administrations of 1.0 mg of M-001 followed by an administration of TIV (iii) three administrations of placebo followed by TIV.

Clinical trial results indicated that the administration of M-001 is safe and efficient against many strains of the influenza virus when administered at 1mg for participants at the age of 50-65. M-001 in 1mg dose primed for immune responses in a manner consistent with previous data in this age group. M-001 also elevated the immune response to other strains that were not included in the current influenza seasonal vaccine, including against the drifted H3N2 strain of influenza that has caused 2014/2015 season’s epidemic in the United States. In addition, cell mediated immunity which is specific to different pandemic strains (bird-flu strains) was elicited after immunization with M-001 alone. These results support our claim that M-001 provides a broadened and improved protection against multiple influenza type A and B virus strains.

BVX-007

We completed our BVX-007 Phase 2b clinical trial in September 2016. This Phase 2b clinical trial was conducted in Budapest, Hungry, as part of our membership in the UNISEC Consortium that focused on development and evaluation of promising concepts for a universal influenza vaccine. Prior to commencement, we received the requisite regulatory approvals for the clinical trial from the EMA and the relevant Hungarian Regulatory Authority. BVX-007 was designed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of M-001 when used ahead of a sub optimal dose of H5N1, an avian influenza vaccine, provided by a Hungarian supplier of seasonal and H5N1 flu vaccines. BVX-007 was conducted in adults between the ages 18 to 60, initially including 222 participants. Following the withdrawal of three participants, the clinical trial was completed with the participation of 219 participants. In July 2017, we announced positive results for the Phase 2b BVX-007 clinical trial: The safety of M-001 (primary endpoint) was confirmed: no treatment related severe adverse events were observed. The primary immunogenicity endpoint was also achieved, a significant cell mediated immunity was observed in the group immunized with 1mg dose of M-001. The secondary immunogenicity endpoint aimed to show enhance HAI antibodies to the H5N1 viruses. Such enhancement was observed towards 1 out of 4 strains tested. It should be noted that the sub optimal dose of the H5N1 vaccine alone induced minimal responses and hence, it might be the reason that the priming effect conferred by the M-001 vaccine was not observed in all H5N1 strains tested in this study.

Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial by the NIAID

On November 20, 2017 we announced the signing of a clinical trial agreement with the NIAID of the U.S. National Institutes of Health for a Phase 2 clinical trial in the U.S. using our product candidate, M-001. The primary endpoint of this clinical trial focuses on cell-mediated immunity to the M-001, in addition, it will assess the ability of M-001 in humans to serve as a primer to the QIV seasonal vaccine by enhancing protective immunity to these influenza strains. in April 2018 we reported the first participant enrollment in this clinical trial.

The following table summarizes the structure, design and purpose of this clinical trial:

Clinical trial number	Phase	Location	Regulatory Authority	Trial Design	Trial Purpose	Population	Number of Subjects
BVX-008	2	United States	FDA	A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled phase 2 trial in collaboration with NIAID	Primary Endpoint: Safety & immunogenicity (CMI) Secondary Endpoint: Safety & immunogenicity (HAI)	Adults between ages 18-49	120

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Safety and Efficacy Preclinical Trials

We have conducted safety and efficacy preclinical trials in rats and mice. These preclinical trials have demonstrated that M-001 provides an effective flu protection, and an immune reaction against different flu virus strains. During these preclinical trials both humoral and cellular immune reactions were recorded. The preclinical trials provided a proof of concept for all indications. While these results are encouraging, we cannot determine the safety and efficacy of M-001 in human participants based on such preclinical trials.

At a pre-IND meeting held with the FDA in 2012, the FDA indicated that our preclinical trials conducted to that date were sufficient to continue our Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials.

Future Phase 3 Clinical trials

We intend, subject to the successful results of our Phase 3 clinical trial in Europe, to enter into discussions with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, regarding market approval of M-001 in the U.S., and to comply with the applicable requirements. Although we have not yet submitted a Phase 3 Investigational New Drug Application, or IND, to the FDA, we believe that the results of the Phase 2 clinical trials conducted by us so far or to be conducted in the future, as well as of our ongoing pivotal clinical efficacy Phase 3 trial in Europe, will further expand our data to provide greater support for any Phase 3 clinical trial of M-001 we may conduct in the U.S. in the future.

We do not currently have sufficient financial resources to complete Phase 3 clinical trials of M-001 on our own. We intend to seek to establish collaborations with large multinational pharmaceutical companies and/or national health authorities to finance Phase 3 clinical trials of M-001. However, to the extent that we have sufficient capital to do so (whether through sales of debt or equity securities or otherwise), we may seek to conduct Phase 3 clinical trials of M-001 without such collaborations.

On March 25, 2019, we have filed a draft of registration statement on form F-1 for a contemplated rights offering.

Upon completion of Phase 3 clinical trials for some or all our indications, we may initiate Phase 4 post-marketing clinical trials to validate the clinical efficacy of our product candidate. We also intend to use future revenues accrued from the commercialization of M-001 (if approved for commercial sale) for a specific indication to finance Phase 3 clinical trials for additional indications.

Competition

Currently marketed flu vaccines are strain-specific. There are many vaccine candidates in development that feature either improved production processes and/or broadened coverage against drifted vaccine strains. BiondVax’s M-001 is unique in that it is (i) A single formulation designed to be effective against seasonal and pandemic influenza strains, including Influenza A and Influenza B and (ii) Most advanced universal flu candidate (6 completed clinical trials, including four Phase 2, and in an ongoing NIH-sponsored Phase 2 trial in the USA and an ongoing Phase 3 trial in Europe), and (iii) Manufactured in E.coli, resulting in significantly shorter production times and cost efficiency, and finally (iv) shelf-life of up to 24 months in refrigerated conditions (testing ongoing), and 6 months at approximately 25°C (room temperature) enabling stockpiling for proactive preparedness.

Currently marketed Influenza Vaccines

Current influenza vaccines are mostly produced and marketed by large fully integrated pharmaceutical companies such as Sanofi Pasteur (FluZone, FluZone High-dose, Vaxigrip, Intanza, Mutagrip, Istivac, and FluBlok following the 2017 acquisition of Protein Sciences Corporation), GlaxoSmithKline (Fluarix, FluLaval, Alpharix , Influsplit ), Seqirus (Afluria, Fluvirin, Fluad, Flucelvax, Agrippal), AstraZeneca (FluMist, Fluenz tetra), and Abbott (Influvac, Imuvac). (Note that some of these are the same vaccine but marketed under different names in different jurisdictions). Flublok is a recombinant protein strain-based influenza vaccine. All currently marketed influenza vaccines are strain-specific, with each vaccine targeting three or four strains.

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Influenza Vaccine Candidates in Development

To our knowledge, there are a number of companies and academic labs attempting to develop new influenza vaccines. Our information as to the identity of our competitors, the nature of the competing product candidate and the development stage of such competing product candidates relies solely on publicly available information that we are aware of. The following is a summary of known competitors and competing product candidates:

Imutex Limited, a joint venture between SEEK, a privately held UK-based company, and hVIVO PLC, is developing a vaccine based on six specific peptides to induce cellular immunity. In 2011 SEEK published Phase 2 challenge clinical trial results in 28 people which indicated that its vaccine stimulated the immune system and was found to be safe. In April 2016, it was reported that SEEK and hVIVO invested approximately $20 million to create Imutex, a startup with a “Phase 2a ready” universal flu vaccine candidate. In March 2018 and January 2019, Imutex reported their Phase2b challenge trial achieved the primary endpoint of a statistically significant reduction in mild to moderate influenza.

In Q1 2018 Vaccitech Limited raised £20m ($27.1m) in Series A financing by investors including GV, Sequoia China, and Oxford Sciences Innovation. In Q3 Vaccitech decided to stop a Phase 2 trial in which its MVA encoding NP+M1 which is designed to induce a T-cell response against Influenza A virus strains was co-administered with a currently recommended seasonal influenza vaccine. The company announced its intention to continue development of the vaccine.

AltImmune’s NasoVax is an intransally delivered broad seasonal and pandemic T-cell booster recombinant candidate. Results of a Phase 2 trial were reported in Q3 2018. Inovio is developing synthetic DNA vaccines. In May 2012 Inovio reported that in Phase 1 clinical trial the avian influenza vaccine SynCon caused a protective antibody reaction against six strains of H5N1, and in Q1 2018 reported successful results in a pre-clinical challenge study in ferrets. In Q3 2018, the company reported positive immune responses in mice to the Company’s H3N2 influenza DNA vaccine. FluGen is developing REDEE, a vaccine based on a live virus which cannot multiply or cause illness. The U.S. based company has raised $22m from investors and received $13m in federal funds. In 2018, the company announced results of a Phase 1a trial and initiated a challenge trial. Medicago, majority owned by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, manufactures strain-specific vaccines in tobacco, which enables high capacity production compared to current egg-based vaccines. In Q3 2018, the company announced the start of a Phase 3 trial. Vivaldi Biosciences reported two completed Phase 1 and one Phase 1/2 clinical trial of their deltaFLU LAIV vaccine. Vivaldi reports deltaFLU has been shown to stimulate coverage against non-vaccine strains. Vaxart reported results from a Phase 2 trials of its oral adenovirus-based influenza vaccine in Q4 2018. It has been reported that companies including Sanofi and Johnson & Johnson are also working to improve upon currently marketed influenza vaccines. As well, a number of academic laboratories across the world are in the early stages of research of additional potential influenza vaccines including a “chimeric” vaccine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.

Marketing and Sales

We do not currently have any marketing or sales capabilities. We intend to license to, or enter into strategic alliances, with governments, health systems or companies in the pharmaceutical business, which are equipped to market and/or sell our products, if any. We may seek to establish marketing and/or sales forces in the future in addition to any such licensing arrangements or strategic alliances.

Seasonal Effect

Generally, influenza vaccines sales mostly occur during the months of September through November of each year. However, because M-001 is designed to provide long-lasting (multi-year) protection and not just seasonal protection, we believe that M-001 as a universal standalone vaccine, if approved, will not be subject to the seasonality experienced by current (seasonal) influenza vaccines on the market.

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Manufacturing

M-001 is produced using modified, non-pathogenic, E.coli bacteria. We produce M-001 in a standard, robust and low cost manufacturing process according to cGMP standard. Our previous production facility was Phase 1 and 2 clinical trial audited and approved for production according to cGMP, by a European qualified person. In October 2015 we entered into a Development and Manufacturing Agreement with a CMO based in the U.S. for the production of clinical batches of M-001 for our current Phase 3 clinical trial. As planned, on August 20, 2018, we announced our move to a new mid-sized factory in Jerusalem, with potential capacity to annually produce up to forty million doses of M-001 for Phase 3 and commercial use.  Although we contracted with a CMO for the manufacturing of M-001 for Phase 3 clinical trial and commercialization, subject to the completion of our independent production line in our new facility and obtaining the necessary funding and resources, we may decide to manufacture M-001 in-house.

Properties

Office Leasing Agreement

Since August 2018, our principal executive offices and main laboratory are located at Jerusalem BioPark, 2nd floor, Hadassah Ein Kerem Campus Jerusalem, Israel, next to Hadassah University Hospitals and Hebrew University’s Medical School. We lease this space, which presently consists of a total area of approximately 1,845 square feet, from an unaffiliated third party as of July 18, 2017. The lease period is 10 years with an option for an additional 5 years at our discretion.

We believe this existing property is sufficient for our needs in the foreseeable future and that we have the ability to renew our lease at market terms and expand if required.

Fixed assets

Our fixed assets are comprised of factory leasehold improvements, laboratory equipment, furniture, software and improvements in the leased property. The accumulated depreciation as stated in our financial reports is deducted from the fixed assets value. Our fixed assets, less deduction for the accumulated depreciation, were at NIS 28.3 million ($7.5 million) for the period ended on December 31, 2018 and at NIS 5.5 million ($1.5 million) for the period ended on December 31, 2017.

Our Main Laboratory

Our Ness Ziona laboratory was audited and approved according to the Good Manufacturing Practice standard pursuant to the European QP directive. Our new facility in Jerusalem consists of laboratories, manufacturing suites, and offices. The laboratories include (i) an analytical lab, which conducts quality tests on our products using our designated analytical methods; (ii) virology lab; and (iii) research and development lab. The manufacturing suites, defined as “clean rooms”, include a fermentation suite (“upstream”), a protein purification suite (“downstream”) and formulation suite.

The analytical lab is equipped with advanced equipment and machinery including computerized analytical devices for qualitative and quantitative analysis, equipment for measuring light absorption properties for identifying substances, equipment for measuring weight, acidity and temperature, and equipment for identifying replication of DNA sequences.

Our laboratory also includes a separate technician room which contains our computers and software used to collect the data received from our different devices for the purpose of analyzing it. The lab also contains refrigerators and freezers which are consistently monitored and that are connected to a computerized control system. The production rooms are equipped with a fermentation facility, machinery for filtering and concentrating proteins, a computerized system for the characterization and separation of proteins, as well as equipment allowing us to work under sterile conditions.

The virology lab is equipped with microscopes, incubators for growing bacteria, animal cells and viruses, and equipment enabling us to work under sterile conditions. The work performed at the virology lab involves various virus strains and therefore mandates strict safety conditions and is subject to Israeli environmental regulation.

The facility also includes a Water for Injection (WFI) water purification system. The WFI system is controlled and monitored continuously.

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Research and other Grants

Research Grants

Grants under the Israeli Encouragement of Industrial and Development Law

On July 29, 2015, the Israeli parliament amended the Research Law to establish the Israel Innovation Authority, or IIA, which replaced the OCS. The IIA is intended to have greater power and freedom than the OCS in launching creative funding tracks and instituting new guidelines that will govern the transferability and licensing of the resulting technology. IIA was formed as of January 1, 2016, and new grant tracks and guidelines are published from time to time. Under the amendment, the IIA was granted vast authority to regulate rules and procedures pertaining to obligations of recipients towards the IIA especially in the matters listed in this memorandum. The following is a summary of OCS regulations that apply to us following the receipt of grants since 2006:

Under the Research Law, research and development programs which meet specified criteria and are approved by the research committee of IIA, are eligible for grants. The grants awarded are typically for up to 50% of the project’s expenditures, as determined by the research committee. The grantee is required to pay royalties to the State of Israel on income generated from the sale of products (and related services associated with such products), whether received by the grantee or any affiliated entity (as defined in the Royalty Regulations), developed, in whole or in part, within the framework of an IIA--funded project or deriving therefrom. In accordance with the provisions of the Royalty Regulations, royalties are paid at rates ranging between 3% to 6% of the revenues generated by the product, depending on the applicable criteria, and are payable until the repayment of the full amount of the total IIA funding (linked to the US Dollar) and accrued interest (LIBOR). The terms of the IIA support also require that products developed using such grants be manufactured in Israel and that the technology developed thereunder may not be transferred outside of Israel, unless approval is received from the IIA. Nothing in the foregoing restricts the export of products that incorporate the funded technology. Should the Research Committee of the IIA approve the transfer of manufacturing rights outside of Israel, the royalty payments will be subject to an increase of up to a cap of 120%, 150% or 300% of the total IIA funding and accrued interest (LIBOR) (depending upon the portion of manufacture outside of Israel), and the royalty rates will be subject to an increase as well. Such approval is not required for the transfer of a portion of the manufacturing capacity which does not exceed, in the aggregate, 10% of the portion declared to be manufactured abroad in the applications for funding, in which case there is a notification requirement, and the IIA has the discretion to forbid the transfer.

Ordinarily, as a condition to obtaining approval to manufacture outside Israel, we would be required to pay increased royalties, as set forth in the Research Law. The total amount to be repaid to the IIA would also be adjusted to between 120% and 300% of the grants, depending on the volume of manufacturing that is carried out outside Israel.

The Research Law restricts the transfer of know-how funded by the IIA outside of Israel. Transfer of IIA-funded know-how outside of Israel requires prior IIA approval and is subject to certain payments to the IIA calculated according to formulae provided under the Research Law. A transfer for the purpose of the Research Law means an actual sale of the IIA-funded know-how, any license to further develop the IIA-funded know-how or the products resulting from the IIA-funded know-how or any other transaction, which, in essence, constitutes a transfer of the IIA-funded know-how. A mere license solely to market products resulting from the IIA-funded know-how would not be deemed a transfer for the purpose of the Research Law. It should be noted that there are specific regulations regarding licensing of IIA-funded know-how which allow for payments to the IIA which are pro rata to amounts received by the licensor. published.

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If we wish to transfer IIA-funded know-how, the terms for approval will be determined according to the nature of the transaction and the consideration paid to us for such transfer. The IIA approval to transfer know-how created, in whole or in part, in connection with an IIA-funded project to a third party outside Israel where the transferring company remains an operating Israeli entity is subject to payment of a redemption fee to the OCS calculated according to a formula provided under the Research Law that is based, in general, on the ratio between the aggregate IIA grants to the company’s aggregate investments in the project that was funded by these IIA grants, multiplied by the transaction consideration. The transfer of such know-how to a party outside Israel where the transferring company ceases to exist as an Israeli entity is subject to a different redemption fee formula that is based, in general, on the ratio between the aggregate amount of IIA grants received by the company and the company’s aggregate research expenses, multiplied by the transaction consideration. As per the As per current regulations, a maximum payment of the redemption fee paid to the IIA under the above mentioned formulas and differentiates between two situations: (i) in the event that the company sells its IIA-funded know-how, in whole or in part, or is sold as part of certain merger and acquisition transactions, and subsequently ceases to conduct business in Israel, the maximum redemption fee under the above mentioned formulas will be no more than six times the amount received (plus annual interest) for the applicable know-how being transferred, or the entire amount received, as applicable; (ii) in the event that following the transactions described above, under contract with the acquiror, the company continues to conduct its research activity in Israel (for at least three years following such transfer and retains on staff at least 75% of the number of research employees it had for the six months before the know-how was transferred), then the company is eligible for a reduced cap of the redemption fee of no more than three times the amounts received (plus annual interest) for the applicable know-how being transferred, or the entire amount received, as applicable. There are specific caps that are applicable to licensing transactions, which also result in a cap of no more than six times the amount received (plus annual interest).

Subject to prior consent of the IIA, the company may transfer the IIA-funded know-how to another Israeli company. If the IIA-funded know-how is transferred to another Israeli entity, the transfer would still require IIA approval but will not be subject to the payment of the redemption fee (we note that there will be an obligation to pay royalties to the IIA from the income of such sale transaction as part of the royalty payment obligation). In such case, the acquiring company would have to assume all of the selling company’s responsibilities towards the IIA as a condition to IIA approval.

Our research and development efforts have been financed, partially, through grants that we have received from the IIA. We therefore must comply with the requirements of the Research Law and related regulations. As of December 31, 2018, we have received a total of $5.5 million in IIA grants.  

We have not received additional OCS grants from December 31, 2018 through the date of this annual report.

Finance Contract – European Investment Bank

We entered into a finance contract, or the Finance Contract, with the European Investment Bank, or EIB, for the financing of up to Euro 20 million, which was extended to Euro 24 million as described in this annual report, and up to 50% of the Company’s expected cost of developing and marketing the Company’s product candidate, M-001. The finance contract is subject to the Horizon 2020 framework programme of the European Union for Research and Technological Development (2014-2020) (Horizon 2020 Framework EU Programme), which provides that the financing shall be used rationally and in the interest of the European Bank.

Prior to its extension to Euro 24 million, the EIB financing was made available in three tranches, all subject to receiving evidence that the Company has funding available to it in an amount equal to the amount of the respective tranche, as follows: (i) the first tranche shall be available during the 12 months following the date of the finance contract, in an amount of Euro 4-6 million; (ii) the second tranche shall be available during the 24 months following the date of the Finance Contract, in an amount of Euro 4-6 million, and subject to receiving evidence of the manufacturing of the first clinical batch for the planned phase 3 clinical trials; (iii) the third tranche shall be available during the 36 months following the date of the Finance Contract, in amount that together with the first and second tranche shall be equal to up to Euro 20 million, and shall be paid subject to receipt of authorization to launch the phase 3 clinical trials. To date, we have drawn down all three tranches of the loan made available prior to its extension to Euro 24 million and have received Euros 20 million.

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The Management Committee of the European Investment Bank (EIB) has agreed to extend the financing agreement by an additional Euro 4 million to Euro 24 million. The additional funds will be used in support of the ongoing Phase 3 trial. With the additional funds, the trial’s second cohort is expected to increase up to 8,000 participants, bringing the planned total size of the trial to approximately 12,000 participants. The increase in the number of participants is intended to compensate for the relatively mild 2018/19 flu season in Europe. The additional Euro 4 million will be disbursed upon enrollment of the first participant in the clinical trial’s second season and $US 10 million of funds to be disbursed pro rata being provided by the Company.  

The EIB financing shall be provided interest free and shall be repayable, per each tranche, in a single instalment five years following the date of payment for each tranche. A failure to pay any amount payable under the Finance Contract shall cause interest to accrue on each unduly paid amount, at an annual rate equal to EURIBOR plus 2%.

In the event the Company elects to prepay the EIB financing, or in the event the EIB shall demand prepayment following certain events, including a change of control, senior management change or merger events, the Company shall be required to pay EIB the principal amount of the tranches already paid, or the Prepayment Amount, plus the greater of: (i) the amount, as determined by EIB required in order for the EIB to realize an internal rate of return on the relevant amount prepaid of 20%; and (ii) the Prepayment Amount. The finance contract also stipulates that in the event EIB demands prepayment of the loan due to any prepayment event to non-EIB lenders, the Company shall be obligated to pay the Prepayment Amount plus an additional reduced amount.

In addition, and as consideration to the EIB financing, EIB shall be entitled to 3% of any annual M-001 sales revenues as reported in the Company’s annual financial statements, for a period of twelve years, or for a period longer than twelve years and subject to EIB realizing a cash-on-cash multiple of 2.8.

As of December 31, 2018, we have drawn a sum of Euro 20 million ($23 million) in EIB loan.  

The Finance Contract includes certain representations and warranties provided by the Company. The Company shall pay all taxes, duties, fees and other impositions applied in connection with this Finance Contract. The Finance Contract shall be governed by the laws of England and Wales and the courts of England shall have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any dispute.

The Finance Contract shall be subject to a security agreement, or the Security Agreement, creating a first ranking floating charge over all assets of the Company in favor of EIB, which will exclude assets and/or intellectual property rights subject to the license agreement between the Company and YEDA.

Grant from the European Union - UNISEC

We are a member of the UNISEC Consortium. The UNISEC Consortium has received a grant in the amount of Euro 6 million from the European Union, of which we expect to receive approximately Euro 0.5 million (approximately $0.6 million) to finance our BVX-007 clinical trial. In June 2013, we entered into a framework agreement with the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy of Groningen University, or the Coordinator, and the 11 other members of the Consortium. The framework agreement, which has a term of four years, defines the rules of conduct of the Consortium as well as the conditions of our grant, based upon Regulation (EC) No 1906/2006 of the European Parliament and the council of 18 December 2006. Pursuant to the framework agreement, we undertook to lead and coordinate the research of cellular immune reaction as a possible indicator for the effectiveness of a universal influenza vaccine. Results, including information, whether or not they can be protected, that are generated under the project, and including rights related to copyright, design rights, plant variety rights or similar forms of protection, or Foreground, shall be owned by the party carrying the work under the framework agreement. The Foreground shall be transferrable or published only by the owner with a written prior notice to the parties of the framework agreement. Where Foreground is capable of industrial or commercial application, its owner must provide for adequate and effective protection. If the owner does not intend to proceed with filing the necessary intellectual property protections, it must provide notice to the European Commission, who then may file the protection itself. According to the framework agreement, we may enter into a subcontract agreement with a third party; however, we will remain solely responsible for the implementation and compliance under the framework agreement. In addition, we are solely liable for the use of any proprietary rights of third parties. We will not be responsible to any other party to this framework agreement for any indirect or consequential loss or similar damage, provided such act was not caused by a willful act or by a breach of confidentiality. We will not be considered in breach of the framework agreement in the event that the breach is caused by Force Majeure, defined as any unforeseeable and exceptional event affecting the fulfillment of any obligation under this framework agreement by the parties, which is beyond their control and cannot be overcome despite their reasonable endeavors. The framework agreement sets the terms and conditions by which the parties may make joint decisions, and, under certain provisions, allows us to cast veto vote on a specific decision. All payments shall be paid to us by the Coordinator according to a payment schedule and following the submission of a financial management report. Should we spend less than the grant we received, we shall be funded according to our actual expenditures. If we terminate the framework agreement, we will be obligated to return all payments received and bear any reasonable and justifiable additional costs occurring to the other Parties in order to perform its and their tasks, except the amount of contribution accepted by the European Commission or another contributor. The framework agreement is subject to European Union Law and the laws of Belgium, and the Court of Justice of the European Union shall have sole jurisdiction.

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Grant for the Construction of a Manufacturing Facility in Jerusalem

On March 28, 2017, we received an approval from the Investment Center of the Ministry of Economy and Industry of the State of Israel, for a grant representing 20% of NIS 20 million budget, to be utilized towards the construction for the production of Phase 3 and commercial batches of the Company product candidate, M-001.

The receipt of the Grant is subject to certain terms and conditions, including those outlined under the Israeli Encouragement of Capital Investment Law, 1959. The terms and conditions include, inter alia, the following: (a) at least 24% of the investments in the planned manufacturing facility’s fixed assets will be financed by additional share capital; (b) the Company will maintain its intellectual property and manufacturing facility in Israel for a period of at least 10 years following receipt of the grant; (c) subject to the EIB’s approval, a floating charge over our assets (excluding assets and/or intellectual property rights subject to the license agreement between the Company and YEDA.

 Raw Materials and Supplies

Our suppliers provide us with equipment, materials and services used for the research and development of M-001. The main raw materials required for producing M-001 are standard bacteria culture mediums. The equipment, materials and services we use for research varies in accordance with the specific research and development we perform. We believe that the raw materials that we require to manufacture M-001, as well as the raw materials that we require for our research and development operations relating to M-001, are widely available from numerous suppliers and are generally considered to be generic pharmaceutical materials and supplies. However, replacing approved suppliers may incur delays and require additional efforts.

Government Regulation

United States

FDA Regulations

In the United States, the FDA regulates pharmaceuticals and biologics under the Food, Drug & Cosmetics Act, and the Public Health Service Act, and their implementing regulations. These products are also subject to other federal, state, and local statutes and regulations, including federal and state consumer protection laws, laws protecting the privacy of health-related information, and laws prohibiting unfair and deceptive acts and trade practices.

The process required by the FDA before a new drug product may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following: completion of extensive preclinical laboratory tests and preclinical animal studies, all performed in accordance with the FDA’s Good Laboratory Practice, or GLP, regulations; submission to the FDA of an IND, which the FDA must allow to become effective before human clinical trials may begin and must be updated annually; performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the product candidate for each proposed indication; and submission to the FDA of an NDA for a drug, and Biologic License Application for biological product, after completion of all pivotal clinical trials. 

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An IND application is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational drug product to humans. Although none of our clinical trials protocols were conducted pursuant to an FDA approval, we have had two pre-IND meetings in 2008 and 2012 with FDA representatives on various aspects of M-001 and the clinical development program. The 2012 meeting served as the basis for our IND application submission in June 2013. In June 2013 we submitted an IND application to the FDA for a contemplated Phase 2 clinical trial intended to be conducted in the U.S. This Phase 2 clinical trial was designed to test the safety and efficacy of M-001 when administered as a primer for the H5N1 Avian flu pandemic vaccine, by administering M-001 to participants prior to the administration of the H5N1 vaccine. This IND application included data, reports and summaries from our previously conducted Israeli preclinical and clinical trials. The FDA reviewed and commented on our IND application and requested, among other things, that we provide to the FDA, prior to the commencement of the proposed clinical trial, information regarding the H5N1 vaccine selected for use in this proposed clinical trial and a summary of the toxicological effect of M-001.We provided the information regarding the toxicology of M-001 as requested; however, we were unable to locate a source for or otherwise acquire the H5N1 vaccine (which was not publicly available) from a manufacturer approved for the purpose of performing clinical trials in the U.S. As a result, we were not able to satisfy the FDA’s request for information regarding such vaccine (including information as to manufacturing, dosage, formulation, etc.). Without such information, we could not complete our IND application and the FDA placed a clinical hold on the trial. In light of these events, we elected to convert our IND application into a Drug Master File. In the future, we intend to submit an IND application to the FDA for initiating Phase 3 clinical trials in the U.S., either with one or more future collaborators, or, subject to available funds, on our own, in support of FDA approval to market M-001 in the U.S.

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with current Good Clinical Practices, or GCP, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent for their participation in any clinical trial. A protocol for each clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Additionally, approval must also be obtained from each clinical trial site’s IRB, before the trials may be initiated, and the IRB must monitor the trial until completed. There are also requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and clinical trial results to public registries.

Generally three phases of clinical trials are conducted prior to receiving regulatory marketing approval: Phase 1 clinical trials are normally conducted in small groups of healthy volunteers to assess safety and find the potential dosing range. After a safe dose has been established, the drug is administered to small populations of eligible participants (Phase 2) to look for initial signs of efficacy in treating the targeted disease or condition and to continue to assess safety. In the case of vaccines, the participants are healthy and the signs of efficacy can be obtained in early Phase 1, therefore this Phase is defined as Phase 1/2. Phase 3 clinical trials are usually multi-center, double-blind controlled trials in hundreds or even thousands of subjects at various sites to assess as fully as possible both the safety and effectiveness of the drug.

The FDA, the IRB, or the clinical trial sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group reviews unblinded data from clinical trials and provides authorization for whether or not a trial may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the trial. We may also suspend or terminate a clinical trial based on evolving business objectives and/or the competitive climate.

Assuming successful completion of all required testing in accordance with all applicable regulatory requirements, detailed investigational drug product information is submitted to the FDA in the form of a BLA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. The application includes all relevant data available from pertinent preclinical and clinical trials, including negative or ambiguous results as well as positive findings, together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacturing, controls and proposed labeling, among other things.

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Once the BLA submission has been accepted for filing, the FDA’s goal is to review applications within 10 months of filing. However, the review process is often significantly extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification. The FDA may refer the application to an advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it typically follows such recommendations.

After the FDA evaluates the BLA and conducts inspections of manufacturing facilities where the drug product will be formulated and where the drug will be produced, it may issue an approval letter or, instead, a Complete Response Letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A Complete Response Letter indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete and the application is not ready for approval. A Complete Response Letter may require additional clinical data and/or an additional pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial(s), and/or other significant, expensive and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials, preclinical studies or manufacturing. Even if such additional information is submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the BLA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. The FDA could also approve the BLA with a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy to mitigate risks, which could include medication guides, physician communication plans, or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, participant registries and other risk minimization tools. The FDA also may condition approval on, among other things, changes to proposed labeling, development of adequate controls and specifications, or a commitment to conduct one or more post-market studies or clinical trials. Such post-market testing may include Phase 4 clinical trials and surveillance to further assess and monitor the product’s safety and effectiveness after commercialization.

After regulatory approval of a drug product is obtained, the drug producer is required to comply with a number of post-approval regulations. As a holder of an approved BLA, we would be required to report, among other things, certain adverse reactions and production problems to the FDA, to provide updated safety and efficacy information, and to comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotional labeling for any of our products. These promotion and advertising requirements include, among others, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, prohibitions against promoting drugs for uses or in participant populations that are not described in the drug’s approved labeling (known as “off-label use”), rules for conducting industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and other promotional activities. Failure to comply with FDA requirements can have negative consequences, including the immediate discontinuation of noncomplying materials, adverse publicity, enforcement letters from the FDA, mandated corrective advertising or communications with doctors, and civil or criminal penalties. Such enforcement may also lead to scrutiny and enforcement by other government and regulatory bodies. Although physicians may prescribe legally available drugs for off-label uses, manufacturers may not market or promote such off-label uses.

Also, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to cGMP after approval to ensure and preserve the long term stability of the drug product. The FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP, which imposes extensive procedural, substantive, and record keeping requirements. In addition, changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and, depending on the significance of the change, may require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon us and any third-party manufacturers that we may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMP and other aspects of regulatory compliance.

Future FDA and state inspections may identify compliance issues at our facilities or at the facilities of our CMOs or licensees that may disrupt production or distribution, or require substantial resources to correct. In addition, discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or the failure to comply with applicable requirements may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer or holder of an approved BLA, including withdrawal or recall of the product from the market or other voluntary, FDA-initiated or judicial action that could delay or prohibit further marketing. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and also may require the implementation of other risk management measures. Also, new government requirements, including those resulting from new legislation, may be established, or the FDA’s policies may change, which could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our current product candidate or any product candidate we may develop in the future (if any).

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The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, or Phase 4 testing, as well as risk minimization action plans and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product or place conditions on an approval that could otherwise restrict the distribution or use of the product.

Other U.S. Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements

For products distributed in the United States, we will also be subject to additional healthcare regulation and enforcement by the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. 

Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations could be costly. Although we believe our business practices are structured to be compliant with applicable laws, it is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our future operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from third party payor programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians, providers or entities with whom we may do business with will be found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusion from government funded healthcare programs.

Many aspects of these laws have not been definitively interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of subjective interpretations which increases the risk of potential violations. In addition, these laws and their interpretations are subject to change. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business, and damage our reputation.

In addition, from time to time in the future, we may become subject to additional laws or regulations administered by the FDA, the Federal Trade Commission, or by other federal, state, local or foreign regulatory authorities, to the repeal of laws or regulations that we generally consider favorable, or to more stringent interpretations of current laws or regulations. We are not able to predict the nature of such future laws, regulations, repeals or interpretations, and we cannot predict what effect additional governmental regulation, if and when it occurs, would have on our business in the future. Such developments could, however, require reformulation of certain products to meet new standards, recalls or discontinuance of certain products not able to be reformulated, additional record-keeping requirements, increased documentation of the properties of certain products, additional or different labeling, additional scientific substantiation, additional personnel, or other new requirements. Any such developments could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Israel

Israeli regulations regarding clinical trials

Before an entity or person can conduct clinical testing on humans in Israel, such entity or person must receive special authorization from the ethics committee and general manager of the institution in which such entity or person intends to conduct its study, as required under the Guidelines for Clinical Trials in Human Subjects implemented pursuant to the Israeli Public Health Regulations (Clinical Trials in Human Subjects), as amended from time to time, and other applicable legislation. These regulations also require authorization from the Israeli Ministry of Health, except in certain circumstances, and in the case of genetic trials, special fertility trials and similar trials, an additional authorization of the overseeing institutional ethics committee. The institutional ethics committee must, among other things, evaluate the anticipated benefits that are likely to be derived from the project to determine if it justifies the risks and inconvenience to be inflicted on the human subjects, and the committee must ensure that adequate protection exists for the rights and safety of the participants as well as the accuracy of the information gathered in the course of the clinical testing. Since we intend to perform a portion of our clinical studies on certain of our therapeutic candidates in Israel, we will be required to obtain authorization from the ethics committee and general manager of each institution in which we intend to conduct our clinical trials, and in most cases, from the Israeli Ministry of Health.

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To date, all but one of our completed clinical trials were conducted in Israel.

The Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development Law, 5744-1984

We received grants from the IIA and are therefore subject to the provisions of the R&D Law and a number of related restrictions. See “Business — Research Grants — Grants under the Israeli Encouragement of Industrial and Development Law.”

Europe/Rest of World

Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain approval of a product by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. For example, in the European Union, a clinical trial application, or CTA, must be submitted to each member state’s national health authority and an independent ethics committee. The CTA must be approved by both the national health authority and the independent ethics committee prior to the commencement of a clinical trial in the member state. The approval process varies from country to country and the time frame may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. In addition, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country. In all cases, clinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCP and the applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Helsinki Declaration.

To obtain marketing approval of a drug under European Union regulatory systems, we may submit marketing authorization applications under a centralized procedure. The centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all European Union member states. The centralized procedure is compulsory for medicines produced by certain biotechnological processes, products designated as orphan medicinal products, and products with a new active substance indicated for the treatment of certain diseases, and optional for those products that are highly innovative or for which a centralized process is in the interest of participants. Under the centralized procedure in the European Union, the maximum time frame for the evaluation of a marketing authorization application is 210 days (excluding clock stops, when additional written or oral information is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions asked by the Scientific Advice Working Party of the Committee of Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP). Accelerated evaluation might be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, when a medicinal product is expected to be of a major public health interest, defined by three cumulative criteria: the seriousness of the disease, such as heavy disabling or life-threatening diseases, to be treated; the absence or insufficiency of an appropriate alternative therapeutic approach; and anticipation of high therapeutic benefit. In this circumstance, the EMA ensures that the opinion of the CHMP is given within 150 days.

The decentralized procedure provides for approval by one or more other, or concerned, member states of an assessment of an application performed by one member state, known as the reference member state. Under this procedure, an applicant submits an application, or dossier, and related materials, including a draft summary of product characteristics, and draft labeling and package leaflet, to the reference member state and concerned member states. The reference member state prepares a draft assessment and drafts of the related materials within 120 days after receipt of a valid application. Within 90 days of receiving the reference member state’s assessment report, each concerned member state must decide whether to approve the assessment report and related materials. If a member state cannot approve the assessment report and related materials on the grounds of potential serious risk to public health, the disputed points may eventually be referred to the European Commission, whose decision is binding on all member states.

For other countries outside of the European Union, such as countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America or Asia, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. In all cases, again, the clinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCPs and the applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Helsinki Declaration.

If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution.

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Intellectual Property

As of December 31, 2018, we exclusively licensed two families of patents and own three additional families to use within our field of business. Such patents were granted in various countries, including the United States, Israel, China, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, South Korea, Hong Kong, France, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Russia, Japan and other countries. There are also pending patent applications relating to these patent families in various jurisdictions, including Brazil, all of which are active applications that have yet to be approved. Our patents and patent applications generally relate to influenza vaccines, particularly M-001, and to their manufacture and use. Our patents and patent applications are expected to expire in Europe between 2019 and 2035 and in United States between 2020 and 2035.

The tables below summarize material information regarding our patent families, including expected expiration date by territory:

Title: PEPTIDE-BASED VACCINE FOR INFLUENZA

Assignee: YEDA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD.

Priority: Israel 127331 filed: 30-Nov-1998

PCT: WO 00/032228 filed 28-Nov-1999

Country	Application No.	Filing Date	Patent No.	Expiration Date	Status
Australia	200014066	28-Nov-1999	766883	28-Nov-2019	granted
Belgium	10003160.8	28-Nov-1999	2204187	28-Nov-2019	granted
Canada	2352454	28-Nov-1999	2352454	28-Nov-2019	granted
Europe	10003160.8	28-Nov-1999	2204187		granted
France	10003160.8	28-Nov-1999	2204187	28-Nov-2019	granted
Germany	10003160.8	28-Nov-1999	69944207.9	28-Nov-2019	granted
Hong Kong	10111907.7	28-Nov-1999	1145448	28-Nov-2019	granted
Israel	143367	28-Nov-1999	143367	28-Nov-2019	granted
Italy	10003160.8	28-Nov-1999	2204187	28-Nov-2019	granted
Korea	10-2001-7006639	28-Nov-1999	0703571	28-Nov-2019	granted
Mexico	PA/A/2001/005398	28-Nov-1999	262260	28-Nov-2019	granted
Netherlands	10003160.8	28-Nov-1999	2204187	28-Nov-2019	granted
New Zealand	511918	28-Nov-1999	511918	28-Nov-2019	granted
Spain	10003160.8	28-Nov-1999	2204187	28-Nov-2019	granted
Switzerland	10003160.8	28-Nov-1999	2204187	28-Nov-2019	granted
UK	10003160.8	28-Nov-1999	2204187	28-Nov-2019	granted
USA	09/856920	28-Nov-1999	6740325	28-Nov-2019	granted
USA-1 Div.	10/846548	28-Nov-1999	7192595	31-Aug-2020*	granted

* Due to patent term adjustment of 277 days

Title: IMPROVED INFLUENZA VACCINE

Assignee: YEDA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD.

Priority: US Prov. 60/742574 filed: 06-Dec-2005

PCT: WO2007/066334 filed 06-Dec-2006

Country	Application No.	Filing Date	Patent No.	Expiration Date	Status
Australia	2006322907	06-Dec-2006	2006322907	06-Dec-2026	granted
Austria	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	552846	06-Dec-2026	granted
Belgium	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1968632	06-Dec-2026	granted
Canada	2632483	06-Dec-2006	2632483	06-Dec-2026	granted
Denmark	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1968632	06-Dec-2026	granted
Europe	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1968632		granted
France	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1968632	06-Dec-2026	granted
Germany	602006028848.4	06-Dec-2006	1968632	06-Dec-2026	granted
Greece	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1968632	06-Dec-2026	granted
Ireland	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1968632	06-Dec-2026	granted
Israel	191977	06-Dec-2006	191977	06-Dec-2026	granted
Italy	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1962632	06-Dec-2026	granted
Luxembourg	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1968632	06-Dec-2026	granted
Netherlands	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1968632	06-Dec-2026	granted
Portugal	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1968632	06-Dec-2026	granted
Spain	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1968632	06-Dec-2026	granted
Sweden	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1968632	06-Dec-2026	granted
Switzerland	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1968632	06-Dec-2026	granted
UK	06821622.5	06-Dec-2006	1968632	06-Dec-2026	granted
USA	12/096322	06-Dec-2006	7914797	22-Jan-2027**	granted

** Due to patent term adjustment of 47 days

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Title: MULTIMERIC MULTIEPITOPE INFLUENZA VACCINES

Assignee: BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Priority: US Prov. 60/953498 filed 02-Aug-2007

PCT WO2009/016639 filed: 03-Aug-2008

Country	Application No.	Filing Date	Patent/Publication No.	Expiration Date	Status
Australia	2008281384	03-Aug-2008	2008281384	03-Aug-2028	granted
Brazil	PI 0815008-7	03-Aug-2008	PI0815008-7	03-Aug-2028	examination
Canada	2695399	03-Aug-2008	2965399	03-Aug-2028	granted
China	200880101581.0	03-Aug-2008	ZL200880101581.017	03-Aug-2028	granted
EURASIA (RUSSIA)	201070219	03-Aug-2008	017887	03-Aug-2028	granted
Europe Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey UK	08789738.5	03-Aug-2008	2173376	03-Aug-2028	granted
Hong Kong	10109239.0	03-Aug-2008	1142809	03-Aug-2028	granted
India	670/DELNP/2010	03-Aug-2008	290866	03-Aug-2028	granted
Israel	203508	03-Aug-2008	203508	03-Aug-2028	granted
Japan	2010-518815	03-Aug-2008	5654345	03-Aug-2028	granted
Korea	10-2010-7003351	03-Aug-2008	10-1580660	03-Aug-2028	granted
Mexico	MX/A/2010/001284	03-Aug-2008	302245	03-Aug-2028	granted
USA	12/671617	03-Aug-2008	8747861	18-Aug-2031***	granted
USA	14/263359	03-Aug-2008	US2014/02886982	03-Aug-2028	granted

*** Due to patent term adjustment of 1110 days

55

Title: MULTIMERIC MULTIEPITOPE POLYPEPTIDES AS ENHANCERS FOR SEASONAL AND PANDEMIC INFLUENZA VACCINES

Assignee: BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

PCT WO2012/114323 filed: 22-Feb-2011

Country	Application No.	Filing Date	Patent/Publication No.	Expiration Date	Status
Australia	2011360572	22-Feb-2011	2011360572	22-Feb-2031	granted
Canada	2828068	22-Feb-2011		22-Feb-2031	allowed
USA	14/000815	22-Feb-2011	9303070	13-May-2031*	granted

* Due to patent term adjustment of 80 days

Title: VACCINE COMPOSITIONS OF MULTIMERIC-MULTIEPITOPE INFLUENZA POLYPEPTIDES AND THEIR PRODUCTION

Assignee: BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

PCT WO2015/151103 filed: 01-April-2015

Priority: US Prov. 61/974449 filed 03-Apr-2014

Country	Application No.	Filing Date	Publication No.	Expiration Date	Status
Australia	2015242154	01-Apr-2015		01-Apr-2035	examination
Canada	2944768	01-Apr-2015		01-Apr-2035	filed
China	201580017121X	01-Apr-2015	CN106163553	01-Apr-2035	filed
Europe	15773045.8	01-Apr-2015	3125931	01-Apr-2035	filed
Hong Kong	17101579.8	01-Apr-2015	1227739	01-Apr-2035	filed
India	201627032852	01-Apr-2015		01-Apr-2035	filed
Israel	248055	01-Apr-2015		01-Apr-2035	filed
Japan	2016-559415	01-Apr-2015		01-Apr-2035	examination
USA	15/300529	01-Apr-2015	20170173142	01-Apr-2035	examination

We do not know of any oppositions filed, difficulties or delays in connection with applications submitted by us for the registration of the above-mentioned material patents, including claims submitted against the aforementioned patents that may adversely affect the registration of the patent.

We do not know whether any of our pending patent applications will result in the issuance of any future patents. Our issued patents and those that may be issued in the future, or patents that we exclusively license, may be challenged, narrowed, circumvented or found to be invalid or unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing related products or the length of term of patent protection that we may have for our products. We cannot be certain that we were the first to invent the inventions claimed in patents or patent applications owned by or assigned to us, nor can we be certain that the scientists of the Weizmann Institute were the first to invent the invention claimed in the patents that we exclusively license from Yeda. In addition, our competitors may independently develop similar technologies or duplicate any technology developed by us, and the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with any meaningful competitive advantages against these competitors. Furthermore, because of the extensive time required for development, testing and regulatory review of a potential product, it is possible that, before any of our products can be commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing any advantage of the patent.

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Yeda License Agreement

At present, among other patents, we have an exclusive worldwide license to two families of patents from Yeda pursuant to a license agreement entered into with Yeda in 2003, as amended in 2005.

Pursuant to the license agreement, Yeda granted us an exclusive worldwide license for the development, manufacturing, marketing, sale, distribution and importing of products based, directly or indirectly, on patents and patent applications to be approved or submitted pursuant to the invention titled “Peptide Based Vaccine for Influenza” and the invention titled “Improved Influenza Vaccine”, developed by research headed by Prof. Ruth Arnon.

Unless terminated earlier in accordance with the terms described below, the license granted will remain in effect in each county and for each product developed based on the invention until the earliest of: (i) if a patent was granted in a specific county, the patent expiration date in such country of the last of the patents; (ii) 15 years from the date of first commercial sale of a product, by us or a sublicenses, in either the U.S or Europe, after obtainment of FDA New Drug Approval or equivalent approval in any European country, if there is no patent covering such product in such country but there is however know how that is identifiable as a secret and is not in the public domain which relates to such product, provided that such know how remains secret and of value.

In exchange for the license grant, we or our future sub licensers will be obligated to pay royalties equaling 3% of the total amount invoiced by us or a sub licensee in connection with the sale of products based on Yeda’s patents, or 2% of such amounts if they originated from a country which did not grant a patent in connection with such products. All sales of products in connection with the license agreement for any purpose other than for the purpose of clinical trials are required to be made for monetary consideration.

We are not permitted to assign the license agreement to third parties without Yeda’s prior consent, unless in the framework of our merger with another entity, as a result of which we are not the surviving entity, subject to certain conditions and requirements under the license agreement. We are however entitled to grant sublicenses under the license agreement, subject to Yeda’s prior written approval, provided, among other things, that any sublicense shall expire upon termination of the license agreement and that the licensee (s) shall be bound by confidentiality obligations similar to our confidentiality obligations under the license agreement. The sublicense shall not be transferable or sub licensable. To date we have yet to enter such sublicense agreement. If we sublicense our products we will be obligated to pay Yeda the following royalties: (i) 45% of consideration received (whether monetary or otherwise) by us for the grant of or pursuant to sublicenses or in connection with sublicense options executed prior to the completion of Phase 1 clinical trials; (ii) 35% of consideration received by us up to the first $20 million and 25% of any consideration received by us exceeding such first $20 million, for the grant of or pursuant to sublicenses or in connection with sublicense options executed after the completion of Phase 1 clinical trials and prior to the completion of Phase 2 clinical trials; (iii) 20% of consideration received by us up to the first $20 million and 15% of any consideration received by us exceeding such first $20 million, for the grant of or pursuant to sublicenses or in connection with sublicense options executed after the completion of Phase 2 clinical trials. We are not obligated to pay Yeda any royalties or other payments with respect to (a) the use or disposal of a product, without consideration, for the sole purpose of conducting clinical trials in respect of such product; or (b) any product in any country after the expiry of the license in such country with respect to the product.

We maintain the patents and patent applications licensed from Yeda, and we are obligated to submit to Yeda a development plan for each potential product.

The license agreement will terminate upon the later of: (i) the expiration date of the last patent licensed under the license agreement; (ii) in the event only one product will be developed and/or commercialized by utilizing the licensed intellectual property, 15 years from the date of first commercial sale of such product in either the U.S or Europe, following receipt of New Drug Approval from the FDA or equivalent approval in any European country for such product; (iii) in the event that more than one product will be developed and/or commercialized by utilizing the licensed intellectual property, following the receipt of New Drug Approval from the FDA or equivalent approval in any European country for such product the expiry of a 20 year period during which there shall not have been a sale of any such products in either the U.S. or Europe. However, Yeda shall be entitled, at its option and without our consent, to modify the license so that it is non-exclusive or to terminate the license with 30 days prior written notice to us, if any of the following occurs: (1) we fail to commence the commercial sale of at least one product based on the licenses intellectual property, in at least one country, within six months following receipt of after receipt of an FDA or similar foreign regulatory approval for commercial marketing of such product and taking into account the seasonal nature of the products; or (2) we fail to sell any product based on the licenses intellectual property, during a period of one year after commercial sale of a product has commenced, during which no sales of the product take place (in both cases, except as a result of force majeure or other factors beyond our control). In addition, Yeda is permitted to terminate our license agreement by written notice (a) in the event we materially breach any of our obligations under the license agreement, provided that such material breach is un-curable or, if curable, is not cured by us within thirty days (or in the case of failure by us to make payments due to Yeda in connection with the license agreement, ten days) from receipt of notice of such breach; or (b) in the event of the appointment of a temporary or permanent liquidator to our Company or a resolution is passed to voluntary wind up our Company, or if an order or act is granted for the winding up of our Company, provided that if such order or act was initiated by any third party, such order or act is not cancelled within 120 days; or (c) if we contest the validity of one of the patents registered by Yeda. Upon termination of the license agreement, other than pursuant to (i) through (iii) above, all rights and documents will be returned to Yeda, and we will grant Yeda an exclusive world-wide irrevocable license to our know-how and products which are based on the intellectual property licensed from Yeda or that were discovered or occur or arise from the performance of our development work pursuant to the license agreement. In the event that Yeda terminates the license agreement due to any reason other than termination in accordance with (1), (2) and (a) through (c) above, we will be entitled to receive royalty payments equal to 25% of net proceeds received by Yeda from the grant to third parties, within the five years following the termination of the license agreement, of a license or other rights, which include our developments, up to the aggregate amount of research funds actually expended by us for development.

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Environmental Matters

We are subject to various environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing the use, management and disposal of hazardous, radioactive and biological materials and wastes and the cleanup of contaminated sites. We believe that our business, operations and facilities are being operated in compliance in all material respects with applicable environmental and health and safety laws and regulations. Our laboratory personnel have ongoing communication with the Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection in order to verify compliance with relevant instructions and regulations. In addition, all of our laboratory personnel participate in instruction on the proper handling of chemicals, including hazardous substances before commencing employment, and during the course of their employment, with us. In addition, all information with respect to any chemical substance that we use is filed and stored as a Material Safety Data Sheet, as required by applicable environmental regulations. Based on information currently available to us, we do not expect environmental costs and contingencies to have a material adverse effect on us. The operation of our facilities, however, entails risks in these areas. Significant expenditures could be required in the future if we are required to comply with new or more stringent environmental or health and safety laws, regulations or requirements.

C. Organizational Structure

We do not have any subsidiaries and do not hold any investments in other entities.

D. Property, Plants and Equipment

Since August 2018, our principal executive offices and main laboratory are located at Jerusalem BioPark, 2nd floor, Hadassah Ein Kerem Campus Jerusalem, Israel, next to Hadassah University Hospitals and Hebrew University’s Medical School.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, our office and laboratory leasing costs amounted to NIS 480,103.

Our fixed assets are comprised of factory leasehold improvements, laboratory equipment, furniture, software. The accumulated depreciation as stated in our financial reports is deducted from the fixed assets value. Our fixed assets, less deduction for the accumulated depreciation, were at NIS 28.3 million ($7.5 million) for the period ended on December 31, 2018 and at NIS 5.5 million ($1.5 million) for the period ended on December 31, 2017.

For a description of our current laboratory see Item 4B. “Business Overview – Manufacturing”.

Item 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

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Item 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

A. Operating Results

The information contained in this section should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 and related notes and the information contained elsewhere in this annual report. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB.

Company Overview

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and, ultimately, commercializing immunomodulation therapies for infectious diseases. Our current product candidate, M-001, is a synthetic peptide-based protein targeting both seasonal and pandemic strains of the influenza virus. Unlike existing influenza vaccines, which offer only strain specific seasonal protection or pandemic prevention, M-001 is designed to provide long-lasting protection against multiple existing and future influenza strains. As a result, we believe that M-001 has the potential to become an attractive alternative to existing influenza vaccines.

M-001 is based on research initially conducted at the Weizmann Institute over a period of approximately 10 years prior to our inception in 2003. In 2003, we acquired from Yeda an exclusive worldwide license for the development, manufacture, use, marketing, sale, distribution and importation of products based, directly or indirectly, on patents and patent applications filed pursuant to the invention titled “Peptide Based Vaccine for Influenza”, developed on the basis of the research conducted by Professor Ruth Arnon and her team at the Weizmann Institute. Since 2003, we have continued the research and development of M-001 under the supervision of our Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Tamar Ben-Yedidia and, at present, we own or license five families of patents filed in a large number of jurisdictions, the latest of which is expected to be in force until 2035.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, an agency of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS), the estimated adjusted seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness, or VE, from 2005 to 2017 varied between 10% during the 2004/2005 season to 60% during the 2010/2011 season. In the 2014/15 season, VE was estimated at only 19%. Most existing influenza vaccines are formulated based on weakened or dead strains of the influenza virus that are predicted to be the most common circulating strains during the then upcoming influenza season or that are perceived to have the greatest potential to cause a future pandemic outbreak. While the influenza virus frequently and unpredictably mutates, resulting in novel strains, existing seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines are strain-specific, and only target those specific strains, and are not expected to protect against novel emerging influenza strains. In addition, the production cycle of most existing influenza vaccines is long (approximately 5 to 6 months), considerably limiting the ability to quickly immunize the population in case of a pandemic outbreak.

Since our incorporation, we have primarily focused our efforts on research and development and clinical trials of our product candidate, M-001. We are not profitable and have incurred losses since inception, principally as a result of research and development, clinical trials and general administrative expenses in support of our operations. We have not generated any revenue, expect to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, we had net losses of $2,452, $9,220 and $23,407 thousands, respectively, and we expect such losses to continue for the foreseeable future. In addition, as of December 31, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $56,335 thousands and we expect to experience negative cash flow for the foreseeable future.

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Key Components of Statements of Operations

Revenues

Sources of revenues. Since our inception, we have generated significant losses in connection with our research and development, and, to date, have not to generated revenues.

To date, we have funded our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities (both in private placements, in public offerings on the TASE and the NASDAQ Capital Market) and funding received from the IIA formerly known as the OCS. From our inception until our initial public offering in Israel in June 2007, we raised approximately NIS 20.1 million ($5.3 million) in various private placements. We received approximately NIS 10.12 million ($2.7 million) in net proceeds from our initial public offering in Israel and have raised an additional NIS 49.6 million ($13.2 million) from various public offerings since June 2007 in Israel. We received gross proceeds of approximately $10.12 million from our initial public offering in the U.S. in May 2015, and approximately $8.54 in net proceeds. Our expenses for the initial public offering in the U.S. amounted to $1.49 million, in addition to the grant of options to our underwriter valued at $90,000, for no consideration. We have received gross proceeds of approximately $2.8 million from a private placement transaction with Angels in January 2017, and $3.2 million from ADS issuance under our ATM program, which was terminated as of September 13, 2017. We have also raised approximately $10.4 million in gross proceeds in a public underwritten offering completed in September 2017. During 2018, we have received NIS 84.3 million ($22.5 million ) as loans from the European investing bank As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately NIS 75.8 million ($20.2 million), of cash and cash equivalents. We expect that we will incur additional losses soon as a result of our research and development activities. Such research and development activities will require us to obtain and expend further resources if we are to be successful. As a result, we expect to continue to incur operating losses, and we may be required to obtain additional funds during 2019, to further develop our research and development programs and our product candidate. As a result of, among other things, our research and development activities, as well as our failure to generate revenues since our inception, for the year ended December 31, 2018, our net loss was approximately NIS 87.7 million ($23.4 million), respectively. 

Cost of Revenues

Our total cost of revenues includes expenses for the manufacturing M-001, including the cost of raw materials, employee-related expenses including salaries, equity based-compensation and other benefits and related expenses, rental fees, utilities and depreciation. We expect that our cost of revenues will continue to increase.

Operating Expenses

Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel expenses, fees paid to consultants, patent-related legal fees, costs of preclinical studies and clinical studies, drug and laboratory supplies, and costs for facilities and equipment. We charge all research and development expenses to operations as they are incurred. We expect our research and development expense to remain our primary expense in the near future as we continue to develop M-001. Increases or decreases in research and development expenditures are attributable to the number and/or duration of the clinical studies that we conduct.

We expect that a large percentage of our research and development expense in the future will be incurred in support of our current and future clinical development projects. Due to the inherently unpredictable nature of clinical development processes, we are unable to estimate with any certainty the costs we will incur in the continued development of M-001 for potential commercialization. Clinical development timelines, the probability of success and development costs can differ materially from expectations. We expect to continue to conduct additional clinical trials for M-001.

While we are currently focused on advancing our product development, our future research and development expenses will depend on the clinical success of M-001, as well as ongoing assessments of M-001’s, and any future product candidates’ commercial potential. As we obtain results from clinical studies, we may elect to discontinue or delay clinical studies for M-001 and any future product candidate in certain indications in order to focus our resources on more promising product candidates. Completion of clinical studies may take several years or more, but the length of time generally varies according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use of a product candidate.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase in the future from current levels as we continue the advancement of our clinical product development. The lengthy process of completing clinical studies and seeking regulatory approval for M-001 requires the expenditure of substantial resources. Any failure or delay in completing clinical studies, or in obtaining regulatory approvals, could cause a delay in generating product revenue and cause our research and development expenses to increase and, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our operations. Because of the factors set forth above, we are not able to estimate with any certainty when we would recognize any net cash inflows from our projects.

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Developing drugs, conducting clinical trials, obtaining commercial manufacturing capabilities and commercializing products is expensive and we will need to raise substantial additional funds to achieve our strategic objectives. Although we believe that our existing cash resources will be sufficient to fund our projected cash requirements for at least the next 15 months, we will require significant additional financing in the future to fund our operations, including if and when we progress into additional clinical trials of our product candidate, obtain regulatory approval for M-001, obtain commercial manufacturing capabilities and commercialize our product candidate. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

● the progress and costs of our clinical trials and other research and development activities;

● the scope, prioritization and number of our clinical trials and other research and development programs;

● the amount of revenues and contributions we receive under future licensing, collaboration, development and commercialization arrangements with respect to our product candidates;

● the costs of the development and expansion of our operational infrastructure;

● the costs and timing of obtaining regulatory approval for our product candidate;

● the ability of us, or our collaborators, to achieve development milestones, marketing approval and other events or developments under our potential future licensing agreements;

● the costs of filing, prosecuting, enforcing and defending patent claims and other intellectual property rights;

● the costs and timing of securing manufacturing arrangements for clinical or commercial production;

● the costs of contracting with third parties to provide sales and marketing capabilities for us or establishing such capabilities ourselves;

● the costs of acquiring or undertaking development and commercialization efforts for any future products, product candidates or platforms;

● the magnitude of our general and administrative expenses; and

● any cost that we may incur under future in- and out-licensing arrangements relating to one or more of our product candidates.

Until we can generate significant recurring revenues, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through the net proceeds received from our initial public offering in the U.S., future private or public equity raising, grants from governmental agencies such as the IIA, debt or equity or other non-dilutive financings. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate research or development plans for, or commercialization efforts with respect to, M-001 or any future product candidate.

Since 2006 and through December 31, 2018, we have received $5.5 million in OCS grants.

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Marketing, General and Administrative Expenses:

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and expenses related to employee benefits, including share-based compensation, for our general and administrative employees, which includes employees in executive and operational roles, including finance and human resources, as well as consulting, legal and professional services related to our general and administrative operations.

Financial Income and Expenses

Financial income consists primarily of interest income on our cash and cash equivalents, foreign currency exchange income and warrants valuation. Financial expenses consist primarily of expenses related to bank charges foreign currency exchange expense and financial liabilities valuation.

Participation by Third Parties

Our research and development expenses are net of the following participations by third parties.

Participation by the Office of the Chief Scientist. 

Research and development grants received from the OCS, today known as the IIA, are recognized upon receipt as a liability if future economic benefits are expected from the project that will result in royalty-bearing sales. The amount of the liability for the loan is first measured at fair value using a discount rate that reflects a market rate of interest that reflects the appropriate degree of risks inherent in our business. If no economic benefits are expected from the research activity, the grant receipts are recognized as a reduction of the related research and development expenses. In that event, the royalty obligation is treated as a contingent liability in accordance with IAS 37, “Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets.”

At the end of each reporting period, we evaluate whether there is reasonable assurance that the received grants will not be repaid based on its best estimate of future sales and, if so, no liability is recognized and the grants are recorded against a corresponding reduction in research and development expenses.

Since our development projects are currently in Phase 3 clinical trials, the management estimate that future economic benefits of the project are possible, therefor liability with respect to the OCS was recorded to date in the sum of NIS 14.6 million ( approximately $3.9 million)

Research and development grants received from the European Union are recorded against a corresponding reduction in research and development expenses.

Taxes on Income

Israeli resident companies, such as the Company, are generally subject to corporate tax at the rate of 23% as of 2018.

Capital gains derived by an Israeli resident company are generally subject to tax at the same rate as the corporate tax rate. Under Israeli tax legislation, a corporation will be considered as an “Israeli Resident” if it meets one of the following: (a) it was incorporated in Israel; or (b) the control and management of its business are exercised in Israel.

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Comparison of Period to Period Results of Operations

The table below provides our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014:

	2014			2015			2016			2017			2018			2018
																Convenience translation into USD in thousands(2)
Statements of comprehensive loss data:(1)
Research and development expenses		6,441			10,736			9,397			19,423			72,056			19,225
Participation by the IIA and UNISEC		(949	)		(2,830	)		(1,603	)		(646	)		(143	)		(38	)
Research and development, net of participations expenses		5,492			7,906			7,794			18,777			71,913			19,187
Marketing, general and administrative expenses		2,650			3,397			4,106			4,879			5,154			1,375
Operating loss		8,142			11,303			11,900			23,656			77,067			20,562
Financial income		394			1,128			3,019			18			2,936			783
Financial expenses		(16	)		(24	)		(303	)		(10,913	)		(13,596	)		(3,628	)
Financial income (expenses), net		378			1,104			2,716			(10,895	)		(10,660	)		(2,844	)
Net loss		7,764			10,199			9,184			34,551			87,727			23,407
Loss from available-for-sale financial assets		4			5			6			6			-			-
Total comprehensive loss		7,768			10,204			9,190			34,557			87,727			23,407
Basic and Diluted net loss per share (NIS)		0.14			0.1			0.07			0.17			0.34			0.09
Weighted average number of shares outstanding used to compute basic and diluted loss per share (in thousands)		54,286			105,523			135,097			201,031			261,420			261,420

	December 31,
	2016		2017			2018			2018
									Convenience translation into USD in thousands(2)
Statement of financial position
Cash and cash equivalents		15,705			71,382		75,883			20,246
Short-term deposits		7,602			-		-			-
Marketable securities – short term		2,017			-		-			-
Other receivables		815			3,923		965			258
Marketable securities – long term		2,050		-	-		-			-
Property, plant and equipment		1,443			5,510		28,249			7,537
Other long term assets		478			880		740			197
Total assets		30,110			81,695		105,837			28,238
Trade payables		686			6,223		20,723			5,529
Other payables		689			660		1,076			287
Warrants		3,043			8,177		6,168			1,645
Liability in respect of government grants		-			10,300		14,643			3,907
Loan from others		-			-		94,360			25,176
Severance pay liability, net		76			83		82			22
Total liabilities		4,494			25,443		137,052			36,567
Total shareholders’ equity		25,616			56,252		(31,215	)		(8,328	)

(1) Diluted loss per share data is not presented because the effect of the exercise of our outstanding options is anti-dilutive.

(2) Calculated using the exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel for December 31, 2018, at the rate of one U.S. dollar per NIS 3.748

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Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

Research and Development Expenses, net

Our research and development expenses, net for the year ended December 31, 2018 amounted to NIS 71.9 million ($19.2 million) compared NIS 18.8 ($5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily a result of the clinical trial phase 3 expenses of NIS 53.6 ($14.3 million). 

Marketing, General and Administrative Expenses

Our marketing, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 amounted to NIS 5.1 million (approximately $1.37 million) compared to NIS 4.8 million (approximately 1.3 million) for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase primarily results from higher professional services and salaries expenses.

Financial Expense (Income), Net

Our financial expenses, net for the year ended December 31, 2018 amounted to NIS 10.6 million ($2.8 million) primarily from financial expenses in respect of loans from EIB and government grants.. Our financial expenses, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to NIS 10.9 million ($2.9 million) from primarily from exchange differences on cash and cash equivalent and revaluation of the warrants. Net Loss

As a result of the foregoing research and development, marketing general and administrative expenses, and as we have not yet generated revenues since our inception, our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2018 was NIS 87.7 million ($23.4 million), compared to our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 of NIS 34.5 million ($9.3 million). The increase in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily resulted from our research and development expenses and marketing, general and administrative expenses as described above.

Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016

Research and Development Expenses, net

Our research and development expenses, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to NIS 18.8 million ($5 million) compared NIS 7.8 ($2.1 million) for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily a result of increase in liability with respect to government grants of NIS 10.3 ($2.7 million) which was recorded as an expenses due to revenues forecast. 

Marketing, General and Administrative Expenses

Our marketing, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to NIS 4.8 million ($1.3 million) compared to NIS 4.1 million 1.1 million) for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase primarily results from higher professional services and salaries expenses.

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Financial Expense (Income), Net

Our financial expenses, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to NIS 10.9 million ($2.9 million) primarily from exchange differences on cash and cash equivalent and revaluation of the options. Our financial income, net for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to NIS 2.7 million ($0.7 million)

Net Loss

As a result of the foregoing research and development, marketing general and administrative expenses, and as we have not yet generated revenues since our inception, our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 was NIS 34.5 million ($9.2 million), compared to our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 of NIS 9.1 million ($2.4 million). The increase in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily resulted from our research and development expenses and marketing, general and administrative expenses as described above.

Quarterly Results of Operations

The following tables show our unaudited quarterly statements of operations for the periods indicated. We have prepared this quarterly information on a basis consistent with our audited consolidated financial statements and we believe it includes all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the information shown. Operating results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of results for a full fiscal year.

	Three Months Ended
	Mar-31		Jun-30		Sept. 30			Dec. 31			Mar-31		Jun-30			Sept. 30		Dec. 31
	2017										2018
Research and development, net of participations (in thousand NIS)		1,874		2,022		1,174			13,707			11,745		29,205			4,347		26,616
Research and development, net of participations (in thousand US dollars)(1)		541		583		339			3,953			3,134		7,792			1,160		7,101
marketing, general and administrative (in thousand NIS)(1)		1,094		569		2,036			1,180			884		1,445			1,475		1,350
marketing, general and administrative (in thousand US dollars)		316		164		587			340			236		386			394		360
Operating loss (in thousand NIS)		2,968		2,591		3,210			14,887			12,629		30,650			5,822		27,966
Operating loss (in thousand US dollars) (1)		856		747		926			4,293			3,370		8,178			1,554		7,461
Financial expenses (income), net (in thousand NIS)		8,864		9,081		(4,513	)		(2,537	)		1,573		(339	)		902		8,524
Financial expenses (income), net (in thousand US dollars) (1)		2,557		2,619		(1,303	)		(730	)		420		(90	)		241		2,274
Net loss (in thousand NIS)		11,832		11,672		(1,303	)		12,350			14,202		30,311			6,724		36,490
Net loss (in thousand US dollars) (1)		3,413		3,367		(376	)		3,562			3,790		8,088			1,795		9,734

(1) Calculated using the exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel for December 31, 2018, at the rate of one U.S. dollar per NIS 3.748.

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Our quarterly revenues and operating results of operations have varied in the past and can be expected to vary in the future due to numerous factors. We believe that period to period comparisons of our operating results are not necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as indications of future performance.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have funded our operations primarily through public and private offerings of our equity securities in Israel and the U.S. and grants from the OCS, today known as the IIA, grants received by the Israeli Ministry of Economy and European grants under the UNISEC consortium.

As of December 31, 2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of NIS 75.8 million ($20.2 million) as compared to NIS 71.3 million ($19 million) as of December 31, 2017. This increase is attributable a loan taken from the European investment bank in the sum of NIS 84.3 million ($22.5 million) during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Net cash used in operating activities was NIS 57.2 million ($15.26 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared with net cash used in operating activities of NIS 10.05 million ($2.7 million) for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Net cash used by invest activities for the year ended December 31, 2018, was NIS 23.5 million ($6.2 million) compared with net cash provided by investing activities of NIS 6.7 million ($1.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2017, and primarily reflects purchase of fixed assets and change in long term assets.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was NIS 84.3 million ($22.5 million) mostly from loans taken from the European investment bank compared NIS 61.8 million ($16.5 million) as of December 31, 2017, which derived from issuance of shares and options to the public and private placements.

At December 31, 2018, our accumulated deficit amounted to $56.3 million. We had working capital of $14.6 million as of December 31, 2018. In the future, we may raise additional capital from external sources in order to continue the longer term efforts contemplated under our business plan. We expect to continue incurring losses for the foreseeable future and may need to raise additional capital to pursue our product development initiatives, to penetrate markets for the sale of our product candidates and continue operations as presently maintained. We cannot provide any assurance that we will raise additional capital. Management believes that we have access to capital resources through possible public or private equity offerings, debt financings, corporate collaborations or other means; however, we have not secured any commitment for new financing at this time nor can we provide any assurance that new financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. If the economic climate in the U.S. deteriorates, our ability to raise additional capital could be negatively impacted. If we are unable to secure additional capital, we may be required to curtail our research and development initiatives and take additional measures to reduce costs in order to conserve its cash in amounts sufficient to sustain operations and meet our obligations. These measures could cause significant delays in our efforts to commercialize our products, which is critical to the realization of our business plan and our future operations.

On March 25, 2019, we have filed a draft of registration statement on form F-1 for a contemplated rights offering.

Assuming exercise of all ADS warrants held by investors for cash, we will receive gross proceeds of $11.02 million. Assuming the exercise of all of the representative’s warrants for cash, we will receive gross proceeds of $0.4 million.

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Trend Information

We are a development stage company with no revenues to date. Accordingly, it is not possible for us to predict with any degree of accuracy the outcome of our research, development or commercialization efforts, or identify any significant trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events that are reasonably likely to have a material effect in the future on our net sales or revenues, income from continuing operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources. However, to the extent possible, certain trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments and events are identified in the preceding subsections of this Item 5.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We describe our significant accounting policies in Note 2 to our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The discussion and the analysis of our financial results of operation are based on our financial statements, which we prepare in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have had or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.

Contractual Obligations

Our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 included the following (in thousands):

	1 – 3 Years		4 – 5 Years		More than 5 Years		Total
Operating Lease Obligations in NIS		3,369		2,179		5,385		10,932
Operating Lease Obligations in USD		947		612		1,513		3,073

Item 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and Senior Management

Executive Officers and Directors

We are managed by a board of directors, which is currently comprised of eight members, and our executive officers. Each of our executive officers is appointed by our board of directors. The table below sets forth our directors and executive officers. The business address for each of our executive officers and directors is c/o BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Jerusalem BioPark, 2nd floor, Hadassah Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.

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Name	Age	Position
Avner Rotman	74	Chairman of the Board of Directors
Mark Germain	68	Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors
Ron Babecoff	56	Chief Executive Officer and Director
Tamar Ben Yedidia	55	Chief Scientist
Uri Ben Or	48	Chief Financial Officer
Michal Marom Brikman(1)	48	Director
George H. Lowell	72	Director
Morris Laster(1)	53	Director
Ruth Ben Yakar(1)	48	Director
Isaac Devash	56	Director

(1) Member of the Audit Committee and of the Compensation Committee.

Executive Officers

Dr. Ron Babecoff co-founded us in 2003, and has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer since our inception. Prior to our founding, Dr. Babecoff served as Marketing Manager at Omrix Biopharmaceuticals Ltd. from 2000 to 2003. Dr. Babecoff holds a D.V.M. degree from the University of Liège (ULg), Belgium and a Master of Entrepreneurship and Innovation (MEI) from the Swinburne University of Technology of Melbourne, Australia. We believe that Dr. Babecoff is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his many years of service as our President and CEO, his extensive knowledge of our company and his intimate knowledge of our business plans and strategies as a co-founder of our business, and his experience within our industry.

Dr. Tamar Ben Yedidia has served as our Chief Scientist since 2004. Dr. Ben-Yedidia began her career at Biotechnology General (Israel) Ltd., BTG (Rehovot), where she was employed as lab manager from 1991 to 1994. Dr. Ben-Yedidia joined the Department of Immunology at the Weizmann Institute of Science from 1994 – 2004. Dr. Ben-Yedidia was involved in two European Consortium projects related to the evaluation of different approaches for vaccination, has been invited to address conferences worldwide and is published in various scientific journals. Dr. Ben-Yedidia received her Ph.D. in immunology from the Weizmann Institute after completion of her doctoral thesis titled “A Peptide-Based Vaccine Against Influenza”.

Mr. Uri Ben Or has served as our Chief Financial Officer since 2007. In January, 2007, Mr. Ben Or founded CFO Direct, in which he has served as the Chief Executive Officer and through which he provides his services to our company. Mr. Ben-Or holds a B.A. degree in Business from the College of Administration, and a M.B.A degree from the Bar Ilan University and is a certified public accountant in Israel.

Directors

Professor Avner Rotman has been Chairman of our board of directors since 2005. Prof. Rotman founded in 2000, and has served since then and continues to serve as the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Rodar Technologies Ltd. Prof. Rotman also founded Bio-Dar Ltd. in 1984, and served as its President and CEO from 1985 until 2000. Prof. Rotman was also the chairman of the I-Tech incubator at Kyriat Weizmann. Prof. Rotman is the Founder and Chairman of the Foundation of Cardiovascular Research in Israel. Prof. Rotman holds a PhD in chemistry from the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, and an M.Sc and B.Sc in chemistry from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. We believe that Prof. Rotman is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his extensive experience and knowledge in the field of biotechnology and as an executive officer and director of multiple biotechnology companies. On August 31, 2017, Following the European Investment Bank (EIB)’s significant €20 million funding agreement, and as we progress towards Phase 3 clinical trials and construction of its commercial mid-size manufacturing facility, our board of directors decided that we will focus its efforts on the international scene. In that regard, it was decided, inter alia, to identify a new chairman of the board of directors with relevant global experience to guide us through the anticipated upcoming international Phase 3 trials and global commercialization.

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Mr. Mark Germain has been involved as a founder, director, chairman of the board of, and/or investor in, over twenty companies in the biotech field and assisted many of them in arranging corporate partnerships, acquiring technology, entering into mergers and acquisitions, and executing financings and going public transactions.  He graduated from New York University School of Law in 1975, Order of the Coif, and was a partner in a New York law firm practicing corporate and securities law before leaving in 1986. Since then, and until he entered the biotech field in 1991, he served in senior executive capacities, including as president of a public company that was sold in 1991.  In addition to being a director of BiondVax, Mr. Germain is a Managing Director at The Aentib Group, a boutique merchant bank, and has served as a director on the board of Pluristem Therapeutics since 2007, including time as Co-Chairman. Mr. Germain also serves or served as a director of the following companies that were reporting companies in the past: ChromaDex, Inc., Stem Cell Innovations, Inc., Omnimmune Corp. and Collexis Holdings, Inc.  He is also a co-founder and director of a number of private companies in and outside the biotech field.

Ms. Michal Marom Brikman is a certified public accountant in Israel since 1994. She holds an M.A. degree in business from the Israeli College of Business in Rishon Letziyon, Israel, and a M.S.F from the Baruch College of Business in New York City, NY. Since 2011, Ms. Brikman has been serving as the Chief Financial Officer of Linkury Ltd., an Israeli private company. In addition, Ms. Brikman serves as an external director, as defined under Israeli Companies law, in a number of Israeli public companies, including: Union Bank of Israel Ltd. (TLV:UNON), Ado Group Ltd. (TLV:ADO), Arko Holdings, Ltd. (TLV:ARKO), Spectronix Ltd. (TLV:SPCT), Algomizer Ltd. (TLV:ALMO), Naaman Vardinon Ltd. (TLV:NAMN) and Dan Hotels Ltd. (TLV: DANH).

Prof. George H. Lowell, M.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since 2008. Prior to joining our company, Prof. Lowell served as Chief Scientific Officer for BioDefense at GlaxoSmithkline Biologicals (GSK) from 2006 to 2007 and CSO of ID Biomedical Corp. (IDB) from 2001 to 2006. Prof. Lowell served as President and CSO of the vaccine R&D companies he founded, Intellivax, Inc. in Baltimore and Intellivax International Inc. in Montreal from 1995 until 2001. From 1974, Prof. Lowell served on active duty in the US Army Medical R&D Command, retiring in 1994 with the rank of Colonel. During this period he served as consultant in pediatric infectious diseases at The Walter Reed Army Medical Center and director of his laboratories at The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Washington, D.C. Prof. Lowell has held a number of academic posts, including Visiting Scientist at the Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel) and Visiting Professor, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center (Israel). Prof. Lowell holds a B.A. from Yeshiva University, NY, NY, and an M.D. from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, NY, NY. Prof. Lowell performed three years of post-doctoral training in pediatrics and pediatric infectious diseases and immunology at NYU-Bellevue Medical Center, NY, NY and The Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, NY. We believe that Prof. Lowell is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his extensive experience and knowledge in the field of health care and years of executive leadership in the biomedical industry.

Dr. Ruth Ben Yakar, PhD. is currently CEO and member of the Board of Directors at BioSight Ltd., a private biopharmaceutical company focused on research and development of innovative cancer targeted pro-drugs. She has over 20 years of experience in the biomedical fi eld, including 15 years of management in the biotech industry, leading diverse corporate, business, operational, fi nancial, clinical and regulatory activities. Dr. Ben Yakar also serves as a Director at SHL Telemedicine and Cellect Biomed boards of directors. Dr. Ben Yakar formerly served as the CEO of Procognia, a public biotech company, a Director at IATI, the CEO of Thrombotech, where she led a multi-center clinical trial and led the company towards acquisition, the Chief Business Offi cer of YEDA, the technology transfer company of the Weizmann Institute of Science, and a Vice President in several Biotech companies. Dr. Ben Yakar holds a PhD Cum Laude in molecular cell biology from the Weizmann Institute of Science.

Mr. Isaac Devash is a business and social entrepreneur with over twenty years of experience in venture capital and private equity investments, and several years of experience as an investment banker in mergers and acquisitions at Credit Suisse First Boston in New York, London, and Tokyo. Mr. Devash established a number of private equity funds and assisted a variety of Israeli companies in their international development and a number of leading international investors in their investments in Israel. Mr. Devash was a member of the Goshen Committee for formulating the standards of corporate governance for Israeli public companies. Mr. Devash founded and serves as the Chairman and President, respectively, of the Wharton and Harvard Business School alumni clubs of Israel. Mr. Devash holds a bachelor’s degree, summa cum laude, from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and an MBA from Harvard University.

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Dr. Morris C. Laster has served as a member of our board of directors since November 2017. Dr. Laster possesses over 25 years of experience in the Biomed industry, with expertise in identification, evaluation, finance and management of biomedical innovations in both public and private companies. Dr. Laster is a Venture Partner at OurCrowd a world leading crowd funding platform and is the CEO of Clil Medical Ltd., a biomedical consultancy company. He is also the CEO of Vital Spark Inc., a new company developing novel dual action cannabinoids licensed from the NIH. Previously, he served as the founding CEO and director of BioLineRx Ltd. (NASDAQ/TASE: BLRX) from 2003 and until 2010. Dr. Laster is also one of the founders of Kitov Pharmaceuticals Holdings Ltd. (NASDAQ: KTOV; TASE: KTOV), and has served as a director in Kitov from 2010 and until 2014. Dr. Laster holds an M.D. degree from SUNY Health Science Center At Brooklyn (SUNY HSCB) and B.S. in Biology, Magna Cum Laude, from State University of New York at Albany.

Our Scientific Advisory Team

Our Scientific Advisory Team includes specialists and experts in Israel, with experience in the fields of Biochemistry, infectious diseases and medical research. Our Scientific Advisory Team plays an active role in advising us with respect to our products, technology development, clinical trials and safety. Pursuant to their respective appointment letters, our advisory team members are entitled to receive the following compensation: (i) a per diem cash payment of $1,000 plus VAT (aside from Professor Ruth Arnon who is entitled to receive $1,400 plus VAT), for Scientific Advisory Team meetings attended in Israel or consultation services provided during a period longer than 4 consecutive hours, or a proportion of such amount for a partial day of less than 4 consecutive hours (aside from Professor Ruth Arnon, who shall be entitled to a full day amount or any proportion of such full day amount based on a full day being 8 hours); (ii) a per diem cash payment of $2,000 plus VAT (aside from Professor Ruth Arnon who is entitled to receive $2,400 plus VAT), per full day of Scientific Advisory Team meetings or full session consultation attended outside of Israel, provided, that, in the event travel time exceeds 48 hours, additional compensation will be provided at a rate of $1,000 per each 24 hours; and (iii) with respect to Professor Michel Revel, for occasional consultations (less than 4 consecutive hours per each consultation) which do not fall under any of the above categories, the compensation shall be calculated based on a fee of $250 per full hour of consultation. In addition, Prof. Arnon is also employed by us on a part time (5%) basis in exchange for a monthly salary of $1,800. Each member of our Scientific Advisory Team was granted options to purchase ordinary shares of our Company pursuant to their respective appointment letters. According to the appointment letters, we granted a total of 666,050 options that expired during November and December 2015.

In September 2016 Professor Shai Ashkenazi was appointed to serve as a member of our Scientific Advisory Board. Professor Ashkenazi will receive a compensation for his services under similar terms and conditions to those granted to previous members appointed to serve in the Advisory Board in the past, as follows: as compensation for his services, Professor Ashkenazi will be paid $ 1,000 per day (or part thereof) on which he provides consultation services to the Company. Professor Ashkenazi will be reimbursed for all out-of-pocket expenses. In addition, Professor Ashkenazi will receive unregistered options exercisable for up to 54,000 ordinary shares, no par value each, representing 1,350 ADSs, under the Company’s option plan, intended to be approved at the upcoming annual general shareholders meeting, at a per share exercise price of $0.12. The Options are scheduled to vest in four equal installments, 13,500 shares, commencing on the first anniversary date of the appointment and on each anniversary thereafter until all Options are vested at the fourth anniversary.

The following table sets forth certain biographical information with respect to our Scientific Advisory Team members:

Professor Ruth Arnon is the inventor of the new synthetic influenza vaccine and head of BiondVax’s Scientific Advisory Board. Formerly Vice-President of the Weizmann Institute of Science (1988-1997), Professor Arnon is an internationally acclaimed immunologist. Along with Prof. Michael Sela, she conceptualized and developed Copaxone®, a drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis which was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and is presently marketed worldwide. Prior to her appointment as Vice-President, Prof. Arnon served as Head of the Department of Chemical Immunology and as Dean of the Faculty of Biology. From 1985 to 1994, Prof. Arnon was Director of the Institute’s McArthur Center for Molecular Biology of Tropical Diseases. Prof. Arnon has made significant contributions in the fields of vaccine development, cancer research and to the study of parasitic diseases. She has served as President of the European Federation of Immunological Societies (EFIS), and as Secretary-General of the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). Dr. Arnon is the recipient of numerous international and Israeli awards including the prestigious Israel Prize. Prof. Arnon is also the Advisor for Science to the President of Israel and a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences, where she presently chairs its Science Division. Prof. Arnon is the incumbent of the Paul Ehrlich Chair in Immunochemistry at the Weizmann Institute. Prof. Arnon is also employed by us on a part time (5%) basis in exchange for a monthly salary of $1,800.

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Prof. Michel Revel, Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics at the Weizmann Institute of Science is well known for his contributions to the field of immunology. Prof. Revel’s research on Interferon, its mechanisms of action and the isolation of the human Interferon-beta gene, have led to the biotechnological development of Interferon-beta and its application in medicine. Prof. Revel also discovered the human gene for the cytokine Interleukin-6 which was developed at his laboratory and at InterPharm-Serono based on its activity for protecting nerve cells and the nerve myelin coating.

Alongside his research and development activity, Prof. Revel is deeply involved in the ethics of science and biotechnology, and serves as chairman of the Bioethics Advisory Committee of the Israel Academy of Sciences and as a member of the International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO. He integrates his work in science with traditional Judaism and Jewish philosophy in addressing bioethical issues such as use of human embryo stem cells, genetic intervention in man and cloning. Prof. Revel was the recipient of the Israel Prize for medical research and the Michael Landau Prize for biotechnology. He has been a member of Israel’s National Committee for Biotechnology since its establishment, serving for three years as its chairman.

Professor Shai Ashkenazi, is a clinical and regulatory vaccine expert, with significant contributions to flu and other infectious disease vaccine research and development. He has served on the clinical trial advisory boards for the development of a pediatric flu vaccine, vaccines for enteric infections, as well as other infectious diseases. Also, Professor Ashkenazi has a deep understanding and experience with the Company’s universal flu vaccine as he served as the head of the data and safety monitoring board (DSMB) in all of the Company’s clinical trials in Israel and abroad. In addition, Professor Ashkenazi is an editorial board member of several international medical journals, has served on numerous national and international committees, authored over 200 medical publications and is editor of the Israeli Textbook of Pediatrics.

B. Compensation

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

Compensation to Directors

During 2018, we paid our members of our audit and compensation committee, Dr. Ruth Ben Yakar and Ms. Michal Marom Brikman , an annual fee of NIS 76,022 ($21,927) for meetings participation and annual fee. 

Professor Avner Rotman has been the chairman of our board of directors since 2005. In May 2010 our general shareholders meeting approved a gross monthly payment of NIS 6,000 plus VAT ($1,730 plus VAT) to Professor Rotman as compensation for his service as the chairman of the board, to be paid by us to Rodar Technologies Ltd., a private company controlled by Prof. Rotman. On February 12, 2015, our shareholders approved the extension of Prof. Rotman’s term and compensation for an additional period of two years. Our board of director did not yet approve new compensation terms to Prof. Rotman following the end of the compensation period.

Subject to the approval of the Company’s shareholders, our compensation committee and our board of directors have approved a services agreement between the Company and Mr. Mark Germain, the vice chairman and director of the Company, to include: (1) the grant of options under the Company’s ESOP exercisable to purchase up to 130,710 ADSs, representing 2% of the current outstanding share capital of the Company (1.5% on a fully diluted basis); (2) a monthly payment of $10,000.

In addition, in August 2012 our general shareholders meeting approved the grant of the following conditioned bonuses to all our directors serving at the time of such approval, except the external directors, during the term of their service: in the event that we duly enter into one or more material agreement, defined as an agreement or a series of agreements, pertaining to a transaction with us (or any other entity designated by us for the transaction by us) in connection with the sale of all or substantially all of our assets or a commercialization of one of our products in the field of business, with aggregate proceeds received resultant of such agreement are no less than a sum of $10,000,000 with any third party during their term, such directors shall each be entitled to receive a one-time bonus per material agreement equal to 0.5% of the proceeds received by us as a result of the material agreement. According to our compensation policy as amended and approved by our shareholders on March 1, 2015, this bonus shall be limited to an aggregate amount of NIS 50 million ($14.4 million).

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The following table presents in the aggregate all compensation we paid to all of our directors and senior management as a group for the year ended December 31, 2018. The table does not include any amounts we paid to reimburse any of such persons for costs incurred in providing us with services during this period.

	Salaries, fees, commissions and bonuses (thousand NIS)		Salaries, fees, commissions and bonuses (thousand USD)(1)		Pension, retirement, options and other similar benefits (thousand NIS)		Pension, retirement, options and other similar benefits (thousand USD)
All directors and senior management as a group, consisting of 9 persons (2)		2,510		670		570		152

(1) Calculated using the exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel for December 31, 2018, at the rate of one U.S. dollar per NIS 3.748.

(2) Includes compensation paid to Liora Katzenstein who served as an external Director until June 2018 in accordance with the Companies Law and Regulations promulgated hereof.

The following table presents information regarding compensation actually received by our executive officers during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Annual Compensation (excluding option grants)	December 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
Name	Salary and related benefits (in NIS)		Salary and related benefits (in $US)(1)		Salary and related benefits (in NIS)		Salary and related benefits (in $US)(1)
Avner Rotman		72,000		19,210		72,000		19,210
Ron Babecoff		1,087,727		290,215		1,007,000		268,677
Tamar Ben Yedidia		573,070		152,900		525,000		140,075
Ruth Ben Yakar		59,945		15,994		53,000		14,141
Michael Marom Brikman		58,739		15,672		54,000		14,408
Irit Ben Ami		-		-		23,000		6,137
Morris Laster		44,626		11,907		-		-
Mark Germain		248,398		66,275		-		-
Uri Ben Or		335,242		89,446		534,000		142,476

(1) “Salary and related benefits” include payments to the National Insurance Institute, advanced education funds, managers’ insurance and pension funds; vacation pay; and recuperations pay as mandated by Israeli law.

(2) Calculated using the exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel for December 31 2018, at the rate of one U.S. dollar per NIS 3.748

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Employment and Services Agreements

Our employees are employed under the terms prescribed in their respective personal contracts, in accordance with the decisions of our management. Under these employment contracts, the employees are entitled to the social benefits prescribed by law and as otherwise provided in their personal contracts. These employment contracts each contain provisions standard for a company in our industry regarding non-competition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. Under current applicable employment laws, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former employees. We also provide certain of our employees with a company car, which is leased from a leasing company, and a mobile phone and additional benefits.

Our executive officers are also employed under the terms and conditions prescribed in personal contracts. These personal contracts provide for notice periods of varying duration for termination of the agreement by us or by the relevant executive officer, during which time the executive officer will continue to receive base salary and benefits. These agreements also contain customary provisions regarding non-competition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions.

Services and Employment Agreements with Our Chief Executive Officer

Ron Babecoff

Dr. Babecoff is one of our founders and has served as the CEO and a member of our board of directors since 2005. We retained Dr. Babecoff’s services through Ron Executive Ltd., a company solely owned by him, with which we entered into a management services agreement on April 1, 2007, as later amended on April 18, 2012, and extended and further amended as described below. Under the agreement, Dr. Babecoff received a monthly salary of NIS 52,500 plus VAT. We also provide Dr. Babecoff with a leased company car. In addition, in the event that we duly enter into one or more material agreement(s) (i.e. an agreement or a series of agreements, pertaining to a transaction with us (or any other entity designated by us for the transaction by us) in connection with the sale of all or substantially all of our assets or a commercialization of one of our products in the field of business, with aggregate proceeds received resultant of such agreement are no less than a sum of US$10,000,000) with any third party during the term of Dr. Babecoff’s engagement with us or during a period of three years commencing on the date of the termination of the management services agreement by us, Dr. Babecoff shall be entitled to receive a one-time bonus per material agreement equal to 1.75% of the proceeds received by us as a result of the material agreement. The term of Dr. Babecoff’s agreement was to expire on April 1, 2015, unless earlier terminated. Dr. Babecoff’s service agreement may be terminated by us upon nine months prior written notice or immediately if terminated for cause (i.e., termination due to a material breach by Ron Executive Ltd. of its obligations under the employment agreement, a breach of trust, malfeasance or gross negligence by Ron Executive Ltd. and/or Dr. Babecoff; or the conviction of Ron Executive Ltd. and/or Dr. Babecoff of any felony). Ron Executive Ltd. may also terminate the service agreement upon 90 days’ prior written notice.

On January 18, 2015, our shareholders meeting approved an extension of Dr. Babecoff’s agreement, under the same terms and conditions, for an additional period of five years. Dr. Babecoff also serves as a director in our company, for which he received unregistered options as compensation.

Subject to the approval of the Company’s shareholders, our compensation committee and our board of directors have, on April 30, 2018, approved the extension of the management service agreement between the Company and Dr. Babecoff for additional five (5) years, and have approved new compensation terms, as follows: (1) Dr. Babecoff shall be entitled to a 2% salary raise each year for 5 years; (2) the grant of 8,633,310 restricted share units, or RSUs, represented by 215,832 American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”, each ADS represents 40 ordinary shares no par value) representing 3.3% of the then current outstanding share capital of the Company (2.48% on a fully diluted basis), in lieu of his forfeiture of 5,929,503 options previously granted to Dr. Babecoff; (3) the grant of a onetime bonus equal to 12 monthly salaries in an aggregate amount of NIS 960,000, in recognition of Dr. Babecoff’s recent extraordinary achievements and performance; (4) the grant of an annual bonus for the year of 2018, in an amount equal to up to 9 monthly salaries of Dr. Babecoff, subject to the fulfillment of annual targets as determined by the board of directors., On January 16, 2019, our compensation committee determined that Dr. Babecoff had fulfilled the relevant annual targets with respect to the annual bonus for the year of 2018.

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Services and Employment Agreements with Our Chief Scientific Officer

Tamar Ben Yedidia

Pursuant to her employment agreement entered into with us on March 15, 2005, as amended on April 2012, Dr. Ben Yedidia is employed on a full time basis and is currently entitled to a monthly salary of NIS 27,300 which also includes monthly contributions equal to 7.5% of her monthly salary to an Education Fund (“Keren Hishtalmut”, a short term savings plan available in Israel which is tax free to the employee up to a cap determined by law). In addition, we provide Dr. Ben Yedidia with a leased company car and a mobile phone. Dr. Ben Yedidia is entitled to 22 annual paid vacation days.

Dr. Ben Yedidia’s employment agreement may be terminated by either us or Dr. Ben Yedidia upon 120 days’ prior written notice or by us immediately for cause (i.e., termination due to embezzlement of our funds, or the material breach of the terms and conditions of the employment agreement, or if Dr. Ben Yedidia is involved in an act which constitutes a breach of trust between her and us or constitutes a severe breach of discipline, or conduct causing grave injury to us any, monetarily or otherwise, or Dr. Ben Yedidia’s inability to carry out her duties for a period exceeding 120 consecutive days, provided that the her resumption of her duties for a period of less than 15 consecutive days shall not be deemed to have broken the continuity of the aforementioned 120 days). Under her employment agreement, Dr. Ben Yedidia received options to purchase 25,000 ordinary shares.

In addition, in February 2012 our board of directors approved the grant of the following conditioned bonus to Tamar Ben Yedidia: in the event that we duly enter into one or more material agreement(s) (i.e. an agreement or a series of agreements, pertaining to a transaction with us (or any other entity designated by us for the transaction by us) in connection with the sale of all or substantially all of our assets or a commercialization of one of our products in the field of business, with aggregate proceeds received resultant of such agreement are no less than a sum of US$10,000,000) with any third party during the term of Dr. Ben Yedidia’s engagement with us or during a period of three years commencing on the date of the termination of the employment agreement by us, Dr. Ben Yedidia shall be entitled to receive a one-time bonus per material agreement equal to 1.25% of the proceeds received by us as a result of the material agreement.

On May 26 and 28, 2015, our compensation committee and the Board of Directors, respectively, approved Ms. Tamar Ben Yedida’s monthly salary from NIS 27,300 to NIS 30,000 and on August 2018 from 30,000 to 32,500 in compliance with our compensation plan. On the same dates, our compensation committee and the Board of Directors also approved granting Ms. Tamar Ben Yedida additional 500,000 unregistered options in accordance with our 2005 Israeli Share Option plan. The options are scheduled to vest over a period of three (3) years and shall expire 10 years from the grant date. Each option shall be exercisable at an exercise price equal to 130% of the average sale share price on TASE during the thirty (30) trading days prior to the options’ grant date. As of the date of this annual report, Dr. Ben Yedidia held options to purchase 920,000 ordinary shares, of which 920,000 are fully vested.

Services and Employment Agreement with Our Chief Financial Officer

Uri Ben Or

Pursuant to the service agreement entered into on June 20, 2007, between us, Mr. Ben Or and CFO Direct, an Israeli company solely owned by him through which he provides his services to us, as amended on August 31, 2014, CFO Direct is entitled to a monthly fee of NIS 2,500. The service agreement will remain in effect for a period of five years from the amendment date and shall expire on August 31, 2019, unless earlier terminated by either us or CFO Direct with 60 days prior written notice. We may terminate our service agreement with CFO Direct at any time and effective immediately, without need for prior written notice, and without derogating from any other remedy to which we may be entitled, for cause (i.e., termination due to the conviction of CFO Direct and/or Uri Ben Or of any felony, the liability of CFO Direct by a court of competent jurisdiction for fraud against us, any conduct that has a material adverse effect or is materially detrimental to us, including but not limited to, a breach of contract or any claim by CFO direct or any one connect thereto that CFO Direct is our employee. In addition, pursuant to the provisions of the service agreement, for services provided in connection with the preparation the initial public offering in the U.S., CFO Direct was entitled to receive NIS 192,500 in four equal installments on the first of each month commencing on September 1, 2014. Furthermore, following the consummation of the initial public offering in the U.S., CFO Direct are entitled to receive a one-time cash payment of NIS 87,500, and from such date the monthly compensation under the services agreement will be increased to NIS 15,000.

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In addition, pursuant to a separate employment agreement entered into between us and Mr. Ben Or on August 31, 2014, as of such date, Mr. Ben Or is also employed by us in a 60% employment capacity, for which he is entitled to a monthly salary of NIS 10,000. Mr. Ben Or is entitled to 60% of the annual paid vacation days prescribed under applicable law, and we shall obtain and maintain with Mr. Ben Or a pension insurance to Mr. Ben Or, in a Managers Insurance and/or a pension fund, according to Mr. Ben Or’s discretion. Mr. Ben Or’s employment agreement will remain in effect for a period of five years and shall expire on August 31, 2019, unless earlier terminated by either us or Mr. Ben Or with 60 days prior written notice, or by us immediately for cause (i.e., if he is convicted of a felony or is held liable by a court of competent jurisdiction for fraud against us, a breach of trust due to theft or embezzlement by him, any conduct which has a material adverse effect or is materially detrimental to us, any breach of his fiduciary duties or duties of care to us, including without limitation, any material conflict of interest for the promotion of his benefit, fraud, felonious conduct, dishonesty or insubordination, and any circumstances in which Israeli law or his employment agreement deny the right for severance payment, in whole or in part). In August 2016, our compensation committee and board of directors approved the payment of NIS 25,000 for his efforts in preparing a registration statement on Form F-3 and an ATM prospectus filed in November 2016. In January 2017, our compensation committee and board approved a one time bonus of NIS 120,000 (approximately $34.6 thousands) for Mr. Ben Or’s efforts in the capital raise completed in September 2017.

On May 26 and 28, 2015, our compensation committee and the Board of Directors, respectively, approved the grant of 500,000 unregistered option in accordance with our 2005 Israeli Share Option plan. The options are scheduled to vest over a period of three (3) years and shall expire 10 years from the grant date. Each option shall be exercisable at an exercise price equal to 130% of the average sale share price on TASE during the thirty (30) trading days prior to the options’ grant date. As of as of the date of this annual report, Mr. Uri Ben Or held options to purchase 620,000 ordinary shares, of which 620,000 are fully vested.

Equity Compensation Plan

In March 2018, the Company’s board of directors as well as the annual general meeting of the shareholders approved and adopted the 2018 BiondVax share option plan to employees, directors, consultants, service providers and other entities which the board shall decide their services are considered valuable to the company, or the 2018 Plan, under similar terms and conditions to the Previous Plan. We have not yet granted options under the 2018 Plan.

Options granted under the 2018 Plan are subject to applicable vesting schedules and generally expire ten years from the grant date.

Upon the termination of a Participant’s engagement with us for any reason other than death, retirement, disability or due cause, all unvested options allocated shall automatically expire and all vested options allocated will automatically expire 90 days after the termination, unless expired earlier due to their term. If the Participant’s engagement was terminated for cause (as defined in the 2018 Plan), the Participant’s right to exercise any unexercised options, awarded and allocated in favor of such Participant, whether vested or not, will immediately cease and expire as of the date of such termination. If the Participant dies, retires or is disabled, any vested but unexercised options will automatically expire 12 months from the termination of the engagement, unless expired earlier due to their term.

In the event that options allocated under the 2018 Plan expire or otherwise terminate in accordance with the provisions of the 2018 Plan, such expired or terminated options will become available for future grant awards and allocations under the 2018 Plan.

In the event of (i) the sale of all or substantially all of our assets; (ii) a sale (including an exchange) of all or substantially all of our share capital; or (iii) a merger, consolidation or like transaction of ours with or into another corporation, then, subject to obtaining the applicable approvals of the Israeli tax authorities, the board of directors in its sole discretion, will resolve: (a) if and how any unvested options will be cancelled, replaced or accelerated; (b) if and how any vested options (including options with respect to which the vesting period has been accelerated according to the foregoing), will be exercised, replaced and/or sold by a trustee or us (as the case may be) on the behalf of the respective Israeli Participants; and (c) how any underlying shares issued upon exercise of the options and held by a trustee on behalf any Israeli Participants will be replaced and/or sold by such trustee on behalf of the Israeli Participants.

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C. Board Practices

Board of Directors

Under the Companies Law and our articles of association, our board of directors shall direct the Company’s policy and shall supervise the performance of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. Our board of directors may exercise all powers and may take all actions that are not specifically granted to our shareholders or to management. Our executive officers are responsible for our day-to-day management and have individual responsibilities established by our board of directors. Our Chief Executive Officer is appointed by, and serves at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to a services agreement entered into with Ron Executive Ltd., a company solely owned Dr. Ron Babecoff. All other executive officers are also appointed by our board of directors, and are subject to the terms of any applicable employment or services agreements that we may enter into with them or with certain entities through which we receive their services. Other than Dr. Babecoff, who is entitled to certain termination payments under his employment agreement with us, none of our directors are entitled to benefits upon termination of their service.

Our board of directors has affirmatively determined that a majority of our directors are independent, in compliance with the NASDAQ Capital Market rules. The definition of independent director includes a set of statutory criteria that must be satisfied, including criteria whose aim is to ensure that there is no factor which would impair the ability of the independent director to exercise independent judgment in addition to the requirement that the board consider any factor which would impair the ability of the independent director to exercise independent judgment. independent directors may be elected by an ordinary majority. 

Under our articles of association, our board of directors must consist of at least three and not more than nine directors. Our board of directors currently consists of seven members, including our non-executive Chairman of the board of directors. Our directors may be divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. Class I, Class II and Class III shall each consist of two directors, constituting our entire board of directors (other than the external directors).

In addition, our articles of association allow our board of directors to appoint directors to fill vacancies on our board of directors, for a term of office ending on the earlier of the next annual general meeting of our shareholders, or the conclusion of the term of office in accordance with our articles or any applicable law, subject to the maximum number of directors allowed under the articles of association.  

Under the Companies Law, our board of directors must determine the minimum number of directors who are required to have accounting and financial expertise. In determining the number of directors required to have such expertise, our board of directors must consider, among other things, the type and size of the company and the scope and complexity of its operations. Our board of directors has determined that the minimum number of directors of our company who are required to have accounting and financial expertise is two. Our board of directors has determined that Michael Marom Brikman and Isaac Devash have accounting and financial expertise and possess professional qualifications as required under the Companies Law.

Chairman of the Board

Our articles of association provide that the chairman of the board is appointed by the members of the board of directors and serves as chairman of the board throughout his term as a director, unless resolved otherwise by the board of directors. Under the Companies Law, the chief executive officer or a relative of the chief executive officer may not serve as the chairman of the board of directors, and the chairman or a relative of the chairman may not be vested with authorities of the chief executive officer without shareholder approval by special majority and for periods of time not exceeding three years each.

In addition, a person subordinated, directly or indirectly, to the chief executive officer may not serve as the chairman of the board of directors; the chairman of the board may not be vested with authorities that are granted to those subordinated to the chief executive officer; and the chairman of the board may not serve in any other position in the company or a controlled company, except as a director or chairman of a controlled company.

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External Directors

We have elected to make advantage of an exception under the Companies Law, requiring us to elect at least two members who qualify as external directors, one of which has accounting and financial expertise, subject to the following conditions: (i) none of our shareholders is a controlling shareholder; (ii) we comply with NASDAQ rules and regulations with respect to the composition of our audit and compensation committees; (iii) we comply with NASDAQ rules and regulations with respect to the requirements of independent directors. For so long as we meet the requisite requirements, we intend to apply the exemption from appointing at least two external directors under the Companies Law.

An external director is elected for a period of three years. The provisions of the Companies Law set forth special approval requirements for the election of external directors. External directors must be elected by a majority vote of the shares present and voting at a shareholders meeting, provided that either:

● such majority includes at least a majority of the shares held by all shareholders who are non-controlling shareholders and do not have a personal interest in the election of the external director (other than a personal interest not deriving from a relationship with a controlling shareholder) that are voted at the meeting, excluding abstentions, to which we refer as a disinterested majority; or

● the total number of shares voted by non-controlling shareholders and by shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the election of the external director, against the election of the external director, does not exceed 2% of the aggregate voting rights in the company.

The term controlling shareholder is defined in the Companies Law as a shareholder with the ability to direct the activities of the company, excluding such ability deriving solely from his or her position as a director of the company or from any other position with the company. A shareholder is presumed to be a controlling shareholder if the shareholder holds 45% or more of the voting rights in a company or has the right to appoint the majority of the directors of the company or its general manager. With respect to certain matters, a controlling shareholder is deemed to include a shareholder that holds 25% or more of the voting rights in a public company if no other shareholder holds more than 45% of the voting rights in the company. 

Audit Committee

Our audit committee consists of Ms. Michal Brikman, Ms. Ruth Ben Yakar and Mr. Morris Laster. Ms. Michal Brikman also serves as the chairman of the audit committee.

Under the NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance rules, we are required to maintain an audit committee consisting of at least three independent directors, each of whom is financially literate and one of whom has accounting or related financial management expertise.

All members of our audit committee meet the requirements for financial literacy under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance rules. Our board of directors has affirmatively determined that Ms. Michal Brikman is an audit committee financial expert as defined by the SEC rules and has the requisite financial experience as defined by the NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance rules.

Each of the members of the audit committee are deemed “independent” as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act, which is different from the general test for independence of board and committee members.

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Audit Committee Role

Our board of directors adopted an audit committee charter effective upon the listing of our ADSs and warrants on the NASDAQ Capital Market that set forth the responsibilities of the audit committee consistent with the rules of the SEC and the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market, as well as the requirements for such committee under the Companies Law, including the following:

● oversight of our independent registered public accounting firm and recommending the engagement, compensation or termination of engagement of our independent registered public accounting firm to the board of directors in accordance with Israeli law;

● recommending the engagement or termination of the person filling the office of our internal auditor; and

● recommending the terms of audit and non-audit services provided by the independent registered public accounting firm for pre-approval by our board of directors.

Our audit committee provides assistance to our board of directors in fulfilling its legal and fiduciary obligations in matters involving our accounting, auditing, financial reporting, internal control and legal compliance functions by pre-approving the services performed by our independent accountants and reviewing their reports regarding our accounting practices and systems of internal control over financial reporting. Our audit committee also oversees the audit efforts of our independent accountants and takes those actions that it deems necessary to satisfy itself that the accountants are independent of management.

Compensation Committee and Compensation Policy

Our compensation committee currently consists of Ms. Michal Brikman, Ms. Ruth Ben Yakar and Mr. Morris Laster. Ms. Michal Brikman also serves as the Chairman of the Compensation committee. The duties of the compensation committee include the recommendation to the company’s board of directors of a policy regarding the terms of engagement of office holders, to which we refer as a compensation policy. That policy must be adopted by the company’s board of directors, after considering the recommendations of the compensation committee, and will need to be brought for approval by the company’s shareholders, which approval requires a special approval for Compensation as described below under “Approval of Related Party Transactions Under Israeli Law — Fiduciary Duties of Directors and Executive Officers”.

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint a compensation committee and adopt a compensation policy.

The Compensation Policy must be based on certain considerations, must include certain provisions and needs to reference certain matters as set forth in the Companies Law. The Compensation Policy must be approved by the company’s board of directors after considering the recommendations of the compensation committee. In addition, the Compensation Policy needs to be approved by the company’s shareholders by a simple majority, provided that (i) such majority includes a majority of the votes cast by the shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and who do not have a personal interest in the matter, present and voting (abstentions are disregarded) or (ii) the votes cast by shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and who do not have a personal interest in the matter who were present and voted against the Compensation Policy, constitute two percent or less of the voting power of the company. Such majority determined in accordance with clause (i) or (ii) is hereinafter referred to as the Compensation Majority.

To the extent a Compensation Policy is not approved by shareholders at a duly convened shareholders meeting, the board of directors of a company may override the resolution of the shareholders following a re-discussion of the matter by the board of directors and the compensation committee and for specified reasons, and after determining that despite the rejection by the shareholders, the adoption of the Compensation Policy is for the benefit of the company.

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A Compensation Policy that is for a period of more than three years must be approved in accordance with the above procedure every three years.

Notwithstanding the above, the amendment of existing terms of office and employment of office holders (other than directors or controlling shareholders and their relatives, who serve as office holders) requires the approval of only the compensation committee, if such committee determines that the amendment is not material in relation to its existing terms.

Pursuant to the Companies Law amendment, following the recommendation of our compensation committee, our board of directors approved our Compensation Policy, and our shareholders, in turn, approved the Compensation Policy at our annual general meeting of shareholders that was held in January 2014. On March 1, 2015, following the approval of the compensation committee and our board of directors, our general shareholders meeting approved an amendment to the compensation policy increasing the maximum amounts of bonuses and the scope of liability insurance policies permitted under such compensation policy in connection with our directors and officers.

The Compensation Policy must serve as the basis for decisions concerning the financial terms of employment or engagement of office holders, including exculpation, insurance, indemnification or any monetary payment or obligation of payment in respect of employment or engagement. The Compensation Policy must relate to certain factors, including advancement of the Company’s objectives, the Company’s business plan and its long-term strategy, and creation of appropriate incentives for office holders. It must also consider, among other things, the Company’s risk management, size and the nature of its operations. The Compensation Policy must furthermore consider the following additional factors:

● the knowledge, skills, expertise and accomplishments of the relevant office holder;

● the office holder’s roles and responsibilities and prior compensation agreements with him or her;

● the ratio between the cost of the terms of employment of an office holder and the cost of the compensation of the other employees of the company, including those employed through manpower companies, in particular the ratio between such cost and the average and median compensation of the other employees of the company, as well as the impact such disparities may have on the work relationships in the company;

● the possibility of reducing variable compensation, if any, at the discretion of the board of directors; and the possibility of setting a limit on the exercise value of non-cash variable equity-based compensation; and

● as to severance compensation, if any, the period of service of the office holder, the terms of his or her compensation during such service period, the company’s performance during that period of service, the person’s contribution towards the company’s achievement of its goals and the maximization of its profits, and the circumstances under which the person is leaving the company.

The Compensation Policy must also include:

● a link between variable compensation and long-term performance and measurable criteria;

● the relationship between variable and fixed compensation, and the ceiling for the value of variable compensation;

● the conditions under which an office holder would be required to repay compensation paid to him or her if it was later shown that the data upon which such compensation was based was inaccurate and was required to be restated in the company’s financial statements;

● the minimum holding or vesting period for variable, equity-based compensation; and

● maximum limits for severance compensation.

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The compensation committee is responsible for (a) recommending the compensation policy to a company’s board of directors for its approval (and subsequent approval by its shareholders) and (b) duties related to the compensation policy and to the compensation of a company’s office holders as well as functions previously fulfilled by a company’s audit committee with respect to matters related to approval of the terms of engagement of office holders, including:

● recommending whether a compensation policy should continue in effect, if the then-current policy has a term of greater than three years (approval of either a new compensation policy or the continuation of an existing compensation policy must in any case occur every three years);

● recommending to the board of directors periodic updates to the compensation policy;

● assessing implementation of the compensation policy; and

● determining whether the compensation terms of the chief executive officer of the company need not be brought to approval of the shareholders.

Compensation Committee Role

Our compensation committee’s responsibilities include:

● reviewing and recommending overall compensation policies with respect to our Chief Executive Officers and other executive officers;

● reviewing and approving corporate goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of our Chief Executive Officers and other executive officers including evaluating their performance in light of such goals and objectives;

● reviewing and approving the granting of options and other incentive awards; and

● reviewing, evaluating and making recommendations regarding the compensation and benefits for our non-employee directors.

Internal Auditor

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of an Israeli public company must appoint an internal auditor in accordance with the recommendation of the audit committee. An internal auditor may not be:

● a person (or a relative of a person) who holds more than 5% of the company’s outstanding shares or voting rights;

● a person (or a relative of a person) who has the power to appoint a director or the general manager of the company;

● an office holder (including a director) of the company (or a relative thereof); or

● a member of the company’s independent accounting firm, or anyone on his or her behalf.

● The role of the internal auditor is to examine, among other things, our compliance with applicable law and orderly business procedures. The audit committee is required to oversee the activities and to assess the performance of the internal auditor as well as to review the internal auditor’s work plan. On October 22, 2014, we appointed Mr. Gewirtz Yisrael as our internal auditor. Mr. Gewirtz Yisrael is a certified internal auditor and a partner at Fahn Kanne & Co. Grant Thornton Israel, a certified public accounting firm in Israel.

● The board of directors shall determine the direct supervisor of the internal auditor. The internal auditor is required to submit his findings to the audit committee, unless specified otherwise by the board of directors.

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Approval of Related Party Transactions under Israeli Law

Fiduciary Duties of Directors and Executive Officers

The Companies Law codifies the fiduciary duties that office holders owe to a company. Each person listed in the table under “Executive Officers and Directors” is an office holder under the Companies Law.

An office holder’s fiduciary duties consist of a duty of care and a duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires an office holder to act with the level of care with which a reasonable office holder in the same position would have acted under the same circumstances. The duty of loyalty requires that an office holder act in good faith and in the best interests of the company.

The duty of care includes a duty to use reasonable means to obtain:

● information on the advisability of a given action brought for his or her approval or performed by virtue of his or her position; and

● all other important information pertaining to any such action.

The duty of loyalty includes a duty to:

● refrain from any conflict of interest between the performance of his or her duties to the company and his or her other duties or personal affairs;

● refrain from any activity that is competitive with the company;

● refrain from exploiting any business opportunity of the company to receive a personal gain for himself or herself or others; and

● disclose to the company any information or documents relating to the company’s affairs which the office holder received as a result of his or her position as an office holder.

Disclosure of Personal Interests of an Office Holder and Approval of Certain Transactions

The Companies Law requires that an office holder promptly disclose to the board of directors any personal interest that he or she may be aware of and all related material information or documents concerning any existing or proposed transaction with the company. An interested office holder’s disclosure must be made promptly and in any event no later than the first meeting of the board of directors at which the transaction is considered. A personal interest includes an interest of any person in an act or transaction of a company, including a personal interest of such person’s relative or of a corporate body in which such person or a relative of such person is a 5% or greater shareholder, director or general manager or in which he or she has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager, but excluding a personal interest stemming from one’s ownership of shares in the company. A personal interest furthermore includes the personal interest of a person for whom the office holder holds a voting proxy or the personal interest of the office holder with respect to his or her vote on behalf of a person for whom he or she holds a proxy even if such shareholder has no personal interest in the matter. An office holder is not however, obligated to disclose a personal interest if it derives solely from the personal interest of his or her relative in a transaction that is not considered an extraordinary transaction. Under the Companies Law, an extraordinary transaction is defined as any of the following:

● a transaction other than in the ordinary course of business;

● a transaction that is not on market terms; or

● a transaction that may have a material impact on a company’s profitability, assets or liabilities.

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If it is determined that an office holder has a personal interest in a transaction, approval by the board of directors is required for the transaction, unless the company’s articles of association provide for a different method of approval. Our articles of association do not provide otherwise. Further, so long as an office holder has disclosed his or her personal interest in a transaction, the board of directors may approve an action by the office holder that would otherwise be deemed a breach of the duty of loyalty. However, a company may not approve a transaction or action that is adverse to the company’s interest or that is not performed by the office holder in good faith. An extraordinary transaction in which an office holder has a personal interest requires approval first by the company’s audit committee and subsequently by the board of directors. The compensation of, or an undertaking to indemnify or insure, an office holder who is not a director requires approval first by the company’s compensation committee, then by the company’s board of directors, and, if such compensation arrangement or an undertaking to indemnify or insure is inconsistent with the company’s stated compensation policy or if the office holder is the Chief Executive Officer (apart from a number of specific exceptions), then such arrangement is subject to the approval of a majority vote of the shares present and voting at a shareholders meeting, provided that either: (a) such majority includes at least a majority of the shares held by all shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and do not have a personal interest in such compensation arrangement (excluding abstaining shareholders); or (b) the total number of shares of non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the compensation arrangement and who vote against the arrangement does not exceed 2% of the company’s aggregate voting rights. We refer to this as the Special Approval for Compensation. Arrangements regarding the compensation, indemnification or insurance of a director require the approval of the compensation committee, board of directors and shareholders by ordinary majority, in that order, and under certain circumstances, a Special Approval for Compensation.

Generally, a person who has a personal interest in a matter which is considered at a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee may not be present at such a meeting or vote on that matter unless the chairman of the relevant committee or board of directors, as applicable, determines that he or she should be present in order to present the transaction that is subject to approval. Generally, if a majority of the members of the audit committee or the board of directors, as applicable, have a personal interest in the approval of a transaction, then all directors may participate in discussions of the audit committee or the board of directors, as applicable. In the event a majority of the members of the board of directors have a personal interest in the approval of a transaction, then the approval thereof shall also require the approval of the shareholders.

Disclosure of Personal Interests of Controlling Shareholders and Approval of Certain Transactions

Pursuant to Israeli law, the disclosure requirements regarding personal interests that apply to directors and executive officers also apply to a controlling shareholder of a public company. In the context of a transaction involving a shareholder of the company, a controlling shareholder also includes a shareholder who holds 25% or more of the voting rights in the company if no other shareholder holds more than 45% of the voting rights in the company. For this purpose, the holdings of all shareholders who have a personal interest in the same transaction will be aggregated. The approval of the audit committee or the compensation committee, as the case may be, the board of directors and the shareholders of the company, in that order is required for (a) extraordinary transactions with a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, (b) the engagement with a controlling shareholder or his or her relative, directly or indirectly, for the provision of services to the company, (c) the terms of engagement and compensation of a controlling shareholder or his or her relative who is not an office holder or (d) the employment of a controlling shareholder or his or her relative by the company, other than as an office holder (collectively referred as Transaction with a Controlling Shareholder). In addition, such shareholder approval requires one of the following, which we refer to as a Special Majority:

● at least a majority of the shares held by all shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the transaction and who are present and voting at the meeting approving the transaction, excluding abstentions; or

● the shares voted against the transaction by shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction and who are present and voting at the meeting do not exceed 2% of the voting rights in the company.

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To the extent that any such Transaction with a Controlling Shareholder is for a period extending beyond three years, approval is required once every three years, unless, with respect to certain transactions, the audit committee determines that the duration of the transaction is reasonable given the circumstances related thereto.

Arrangements regarding the compensation, indemnification or insurance of a controlling shareholder in his or her capacity as an office holder require the approval of the compensation committee, board of directors and shareholders by a Special Majority and the terms thereof may not be inconsistent with the company’s stated compensation policy.

Pursuant to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, certain transactions with a controlling shareholder, a relative of a controlling shareholder, or a director that would otherwise require approval of a company’s shareholders may be exempt from shareholder approval upon certain determinations of the audit committee and board of directors.

Shareholder Duties

Pursuant to the Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his or her power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at a general meeting and at shareholder class meetings with respect to the following matters:

● an amendment to the company’s articles of association;

● an increase of the company’s authorized share capital;

● a merger; or

● the approval of related party transactions and acts of office holders that require shareholder approval.

In addition, a shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders.

Certain shareholders also have a duty of fairness toward the company. These shareholders include any controlling shareholder, any shareholder who knows that he or she has the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote at a general meeting or a shareholder class meeting and any shareholder who has the power to appoint or to prevent the appointment of an office holder of the company or other power towards the company. The Companies Law does not define the substance of the duty of fairness, except to state that the remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply in the event of a breach of the duty to act with fairness.

Exculpation, Insurance and Indemnification of Directors and Officers

Under the Companies Law, a company may not exculpate an office holder from liability for a breach of the duty of loyalty. An Israeli company may exculpate an office holder in advance from liability to the company, in whole or in part, for damages caused to the company as a result of a breach of duty of care but only if a provision authorizing such exculpation is included in its articles of association. Our articles of association include such a provision. The company may not exculpate in advance a director from liability arising out of a prohibited dividend or distribution to shareholders.

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Under the Companies Law, a company may indemnify an office holder in respect of the following liabilities and expenses incurred for acts performed by him or her as an office holder, either pursuant to an undertaking made in advance of an event or following an event, provided its articles of association include a provision authorizing such indemnification:

● financial liability imposed on him or her in favor of another person pursuant to a judgment, including a settlement or arbitrator’s award approved by a court. However, if an undertaking to indemnify an office holder with respect to such liability is provided in advance, then such an undertaking must be limited to events which, in the opinion of the board of directors, can be reasonably foreseen based on the company’s activities when the undertaking to indemnify is given, and to an amount or according to criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances, and such undertaking shall detail the abovementioned foreseen events and amount or criteria;

● reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by the office holder (i) as a result of an investigation or proceeding instituted against him or her by an authority authorized to conduct such investigation or proceeding, provided that (A) no indictment was filed against such office holder as a result of such investigation or proceeding; and (B) no financial liability, such as a criminal penalty, was imposed upon him or her as a substitute for the criminal proceeding as a result of such investigation or proceeding or, if such financial liability was imposed, it was imposed with respect to an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent; and (ii) in connection with a monetary sanction; and

● reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by the office holder or imposed by a court in proceedings instituted against him or her by the company, on its behalf, or by a third party, or in connection with criminal proceedings in which the office holder was acquitted, or as a result of a conviction for an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent.

Under the Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law 5728-1968, or the Israeli Securities Law, a company may insure an office holder against the following liabilities incurred for acts performed by him or her as an office holder if and to the extent provided in the company’s articles of association:

● a breach of the duty of loyalty to the company, provided that the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not harm the company;

● a breach of duty of care to the company or to a third party, to the extent such a breach arises out of the negligent conduct of the office holder; and

● a financial liability imposed on the office holder in favor of a third party.

Under our articles of association, we may insure an office holder against the aforementioned liabilities as well as the following liabilities:

● a breach of duty of care to the company or to a third party.

● any other action against which we are permitted by law to insure an office holder;

● expenses incurred and/or paid by the office holder in connection with an administrative enforcement procedure under any applicable law including the Efficiency of Enforcement Procedures in the Securities Authority Law (legislation amendments), 5771-2011 and the Israeli Securities Law, which we refer to as an Administrative Enforcement Procedure, and including reasonable litigation expenses and attorney fees; and

● a financial liability in favor or a victim of a felony pursuant to Section 52ND of the Israeli Securities Law.

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Under the Companies Law, a company may not indemnify, exculpate or insure an office holder against any of the following:

● a breach of the duty of loyalty, except for indemnification and insurance for a breach of the duty of loyalty to the company to the extent that the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not harm the company;

● a breach of duty of care committed intentionally or recklessly, excluding a breach arising solely out of the negligent conduct of the office holder;

● an act or omission committed with intent to derive illegal personal benefit; or

● a fine, civil fine, administrative fine or ransom or levied against the office holder.

Under the Companies Law, exculpation, indemnification and insurance of office holders in a public company must be approved by the compensation committee and the board of directors and, with respect to certain office holders or under certain circumstances, also by the shareholders. See “— Approval of Related Party Transactions under Israeli Law.”

Our articles of association permit us to exculpate, indemnify and insure our office holders to the fullest extent permitted or to be permitted by the Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law, including expenses incurred and/or paid by the office holder in connection with an Administrative Enforcement Procedure.

We have entered into agreements with each of our directors and executive officers exculpating them, to the fullest extent permitted by law and our articles of association, and undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by law and our articles of association. This indemnification is limited to events determined as foreseeable by the board of directors based on our activities, and to an amount or according to criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances.

The maximum indemnification amount set forth in such agreements is limited to an amount which shall not exceed 25% of our net assets based on our most recently audited or reviewed financial statements prior to actual payment of the indemnification amount. Such maximum amount is in addition to any amount paid (if paid) under insurance and/or by a third-party pursuant to an indemnification arrangement

In the opinion of the SEC, indemnification of directors and office holders for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, however, is against public policy and therefore unenforceable.

We have obtained directors’ and officers’ liability insurance for the benefit of our office holders and intend to continue to maintain such coverage and pay all premiums thereunder to the fullest extent permitted by the Companies Law. In addition, we entered into agreements with each of our office holders undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by the Companies Law, including with respect to liabilities resulting from the initial public offering in the U.S., to the extent that these liabilities are not covered by insurance.

D. Employees

As of December 31, 2018, we have 21 employees, 3 of whom employed in finance and administration and 18 of whom were employed in research and development. These employees are in Israel.

Israeli labor laws principally govern the length of the workday, minimum wages for employees, procedures for hiring and dismissing employees, determination of severance pay, annual leave, sick days, advance notice of termination of employment, equal opportunity and anti-discrimination laws and other conditions of employment. Subject to certain exceptions, Israeli law generally requires severance pay upon the retirement, death or dismissal of an employee, and requires us and our employees to make payments to the National Insurance Institute, which is similar to the U.S. Social Security Administration. Our employees have defined benefit pension plans that comply with applicable Israeli legal requirements, which also include the mandatory pension payments required by applicable law and allocations for severance pay.

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While none of our employees are party to any collective bargaining agreements, certain provisions of the collective bargaining agreements between the Histadrut (General Federation of Labor in Israel) and the Coordination Bureau of Economic Organizations (including the Industrialists’ Associations) are applicable to our employees by extension orders issued by the Israel Ministry of Economy (previously the Israeli Ministry of Trade, Industry and Labor). These provisions primarily concern the length of the workweek, pension fund benefits for all employees and for employees in the industry section, insurance for work-related accidents, travel expenses reimbursement, holiday leave, convalescent payments and entitlement for vacation days. We generally provide our employees with benefits and working conditions beyond the required minimums. We have never experienced any employment-related work stoppages and believe our relationship with our employees is good.

E. Share Ownership

For information regarding the share ownership of our directors and executive officers, see “Item 7.A. Major Shareholders.”

Item 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. Major Shareholders

The following table and notes set forth information, as of December 31, 2017, concerning the beneficial ownership of our securities by:

● each of our directors and executive officers;

● all of our executive officers and directors as a group; and

● each person (or group of affiliated persons) known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the outstanding ordinary shares.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to ordinary shares or Ordinary shares represented by our ADSs. Ordinary shares issuable under share options, warrants or other conversion rights currently exercisable or that are exercisable within 60 after April 30, 2018, are deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of the person holding the options, warrants or other conversion rights but are not deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.

None of our shareholders has different voting rights from other shareholders. To the best of our knowledge, we are not owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by another corporation or by any foreign government. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.

Except as otherwise indicated in the footnotes to this table, we believe the persons named in this table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all the ordinary shares indicated.

	Ordinary Shares			Percent of Class%
Directors and Executive Officers
Ron Babecoff		11,537,503	(1)		4.28	%
Avner Rotman		238,900	(2)		*
George H. Lowell		435,000	(3)		*
Uri Ben Or		820,000	(4)		*
Tamar Ben Yedidya		1,270,000	(5)		*
All executive officers and directors as a group (5 people)		14,301,403			5.3	%
		53,760,832
Angels Investments in Hi Tech Ltd.		19,000,000	(6)		20.56	%
Eastern Capital Limited		14,360,000	(7)		7.27	%
IBEX Investors, LLC		11,537,503	(8)		5.49	%

* Less than 1%.

(1) Consists of 5,528,000 ordinary shares, 80,000 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options at an exercise price of NIS 0.81 per share and with an expiration date of October 31, 2021 and 5,929,503 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options at an exercise price of NIS 0.7461 per share and with an expiration date of August 3, 2025.

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(2)	Consists of 158,900 ordinary shares and 80,000 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options at an exercise price of NIS 0.81 per share and with an expiration date of October 31, 2021.
(3)	Consists of 355,000 ordinary shares and 80,000 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options at an exercise price of NIS 0.81 per share and with an expiration date of October 31, 2021.
(4)	Consists of 5,000 ADSs, representing 200,000 ordinary shares, 70,000 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options at an exercise price of NIS 1.325 per share and with an expiration date of November 26, 2022, 50,000 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options at an exercise price of NIS 0.45 per share and with an expiration date of August 7, 2020  and 500,000 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options at an exercise price of NIS 0.7461 per share and with an expiration date of October 15, 2025.
(5)	Consists of 5,000 ADSs, representing 200,000 ordinary shares, 150,000 ordinary shares, 120,000 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options at an exercise price of NIS 0.45 per share and with an expiration date of November 26, 2022, 300,000 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options at an exercise price of NIS 1.325 per share and with an expiration date of July 8, 2020, and ,  500,000     ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options at an exercise price of NIS 0.7461 per share and with an expiration date of November 26, 2022
(6)	Consists of 33,760,832 ordinary shares and 20,000,000 ordinary shares represented by 500,000 ADSs.
(7)	Consists of 19,000,000 ordinary shares represented by 475,000 ADSs.
(8)	Consists of 14,360,000 ordinary shares represented by 359,000 ADSs.

B. Related Party Transactions

The following is a description of some of the transactions with related parties to which we are a party to, and which were in effect within the past three fiscal years. The descriptions provided below are summaries of the terms of such agreements and do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by the complete agreements.

We believe that we have executed all of our transactions with related parties on terms no less favorable to us than those we could have obtained from unaffiliated third parties. See “Approval of Related Party Transactions under Israeli Law.”

Payment to Dr. Ron Babecoff

On March 29, 2016, and in connection with an investigation conducted by the Israeli Securities Authority (“ISA”) regarding certain shareholders of the Company, not including among them Dr. Babecoff, alleged use of inside information, Dr. Ron Babecoff, CEO, director and President, was investigated by the ISA under warning. After fully cooperating with the ISA investigators, Dr. Babecoff was released subject to certain restrictions, including an obligation to make a cash deposit as collateral. Dr. Babecoff continues to fulfill all his duties to the Company. The Company is not a party to the investigation.

On April 10, 2016, the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors unanimously resolved to approve the payment of two hundred thousand NIS (NIS 200,000), to be increased by an additional amount of up to NIS 200,000 as needed, for the benefit of CEO and director Dr. Ron Babecoff, for the purpose of placing the bond required in connection with an investigation conducted by the ISA, regarding certain shareholders of the Company, not including among them Dr. Babecoff, alleged use of inside information.

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The resolution was adopted, inter alia, in accordance with the exemption and indemnification letter between the Company and Dr. Babecoff presently in effect, and in accordance with the Israeli applicable law. The approval of the bond is considered a Related Party Transaction, as defined in the Israeli Companies Law, and thus required the approval of the Audit Committee, in addition to the approval of the Board of Directors.

Dr. Babecoff entered, on August 13, 2018, into a conditional arrangement agreement with the Israeli Tel Aviv District Attorney, to conclude the investigation proceedings against Dr. Babecoff without filing an indictment. Dr. Babecoff has fulfilled all the conditions specified in the agreement and the investigation has been closed.

Indemnification Agreements

Our articles of association permit us to exculpate, indemnify and insure our directors and officeholders to the fullest extent permitted by the Companies Law. We have obtained directors’ and officers’ insurance for each of our officers and directors and have entered into indemnification agreements with all of our current officers and directors.

We have entered into indemnification and exculpation agreements with each of our current office holders and directors exculpating them to the fullest extent permitted by the law and our articles of association and undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by the law and our articles of association, including with respect to liabilities resulting from the initial public offering in the U.S., to the extent such liabilities are not covered by insurance. On March 1, 2015, our general shareholders meeting approved the grant of an indemnification and exculpation agreement under the same terms and conditions for each of our current office holders and directors.

Employment and Service Agreements

We have or have had employment, service or related agreements with each member of our senior management. See Item 6.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships between any members of our executive management and our directors.

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

Item 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

Consolidated Financial Statements

We have appended our consolidated financial statements at the end of this annual report, starting at page F-2, as part of this annual report.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings, which arise in the ordinary course of business. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid cash dividends to our shareholders. Currently, we do not intend to pay cash dividends. We intend to reinvest any earnings in developing and expanding our business. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects, applicable Israeli law and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, the distribution of dividends is limited by Israeli law, which permits the distribution of dividends only out of distributable profits. In addition, if we pay a dividend out of income attributed to our Benefited Enterprise during the tax exemption period, we may be subject to tax on the grossed-up amount of such income at the corporate tax rate which would have been applied to such Benefited Enterprise’s income had we not enjoyed the exemption.

If we pay any dividends, we will also pay such dividends to the ADS holders to the same extent as holders of our ordinary shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid to ADS holders in U.S. dollars.

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B. Significant Changes

No significant changes have occurred since December 31, 2018, except as otherwise disclosed in this annual report.

Item 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. Listing Details

Price Range of our ADSs

Our ADSs have been trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “BVXV” and “BVXVW”, respectively. The following tables set forth for the periods indicated the high and low sales prices per ADS and ADS warrants as reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market:

BVXV
Month Ended	High		Low
Annual:
2018	$	7.49	$	3.97
Quarterly:
Fourth Quarter 2018	$	5.99	$	3.97
Third Quarter 2018	$	6.78	$	5.50
Second Quarter 2018	$	6.93	$	5.55
First Quarter 2018		7.49		5.43
Most Recent Six Months:
April, 2019	$	7.18	$	5.43
Mar-19	$	5.59	$	4.76
Feb-19	$	5.80	$	4.83
Jan-18	$	5.60	$	4.82
December 31, 2018	$	5.70	$	3.97
November 30, 2018	$	5.99	$	5.32

BVXVW
Month Ended	High		Low
Annual:
2018	$	1.95	$	0.69
Quarterly:
Fourth Quarter 2018	$	1.17	$	0.69
Third Quarter 2018	$	1.35	$	1.15
Second Quarter 2018	$	1.59	$	1.10
First Quarter 2018	$	1.95	$	1.10
Most Recent Six Months:
April, 2019	$	1.45	$	0.31
Mar-19	$	0.55	$	0.31
Feb-19	$	0.75	$	0.41
Jan-18	$	1.00	$	0.75
December 31, 2018	$	1.15	$	0.81
November 30, 2018	$	1.15	$	0.92

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On April 26, 2019, the last reported sale price of our ADS and the ADS warrants on the Nasdaq Capital Market was $7.05. 

No trading market currently exists for our ordinary shares. Our ordinary shares have been trading on the TASE under the symbol “BNDX” since June 18, 2007 and under the symbol “BVXV” since May 18, 2015, but have been voluntarily delisted from the TASE as of January 22, 2018.

B. Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

C. Markets

See “Listing Details” above.

D. Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

E. Dilution

Not applicable.

F. Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

Item 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. Articles of Association

Our number with the Israeli Registrar of Companies is 513436105. Our purpose is set forth in Section 4 of our Articles of Association and include every lawful purpose in the Biotechnology field.

Following the approval of the annual and extraordinary shareholders meeting from March 28 2018, our authorized share capital consists of 600,000,000 ordinary shares, no par value each. As of December 31, 2018 and as of this annual report, there were 261,419,599 ordinary shares issued and outstanding (including those represented by ADSs). All of our outstanding ordinary shares are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable. Our ordinary shares are not redeemable and do not have any preemptive rights.

Voting Rights

Holders of our ordinary shares have one vote for each ordinary share held on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders at a shareholder meeting. Shareholders may vote at shareholder meetings either in person, by proxy or by written ballot. Israeli law does not allow public companies to adopt shareholder resolutions by means of written consent in lieu of a shareholder meeting. The board of directors shall determine and provide a record date for each shareholders meeting and all shareholders at such record date may vote. Unless stipulated differently in the Companies Law or in the articles of association, all shareholders’ resolutions shall be approved by a simple majority vote. Except as otherwise disclosed herein, an amendment to our articles of association requires the prior approval of the holders of at least 75% of our shares, represented and voting at a general meeting.

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Transfer of Shares

Our ordinary shares that are fully paid for are issued in registered form and may be freely transferred under our articles of association, unless the transfer is restricted or prohibited by applicable law or the rules of a stock exchange on which the shares are traded. The ownership or voting of our ordinary shares by non-residents of Israel is not restricted in any way by our articles of association or Israeli law, except for ownership by nationals of some countries that are, or have been, in a state of war with Israel.

The Powers of the Directors

Our board of directors shall direct the Company’s policy and shall supervise the performance of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. Pursuant to the Companies Law and our articles of association, our board of directors may exercise all powers and take all actions that are not required under law or under our articles of association to be exercised or taken by our shareholders, including the power to borrow money for company purposes.

Amendment of share capital

Our articles of association enable us to increase or reduce our share capital. Any such changes are subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and must be approved by a resolution duly passed by our shareholders at a general or special meeting by voting on such change in the capital. In addition, transactions that have the effect of reducing capital, such as the declaration and payment of dividends in the absence of sufficient retained earnings and profits and an issuance of shares for less than their nominal value, require a resolution of our board of directors and court approval.

Dividends

Under Israeli law, we may declare and pay dividends only if, upon the determination of our board of directors, there is no reasonable concern that the distribution will prevent us from being able to meet the terms of our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due. Under the Companies Law, the distribution amount is further limited to the greater of retained earnings or earnings generated over the two most recent years legally available for distribution according to our then last reviewed or audited financial statements, provided that the date of the financial statements is not more than six months prior to the date of distribution. In the event that we do not have retained earnings or earnings generated over the two most recent years legally available for distribution, we may seek the approval of the court in order to distribute a dividend. The court may approve our request if it is determines that there is no reasonable concern that the payment of a dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due.

Shareholder Meetings

Under Israeli law, we are required to hold an annual general meeting of our shareholders once every calendar year and in any event no later than 15 months after the date of the previous annual general meeting. All meetings other than the annual general meeting of shareholders are referred to as special meetings. Our board of directors may call special meetings whenever it sees fit, at such time and place, within or outside of Israel, as it may determine. In addition, the Companies Law and our articles of association provide that our board of directors is required to convene a special meeting upon the written request of (i) any two of our directors or one quarter of the directors then in office; or (ii) one or more shareholders holding, in the aggregate either (a) 5% of our issued share capital and 1% of our outstanding voting power, or (b) 5% of our outstanding voting power.

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Subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, shareholders entitled to participate and vote at general meetings are the shareholders of record on a date to be decided by the board of directors. Furthermore, the Companies Law and our articles of association require that resolutions regarding the following matters must be passed at a general meeting of our shareholders:

● amendments to our articles of association;

● appointment or termination of our auditors;

● appointment of directors and appointment and dismissal of external directors;

● approval of acts and transactions requiring general meeting approval pursuant to the Companies Law;

● director compensation, indemnification and change of the principal executive officer;

● increases or reductions of our authorized share capital;

● a merger;

● the exercise of our board of directors’ powers by a general meeting, if our board of directors is unable to exercise its powers and the exercise of any of its powers is required for our proper management; and

● authorizing the chairman of the board of directors or his relative to act as the company’s chief executive officer or act with such authority; or authorize the company’s chief executive officer or his relative to act as the chairman of the board of directors or act with such authority.

The Companies Law requires that a notice of any annual or special shareholders meeting be provided at least 21 days prior to the meeting and if the agenda of the meeting includes the appointment or removal of directors, the approval of transactions with office holders or interested or related parties, or an approval of a merger, notice must be provided at least 35 days prior to the meeting.

The Companies Law does not allow shareholders of publicly traded companies to approve corporate matters by written consent. Consequently, our articles of association do not allow shareholders to approve corporate matters by written consent.

Pursuant to our articles of association, holders of our ordinary shares have one vote for each ordinary share held on all matters submitted to a vote before the shareholders at a general meeting.

Quorum

The quorum required for our general meetings of shareholders consists of one or more shareholders present in person, by proxy or by other voting instrument in accordance with the Companies Law who hold or represent, in the aggregate, at least 10% of the total outstanding voting rights, within half an hour from the appointed time.

A meeting adjourned for lack of a quorum is adjourned to the same day in the following week at the same time and place or on a later date if so specified in the summons or notice of the meeting. At the reconvened meeting, any number of our shareholders present in person or by proxy shall constitute a lawful quorum.

Resolutions

Our articles of association provide that all resolutions of our shareholders require a simple majority vote, unless otherwise required by applicable law or by another provision of the articles of association.

Israeli law provides that a shareholder of a public company may vote in a meeting and in a class meeting by means of a written ballot in which the shareholder indicates how he or she votes on resolutions relating to the following matters:

● an appointment or removal of directors;

● an approval of transactions with office holders or interested or related parties, that require shareholder approval;

● an approval of a merger;

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● authorizing the chairman of the board of directors or his relative to act as the company’s chief executive officer or act with such authority; or authorize the company’s chief executive officer or his relative to act as the chairman of the board of directors or act with such authority;

● any other matter that is determined in the articles of association to be voted on by way of a written ballot. Our articles of association do not stipulate any additional matters; and

● other matters which may be prescribed by Israel’s Minister of Justice.

The provision allowing the vote by written ballot does not apply where the voting power of the controlling shareholder is sufficient to determine the vote.

The Companies Law provides that a shareholder, in exercising his or her rights and performing his or her obligations toward the company and its other shareholders, must act in good faith and in a customary manner, and avoid abusing his or her power. This is required when voting at general meetings on matters such as changes to the articles of association, increasing the company’s registered capital, mergers and approval of certain interested or related party transactions. A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from depriving any other shareholder of its rights as a shareholder. In addition, any controlling shareholder, any shareholder who knows that its vote can determine the outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder who, under such company’s articles of association, can appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder or other power towards the company, is required to act with fairness towards the company. The Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty except that the remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply to a breach of the duty to act with fairness, and, to the best of our knowledge, there is no binding case law that addresses this subject directly.

Under the Companies Law, unless provided otherwise in a company’s articles of association, a resolution at a shareholders meeting requires approval by a simple majority of the voting rights represented at the meeting, in person, by proxy or written ballot, and voting on the resolution. Generally, a resolution for the voluntary winding up of the company requires the approval of holders of 75% of the voting rights represented at the meeting, in person, by proxy or by written ballot and voting on the resolution.

In the event of our liquidation, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, our assets will be distributed to the holders of our ordinary shares in proportion to their shareholdings. This right, as well as the right to receive dividends, may be affected by the grant of preferential dividend or distribution rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future.

Access to Corporate Records

Under the Companies Law, all shareholders of a company generally have the right to review minutes of the company’s general meetings, its shareholders register and principal shareholders register, articles of association, financial statements and any document it is required by law to file publicly with the Israeli Companies Registrar and the ISA. Any of our shareholders may request to review any document in our possession that relates to any action or transaction with a related party, interested party or office holder that requires shareholder approval under the Companies Law. We may deny a request to review a document if we determine that the request was not made in good faith, that the document contains a commercial secret or a patent or that the document’s disclosure may otherwise prejudice our interests.

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Acquisitions under Israeli Law

Full Tender Offer

A person wishing to acquire shares of a public Israeli company and who would as a result hold over 90% of the target company’s issued and outstanding share capital is required by the Companies Law to make a tender offer to all of the company’s shareholders for the purchase of all of the issued and outstanding shares of the company. A person wishing to acquire shares of a public Israeli company and who would as a result hold over 90% of the issued and outstanding share capital of a certain class of shares is required to make a tender offer to all of the shareholders who hold shares of the same class for the purchase of all of the issued and outstanding shares of the same class. If the shareholders who do not accept the offer hold less than 5% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of the applicable class, all of the shares that the acquirer offered to purchase will be transferred to the acquirer by operation of law (provided that a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in such tender offer shall have approved the tender offer except that if the total votes to reject the tender offer represent less than 2% of the company’s issued and outstanding share capital, in the aggregate, approval by a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in such tender offer is not required to complete the tender offer). However, a shareholder that had its shares so transferred may petition the court within six months from the date of acceptance of the full tender offer, whether or not such shareholder agreed to the tender or not, to determine whether the tender offer was for less than fair value and whether the fair value should be paid as determined by the court unless the acquirer stipulated in the tender offer that a shareholder that accepts the offer may not seek appraisal rights, so long as prior to the acceptance of the full tender offer, the acquirer and the company disclosed the information required by law in connection with the full tender offer. If the shareholders who did not accept the tender offer hold 5% or more of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of the applicable class, the acquirer may not acquire shares of the company that will increase its holdings to more than 90% of the company’s issued and outstanding share capital or of the applicable class from shareholders who accepted the tender offer.

Special Tender Offer

The Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares of a public Israeli company must be made by means of a special tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company, unless one of the exemptions in the Companies Law is met. This rule does not apply if there is already another holder of at least 25% of the voting rights in the company. Similarly, the Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of 45% or more of the voting rights in the company, if there is no other shareholder of the company who holds 45% or more of the voting rights in the company, unless one of the exemptions in the Companies Law is met.

A special tender offer must be extended to all shareholders of a company, but the offeror is not required to purchase shares representing more than 5% of the voting power attached to the company’s outstanding shares, regardless of how many shares are tendered by shareholders. A special tender offer may be consummated only if (i) at least 5% of the voting power attached to the company’s outstanding shares will be acquired by the offeror and (ii) the number of shares tendered in the offer exceeds the number of shares whose holders objected to the offer.

If a special tender offer is accepted, then the purchaser or any person or entity controlling it or under common control with the purchaser or such controlling person or entity may not make a subsequent tender offer for the purchase of shares of the target company and may not enter into a merger with the target company for a period of one year from the date of the offer, unless the purchaser or such person or entity undertook to effect such an offer or merger in the initial special tender offer.

Under regulations enacted pursuant to the Companies Law, the above special tender offer requirements may not apply to companies whose shares are listed for trading on a foreign stock exchange if, among other things, the relevant foreign laws or the rules of the stock exchange, include provisions limiting the percentage of control which may be acquired or that the purchaser is required to make a tender offer to the public. However, the Israeli Securities Authority’s opinion is that such leniency does not apply with respect to companies whose shares are listed for trading on stock exchanges in the United States, including the NASDAQ Capital Market, which do not provide for sufficient legal restrictions on obtaining control or an obligation to make a tender offer to the public, therefore the special tender offer requirements shall apply to such companies.

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Merger

The Companies Law permits merger transactions if approved by each party’s board of directors and, unless certain requirements described under the Companies Law are met, a majority of each party’s shares voted on the proposed merger at a shareholders’ meeting called with at least 35 days’ prior notice.

For purposes of the shareholder vote, unless a court rules otherwise, the merger will not be deemed approved if a majority of the shares represented at the shareholders meeting that are held by parties other than the other party to the merger, or by any person who holds 25% or more of the outstanding shares or the right to appoint 25% or more of the directors of the other party, vote against the merger. If the transaction would have been approved but for the separate approval of each class or the exclusion of the votes of certain shareholders as provided above, a court may still approve the merger upon the request of holders of at least 25% of the voting rights of a company, if the court holds that the merger is fair and reasonable, taking into account the value of the parties to the merger and the consideration offered to the shareholders.

Upon the request of a creditor of either party to the proposed merger, the court may delay or prevent the merger if it concludes that there exists a reasonable concern that, as a result of the merger, the surviving company will be unable to satisfy the obligations of any of the parties to the merger, and may further give instructions to secure the rights of creditors.

In addition, a merger may not be completed unless at least 50 days have passed from the date that a proposal for approval of the merger was filed by each party with the Israeli Registrar of Companies and 30 days have passed from the date the merger was approved by the shareholders of each party.

Antitakeover Measures

The Companies Law allows us to create and issue shares having rights different from those attached to our ordinary shares, including shares providing certain preferred rights, distributions or other matters and shares having preemptive rights. As of the date of this annual report, we do not have any authorized or issued shares other than our ordinary shares. In the future, if we do create and issue a class of shares other than ordinary shares, such class of shares, depending on the specific rights that may be attached to them, may delay or prevent a takeover or otherwise prevent our shareholders from realizing a potential premium over the market value of their ordinary shares. The authorization of a new class of shares will require an amendment to our articles of association which requires the prior approval of the holders of at least 75% of our shares at a general meeting. In addition, the rules and regulations of the TASE also limit the terms permitted with respect to a new class of shares and prohibit any such new class of shares from having voting rights. Shareholders voting in such meeting will be subject to the restrictions provided in the Companies Law as described above.

C. Material Contracts

Other than the license agreement with Yeda, the finance agreement with the European Investment Bank, our lease agreement for the new mid-sized factory in Jerusalem, all referred to elsewhere in this annual report, the agreement with our CMO and CRO, the ATM Agreement and the investment agreement described below, we have not entered into any other material agreements (other than agreements entered into in the ordinary course of business) in the two years immediately preceding the date of this annual report.

Master Service Agreement with a CRO

On March 8, 2018, we entered into a Master Service Agreement with a contract research organization, or CRO, engaged in the business of providing clinical research, data management and related services in the pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and medical device industries, to assist with our current phase 3 pivotal clinical trial in Europe.

The CRO’s responsibilities will include preparing and maintaining a complete and accurate written and/or electronic records, accounts, materials and all other data and reports, continuous contact with the Company’s representative, monitoring the performance of the study sites and investigational terms, conducting audits of the study and conducting an audit, control or inspection of the study and to monitor and audit the activities of the investigators and members of the study team during the study.

In exchange for the services provided by the CRO, we have agreed to pay cash consideration. The agreement may be terminated with an immediate effect in case of a material breach by the other party, if such breach is not cured within 30 days from the date of delivery of a written notice on the discovered breach to the other party. In addition, we may terminate the agreement by giving a 45 day written notice.

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Master Service Agreement with a CMO

On September 24, 2015, we entered into a Master Service Agreement with a CMO for the manufacture of M-001 for phase 3 clinical trial at the CMO’s facility located in the U.S.

Pursuant to this agreement, the CMO will be responsible for performing all necessary tests to the components and raw materials supplied, as well as for procuring, testing, releasing and maintaining the inventory of all raw materials necessary to perform the services and shall maintain adequate stockpile. In addition, the CMO will be responsible to manufacture, package, ship, store and test the product and raw materials, maintain any state or local licenses required to operate a facility performing and management controls in place to track and trend investigations and commitments.

We may terminate this agreement by provide at least 30 days written notice to the CMO without penalty. In addition, the agreement may be terminated with a 30 day notice of a material breach, if such breach has not been cured within the time allotted under this agreement.

Investment Agreement

On January 1, 2017, we entered into an Investment Agreement with Angles Investments in Hi Tech Ltd., or the Investor, a private Israeli company controlled by Mr. Marius Nacht, an Israeli Investor, for the issuance of ordinary shares of the Company. Pursuant to the terms of the Agreement, the Investor invested in the Company amount equal to NIS 10,904,749 (approximately $2.83 million), or the Investment Amount. In consideration for the Investment Amount, the Company issued to the Investor 33,760,832 ordinary shares of the Company, NIS no par value (equivalent to approximately 844,000 ADSs). The Investment Amount represented a price per share that is equal to the closing share price on TASE as of December 29, 2016, which was NIS 0.323 per share, 19.99% of the Company’s issued and outstanding capital, and 12.08% of the Company’s issued and outstanding capital on a fully diluted basis.

The issued shares have not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and may not be offered or sold in the United States or to a U.S. Persons (other than distributors) unless registered under the Securities Act or an exemption therefrom is available. The issued shares contain a legend indicating that the transfer is prohibited except in accordance with the provisions of Regulation S or pursuant to registration under the Securities Act or an available exemption therefrom, and hedging transaction involving the Shares may not be conducted unless in compliance with the Securities Act.

The Investment Amount was utilized by us for working capital, operating expenses and other general corporate purposes.

In addition, following the closing of this investment transaction, and as part of this transaction, Mr. Isaac Devash was appointed as a director of the Company, commencing on February 14, 2017.

ATM Agreement

On November 4, 2016, we entered into an At-the-Market Agreement with FBR Capital Markets & Co., or FBR, that was terminated as of September 13, 2017. Pursuant to the ATM agreement, FBR was authorized, at our discretion and at such times as it shall determine from time to time, sell our ADSs, or the Placement Shares, through an “at the market offering” program, or the ATM Program, pursuant to Instruction I.B.5. of the Registration Statement on Form F-3.

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Any sales of Placement Shares were sold under the Registration Statement on Form F-3 filed by us and declared effective on December 15, 2016. We have paid FBR a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross sales price of the Placement Shares sold pursuant to the ATM Agreement and reimburse FBR for its reasonable out-of-pocket expenses, in connection with the offering. We have provided FBR with customary representations and warranties, and indemnification rights. In addition, the Company has agreed to pay Aegis Capital Corp., or Aegis, a fee equal to up to 2.0% of the gross sales price of the Placement Shares sold on our behalf by FBR through and including May 11, 2017, for Aegis’ waiver of its right of first refusal in accordance with the underwriting agreement entered by us and Aegis on May 11, 2015 in connection with our initial public offering.

We have raised a total of $3.2 million in gross proceeds from at the market offerings and issued a total of 366,666 ADSs. We terminated the ATM agreement effective as of September 13, 2017.

D. Exchange Controls

In 1998, Israeli currency control regulations were liberalized significantly, so that Israeli residents generally may freely deal in foreign currency and foreign assets, and non-residents may freely deal in Israeli currency and Israeli assets. There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on remittances of dividends on the ordinary shares or the proceeds from the sale of the shares provided that all taxes were paid or withheld; however, legislation remains in effect pursuant to which currency controls can be imposed by administrative action at any time.

Non-residents of Israel may freely hold and trade our securities. Neither our articles of association nor the laws of the State of Israel restrict in any way the ownership or voting of ordinary shares by non-residents, except that such restrictions may exist with respect to citizens of countries which are in a state of war with Israel. Israeli residents are allowed to purchase our ordinary shares.

E. Taxation

The following description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the ownership or disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs (both referred to below as the Shares). You should consult your own tax advisor concerning the tax consequences of your particular situation, as well as any tax consequences that may arise under the laws of any state, local, foreign, including Israeli, or other taxing jurisdiction.

Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs

The following is a summary of the material Israeli income tax laws applicable to us. This section also contains a discussion of material Israeli income tax consequences concerning the ownership and disposition of our Shares. This summary does not discuss all the aspects of Israeli income tax law that may be relevant to a particular investor in light of his or her personal investment circumstances or to some types of investors subject to special treatment under Israeli law. Examples of this kind of investor include residents of Israel or traders in securities who are subject to special tax regimes not covered in this discussion. To the extent that the discussion is based on new tax legislation that has not yet been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, we cannot assure you that the appropriate tax authorities or the courts will accept the views expressed in this discussion. This summary is based on laws and regulations in effect as of the date of this prospectus and does not take into account possible future amendments which may be under consideration.

General corporate tax structure in Israel

Taxable income of Israeli companies was subject to tax at the rate of 26.5% in 2015, 25% in 2016, 24% in 2017 and 23% in 2018 and thereafter. Capital gains derived by an Israeli resident company are generally subject to tax at the same rate as the corporate tax rate. Under Israeli tax legislation, a corporation will be considered as an “Israeli Resident” if it meets one of the following: (a) it was incorporated in Israel; or (b) the control and management of its business are exercised in Israel.

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Capital Gains Tax on Sales of Our Ordinary Shares

Israeli law generally imposes a capital gains tax on the sale of any capital assets by residents of Israel, as defined for Israeli tax purposes, and on the sale of assets located in Israel, including shares in Israeli companies, by both residents and non-residents of Israel, unless a specific exemption is available or unless a tax treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence provides otherwise. The Tax Ordinance distinguishes between real gain and inflationary surplus. The inflationary surplus is a portion of the total capital gain equivalent to the increase of the relevant asset’s purchase price attributable to an increase in the Israeli consumer price index, or a foreign currency exchange rate, between the date of purchase and the date of sale. The real gain is the excess of the total capital gain over the inflationary surplus.

The following discussion refers to the sale of our ordinary shares. However, the same tax treatment would apply to the sale of our ADSs.

Taxation of Israeli residents

As of January 1, 2012, the tax rate generally applicable to the capital gains derived from the sale of shares, whether listed on a stock market or not, is 25% for Israeli individuals, unless such shareholder is considered a “significant shareholder” at any time during the 12-month period preceding such sale (i.e., such shareholder holds directly or indirectly, including jointly with others, at least 10% of any means of control in the company) in which case the tax rate will be 30%. Israeli companies are subject to the corporate tax rate on capital gains derived from the sale of listed shares. However, different tax rates may apply to dealers in securities and shareholders who acquired their shares prior to an initial public offering.

As of January 1, 2013, shareholders that are individuals who have taxable income that exceeds NIS 800,000 in a tax year (linked to the CPI each year), will be subject to an additional tax, referred to as Income Surtax, at the rate of 2% on their taxable income for such tax year which is in excess of such threshold. Under an amendment enacted in December 2016 to the Tax Ordinance, for tax year 2017 and thereafter the rate of High Income Tax was increased to 3% and will be applicable to annual income exceeding NIS 640,000 (linked to the CPI each year). For this purpose, taxable income will include taxable capital gains from the sale of our shares and taxable income from dividend distributions.

Taxation of Non-Israeli Residents

Non-Israeli residents are generally exempt from Israeli capital gains tax on any gains derived from the sale of shares publicly traded on the TASE provided such gains did not derive from a permanent establishment of such shareholders in Israel. Non-Israeli residents are also exempt from Israeli capital gains tax on any gains derived from the sale of shares of Israeli companies publicly traded on a recognized stock market outside of Israel, provided such shareholders did not acquire their shares prior to the issuer’s initial public offering (in which case a partial exemption may be available), that the gains did not derive from a permanent establishment of such shareholders in Israel. However, non-Israeli corporations will not be entitled to such exemption if Israeli residents (i) have a controlling interest of more than 25% in such non-Israeli corporation, or (ii) are the beneficiaries of or are entitled to 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly.

In addition, the sale, exchange or disposition of our ordinary shares by a shareholder who is a U.S. resident (for purposes of the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty), and who holds ordinary shares as a capital asset, is also exempt from Israeli capital gains tax under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty unless either (i) the shareholder holds, directly or indirectly, shares representing 10% or more of our voting power during any part of the 12-month period preceding such sale or (ii) the capital gains arising from such sale are attributable to a permanent establishment of the shareholder located in Israel. If the above conditions are not met, the U.S. resident would be subject to Israeli tax, to the extent applicable. However, under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, the gain would be treated as foreign source income for United States foreign tax credit purposes and such U.S. resident would be permitted to claim a credit for such taxes against the United States federal income tax imposed on such sale, exchange or disposition, subject to the limitations under the United States federal income tax laws applicable to foreign tax credits.

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Taxation of Dividends Paid on our Ordinary Shares

The following discussion refers to dividends paid on our ordinary shares. However, the same tax treatment would apply to dividends paid on our ADSs.

Taxation of Israeli Residents

Israeli resident individuals are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid on our ordinary shares, other than bonus shares (share dividends) or stock dividends. As of January 1, 2012, the tax rate applicable to such dividends is 25% or 30% for a shareholder that is considered a significant shareholder at any time during the 12-month period preceding such distribution. Dividends paid out of profits sourced from ordinary income are subject to withholding tax at the rate of 25% or 30%.

All dividend distributions to Israeli resident corporations are not subject to a withholding tax.

For information with respect to the applicability of Income Surtax on distribution of dividends, please see “Capital Gains Tax on Sales of Our Ordinary Shares” and “Taxation of Israeli Residents” above in this Item.

Taxation of Israeli Resident Corporations on Receipt of Dividends

Israeli resident corporations are generally exempt from Israeli corporate income tax with respect to dividends paid on our Shares.

Taxation of Non-Israeli Residents

Non-residents of Israel, both companies and individuals, are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid on our ordinary shares, at the aforementioned rates applicable to Israeli residents, which tax will be withheld at source, unless a different rate is provided in a treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence.

Under the U.S.-Israel Treaty, the maximum Israeli withholding tax on dividends paid by us is 25%. The U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty further provides for a 12.5% Israeli dividend withholding tax rate on dividends paid by an Israeli company to a U.S. corporation owning at least 10% or more of such Israeli company’s issued voting power for, in general, the part of the tax year which precedes the date of payment of the dividend and the entire preceding tax year. The lower 12.5% rate applies only to dividends paid from regular income (and not derived from an Approved, Privileged or Preferred Enterprise) in the applicable period and does not apply if the company has more than 25% of its gross income derived from certain types of passive income (if the conditions mentioned above are met, dividends from income of an Approved, Privileged or Preferred Enterprise are subject to a 15% withholding tax rate under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty). Residents of the United States generally will have withholding tax in Israel deducted at source. They may be entitled to a credit or deduction for United States federal income tax purposes in the amount of the taxes withheld, subject to detailed rules contained in United States tax legislation.

A non-resident of Israel who has dividend income derived from or accrued in Israel, from which tax was withheld at source, is generally exempt from the duty to file tax returns in Israel with respect to such income, provided such income was not derived from a business conducted in Israel by the taxpayer.

Estate and gift tax

Israeli law presently does not impose estate or gift taxes.

EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR SHOULD CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE PARTICULAR ISRAELI TAX CONSEQUENCES OF PURCHASING, HOLDING, AND DISPOSING OF OUR SHARES, INCLUDING THE CONSEQUENCES OF ANY PROPOSED CHANGE IN APPLICABLE LAWS.

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U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences

The following is a summary of the material U.S. Federal income tax consequences that apply to U.S. holders (defined below) who hold ADSs as capital assets for tax purposes. This summary is based on the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), existing final, temporary and proposed regulations thereunder, judicial decisions and published positions of the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S.-Israel income tax treaty in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change at any time (including changes in interpretation), possibly with retroactive effect. On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted the U.S. Tax Reform which alters significantly the U.S. Federal income tax system, generally beginning in 2018. Given the complexity of this new law, U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding its potential impact on the U.S. Federal income tax consequences to them in light of their particular circumstances.

This summary does not address all U.S. Federal income tax matters that may be relevant to a particular prospective holder or all tax considerations that may be relevant with respect to an investment in ADSs.

This summary does not address tax considerations applicable to a holder of an ADS that may be subject to special tax rules including, without limitation, the following:

● dealers or traders in securities, currencies or notional principal contracts;

● financial institutions;

● insurance companies;

● real estate investment trusts;

● banks;

● investors subject to the alternative minimum tax;

● tax-exempt organizations;

● regulated investment companies;

● investors that actually or constructively own 10 percent or more of our voting shares;

● investors that will hold the ADSs as part of a hedging or conversion transaction or as a position in a straddle or a part of a synthetic security or other integrated transaction for U.S. Federal income tax purposes;

● investors that are treated as partnerships or other pass through entities for U.S. Federal income tax purposes and persons who hold the ADSs through partnerships or other pass through entities;

● investors whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar; and

● expatriates or former long-term residents of the United States.

This summary does not address the effect of any U.S. Federal taxation other than U.S. Federal income taxation. In addition, this summary does not include any discussion of state, local or foreign taxation or the indirect effects on the holders of equity interests in a holder of an ADS.

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You are urged to consult your own tax advisor regarding the foreign and U.S. Federal, state and local and other tax consequences of an investment in ADSs.

For purposes of this summary, a “U.S. holder” is a beneficial owner of ADSs that is, for U.S. Federal income tax purposes:

● an individual who is a citizen or a resident of the United States;

● a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any political subdivision thereof;

● an estate whose income is subject to U.S. Federal income tax regardless of its source; or

● a trust if:

(a) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over administration of the trust; and

(b) one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust.

If an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal tax purposes holds ADSs, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of its partners will generally depend upon the status of the partners and the activities of the partnership. Entities that are classified as partnerships for U.S. federal tax purposes and persons holding ADSs through such entities should consult their own tax advisors.

In general, if you hold ADSs, you will be treated as the holder of the underlying shares represented by those ADSs for U.S. Federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, no gain or loss will be recognized if you exchange ADSs for the underlying shares represented by those ADSs.

U.S. Taxation of ADSs

Distributions

Subject to the discussion under “Passive Foreign Investment Companies” below, the gross amount of any distribution, including the amount of any Israeli taxes withheld from these distributions (see “Israeli Tax Considerations”), actually or constructively received by a U.S. holder with respect to ADSs will be taxable to the U.S. holder as a dividend to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits as determined under U.S. Federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of earnings and profits will be non-taxable to the U.S. holder to the extent of, and will be applied against and reduce, the U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs. Distributions in excess of earnings and profits and such adjusted tax basis will generally be taxable to the U.S. holder as a capital gain from the sale or exchange of property. We do not maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under U.S. Federal income tax principles. If we do not report to a U.S. holder the portion of a distribution that exceeds earnings and profits, the distribution will generally be taxable as a dividend even if that distribution would otherwise be treated as a non-taxable return of capital or as a capital gain under the rules described above. The amount of any distribution of property other than cash will be the fair market value of that property on the date of distribution. The U.S. holder will not, except as provided by Section 245 of the Code, be eligible for any dividends received deduction in respect of the dividend otherwise allowable to corporations.

Under the Code, certain dividends received by non-corporate U.S. holders will be subject to a maximum income tax rate of 20%. This reduced income tax rate is only applicable to dividends paid by a “qualified foreign corporation” that is not a “passive foreign investment company” and only with respect to shares held by a qualified U.S. holder (i.e., a non-corporate holder) for a minimum holding period (generally 61 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date). We should be considered a qualified foreign corporation because (i) we are eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty between Israel and the U.S., which includes an exchange of information program, and (ii) the ADSs are readily tradable on an established securities market in the U.S. In addition, based on our current business plans, we do not expect to be classified as a “passive foreign investment company” (see “Passive Foreign Investment Companies” below). Accordingly, dividends paid by us to individual U.S. holders on shares held for the minimum holding period should be eligible for the reduced income tax rate. In addition to the income tax on dividends discussed above, certain non-corporate U.S. holders will also be subject to the 3.8% Medicare tax on dividends as discussed below under “Medicare Tax on Unearned Income”.

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The amount of any distribution paid in a currency other than U.S. dollars (a “foreign currency”) including the amount of any withholding tax thereon, will be included in the gross income of a U.S. holder in an amount equal to the U.S. dollar value of the foreign currencies calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of receipt, regardless of whether the foreign currencies are converted into U.S. dollars. If the foreign currencies are converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. holder generally should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend. If the foreign currencies received in the distribution are not converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. holder will have a basis in the foreign currencies equal to its U.S. dollar value on the date of receipt. Any gain or loss on a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the foreign currencies will be treated as ordinary income or loss.

Generally, dividends received by a U.S. holder with respect to ADSs will be treated as foreign source income for the purposes of calculating that holder’s foreign tax credit limitation. Subject to certain conditions and limitations, any Israeli taxes withheld on dividends at the rate provided by the U.S.-Israel tax treaty may be deducted from taxable income or credited against a U.S. holder’s U.S. Federal income tax liability. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for the U.S. foreign tax credit is calculated separately with respect to “passive” income and “general” income. The rules relating to foreign tax credits and the timing thereof are complex. U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of a foreign tax credit under their particular situation.

Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs

If a U.S. holder sells or otherwise disposes of its ADSs, gain or loss will be recognized for U.S. Federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on the sale or other disposition and such holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs. Subject to the discussion below under the heading “Passive Foreign Investment Companies,” such gain or loss generally will be a capital gain or loss, and will be long-term a capital gain or loss if the holder had held the ADSs for more than one year at the time of the sale or other disposition. Long-term capital gains realized by individual U.S. holders generally are subject to a lower marginal U.S. Federal income tax rate (currently up to 20%) than the marginal tax rate on ordinary income. In addition to the income tax on gains discussed above, certain non-corporate U.S. holders will also be subject to the 3.8% Medicare tax on net gains as discussed below under “Medicare Tax on Unearned Income”. Under most circumstances, any gain that a holder recognizes on the sale or other disposition of ADSs will be U.S. sourced for purposes of the foreign tax credit limitation and any recognized losses will be allocated against U.S. source income.

If a U.S. holder receives foreign currency upon a sale or exchange of ADSs, gain or loss, if any, recognized on the subsequent sale, conversion or disposition of such foreign currency will be ordinary income or loss, and will generally be income or loss from sources within the United States for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. However, if such foreign currency is converted into U.S. dollars on the date received by the U.S. holder, the U.S. holder generally should not be required to recognize any gain or loss on such conversion.

A U.S. holder who holds shares through an Israeli stockbroker or other Israeli intermediary may be subject to Israeli withholding tax on any capital gain recognized if the U.S. holder does not obtain approval of an exemption from the Israeli Tax Authorities or claim any allowable refunds or reductions. U.S. holders are advised that any Israeli tax paid under circumstances in which an exemption from (or a refund of or a reduction in) such tax was available will not give rise to a deduction or credit for foreign taxes paid for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If applicable, U.S. holders are advised to consult their Israeli stockbroker or intermediary regarding the procedures for obtaining an exemption or reduction.

Medicare Tax on Unearned Income

Certain U.S. holders that are individuals, estates or trusts are required to pay an additional 3.8% tax on all or a portion of their “net investment income,” which includes dividends and net gains from the sale or other dispositions of ADSs (other than ADSs held in a trade or business).

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Passive Foreign Investment Companies

For U.S. Federal income tax purposes, we will be considered a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for any taxable year in which either 75% or more of our gross income is passive income, or at least 50% of the average value of all of our assets for the taxable year produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, passive income includes dividend, interest, royalty, rent, annuity and the excess of gain over losses from the disposition of assets which produce passive income. If we were determined to be a PFIC for U.S. Federal income tax purposes, highly complex rules would apply to U.S. holders owning ADSs.

We have not determined whether we will be a PFIC in the year in which this offering is completed or in future years. Because the PFIC determination is highly fact-intensive, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC in the year in which this offering is completed or any subsequent year.

Our status in any taxable year will depend on our assets and activities in each year and because this is a factual determination made annually at the end of each taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any future taxable year. If we were treated as a PFIC in any year during which a U.S. holder owns ADSs, certain adverse tax consequences could apply.

You are urged to consult your own tax advisor regarding the possibility of us being classified as a PFIC and the potential tax consequences arising from the ownership and disposition (directly or indirectly) of an interest in a PFIC.

The U.S. federal income tax rules relating to PFICs, QEF elections, and mark-to market elections are complex. U.S. Investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our Shares, any elections available with respect to such Shares and the IRS information reporting obligations with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our Shares.

Certain Reporting Requirements

Certain U.S. Investors are required to file IRS Form 926, Return by U.S. Transferor of Property to a Foreign Corporation, and certain U.S. Investors may be required to file IRS Form 5471, Information Return of U.S. Persons With Respect to Certain Foreign Corporations, reporting transfers of cash or other property to us and information relating to the U.S. Investor and us. Substantial penalties may be imposed upon a U.S. Investor that fails to comply.

In addition, recently enacted legislation requires certain U.S. Investors to report information on IRS Form 8938 with respect to their investments in certain “foreign financial assets,” which would include an investment in our Shares, to the IRS.

Investors who fail to report required information could become subject to substantial civil and criminal penalties. U.S. Investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the possible implications of these reporting requirements on their investment in our Shares.

Disclosure of Reportable Transactions

If a U.S. Investor sells or disposes of the Shares at a loss or otherwise incurs certain losses that meet certain thresholds, such U.S. Investor may be required to file a disclosure statement with the IRS. Failure to comply with these and other reporting requirements could result in the imposition of significant penalties.

Backup Withholding Tax and Information Reporting Requirements

Generally, information reporting requirements will apply to distributions on our Shares or proceeds on the disposition of our Shares paid within the United States (and, in certain cases, outside the United States) to U.S. Investors other than certain exempt recipients, such as corporations. Furthermore, backup withholding (currently at 28%) may apply to such amounts if the U.S. Investor fails to (i) provide a correct taxpayer identification number, (ii) report interest and dividends required to be shown on its U.S. federal income tax return, or (iii) make other appropriate certifications in the required manner. U.S. Investors who are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide such certification on IRS Form W-9.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding from a payment may be credited against a U.S. Investor’s U.S. federal income tax liability and such U.S. Investor may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information in a timely manner.

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THE DISCUSSION ABOVE IS A GENERAL SUMMARY. EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR IS URGED TO CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR ABOUT THE TAX CONSEQUENCES TO IT OF RELATING TO THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR SHARES IN LIGHT OF THE INVESTOR’S OWN CIRCUMSTANCES.

F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G. Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H. Documents on Display 

We are subject to the information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act that are applicable to foreign private issuers, and under those requirements will file reports with the SEC through its electronic data gathering, analysis and retrieval (EDGAR) system. Our securities filings, including this Annual Report and the exhibits thereto, are available for inspection and copying at thepublic reference facilities of the SEC located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may also obtain copies of the documents at prescribed rates by writing to the Public Reference Section of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room. The SEC also maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov from which certain filings may be accessed.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will be exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Furthermore, as a foreign private issuer, we are also not subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act. In addition, we will not be required under the Exchange Act to file annual or other reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.

We also intend to furnish certain other material information to the SEC under cover of Form 6-K and to furnish to the SEC under cover of Form 6-K English translations or summaries (in certain instances where applicable), in accordance with the provisions of Exchange Act Rule 12b-12(d), of such Hebrew language immediate reports or information furnished to the TASE and the ISA, as well as other material agreements that we may enter into that are written in the Hebrew language.

In addition, our ordinary shares traded on the TASE until January 22, 2018, and until such delisting date we have filed Hebrew language periodic and immediate reports with, and furnish information to, the TASE and the ISA, as required under Chapter Six of the Israel Securities Law, 1968. Copies of our filings with the ISA can be retrieved electronically through the MAGNA distribution site of the ISA (www.magna.isa.gov.il) and the TASE website (www.maya.tase.co.il).

We maintain a corporate website at www.biondvax.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report. We have included our website address in this annual report solely as an inactive textual reference.

I. Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

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Item 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position, results of operations or cash flows due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates, including interest rates and foreign exchange rates, of financial instruments. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.

Interest Rate Risk

Following the date of this annual report, we do not anticipate undertaking any significant long-term borrowings. At present, our investments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and financial assets at fair value.

Following the date of this annual report, we may invest in investment-grade marketable securities with maturities of up to three years, including commercial paper, money market funds, and government/non-government debt securities. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing the income that we receive from our investments without significantly increasing risk and loss. Our investments are exposed to market risk due to fluctuation in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and the fair market value of our investments, if any. We manage this exposure by performing ongoing evaluations of our investments. Due to the short-term maturities, if any, of our investments to date, their carrying value has always approximated their fair value. If we decide to invest in investments other than cash and cash equivalents, it will be our policy to hold such investments to maturity in order to limit our exposure to interest rate fluctuations.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Our foreign currency exposures give rise to market risk associated with exchange rate movements of the NIS, our functional and reporting currency, mainly against the U.S. dollar and the Euro. Although the NIS is our functional currency, a small portion of our expenses are denominated in both U.S. dollar and Euro. Our U.S. dollar and Euro expenses consist principally of payments made to sub-contractors and consultants for clinical trials and other research and development activities as well as payments made to purchase new equipment. We anticipate that a sizable portion of our expenses will continue to be denominated in currencies other than the NIS. If the NIS fluctuates significantly against either the U.S. dollar or the Euro, it may have a negative impact on our results of operations. To date, fluctuations in the exchange rates have not materially affected our results of operations or financial condition for the periods under review.

To date, we entered into currency hedging transactions to decrease the risk of financial exposure from fluctuations in the exchange rates of our principal operating currencies. These measures, however, may not adequately protect us from the material adverse effects of such fluctuations.

Item 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights

For a description of the ADS warrants, see Item 12D.

C. Other Securities

Not applicable.

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D. American Depositary Shares

American Depositary Shares

The Bank of New York Mellon, as depositary, registered and delivered American Depositary Shares, also referred to as ADSs. Each ADS represents forty (40) ordinary shares (or a right to receive forty (40) ordinary shares) deposited with the principal Tel Aviv office of either of Bank Leumi or Bank Hapoalim, as custodian for the depositary. Each ADS also represents any other securities, cash or other property which may be held by the depositary. The depositary’s office at which the ADSs are administered is located at 101 Barclay Street, New York, New York 10286. The Bank of New York Mellon’s principal executive office is located at One Wall Street, New York, New York 10286.

You may hold ADSs either (A) directly (i) by having an American Depositary Receipt, also referred to as an ADR, which is a certificate evidencing a specific number of ADSs, registered in your name, or (ii) by having ADSs registered in your name in the Direct Registration System, or DRS, or (B) indirectly by holding a security entitlement in ADSs through your broker or other financial institution. If you hold ADSs directly, you are a registered ADS holder, also referred to as an ADS holder. This description assumes you are an ADS holder. If you hold the ADSs indirectly, you must rely on the procedures of your broker or other financial institution to assert the rights of ADS holders described in this section. You should consult with your broker or financial institution to find out what those procedures are.

The DRS is a system administered by The Depository Trust Company, or DTC, under which the depositary may register the ownership of uncertificated ADSs, which ownership is confirmed by periodic statements sent by the depositary to the registered holders of uncertificated ADSs.

As an ADS holder, we will not treat you as one of our shareholders and you will not have shareholder rights. Israeli law governs shareholder rights. The depositary will be the holder of the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. As a registered holder of ADSs, you will have ADS holder rights. A deposit agreement among us, the depositary, ADS holders and all other persons indirectly or beneficially holding ADSs sets out ADS holder rights as well as the rights and obligations of the depositary. New York law governs the deposit agreement and the ADSs.

The following is a summary of the material provisions of the deposit agreement. For more complete information, you should read the entire deposit agreement and the form of ADR. For directions on how to obtain copies of those documents see “Where You Can Find More Information”.

Dividends and Other Distributions

How will you receive dividends and other distributions on the shares?

The depositary has agreed to pay to ADS holders the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent.

Cash. The depositary will convert any cash dividend or other cash distribution we pay on the ordinary shares into U.S. dollars, if it can do so on a reasonable basis and can transfer the U.S. dollars to the United States. If that is not possible or if any government approval is needed and cannot be obtained, the deposit agreement allows the depositary to distribute the foreign currency only to those ADS holders to whom it is possible to do so. It will hold the foreign currency it cannot convert for the account of the ADS holders who have not been paid. It will not invest the foreign currency and it will not be liable for any interest.

Before making a distribution, the depositary will deduct any withholding taxes, or other required governmental charges. The depositary will distribute only whole U.S. dollars and cents and will round fractional cents to the nearest whole cent. If the exchange rates fluctuate during a time when the depositary cannot convert the foreign currency, you may lose some or all of the value of the distribution.

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Shares. The depositary may distribute additional ADSs representing any ordinary shares we distribute as a dividend or free distribution. The depositary will only distribute whole ADSs. It may sell ordinary shares which would require it to deliver a fraction of an ADS and distribute the net proceeds in the same way as it does with cash. If the depositary does not distribute additional ADSs, the outstanding ADSs will also represent the new shares. The depositary may sell a portion of the distributed ordinary shares sufficient to pay its fees and expenses in connection with that distribution.

Rights to purchase additional shares. If we offer holders of our securities any rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares or any other rights, the depositary may make these rights available to ADS holders. If the depositary decides it is not legal and practical to make the rights available but that it is practical to sell the rights, the depositary will use reasonable efforts to sell the rights and distribute the proceeds in the same way as it does with cash. The depositary will allow rights that are not distributed or sold to lapse. In that case, you will receive no value for them.

If the depositary makes rights available to ADS holders, it will exercise the rights and purchase the ordinary shares on your behalf. The depositary will then deposit the ordinary shares and deliver ADSs to the persons entitled to them. It will only exercise rights if you pay it the exercise price and any other charges the rights require you to pay.

U.S. securities laws may restrict transfers and cancellation of the ADSs represented by ordinary shares purchased upon exercise of rights. For example, you may not be able to trade these ADSs freely in the United States. In this case, the depositary may deliver restricted depositary shares that have the same terms as the ADSs described in this section except for changes needed to put the necessary restrictions in place.

Other Distributions. The depositary will send to ADS holders anything else we distribute on deposited securities by any means it thinks is legal, fair and practical. If it cannot make the distribution in that way, the depositary will have a choice. It may decide to sell what we distributed and distribute the net proceeds, in the same way as it does with cash. Or, it may decide to hold what we distributed, in which case ADSs will also represent the newly distributed property. However, the depositary is not required to distribute any securities (other than ADSs) to ADS holders unless it receives reasonably satisfactory evidence from us that it is legal to make that distribution. The depositary may sell a portion of the distributed securities or property sufficient to pay its fees and expenses in connection with that distribution

The depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any ADS holders. We have no obligation to register ADSs, shares, rights or other securities under the Securities Act. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, shares, rights or anything else to ADS holders. This means that you may not receive the distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you.

Deposit, Withdrawal and Cancellation

How are ADSs issued?

The depositary will deliver ADSs if you or your broker deposits ordinary shares or evidence of rights to receive ordinary shares with the custodian. Upon payment of its fees and expenses and of any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees, the depositary will register the appropriate number of ADSs in the names you request and will deliver the ADSs to or upon the order of the person or persons that made the deposit.

How can ADS holders withdraw the deposited securities?

You may surrender your ADSs at the depositary’s office. Upon payment of its fees and expenses and of any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees, the depositary will deliver the ordinary shares and any other deposited securities underlying the ADSs to the ADS holder or a person the ADS holder designates at the office of the custodian. Or, at your request, risk and expense, the depositary will deliver the deposited securities at its office, if feasible.

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How do ADS holders interchange between certificated ADSs and uncertificated ADSs?

You may surrender your ADR to the depositary for the purpose of exchanging your ADR for uncertificated ADSs. The depositary will cancel that ADR and will send to the ADS holder a statement confirming that the ADS holder is the registered holder of uncertificated ADSs. Alternatively, upon receipt by the depositary of a proper instruction from a registered holder of uncertificated ADSs requesting the exchange of uncertificated ADSs for certificated ADSs, the depositary will execute and deliver to the ADS holder an ADR evidencing those ADSs.

Voting Rights

How do you vote?

ADS holders may instruct the depositary how to vote the number of deposited ordinary shares their ADSs represent. Otherwise, you won’t be able to exercise your right to vote unless you withdraw the shares. However, you may not know about the meeting sufficiently in advance to withdraw the shares.

The depositary will notify ADS holders of shareholders’ meetings and arrange to deliver our voting materials to them if we ask it to. Those materials will describe the matters to be voted on and explain how ADS holders may instruct the depositary how to vote. For instructions to be valid, they much reach the depositary by a date set by the depositary.

The depositary will try, as far as practical, subject to the laws of Israel and of our articles of association or similar documents, to vote or to have its agents vote the ordinary shares or other deposited securities as instructed by ADS holders. The depositary will only vote or attempt to vote as instructed or as described in the following sentence. If we ask the depositary to solicit your instructions at least 30 days before the meeting date but the depositary does not receive voting instructions from you by the specified date, it will consider you to have authorized and directed it to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the number of deposited securities represented by your ADSs. The depositary will give a discretionary proxy in those circumstances to vote on all questions at to be voted upon unless we notify the depositary that:

● we do not wish to receive a discretionary proxy;

● there is substantial shareholder opposition to the particular question; or

● the particular question would have an adverse impact on our shareholders.

We are required to notify the depositary if one of the conditions specified above exists.

We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and there may be nothing you can do if your ordinary shares are not voted as you requested.

In order to give you a reasonable opportunity to instruct the Depositary as to the exercise of voting rights relating to Deposited Securities, if we request the Depositary to act, we agree to give the Depositary notice of any such meeting and details concerning the matters to be voted upon at least 30 days in advance of the meeting date.

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Fees and Expenses

Persons depositing or withdrawing ordinary shares or ADS holders must pay:	For:
$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs)	Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of ordinary shares or rights or other property Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates
$.05 (or less) per ADS	Any cash distribution to ADS holders
A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been ordinary shares and the ordinary shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs	Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities which are distributed by the depositary to ADS holders
$.05 (or less) per ADS per calendar year	Depositary services
Registration or transfer fees	Transfer and registration of ordinary shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw ordinary shares
Expenses of the depositary	Cable, telex and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement) converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars
Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian has to pay on any ADSs or ordinary shares underlying ADSs, such as stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes	As necessary
Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities	As necessary

The depositary collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing ordinary shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may collect any of its fees by deduction from any cash distribution payable to ADS holders that are obligated to pay those fees. The depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those services are paid.

From time to time, the depositary may make payments to us to reimburse and/or share revenue from the fees collected from ADS holders, or waive fees and expenses for services provided, generally relating to costs and expenses arising out of establishment and maintenance of the ADS program. In performing its duties under the deposit agreement, the depositary may use brokers, dealers or other service providers that are affiliates of the depositary and that may earn or share fees or commissions.

Payment of Taxes

You will be responsible for any taxes or other governmental charges payable on your ADSs or on the deposited securities represented by any of your ADSs. The depositary may refuse to register any transfer of your ADSs or allow you to withdraw the deposited securities represented by your ADSs until such taxes or other charges are paid. It may apply payments owed to you or sell deposited securities represented by your American Depositary Shares to pay any taxes owed and you will remain liable for any deficiency. If the depositary sells deposited securities, it will, if appropriate, reduce the number of ADSs to reflect the sale and pay to ADS holders any proceeds, or send to ADS holders any property, remaining after it has paid the taxes.

Reclassifications, Recapitalizations and Mergers

If we:	Then:
● Change the nominal or par value of our shares ● Reclassify, split up or consolidate any of the deposited securities	The cash, ordinary shares or other securities received by the depositary will become deposited securities. Each ADS will automatically represent its equal share of the new deposited securities.
● Distribute securities on the ordinary shares that are not distributed to you ● Recapitalize, reorganize, merge, liquidate, sell all or substantially all of our assets, or take any similar action	The depositary may distribute new ADSs representing the new deposited securities or ask you to surrender your outstanding ADRs in exchange for new ADRs identifying the new deposited securities.

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Amendment and Termination

How may the deposit agreement be amended?

We may agree with the depositary to amend the deposit agreement and the ADSs without your consent for any reason. If an amendment adds or increases fees or charges, except for taxes and other governmental charges or expenses of the depositary for registration fees, facsimile costs, delivery charges or similar items, or prejudices a substantial right of ADS holders, it will not become effective for outstanding ADSs until 30 days after the depositary notifies ADS holders of the amendment. At the time an amendment becomes effective, you are considered, by continuing to hold your ADSs, to agree to the amendment and to be bound by the ADRs and the deposit agreement as amended.

How may the deposit agreement be terminated?

The depositary will terminate the deposit agreement at our direction by mailing notice of termination to the ADS holders at least 30 days prior to the date fixed in such notice for such termination. The depositary may also terminate the deposit agreement by mailing notice of termination to us and the ADS holders if 60 days have passed from the date on which the depositary told us it wants to resign but a successor depositary has not been appointed and accepted its appointment.

After termination, the depositary and its agents will do the following under the deposit agreement but nothing else: collect distributions on the deposited securities, sell rights and other property, and deliver ordinary shares and other deposited securities upon cancellation of ADSs. Four months after termination, the depositary may sell any remaining deposited securities by public or private sale. After that, the depositary will hold the money it received on the sale, as well as any other cash it is holding under the deposit agreement for the pro rata benefit of the ADS holders that have not surrendered their ADSs. It will not invest the money and has no liability for interest. The depositary’s only obligations will be to account for the money and other cash. After termination our only obligations will be to indemnify the depositary and to pay fees and expenses of the depositary that we agreed to pay.

Limitations on Obligations and Liability

Limits on our Obligations and the Obligations of the Depositary; Limits on Liability to Holders of ADSs

The deposit agreement expressly limits our obligations and the obligations of the depositary. It also limits our liability and the liability of the depositary. We and the depositary:

● are only obligated to take the actions specifically set forth in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith;

● are not liable if we are or it are prevented or delayed by law or circumstances beyond our or its control from performing our or its obligations under the deposit agreement;

● are not liable if we or it exercise discretion permitted under the deposit agreement;

● are not liable for the inability of any holder of ADSs to benefit from any distribution on deposited securities that is not made available to holders of ADSs under the terms of the deposit agreement, or for any special, consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement;

● have no obligation to become involved in a lawsuit or other proceeding related to the ADSs or the deposit agreement on your behalf or on behalf of any other person;

● are not liable for the acts or omissions of any securities depository, clearing agency or settlement system; and

● may rely upon any documents we believe or it believe in good faith to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper person.

In the deposit agreement, we and the depositary agree to indemnify each other under certain circumstances.

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Requirements for Depositary Actions

Before the depositary will deliver or register a transfer of ADSs, make a distribution on ADSs, or permit withdrawal of shares, the depositary may require:

● payment of stock transfer or other taxes or other governmental charges and transfer or registration fees charged by third parties for the transfer of any ordinary shares or other deposited securities;

● satisfactory proof of the identity and genuineness of any signature or other information it deems necessary; and

● compliance with regulations it may establish, from time to time, consistent with the deposit agreement, including presentation of transfer documents.

The depositary may refuse to deliver ADSs or register transfers of ADSs when the transfer books of the depositary or our transfer books are closed or at any time if the depositary or we think it advisable to do so.

Your Right to Receive the Ordinary Shares Underlying your ADSs

ADS holders have the right to cancel their ADSs and withdraw the underlying ordinary shares at any time except:

● when temporary delays arise because: (i) the depositary has closed its transfer books or we have closed our transfer books; (ii) the transfer of ordinary shares is blocked to permit voting at a shareholders’ meeting; or (iii) we are paying a dividend on our shares;

● when you owe money to pay fees, taxes and similar charges; or

● when it is necessary to prohibit withdrawals in order to comply with any laws or governmental regulations that apply to ADSs or to the withdrawal of ordinary shares or other deposited securities.

This right of withdrawal may not be limited by any other provision of the deposit agreement.

Pre-release of ADSs

The deposit agreement permits the depositary to deliver ADSs before deposit of the underlying shares. This is called a pre-release of the ADSs. The depositary may also deliver ordinary shares upon cancellation of pre-released ADSs (even if the ADSs are canceled before the pre-release transaction has been closed out). A pre-release is closed out as soon as the underlying ordinary shares are delivered to the depositary. The depositary may receive ADSs instead of ordinary shares to close out a pre-release. The depositary may pre-release ADSs only under the following conditions: (1) before or at the time of the pre-release, the person to whom the pre-release is being made represents to the depositary in writing that it or its customer owns the ordinary shares or ADSs to be deposited; (2) the pre-release is fully collateralized with cash or other collateral that the depositary considers appropriate; and (3) the depositary must be able to close out the pre-release on not more than five business days’ notice. In addition, the depositary will limit the number of ADSs that may be outstanding at any time as a result of pre-release, although the depositary may disregard the limit from time to time if it thinks it is appropriate to do so.

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Direct Registration System

In the deposit agreement, all parties to the deposit agreement acknowledge that DRS and the Profile Modification System, or Profile, will apply to uncertificated ADSs upon acceptance thereof to DRS by DTC. DRS is the system administered by DTC under which the depositary may register the ownership of uncertificated ADSs, which ownership will be confirmed by periodic statements sent by the depositary to the registered holders of uncertificated ADSs. Profile is a required feature of DRS that allows a DTC participant, claiming to act on behalf of a registered holder of ADSs, to direct the depositary to register a transfer of those ADSs to DTC or its nominee and to deliver those ADSs to the DTC account of that DTC participant without receipt by the depositary of prior authorization from the ADS holder to register that transfer.

In connection with and in accordance with the arrangements and procedures relating to DRS/Profile, the parties to the deposit agreement understand that the depositary will not determine whether the DTC participant that is claiming to be acting on behalf of an ADS holder in requesting registration of transfer and delivery described in the paragraph above has the actual authority to act on behalf of the ADS holder (notwithstanding any requirements under the Uniform Commercial Code). In the deposit agreement, the parties agree that the depositary’s reliance on and compliance with instructions received by the depositary through the DRS/Profile System and in accordance with the deposit agreement will not constitute negligence or bad faith on the part of the depositary.

Shareholder communications; inspection of register of holders of ADSs

The depositary will make available for your inspection at its office all communications that it receives from us as a holder of deposited securities that we make generally available to holders of deposited securities. The depositary will send you copies of those communications if we ask it to. You have a right to inspect the register of holders of ADSs, but not for the purpose of contacting those holders about a matter unrelated to our business or the ADSs.

ADS warrants

The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the ADS warrants offered as part of the initial public offering in the U.S. is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by the provisions of the ADS warrant Agent Agreement and form of Warrant Certificate, which were filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this post-effective amendment is a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions set forth in the ADS Warrant Agent Agreement and form of Warrant Certificate. ADS warrants issued in connection with the initial public offering in the U.S. are administered by The Bank of New York Mellon.

Exercisability. The warrants are exercisable immediately upon issuance and at any time up to the date that is five years from the date of issuance. The warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of ADSs purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below), together with any ADS issuance fee and other applicable charges and taxes. Unless otherwise specified in the warrant, the holder does not have the right to exercise the warrants, in whole or in part, if the holder (together with its affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% of the number of our ordinary shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage is determined in accordance with the terms of the warrants.

Cashless Exercise. In the event that a registration statement covering ADSs underlying the warrants is not effective, and an exemption from registration is not available for the resale of such shares of ordinary shares underlying the warrants, the holder may, in its sole discretion, exercise warrants and, in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, elect instead to receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of ordinary shares determined according to the formula set forth in the warrant agreement. An issuance fee, as well as other applicable charges and taxes, may be due and payable upon any cashless exercise.

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Exercise Price. The initial exercise price per share of ADSs purchasable upon exercise of the warrants is $6.25 per ADS. In addition to the exercise price per share of ADS, an issuance fee and other applicable charges and taxes may be due and payable upon exercise.

Anti-Dilution Provisions. The exercise price is subject to adjustment in the event of sales of our ADSs or equivalent number of ordinary shares during the one-year period following the closing at a price per share less than the exercise price then in effect (or securities convertible or exercisable into ADSs or equivalent number of ordinary shares at a conversion or exercise price less than the exercise price then in effect subject to customary exceptions). In addition, the exercise price and the number of shares issuable upon exercise are subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock subdivisions and combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting our ADSs or ordinary shares.

Transferability. Subject to applicable laws, the warrants may be transferred at the option of the holders upon surrender of the warrants to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer.

Warrant Agent and Exchange Listing. The warrants are issued in registered form under an ADS Warrant Agent Agreement between The Bank of New York Mellon, as warrant agent and us.

Fundamental Transaction. If, at any time while the warrants are outstanding, (1) we consolidate or merge with or into another corporation and we are not the surviving corporation, (2) we sell, lease, license, assign, transfer, convey or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets, (3) any purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether by us or another individual or entity) is completed pursuant to which holders of our shares of ordinary shares are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares of ordinary shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of our outstanding shares of ordinary shares, (4) we effect any reclassification or recapitalization of our shares of ordinary shares or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which our ordinary shares are converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (5) we consummate a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination with another person or entity whereby such other person or entity acquires more than 50% of our outstanding ordinary shares, each, a “Fundamental Transaction”, then upon any subsequent exercise of the warrants, the holders thereof will have the right to receive the same amount and kind of securities, cash or property as it would have been entitled to receive upon the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction if it had been, immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction, the holder of the number of warrant shares then issuable upon exercise of the warrant, and any additional consideration payable as part of the Fundamental Transaction.

Rights as a Stockholder.  Except as otherwise provided in the warrant agreement or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of ADSs or ordinary shares, the holder of warrants does not have rights or privileges of a holder of ADSs or ordinary shares, including any voting rights, until the holder exercises the warrant.

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PART II

Item 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

Item 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable

Item 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2016, or the Evaluation Date. Based on such evaluation, those officers have concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, on a timely basis, information required to be included in periodic filings under the Exchange Act and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. 

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Management Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and board of directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management, including the CEO and CFO, conducted an evaluation, pursuant to Rule 13a-15(c) promulgated under the Exchange Act, of the effectiveness, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, of its internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013). Based on the results of this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

This annual report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm because we are a non-accelerated filer and an emerging growth company.

Item 16. [Reserved]

Item 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our Board of Directors has determined that Ms. Michal Marom Brikman, a member of our Audit Committee, is an audit committee financial expert, as defined under the rules under the Exchange Act, and is independent in accordance with applicable Exchange Act rules and NASDAQ rules.

Item 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

We have adopted a written code of ethics that applies to our officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal controller and persons performing similar functions as well as our directors. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on our website at www.biondvax.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report on Form 20-F and is not incorporated by reference herein. If we make any amendment to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or grant any waivers, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the code, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website to the extent required by the rules and regulations of the SEC including the instructions to Item 16B of Form 20-F. We have not granted any waivers under our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.

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Item 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Principal Accountant Fees and Services

We paid the following fees for professional services rendered by Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, a member of Ernst & Young Global, an independent registered public accounting firm, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

	2017		2018
	(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Audit Fees	$	60	$	60
Audit-Related Fees		20		-
Additional fees		19		-
Total	$	99	$	60

“Audit fees” are the aggregate fees paid for the audit of our annual financial statements. This category also includes services that generally the independent accountant provides, such as consents and assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC.

“Audit-related fees” are the aggregate fees paid for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit and are not reported under audit fees. These fees primarily include accounting consultations regarding the accounting treatment of matters that occur in the regular course of business, implications of new accounting pronouncements and other accounting issues that occur from time to time. 

“Additional fees” include fees for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for tax compliance, transfer pricing, tax advice on actual or contemplated transactions and Israel innovation authority advisory.

Audit Committee’s Pre-approval Policies and Procedures

Our audit committee has a pre-approval policy for the engagement of our independent accountant to perform certain audit and non-audit services. Pursuant to this policy, which is designed to assure that such engagements do not impair the independence of our auditors, the audit committee pre-approves annually a catalog of specific audit and non-audit services in the categories of audit service, audit-related service and tax services that may be performed by our independent accountants.

Item 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not applicable.

Item 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

Not applicable.

Item 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Not applicable.

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Item 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Companies incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel whose shares are publicly traded, including companies with shares listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, are considered public companies under Israeli law and are required to comply with various corporate governance requirements under Israeli law relating to such matters as external directors, the audit committee, the compensation committee and an internal auditor. These requirements are in addition to the corporate governance requirements imposed by the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market and other applicable provisions of U.S. securities laws to which we are subject to (as a foreign private issuer) since the closing of the offering in the U.S. and the listing of the ADSs and warrants on the NASDAQ Capital Market. Under the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market, a foreign private issuer, such as us, may generally follow its home country rules of corporate governance in lieu of the comparable requirements of the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market, except for certain matters including (among others) the composition and responsibilities of the audit committee and the independence of its members within the meaning of the rules and regulations of the SEC.

NASDAQ Capital Market listing rules and Home Country Practices

In accordance with Israeli law and practice, and subject to the exemption set forth in Rule 5615 of the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market, we intend to follow the provisions of the Companies Law, rather than the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market, with respect to the following requirements:

Distribution of certain reports to shareholders. As opposed to the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market, which require listed issuers to make certain reports, such as annual reports, interim reports and quarterly reports, available to shareholders in one of a number of specific manners, Israeli law does not require us to distribute periodic reports directly to shareholders, and the generally accepted business practice in Israel is not to distribute such reports to shareholders, but to make such reports available through a public website. In addition to making such reports available on a public website, we plan to make our audited financial statements available to our shareholders at our offices and will only mail such reports to shareholders upon request. As a foreign private issuer, we are generally exempt from the SEC’s proxy solicitation rules.

Nomination of directors. With the exception of our external directors and directors elected by our board of directors due to vacancy, our directors are elected by an annual meeting of our shareholders to hold office until the next annual meeting following his or her election. On February 12, 2015, our annual general shareholders meeting approved the staggering and extension of the term of our board members in accordance with the Company’s articles of association and divided the members of our board of directors among the three classes, so that the term of office of only one class of directors will expire in each upcoming annual shareholders meeting. See “Management — Board Practices.” The nominations for directors, which are presented to our shareholders by our board of directors, are generally made by the board of directors itself, in accordance with the provisions of our articles of association and the Companies Law. One or more shareholders of a company holding at least 1% of the voting power of the company may nominate a currently serving external director for an additional three year term. Nominations need not be made by a nominating committee of our board of directors consisting solely of independent directors or by independent directors constituting a majority of independent directors, as required under the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market.

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Compensation of officers. We follow the provisions of the Companies Law with respect to matters in connection with the composition and responsibilities of our compensation committee, office holder compensation and any required approval by the shareholders of such compensation. Israeli law and our articles of association do not require that the independent members of our board of directors, or a compensation committee composed solely of independent members of our board of directors, determine an executive officer’s compensation, as is generally required under the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market with respect to the Chief Executive Officer and all other executive officers of a company. However, generally, Israeli law and our articles of association do require that our audit and compensation committee each contain two external directors (as defined in the Companies Law. A recent amendment to the Israeli law waives such requirement if there is no controlling shareholder in the company, as define in the Companies Law, and if such company complies with the NASDAQ Capital Market. We intend to apply such waiver, subject to the aforementioned conditions. (See “Management — Board Practices — External Directors.”). In addition, Israeli law requires that additional members of the compensation committee and the external directors be compensated equally. Our compensation committee has been established and conducts itself in accordance with the provisions governing the composition of and the responsibilities of a compensation committee as set forth in the Companies Law. Furthermore, compensation of office holders is determined and approved by our compensation committee, and in general, by our board of directors as well, and in certain circumstances by our shareholders, as detailed below under the caption “—Shareholder Approval.” Thus, we will seek shareholder approval for all corporate actions with respect to office holder compensation (including the compensation required to be approved for our Chief Executive Officer) requiring such approval under the requirements of the Companies Law, including seeking prior approval of the shareholders for the compensation policy and for certain office holder compensation, rather than seeking approval for such corporate actions in accordance with listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market. See “— Compensation Committee and Compensation Policy” below.

Compensation Committee. Pursuant to the Companies Law, we established a compensation committee as detailed below. Since the consummation of the offering, our board of directors has affirmatively determined that each member of our compensation committee qualifies as “independent” under applicable NASDAQ Capital Market and SEC rules.

Annual Shareholders Meeting. The Company shall convene an annual shareholders meeting under the requirements (including required dates) of the Companies Law, rather than as required under rule NASDAQ Capital Market Rule 5620(a).

Shareholder approval. We will seek shareholder approval for all corporate actions requiring such approval under the requirements of the Companies Law, rather than seeking approval for corporate actions in accordance with NASDAQ Capital Market Listing Rule 5635. In particular, under this NASDAQ Capital Market rule, shareholder approval is generally required for: (i) an acquisition of shares or assets of another company that involves the issuance of 20% or more of the acquirer’s shares or voting rights or if a director, officer or 5% shareholder has greater than a 5% interest in the target company or the consideration to be received; (ii) the issuance of shares leading to a change of control; (iii) adoption or amendment of equity compensation arrangements; and (iv) issuances of 20% or more of the shares or voting rights (including securities convertible into, or exercisable for, equity) of a listed company via a private placement (or via sales by directors, officers or 5% shareholders) if such equity is issued (or sold) at below the greater of the book or market value of shares. By contrast, under the Companies Law, shareholder approval is required for, among other things: (a) transactions with directors concerning the terms of their service or indemnification, exemption and insurance for their service (or for any other position that they may hold at a company), for which approvals of the compensation committee, board of directors and shareholders are all required, (b) extraordinary transactions with controlling shareholders of publicly held companies, which require the special approval described below under “Disclosure of personal interests of controlling shareholders and approval of certain transactions,” (c) terms of office and employment or other engagement of our controlling shareholder, if any, or such controlling shareholder’s relative, which require the special approval described below under “Disclosure of personal interests of controlling shareholders and approval of certain transactions, (d) approval of transactions with Company’s Chief Executive Officer with respect to his or hers compensation, whether in accordance with the approved compensation policy of the Company or not in accordance with the approved compensation policy of the Company, or transactions with officers of the Company not in accordance with the approved compensation policy, and (e) approval of the compensation policy of the Company for office holders. In addition, under the Companies Law, a merger requires approval of the shareholders of each of the merging companies. See also “Description of Share Capital — Acquisitions under Israeli Law — Merger” below.

Quorum for shareholder meetings. As permitted under the Companies Law, pursuant to our articles of association, the quorum required for an ordinary meeting of shareholders will consist of one or more shareholders present in person, by proxy or by other voting instrument in accordance with the Companies Law, who hold, in the aggregate, at least 10% of the voting power of our shares (and in an adjourned meeting, any number of shareholders), instead of 33 1/3% of the issued share capital required under the NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance rules.

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Other than the foregoing home country practices, we otherwise intend to comply with the rules generally applicable to U.S. domestic companies listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market. We may in the future decide to use the foreign private issuer exemption with respect to some or all of the other NASDAQ Capital Market corporate governance rules. Following our home country corporate governance practices as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a U.S. company listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market may provide less protection to you than what is accorded to investors under the listing rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.

Item 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

PART III

Item 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Registrant has responded to Item 18 in lieu of responding to this Item. 

Item 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

See the financial statements beginning on page F-1. The following financial statements and financial statement schedules are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F together with the report of the independent registered public accounting firm:

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Item 19. EXHIBITS

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No.	Exhibit Description
1.1	Articles of Association of BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 30, 2018.
2.2	Form of Deposit Agreement between BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd., The Bank of New York Mellon as Depositary, and owners and holders from time to time of ADSs issued thereunder, incorporated by reference to exhibit 4.1 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on April 6, 2015.
2.3	Specimen American Depositary Receipt (included in Exhibit 2.2).
4.1	License Agreement, entered  into on March 16, 2005  and effective as of  July 31, 2003, by and between Yeda of the Weizman Institute and BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on December 29, 2014.
4.2	Consortium Agreement effective as of October 1, 2013, between Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,  Department of Pharmacoepidemiology & Pharmacoeconomics, Academisch Ziekenhuis Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, Academisch Ziekenhuis Groningen, Trial Coordination Center, PepTcell Ltd,  United Kingdom, BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Nes Ziona, Retroscreen Virology LtD., Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Statens Serum Institut, SSI-Adjuvant, Statens Serum Institut, SSI-DNA Vac, Copenhagen, Országos Epidemiológiai Központ, NASJONALT FOLKEHELSEINSTITUTT, Div. Infectious Disease Control, Robert Koch Institute RKI, Goeteborgs Universitet, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Centre, and Isconova AB, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.3 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on December 29, 2014.
4.3	Management Services Agreement dated April 1, 2007, between BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and Ron Executive Ltd., together with the amendment thereto dated May 20, 2012, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.5 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on December 29, 2014.
4.4	Employment Agreement dated March 15, 2005, between BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and Dr. Tamar Ben Yedidia, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.6 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on December 29, 2014.
4.5	Service Agreement dated June 20, 2007, between BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd., CFO Direct and Uri Ben Or, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.7 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on December 29, 2014.
4.6	Form of negotiable Option (unofficial English translation from Hebrew original), incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.8 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on December 29, 2014.
4.7	Form of Indemnification Letter (unofficial English translation from Hebrew original), incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.9 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on December 29, 2014.
4.8	Summary of the Lease Agreement dated November 1, 2005, together with the addendums thereto dated November 27, 2009, August 18, 2010, July 3, 2011 and January 2012 (unofficial English translation from Hebrew original), incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.10 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on December 29, 2014.
4.9	Addendum to Employment Agreement dated April 1, 2012, between BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and Dr. Tamar Ben Yedidia, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.11 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on December 29, 2014.
4.10	Addendum to Service Agreement dated August 31, 2014, between BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd., CFO Direct and Uri Ben Or, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.12 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on December 29, 2014.
4.11	Employment Agreement dated August 31, 2014, between BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and Uri Ben Or, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.13 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on December 29, 2014.
4.12	Letter of appointment of Prof. Michel Revel to BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd.’s Scientific Advisory Board dated February 14, 2005, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.15 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on December 29, 2014.
4.13	Letter of appointment of Prof. Ruth Arnon to BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd.’s Scientific Advisory Board dated February 7, 2005, together with the amendment thereto dated December 29, 2005, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.16 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on December 29, 2014.

120

Exhibit No.	Exhibit Description
4.14	Summary of 2016 addendum to the Lease Agreement dated November 1, 2005, as amended (unofficial English translation from Hebrew original), incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.17 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on January 26, 2017.
4.15	Form of indemnification and exculpation agreement to directors and office holders approved by the general shareholders meeting on March 1, 2015, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.18 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on April 6, 2015.
4.16	Investment Agreement between BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and Angles Investments in Hi Tech Ltd. dated January 1, 2017, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.17 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on January 26, 2017.
4.17	At Market Issuance Sales Agreement with FBR Capital Markets & Co., incorporated by reference to exhibit 1.2 to the Registration Statement on Form F-3 filed with the SEC on November 4, 2016.
4.18	Finance Contract between BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd. And the European Investment Bank, incorporated by reference to exhibit 99.2 to Current Report on From 6-K filed with the SEC on June 19, 2017.
4.19	Lease agreement dated July 10, 2017 between BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and Unihad BioPark Ltd., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.19 to the Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 30, 2018.
4.20	Form of extension and amendment of the management service agreement dated April 1, 2007 between the Company and Dr. Babecoff, as amended, incorporated by reference to Appendix B to the Form 6-K filed with the SEC on April 23, 2019.
4.21	Form of services agreement between the Company and Mr. Mark Germain, the vice chairman and director of the Company, incorporated by reference to Appendix C to the Form 6-K filed with the SEC on April 23, 2019.
*12.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
*12.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
*13.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, furnished herewith
*13.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, furnished herewith
*15.1	Consent of Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, Certified Public Accountant (Isr.), a member of Ernst & Young Israel, independent registered public accounting firm for the Registrant

* Filed herewith. 

121

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

	BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Date: April 28, 2019	By:	/s/ Ron Babecoff
		Ron Babecoff
		Chief Executive Officer

122

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018

INDEX

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Balance Sheets	F-3
Statements of Comprehensive Loss	F-4
Statements of Changes in Equity	F-5
Statements of Cash Flows	F-6 - F-7
Notes to Financial Statements	F-8 - F-41

F-1

  Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer 144 Menachem Begin Road, Building A, Tel-Aviv 6492102, Israel Tel: +972-3-6232525 Fax: +972-3-5622555 ey.com

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and

Board of Directors of

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Biondvax Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and the related statements of comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER

A Member of Ernst & Young Global

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2005.

Tel-Aviv, Israel

April 28, 2019

F-2

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

BALANCE SHEETS

In thousands, except share and per share data

								Convenience
								Translation
								(Note 2c)
		December 31,						December 31,
		2017			2018			2018
	Note	N I S						U.S. dollars
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	5		71,382			75,883			20,246
Other receivables	6		3,923			965			258
			75,305			76,848			20,504
LONG-TERM ASSETS:
Property, plant and equipment	7		5,510			28,249			7,537
Other long term assets	8		880			740			197
			6,390			28,989			7,734
			81,695			105,837			28,238
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Trade payables			6,223			20,723			5,529
Other payables	9		660			1,076			287
			6,883			21,799			5,816
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES:
Liability in respect of government grants	12(b)		10,300			14,643			3,907
Loan from others	12(d)		-			94,360			25,176
Warrants	10, 13(e)		8,177			6,168			1,645
Severance pay liability, net	11		83			82			22
			18,560			115,253			30,750
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:	13
Ordinary shares of NIS 0.0000001 par value: Authorized: 391,000,000 shares as of December 31, 2018 and 2017; Issued and Outstanding: 261,419,599, shares as of December 31, 2018 and 2017			*)-			*)-			*)-
Share premium			179,669			179,929			48,007
Accumulated deficit			(123,417	)		(211,144	)		(56,335	)
			56,252			(31,215	)		(8,328	)
			81,695			105,837			28,238

*) Represents an amount lower than NIS 1.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

F-3

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

In thousands, except share and per share data

											Convenience translation (Note 2c)
		Year ended December 31,									Year ended December 31,
		2016			2017			2018			2018
	Note	N I S									U.S. dollars
Operating expenses:
Research and development, net of participations	15a		7,794			18,777			71,913			19,187
Marketing, general and administrative	15b		4,106			4,879			5,154			1,375
Total operating expenses			11,900			23,656			77,067			20,562
Operating loss			(11,900	)		(23,656	)		(77,067	)		(20,562	)
Financial income	15c		3,019			18			2,936			783
Financial expense	15c		(303	)		(10,913	)		(13,596	)		(3,628	)
Loss			(9,184	)		(34,551	)		(87,727	)		(23,407	)
Other comprehensive loss:
Items to be reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods:
Loss from available-for-sale marketable securities			(6	)		(6	)		-			-
Total comprehensive loss			(9,190	)		(34,557	)		(87,727	)		(23,407	)
Basic and diluted loss per share			(0.07	)		(0.17	)		(0.34	)		(0.09	)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding used to compute basic and diluted loss per share			135,097,367			201,030,768			261,419,599			261,419,599

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

April 28, 2019
Date of approval of the	Avner Rotman	Ron Babecoff	Uri Ben-Or
financial statements	Chairman of the Board	Chief Executive officer	Chief Financial officer

F-4

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

In thousands, except share and per share data

	Share capital	Share premium		Options			Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale financial assets			Accumulated deficit			Total Equity
	NIS
Balance as of January 1, 2016	*)-		110,679		2,536			12			(79,682	)		33,545
Loss	-		-		-			-			(9,184	)		(9,184	)
Other comprehensive loss	-		-		-			(6	)		-			(6	)
Total comprehensive loss	-		-		-			(6	)		(9,184	)		(9,190	)
Expiration of Options series 3	-		1,101		(1,101	)		-			-			-
Share-based compensation	-		1,261		-			-			-			1,261
Balance as of December 31, 2016	*)-		113,041		1,435			6			(88,866	)		25,616
Loss	-		-		-			-			(34,551	)		(34,551	)
Other comprehensive loss	-		-		-			(6	)		-			(6	)
Total comprehensive loss	-		-		-			(6	)		(34,551	)		(34,557	)
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	*)-		55,692		-			-			-			55,692
Exercise of employees’ options	*)-		18		-			-			-			18
Exercise of options	*)-		8,964		-			-			-			8,964
Expiration of options series 4	-		902		(902	)		-			-			-
Expiration of options series 5	-		533		(533	)		-			-			-
Share-based compensation	-		519		-			-			-			519
Balance as of December 31, 2017	*)-		179,669		-			-			(123,417	)		56,252
Total comprehensive loss	-		-		-			-			(87,727	)		(87,727	)
Share-based compensation	-		260		-			-			-			260
Balance as of December 31, 2018	*)-		179,929		-			-			(211,144	)		(31,215	)
(convenience translation into U.S. dollars (see Note 2c)	*)-		48,007		-			-			(56,335	)		(8,328	)

*) Represents an amount lower than NIS\USD 1.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

F-5

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

In thousands, except share and per share data

										Convenience translation (Note 2c)
	Year ended December 31,									Year ended December 31,
	2016			2017			2018			2018
	N I S									U.S. dollars
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net loss		(9,184	)		(34,551	)		(87,727	)		(23,407	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Adjustments to profit and loss items:
Depreciation and amortization		621			440			260			69
Net financial expenses (income)		(2,716	)		10,895			(2,053	)		(548	)
Capital loss		-			-			597			159
Increase in liability with respect to loans from others		-			-			9,202			2,455
Increase in liability with respect to government grants		-			10,300			4,343			1,159
Share-based compensation		1,261			519			260			69
Change in employee benefit liabilities, net		7			7			(1	)		*)-
		(827	)		22,161			12,608			3,363
Changes in asset and liability items:
Decrease (increase) in other receivables		640			(3,108	)		2,958			789
Increase (decrease) in trade payables		(238	)		5,537			14,500			3,869
Increase (decrease) in other payables		(79	)		(29	)		416			111
		323			2,400			17,874			4,769
Cash paid and received during the year for:
Interest paid		(27	)		(73	)		(46	)		(12	)
Interest received		62			13			98			26
		35			(60	)		52			14
Net cash used in operating activities		(9,653	)		(10,050	)		(57,193	)		(15,261	)

*) Represents an amount lower than NIS\USD 1.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

F-6

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

In thousands, except share and per share data

										Convenience translation (Note 2c)
	Year ended December 31,									Year ended December 31,
	2016			2017			2018			2018
	N I S									U.S. dollars
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Increase in short-term deposits		(7,602	)		7,602			-			-
Purchase of property and equipment		(20	)		(4,508	)		(23,731	)		(6,332	)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment		-			-			137			37
Proceeds from sale of marketable securities		-			4,067			-			-
Decrease (increase) in other long term assets		(191	)		(402	)		140			38
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(7,813	)		6,759			(23,454	)		(6,257	)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from loan from others		-			-			84,321			22,498
Proceeds from issuance of shares and options, net of issuance costs		-			55,692			-			-
Proceeds from exercise of options to employees		-			18			-			-
Proceeds from exercise of options to public		-			6,129			-			-
Net cash provided by financing activities		-			61,839			84,321			22,498
Exchange differences on balances of cash and cash equivalents		(299	)		(2,871	)		827			221
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(17,765	)		55,677			4,501			1,201
Balance of cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year		33,470			15,705			71,382			19,045
Balance of cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year		15,705			71,382			75,883			20,246
Non-cash activities:
Exercise of options to public		-			2,835			-			-

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

F-7

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 1: GENERAL

a. BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (“the Company”) is focused on developing and ultimately, commercializing immunomodulation therapies for infectious diseases. The Company was incorporated on July 21, 2003 and started its activity on March 31, 2005.

b. On June 7, 2007, the Company issued ordinary shares and options on the TASE.

c. On May 15, 2015, the Company completed a public offering of securities in the United States.

d. On March 28, 2017, the Company received an approval from the Investment Center of the Ministry of Economy and Industry of the State of Israel, for a grant representing 20% of NIS 20,000 budget to be utilized towards the construction of a factory for the production of Phase 3 and commercial batches of the Company is product (“the Grant”). The receipt of the Grant is subject to certain terms and conditions, including those outlined under the Israeli Encouragement of Capital Investment Law,1959. The terms and conditions include, inter alia, the following: (a) at least 24% of the investments in the planned manufacturing facility’s fixed assets will be financed by additional share capital; (b) the Company will maintain its intellectual property and manufacturing facility in Israel for a period of at least 10 years.

e. On August 30, 2017, the Company announced that its Board of Directors has decided to voluntarily delist from the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE), while remaining listed on NASDAQ. The Company announced that the delisting process of BiondVax’s shares from trading on the TASE will take place by the end of 2017. On October 30, 2017, the Company announced the delisting procedure and timeline. In addition, during the interim period, BiondVax’s shares will continue to be traded on the TASE.

f. On March 13, 2018, the Company announced the appointment of a contract research organization (CRO) to conduct the first pivotal phase 3 clinical trial of M-001, BiondVax’s universal flu vaccine candidate.

g. On March 15, 2018, the Company and the CRO executed a master service agreement and work order. According to the master service agreement, the Company undertakes to pay remuneration as well as to reimburse the CRO for costs incurred as a result of the master service agreement and work orders. The master service agreement shall be in effect as of March 8, 2018 for a period of five years or later, if a work order remains in effect, and until such work order’s completion. The first work order which governs the conduct of the Company’s clinical trial in Europe is scheduled for a total period of 32.5 months. The Company has a right to terminate the master service agreement or the work order by giving a 45 days’ notice or in the event of a material breach.

h. During year ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred a loss of NIS 87,727 ($ 23,407) and negative cash flows from operating activities of NIS 57,193 ($ 15,261) and it has an accumulated deficit of NIS 211,144 ($ 56,335) as of that date.

To date the Company has not generated any revenues yet and will need additional funds to finance its Phase 3 clinical trials in the future (see also Note 19).

Furthermore, the Company intends to continue to finance its operating activities by raising capital. There are no assurances that the Company will be successful in obtaining an adequate level of financing needed for its long-term research and development activities.

If the Company will not have the sufficient liquidity resources, the Company may not be able to continue the development of all its products or may be required to implement a cost reduction and may be required to delay part of its development program. The Company’s management and Board of Directors are in the opinion that its current financial resources will be sufficient to continue the development of the Company’s products for at least the next twelve months.

F-8

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The following accounting policies have been applied consistently in the financial statements for all periods presented, unless otherwise stated.

a. Basis of presentation of the financial statements:

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

The Company’s financial statements have been prepared on a cost basis, except for financial instruments which are measured at fair value through profit or loss.

The Company has elected to present profit or loss items using the “function of expense” method.

b. Functional currency, reporting currency and foreign currency:

1. Functional currency and reporting currency:

The reporting currency of the financial statements is the NIS.

The functional currency is the currency that best reflects the economic environment in which the Company operates and conducts its transactions. Most of the Company costs are incurred in NIS. In addition, the Company financing activities are incurred normally in NIS. The Company’s management believes that the functional currency of the Company is the NIS.

2. Transactions, assets and liabilities in foreign currency:

Transactions denominated in foreign currency are recorded upon initial recognition at the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. After initial recognition, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are translated at the end of each reporting period into the functional currency at the exchange rate at that date. Exchange rate differences are recognized in profit or loss.

F-9

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

c. Convenience translation into U.S. dollars:

The financial statements as of December 31, 2018 and for the year then ended have been translated into U.S. Dollars using the exchange rate of the U.S. Dollar as of December 31, 2018 (U.S. $1.00 = NIS 3.748). The translation was made solely for convenience purposes.

The dollar amounts presented in these financial statements should not be construed as representing amounts that are receivable or payable in Dollars or convertible into Dollars, unless otherwise indicated.

d. Cash equivalents:

Cash equivalents are considered as highly liquid investments, including unrestricted short-term bank deposits with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition.

e. Restricted cash:

Restricted cash are bank deposits with an original maturity of more than one year from the date of investment and which do not meet the definition of cash equivalents. The deposits are presented according to their terms of deposit.

f. Property and equipment:

Property, plant and equipment are measured at cost, including directly attributable costs, less accumulated depreciation, accumulated impairment losses and excluding day-to-day servicing expenses.

Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the assets at annual rates as follows:

	%
Laboratory equipment		15
Office furniture and equipment		6 - 33
Computers		33
Leasehold improvements		(*)

(*) Leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term (including the extension option held by the Company and intended to be exercised) and the expected life of the improvement.

The useful life, depreciation method and residual value of an asset are reviewed at least each year-end and any changes are accounted for prospectively as a change in accounting estimate.

An item of property and equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal.

F-10

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

g. Research and development expenses, net of participations:

Research and development expenses are recognized in profit or loss when incurred. An intangible asset arising from a development project or from the development phase of an internal project is recognized if the Company can demonstrate the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale; the Company’s intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it; the Company’s ability to use or sell the intangible asset; how the intangible asset will generate future economic benefits; the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the intangible asset; and the Company’s ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development. Since the Company’s research and development projects are often subject to regulatory approval procedures and other uncertainties, the conditions for the capitalization of costs incurred before receipt of approvals are not normally satisfied and, therefore, development expenditures are recognized in profit or loss when incurred.

h. Government investment grants:

Government grants are recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the grants will be received and the Company will comply with the attendant conditions.

Research and development grants received from the Israeli Innovation Authority (“IIA”) are recognized upon receipt as a liability only if future economic benefits are expected from the project that will result in royalty-bearing sales. A liability for the grant is first measured at fair value using a discount rate that reflects a market interest rate. The difference between the amount of the grant received and the fair value of the liability is accounted for as a government grant and recognized as a reduction of research and development expenses. After initial recognition, the liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Future Royalty payments will be treated as a reduction of the liability. In that event, the royalty obligation is treated as a contingent liability in accordance with IAS 37, “Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets” (“IAS 37”).

At the end of each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether there is reasonable assurance that the received grants will not be repaid based on its best estimate of future sales and, if so, no liability is recognized and the grants are recorded against a corresponding reduction in research and development expenses.

Since the Company’s development projects are at the beginning of Phase 3 clinical trials, future economic benefits from the research and development activity are currently expected. Therefore, a liability was recorded with respect to the IIA grants, against a corresponding increase in research and development expenses.

F-11

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

Research and development grants received from the European Union are recorded against a corresponding reduction in research and development expenses. Since they are non-refundable and do not depend on the generation of future sales.

i. Impairment of non-financial assets:

The Company evaluates the need to record an impairment of the carrying amount of non-financial assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount is not recoverable. If the carrying amount of non-financial assets exceeds their recoverable amount, the assets are reduced to their recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of an asset that does not generate independent cash flows is determined for the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs and is calculated based on the projected cash flows that will be generated by the cash generated unit. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss.

An impairment loss of an asset is reversed only if there have been changes in the estimates used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. Reversal of an impairment loss, as above, shall not be increased above the lower of the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of depreciation or amortization) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years, and its recoverable amount.

The Company did not recognize any impairment of non-financial assets for any of the periods presented.

j. Financial instruments:

As described in Note 2q regarding the initial adoption of IFRS 9, “Financial Instruments” (“the Standard”), the Company elected to adopt the provisions of the Standard retrospectively without restatement of comparative data.

The accounting policy for financial instruments applied until December 31, 2017, is as follows:

1. Financial assets:

Financial assets within the scope of IAS 39, “Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement” (“IAS 39”) are initially recognized at fair value plus directly attributable transaction costs, except for financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss in respect of which transaction costs are recorded in profit or loss.

After initial recognition, the accounting treatment of financial assets is based on their classification as follows:

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

This category includes financial assets designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss.

F-12

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

Loans and receivables

The Company has receivables that are financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market.

2. Financial liabilities:

Financial liabilities within the scope of IAS 39 are initially measured at fair value.

After initial recognition, the accounting treatment of financial liabilities is based on their classification as follows:

Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost:

Loans and other liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method taking into account directly attributable transaction costs.

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss:

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities classified as held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss.

3. De-recognition of financial instruments:

a) Financial assets:

A financial asset is derecognized when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire or the Company has transferred its contractual rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset or assumes an obligation to pay the cash flows in full without material delay to a third party and has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

F-13

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

b) Financial liabilities:

A financial liability is derecognized when it is extinguished, that is when the obligation is discharged or cancelled or expires. A financial liability is extinguished when the debtor (the Company) discharges the liability by paying in cash, other financial assets, goods or services; or is legally released from the liability.

4. Issue of a unit of securities:

The issue of a unit of securities involves the allocation of the proceeds received (before issuance expenses) to the components of the securities issued in the unit based on the following order: financial derivatives and other financial instruments measured at fair value in each period. Then fair value is determined for financial liabilities and compound instruments that are presented at amortized cost. The proceeds allocated to equity instruments are the residual amount. Issue costs are allocated to each component pro rata to the amounts determined for each component in the unit.

The accounting policy for financial instruments applied commencing from January 1, 2018, is as follows:

1. Financial assets:

Financial assets are measured upon initial recognition at fair value plus transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial assets, except for financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss in respect of which transaction costs are recorded in profit or loss.

The Company classifies and measures debt instruments in the financial statements based on the following criteria:

- The Company’s business model for managing financial assets; and

- The contractual cash flow terms of the financial asset.

a. Debt instruments are measured at fair value through profit or loss when:

A financial asset which is a debt instrument does not meet the criteria for measurement at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income. After initial recognition, the financial asset is measured at fair value and gains or losses from fair value adjustments are recognized in profit or loss.

F-14

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

2. Derecognition of financial assets:

A financial asset is derecognized only when:

- The contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset has expired; or

- The Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards deriving from the contractual rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset or has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset; or

- The Company has retained its contractual rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset but has assumed a contractual obligation to pay the cash flows in full without material delay to a third party.

3. Financial liabilities:

a) Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost:

Financial liabilities are initially recognized at fair value less transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issue of the financial liability.

After initial recognition, the Company measures all financial liabilities at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method, except for:

- Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss such as warrant liability

b) Financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss:

At initial recognition, the Company measures financial liabilities that are not measured at amortized cost at fair value. Transaction costs are recognized in profit or loss.

After initial recognition, changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss.

4. Derecognition of financial liabilities:

A financial liability is derecognized only when it is extinguished, that is when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expires. A financial liability is extinguished when the debtor discharges the liability by paying in cash, other financial assets, goods or services; or is legally released from the liability.

F-15

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

5. Issue of a unit of securities:

The issue of a unit of securities involves the allocation of the proceeds received (before issue expenses) to the securities issued in the unit based on the following order: financial derivatives and other financial instruments measured at fair value in each period. Then fair value is determined for financial liabilities that are measured at amortized cost. The proceeds allocated to equity instruments are determined to be the residual amount. Issue costs are allocated to each component pro rata to the amounts determined for each component in the unit.

k. Fair value measurement:

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

Fair value measurement is based on the assumption that the transaction will take place in the asset’s or the liability’s principal market, or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

Fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Group uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities measured at fair value or for which fair value is disclosed are categorized into levels within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the entire fair value measurement:

Level 1	-	quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2	-	inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable directly or indirectly.
Level 3	-	inputs that are not based on observable market data (valuation techniques which use inputs that are not based on observable market data).

l. Provisions:

A provision in accordance with IAS 37 is recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is expected to require the use of economic resources to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of it.

F-16

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

m. Operating leases:

Lease agreements are classified as an operating lease if they do not transfer substantially all the risks and benefits incidental to ownership of the leased asset. Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

n. Employee benefit liabilities:

The Group has several employee benefit plans:

1. Short-term employee benefits:

Short-term employee benefits include salaries, paid annual leave, paid sick leave, recreation and social security contributions and are recognized as expenses as the services are rendered.

2. Post-employment benefits:

Post-employment benefit plans are normally financed by contributions to insurance companies and classified as defined contribution plans or as defined benefit plans.

The Company has defined contribution plans pursuant to Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law into which the Company pays fixed contributions and has no legal or constructive obligation to pay further contributions on account of severance pay if the fund does not hold sufficient amounts to pay all employee benefits relating to employee service in current and prior periods.

Contributions to the defined contribution plan in respect of severance or retirement pay are recognized as an expense when contributed concurrently with performance of the employee’s services.

o. Share-based payment transactions:

From time to time, the Company grants to its employees and service providers remuneration in the form of equity-settled share-based instruments, such as options to purchase ordinary shares.

Equity-settled transactions:

The cost of equity-settled transactions with employees is measured at the fair value of the equity instruments granted at grant date. The fair value is determined using an acceptable option pricing model.

F-17

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

With respect to other service providers, the cost of the transactions is measured at the fair value of the goods or services received as consideration for equity instruments. In cases where the fair value of the goods or services received as consideration of equity instruments cannot be measured, they are measured by reference to the fair value of the equity instruments granted.

The cost of equity-settled transactions is recognized in profit or loss, together with a corresponding increase in equity, during the period which the performance or service conditions are to be satisfied, ending on the date on which the relevant employees become fully entitled to the award (the “Vesting Period”).

No expense is recognized for awards that do not ultimately vest, except for awards where vesting is conditional upon a market condition, which are treated as vested irrespective of whether the market condition is satisfied, provided that all other vesting conditions are satisfied.

p. Loss per share:

Loss per share is calculated by dividing the loss attributable to Company shareholders by the weighted number of outstanding ordinary shares during the period. Potential Ordinary shares are only included in the computation of diluted loss per share when their conversion increases loss per share or decreases income per share. Potential Ordinary shares that are converted during the period are included in diluted loss per share only until the conversion date.

q. Changes in accounting policies - initial adoption of new financial reporting and accounting standards and amendments to existing financial reporting and accounting standards:

Initial adoption of IFRS 9, “Financial Instruments”:

In July 2014, the IASB issued the final and complete version of IFRS 9, “Financial Instruments” (“the new Standard”), which replaces IAS 39, “Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement”. The new Standard mainly focuses on the classification and measurement of financial assets and it applies to all assets within the scope of IAS 39.

The new Standard has been applied for the first time in these financial statements retrospectively without restatement of comparative data.

The adoption of the new Standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

F-18

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 3:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING JUDGMENTS, ESTIMATES AND ASSUPMTIONS USED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that have an effect on the application of the accounting policies and on the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses.

Discussed below are the key assumptions made in the financial statements concerning uncertainties at the end of the reporting period and the critical estimates computed by the Company that may result in a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year.

● Determining the fair value of share based compensation to employees and directors:

The fair value of share based compensation to employees and directors is determined using acceptable option pricing models.

The assumptions used in the models include the expected volatility, expected life, expected dividend and risk-free interest rate.

● Grants from the Israel Innovation Authority (“the IIA”):

Government grants received from the IIA are recognized as a liability if future economic benefits are expected from the research and development activity that will result in royalty-bearing sales. There is certainty regarding the estimated future economic benefits, therefore the liability was recorded with respect to the IIA grants.

F-19

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 4:- DISCLOSURE OF NEW STANDARDS IN THE PERIOD PRIOR TO THEIR ADOPTION

a. IFRS 16, “Leases”:

In January 2016, the IASB issued IFRS 16, “Leases” (“the new Lease Standard”). According to the new Lease Standard, a lease is a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to use an asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

The effects of the adoption of the new Lease Standard are as follows:

● According to the new Lease Standard, lessees are required to recognize all leases in the statement of financial position (excluding certain exceptions, see below). Lessees will recognize a liability for lease payments with a corresponding right-of-use asset, similar to the accounting treatment for finance leases under the existing standard, IAS 17, “Leases”. Lessees will also recognize interest expense and depreciation expense separately.

● Variable lease payments that are not dependent on changes in the Consumer Price Index (“CPI”) or interest rates, but are based on performance or use are recognized as an expense by the lessees as incurred and recognized as income by the lessors as earned.

● In the event of a change in variable lease payments that are CPI-linked, lessees are required to remeasure the lease liability and record the effect of the remeasurement as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset.

● The accounting treatment by lessors remains substantially unchanged from the existing standard, namely classification of a lease as a finance lease or an operating lease.

● The new Lease Standard includes two exceptions which allow lessees to account for leases based on the existing accounting treatment for operating leases - leases for which the underlying asset is of low financial value and short-term leases (up to one year).

F-20

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 4:- DISCLOSURE OF NEW STANDARDS IN THE PERIOD PRIOR TO THEIR ADOPTION (Cont.)

The new Lease Standard is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019.

The new Standard permits lessees to use one of the following approaches:

1. Full retrospective approach - according to this approach, a right-of-use asset and the corresponding liability will be presented in the statement of financial position as if they had always been measured according to the provisions of the new Standard. Accordingly, the effect of the adoption of the new Standard at the beginning of the earliest period presented will be recorded in equity. Also, the Company will restate the comparative data in its financial statements. Under this approach, the balance of the liability as of the date of initial application of the new Standard will be calculated using the interest rate implicit in the lease, unless this rate cannot be easily determined in which case the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate of interest on the commencement date of the lease will be used.

2. Modified retrospective approach - this approach does not require restatement of comparative data. The balance of the liability as of the date of initial application of the new Standard will be calculated using the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate of interest on the date of initial application of the new Standard. As for the measurement of the right-of-use asset, the Company may choose, on a lease-by-lease basis, to apply one of the two following alternatives:

● Recognize an asset in an amount equal to the lease liability, with certain adjustments.

● Recognize an asset as if the new Standard had always been applied.

Any difference arising on the date of first-time recorded in equity.

The Company believes that it will apply the modified retrospective approach upon the initial adoption of the new Lease Standard by measuring the right-of-use asset at an amount equal to the lease liability, as measured on the transition date.

The Company has a number of lease contracts, mainly leases of an office building and a production plant (see also Note 12). In assessing the impact of the new Lease Standard on the financial statements, the Company evaluated the following matters:

● Options to extend the lease - according to the new Lease Standard, the non-cancellable period of a lease includes periods that are covered by options to extend the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise the option.

● Separation of lease components - according to the new Lease Standard, all lease components within a contract should be accounted for separately from non-lease components. A lessee is allowed a practical expedient according to which it can elect, by class of underlying asset, not to separate non-lease components from lease components, and instead account for them as a single lease component.

● Incremental interest rate - the Company estimates the incremental interest rate to be used for measuring the lease liability and right-of-use asset on the date of initial adoption of the new Lease Standard, based on the lease term and nature of the leased asset.

The Company estimated that the effect of the initial adoption of the new Lease Standard as of January 1, 2019, is expected to result in an increase in the Company’s total assets and liabilities in the amount to NIS 7,282 ($1,943) and no impact on equity.

Moreover, the effect of the initial adoption of the new Lease Standard in 2019 is expected to result in a decrease in the Company’s lease expenses of NIS 1,113 ($ 297) and an increase in the Company’s depreciation and finance expenses of NIS 809 ($403) and NIS 702 ($187) , respectively. The total effect of the initial adoption of the new Lease Standard in 2019 is expected to result in a decrease of NIS 1,113 ($297) in operating loss and an increase of NIS 398 ($106) in loss before income taxes.

In addition, as a result of the adoption of the new Standard, in 2019, the Company’s cash flows from operating activities are expected to increase by approximately NIS 1,113 ($297) and its cash flows from financing activities are expected to decrease by approximately NIS 1,113 ($297).

F-21

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 5:- CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

Cash and cash equivalents:

					Convenience
					Translation (Note 2c)
	December 31,				December 31,
	2017		2018		2018
	N I S				U.S. dollars
Cash in NIS		32,665		15,558		4,151
Cash in USD		38,677		13,586		3,625
Cash in EURO		40		46,739		12,470
		71,382		75,883		20,246

NOTE 6:- OTHER RECEIVABLES

					Convenience
					Translation (Note 2c)
	December 31,				December 31,
	2017		2018		2018
	N I S				U.S. dollars
Grants receivable		1,043		-		-
Government authorities		945		383		102
Debt issuance costs		1,185		-		-
Prepaid expenses and other		750		582		156
		3,923		965		258

F-22

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 7:- PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Balance as of December 31, 2018:

	Laboratory equipment			Office furniture and equipment			Computers		Leasehold Improvements			Factory Leasehold		Total
Cost
Balance as of January 1, 2018		3,428			293			356		2,652			4,453		11,182
Additions		98			8			83		-			23,542		23,731
Deductions		(300	)		(182	)		-		(2,652	)		-		(3,134	)
Balance as of December 31, 2018		3,226			119			439		-			27,995		31,779
Accumulated Depreciation
Balance as of January 1, 2018		3,296			177			310		1,889			-		5,672
Additions		57			12			50		141			-		260
Deductions		(276	)		(96	)		-		(2,030	)		-		(2,402	)
Balance as of December 31, 2018		3,077			93			360		-			-		3,530
Depreciated cost as of December 31, 2018		149			26			79		-			27,995		28,249
Depreciated cost as of December 31, 2018 (convenience translation into U.S. dollars) (Note 2c)		40			7			21		-			7,469		7,537

Balance as of December 31, 2017:

	Laboratory equipment		Office furniture and equipment		Computers		Leasehold Improvements		Factory Leasehold		Total
Cost
Balance as of January 1, 2017		3,411		293		318		2,652		-		6,674
Additions		17		-		38		-		4,453		4,508
Balance as of December 31, 2017		3,428		293		356		2,652		4,453		11,182
Accumulated Depreciation
Balance as of January 1, 2017		3,116		160		287		1,668		-		5,231
Additions		180		17		23		221		-		441
Balance as of December 31, 2017		3,296		177		310		1,889		-		5,672
Depreciated cost as of December 31, 2017		132		116		46		763		4,453		5,510
Depreciated cost as of December 31, 2017 (convenience translation into U.S. dollars) (Note 2c)		35		31		12		204		1,188		1,470

F-23

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 8:- OTHER LONG TERM ASSETS

					Convenience
					Translation (Note 2c)
	December 31,				December 31,
	2017		2018		2018
	N I S				U.S. dollars
Restricted cash		857		707		189
Leasing deposits		23		33		8
		880		740		197

NOTE 9:- OTHER PAYABLES

					Convenience
					Translation (Note 2c)
	December 31,				December 31,
	2017		2018		2018
	N I S				U.S. dollars
Employees and payroll accruals		624		924		247
Accrued expenses		36		152		40
		660		1,076		287

F-24

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 10:- FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

a. Classification of financial liabilities:

					Convenience
					Translation (Note 2c)
	December 31,				December 31,
	2017		2018		2018
	N I S				U.S. dollars
Financial liabilities at amortized costs:
Liability in respect of government grants		10,300		14,643		3,907
Loan from others		-		94,360		25,176
		10,300		109,003		29,083
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss:
Warrants measured at fair value		8,177		6,168		1,645
Total non current		18,477		115,171		30,728

b. Financial risk factors:

The Company’s activities expose it to various market risks (foreign currency risk, Israeli CPI risk and interest rate risk) and credit risk. The Company’s comprehensive risk management plan focuses on activities that reduce to a minimum any possible adverse effects on the Company’s financial performance.

Risk management is performed by the Company’s Board. The Board identifies, measures and manages financial risks in collaboration with the Company’s operating units. The Board establishes documented objectives for the overall risk management activities as well as specific policies with respect to certain exposures to risks such as exchange rate risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, the use of non-derivative financial instruments and the investments of excess liquid positions.

Foreign currency risk

The Company has cash that is exposed to possible fluctuations in the U.S. dollar and Euro exchange rates. The currency exposure arising from current accounts is partly managed in Dollars and in Euro. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying amounts of USD and EURO were NIS 13,586 and NIS 46,739 respectively.

Credit risk

The Company has no significant concentrations of credit risk. All deposits are invested in financial institutions that are considered to be financially sound.

F-25

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 10:- FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (Cont.)

c. Fair value:

Regarding the fair value of liability for warrants (see Note 10 (a) above). The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, other receivable, other long term assets, trade payables and other payable approximates their fair value due to the short-term maturities of such instruments.

d. Fair value measurement:

As of December 31, 2018, warrants liability is measured at fair value and classified as Level 1 while loans from others and government grant are classified as Level 2.

During 2018 there were no transfers in respect of fair value measurement of any financial instrument between Level 1 and Level 2, and there were no transfers into or out of Level 3 fair value measurements of any financial instrument.

NOTE 11:- EMPLOYEE BENEFIT LIABILITIES

a. Post-employment benefits:

According to the labor laws and Severance Pay Law in Israel, the Company is required to pay compensation to an employee upon dismissal or retirement or to make current contributions in defined contribution plans pursuant to section 14 to the Severance Pay Law, as specified below. The Company’s liability is accounted for as a post-employment benefit. The computation of the Company’s employee benefit liability is made according to the current employment contract based on the employee’s salary and employment term which establish the entitlement to receive the compensation.

The post-employment employee benefits are normally financed by contributions classified as defined benefit plan or as defined contribution plan, as detailed below.

b. Defined contribution plans:

Section 14 to the Severance Pay Law, 1963 applies to part of the compensation payments, pursuant to which the fixed contributions paid by the Group into pension funds and/or policies of insurance companies release the Group from any additional liability to employees for whom said contributions were made. These contributions and contributions for benefits represent defined contribution plans.

F-26

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 11:- EMPLOYEE BENEFIT LIABILITIES (Cont.)

							Convenience translation (Note 2c)
	Year ended December 31,						Year ended December 31,
	2016		2017		2018		2018
	N I S						U.S. dollars
Expenses-defined contribution plan		204		196		242		65

NOTE 12:- CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS

a. On July 31, 2003, the Company signed a license agreement with Yeda Research and Development Company Ltd. (“Yeda”) according to which the Company acquired an exclusive worldwide license for the development, manufacturing, use, marketing, sale, distribution and importing of products based, directly or indirectly, on patents and patent applications to be approved or submitted pursuant to the invention titled “Peptide Based Vaccine for Influenza”, developed on the basis of the research conducted by Professor Ruth Arnon and her team at the Weizmann Institute. This agreement was amended in 2005. In exchange for the license grant, the Company or its future sublicensees will be obligated to pay royalties equaling 3% of the total amount invoiced by the Company or by a sublicensee in connection with the sale of products based on Yeda’s patents, or 2% of such amounts if they originated from a country which did not grant a patent in connection with such products. All sales of products in connection with the license agreement for any purpose other than for the purpose of clinical trials are required to be made for monetary consideration.

The Company has the option to enter into a sublicense agreement provided that Yeda gives its consent in writing and, in such case, the royalties to be paid by the Company to Yeda from the sublicense or from the option to sublicense will be (a) before the completion of Phase 1 clinical trials - 45% (b) after Phase 1 but before Phase 2 trials - 35% of amounts up to the first $ 20,000 receivable from a sublicense or a sublicense option, or 25% of amounts exceeding such first $ 20,000 receivable from the sublicense or from a sublicense option; (c) after the completion of Phase 2 clinical trials the royalties will be 20% of amounts up to the first $ 20,000 receivable from a sublicense or a sublicense option or 15% of amounts exceeding such first $ 20,000 receivable from a sublicense or a sublicense option.

This agreement terminates at the latest of (i) the expiration of the last patent licensed under the license agreement; or (ii) if only one product is developed or is commercialized by utilizing the licensed intellectual property, 15 years after of first commercial sale of such product in either the U.S or Europe, following receipt of New Drug Approval from the FDA or equivalent approval in any European country for such product; or (iii)if more than one product is being developed or is commercialized by utilizing the licensed intellectual property, following the receipt of New Drug Approval from the FDA or equivalent approval in any European country for such product, the expiry of a 20 year period during which no sales are made in the U.S. or Europe.

F-27

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 12:- CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS (Cont.)

Yeda shall be entitled, at its option and without the Company’s consent, to modify the license so that it is non-exclusive or to terminate the license with 30 days prior written notice to the Company, if any of the following occurs:

(1) the Company fails to commence the commercial sale of at least one product based on the licenses intellectual property, in at least one country, within six months following receipt of after receipt of an FDA or similar foreign regulatory approval for commercial marketing of such product and taking into account the seasonal nature of the products (except as a result of force majeure or other factors beyond the Company’s control); or

(2) the Company fails to sell any product based on the licenses intellectual property, during a period of one year after commercial sale of a product has commenced, during which no sales of the product take place (except as a result of force majeure or other factors beyond the Company’s control).

In addition, Yeda is permitted to terminate the license agreement by written notice:

(a) in the event the Company materially breaches any of its obligations under the license agreement, provided that such material breach is un-curable or, if curable, is not cured by the Company within thirty days (or in the case of failure by the Company to make payments due to Yeda in connection with the license agreement, ten days) from receipt of notice of such breach; or

(b) in the event of the appointment of a temporary or permanent liquidator to the Company or a resolution is passed to voluntary wind up the Company, or if an order or act is granted for the winding up of the Company, provided that if such order or act was initiated by any third party, such order or act is not cancelled within 120 days; or

(c) if the Company contests the validity of one of the patents registered by Yeda.

In the event that Yeda terminates the license agreement due to any reason other than termination in accordance with (1), (2) or (a) through (c) in the preceding two paragraphs above, the Company will be entitled to receive royalty payments equal to 25% of net proceeds received by Yeda from the grant to third parties, within the five years following the termination of the license agreement, of a license or other rights, which include the Company’s developments, up to the aggregate amount of research funds actually expended by the Company for development.

F-28

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 12:- CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS (Cont.)

b. The Company obtained grants from the Government of Israel for the participation in research and development and, in return, undertook to pay royalties amounting to 3%-5% on the revenues derived from sales of products or services developed in whole or in part using these grants. The maximum aggregate royalties paid generally cannot exceed 100% of the grants received by the Company, plus annual interest generally equal to the 12-month LIBOR applicable to dollar deposits, as published on the first business day of each calendar year. The maximum royalty amount payable by the Company as of December 31, 2018 is approximately $5,490 (NIS 20,576), which represents the total gross amount of grants actually received by the Company from the IIA including accrued interest. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had not paid any royalties to the IIA.

c. In October 2013, the Company signed an agreement for obtaining funding in an amount of € 536 ($ 642) out of a total grant of approximately € 6,000 ($ 7,187) from the European Union which was approved for the UNISEC consortium of which the Company is a member for a period of three years. In October 2013, the Company received an advance of € 206 ($ 247) and in October 2015 received € 247 ($ 296). The Company’s expenses in respect of this project in 2013-2018 totaled € 1,028 ($ 1,231) which supported by the less than 75% or€ 771 ($ 923). On October 10, 2018 the company received the final part of the grant owed by UNISEC in the total of € 55 ( $62). The grant is non-refundable providing the Company meets the conditions of the consortium and are recorded as a reduction of research and development expenses.

d. On June 19, 2017, the Company entered into a Finance Contract with The European Investment bank (EIB) for a total amount of € 20,000 (approximately $ 23,000) and up to 50% of the Company expected cost of developing and marketing the Company’s product candidate, M-001. The EIB financing will be available in three tranches, all subject to receiving evidence that the Company has funding available to it in an amount equal to the amount of the respective tranche.

The EIB financing shall be provided interest free and shall be repayable, per each tranche, in a single instalment, five years following the date of payment for each tranche. A failure to pay any amount payable under the Finance Contract shall cause interest to accrue on each unduly paid amount, at an annual rate equal to EURIBOR plus 2%.

In addition, and as consideration to the EIB financing, EIB shall be entitled to 3% of any annual M-001 sales revenues.

On June 18, 2018, the Company withdrew the first tranche of € 6,000 (approximately $ 7,000).

On August 13, 2018 the Company withdrew the second tranche of € 6,000 (approximately $ 7,000).

On October 19, 2018 the Company withdrew the third tranche of € 8,000 (approximately $ 9,200).

F-29

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 12:- CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS (Cont.)

In the event the Company elects to prepay the EIB financing, or in the event the EIB shall demand prepayment following certain events, including a change of control, senior management change or merger events, the Company shall be required to pay EIB the principal amount of the tranches already paid, or the Prepayment Amount, plus the greater of:

(i) the amount, as determined by EIB required in order for the EIB to realize an internal rate of return on the relevant amount prepaid of 20%; and

(ii) the Prepayment Amount.

The Finance Contract also stipulates that in the event EIB demands prepayment of the loan due to any prepayment event to non-EIB lenders, the Company shall be obligated to pay the Prepayment Amount plus an additional reduced amount.

In addition, and as consideration to the EIB financing, EIB shall be entitled to 3% of any annual M-001 sales revenues.

The Company performed a valuation of the financial liability for December 31, 2018 through an independent appraiser. According to the valuation, which was based on WACC (Weighted Average Cost of capital) of 18% and CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model), the value of the financial liability was estimated at NIS 94,360 ($ 25,176).

As a result of the valuation, the Company incurred a financial expenses of NIS 9,202 ($ 2,455) for December 31, 2018.

On April 22, 2019 the Finance Contract with (EIB) was extended by € 4,000 to a total of € 24,000 (approximately $ 27,600) (see also Note 18a).

e. Commitments:

Operating leases:

1. The Company entered into operating lease agreements on commercial vehicles which end in May 2021. The leases have an average life of three years with no renewal option included in the contract. Future minimum monthly lease payable under the operating lease contracts as of December 31, 2018 amount to NIS 358 ($ 96).

2. On July 10, 2017, the Company signed a 10 years lease agreement, starting in January 1, 2018, for approximately 1,845 square meters (m2) in the Jerusalem BioPark, located in the Ein Karem Hadassah campus, next to Hadassah University Hospitals and Hebrew University’s Medical School, with the intention of establishing a mid-size commercial facility to manufacture M-001. The company have the right to terminate the leasing period at every year end, by providing an advance notice by June 30, of every calendar year. According to the agreement terms, the company have a 10 month grace period regarding the first rent payment.

F-30

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 12:- CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS (Cont.)

Future minimum lease operating commitment agreements as of December 31, 2018 are as follows:

	1 – 3 Years		4 – 5 Years		More than 5 Years		Total
Operating Lease Obligations in NIS		3,369		2,179		5,385		10,932
Operating Lease Obligations in USD		947		612		1,513		3,073

3. On March 2, 2015, the Company unilaterally announced a cancellation of a consultant agreement with one of the Company’s consultants (see Note 15c). The cancellation notice provided that all options, rights and benefits previously granted to the consultant pursuant to the Consulting Services Agreement are invalid. On September 9, 2015, the consultant brought a suit against the Company in the Israeli magistrate court in Tel Aviv, claiming that the Company wrongfully terminated the Consulting Services Agreement and requesting monetary compensation in the amount of approximately NIS 1,500 (approximately $ 380) and the reinstatement of the previously cancelled options. On November 11, 2015, the Company filed defense with the court wherein contented that the Consulting Services Agreement was lawfully cancelled and that the consultant’s suit has no legal basis.

The parties submitted affidavits and legal expert opinions to the court. An additional pre-trial meeting was held on February 13, 2017 and an additional hearing was scheduled for September 25, 2017.

On November 14, 2017, the parties received the court’s final decision that the Company shall pay the consultant NIS 1,000 and additional VAT. The Company paid the amount on November 26, 2017.

NOTE 13:- EQUITY

a. Rights attached to shares:

An ordinary share confers upon its holder(s) a right to vote at the general meeting, a right to participate in distribution of dividends, and a right to participate in the distribution of surplus assets upon liquidation of the Company.

b. Options (series 4):

In February 2013, the Company issued 5,685,000 ordinary shares and 5,685,000 options (series 4) in consideration of NIS 4,836 ($ 1,239), which were split into the option component in a total of NIS 902 ($ 231) and the share premium component in a total of NIS 3,934 ($ 1,008) based on the fair market value on the TASE following the issuance.

The options are exercisable until February 27, 2017 at an exercise price of NIS 1.5 ($ 0.38) per share. On February 28, 2017, the Company’s options (series 4) expired.

F-31

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 13:- EQUITY (Cont.)

c. Options (series 5):

In October 2013, the Company issued 6,302,000 ordinary shares and 6,302,000 options (series 5) in consideration of NIS 4,413 ($ 1,131), which were split into the option component in a total of NIS 625 ($ 160) and the share premium component in a total of NIS 3,788 ($ 971) based on the fair market value on the TASE following the issuance.

The options are exercisable at an exercise price of NIS 0.9 ($ 0.23) per share until July 31, 2014 or NIS 1.5 ($ 0.38) per share from August 1, 2014 through October 29, 2017.
In October 2017, the Company’s options (series 5) expired.

d. On May 15, 2015, the Company completed a public offering of securities in the United States. The trading of the Company’s securities, ADS, and investor’s warrants in the NASDAQ began as of May 12, 2015. Each ADS represents 40 ordinary shares of the Company.

Accordingly, on May 12, 2015, the Company allocated 76,400,000 ordinary shares of the Company to the U.S. public. The Company also allocated 2,038,000 tradable warrants in the U.S., which may be exercised into ADS for a five year period, until May 15, 2020, in return for an exercise price of $ 6.25 for each warrant. The immediate gross consideration for the offering amounted to a total of NIS 36,607 ($ 9,382). The offering expenses amounted to a total of NIS 5,576. In addition, in accordance with the underwriting agreement, the Company granted the underwriters 95,500 warrants, under the same terms and conditions for warrants offered to the public.

At the time of the offering, the Company recorded an increase in equity in respect of shares, totaling NIS 26,417, net (after deduction of offering expenses totaling NIS 4,860) and liability related to the warrants at the amount of NIS 7,398 thousand (offering expenses for warrants totaling NIS 1,197 were recorded as financial expenses). The warrants are measured at their fair value based on their quote price at the end of each reporting date.

On June 24, 2015, the Company issued an additional 110,000 ADS to the underwriters in consideration of a total gross amount of NIS 2,069 ($ 530). Issuance expenses amounted to NIS 134. The Company recorded financial income (expenses) at the amount NIS 2,951, d (7,969) and 2,009 in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively, for revaluation of these warrants.

e. In February 2017, the Company issued to a private investor (“the Investor”) 33,760,832 ordinary shares (equivalent to 844,000 NASDAQ listed ADSs) in consideration of NIS 10,905 (approximately $ 2,830). Following the transaction, the Investor will hold 19.21% of all issued and outstanding share capital of the Company.

f. On March 30, 2017, the Company issued 6,666,640 ordinary shares (equivalent to 166,666 NASDAQ listed ADSs) in consideration of NIS 4,482 (approximately $ 1,229).

g. During May and June 2017, 104,349 warrants were exercised into shares for a total consideration of NIS 2,296 (approximately $ 653).

F-32

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 13:- EQUITY (Cont.)

h. During July 2017, the Company issued 8,000,000 ordinary shares (equivalent to 200,000 NASDAQ listed ADSs) in consideration of NIS 7,065 (approximately $ 2,000).

i. During July and August 2017, 170,644 warrants were exercised to 6,825,760 shares for a total consideration of NIS 3,833 (approximately $ 1,067).

j. On September 14, 2017, the Company completed public offering in NASDAQ and issued 66,666,680 ordinary shares (equivalent to 1,666,666 NASDAQ listed ADSs) in consideration of NIS 33,621 (approximately $ 9,546). Issuance costs amounted to NIS 250 (approximately $ 72).

NOTE 14:- SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

a. Expense recognized in the financial statements:

The expense that was recognized for services received from employees, directors and service providers is as follows:

							Convenience translation (Note 2c)
	Year ended December 31,						Year ended December 31,
	2016		2017		2018		2018
	N I S						U.S. dollars
Research and development		903		388		119		32
Marketing, general and administrative		358		131		141		38
Total share-based compensation		1,261		519		260		70

b. Share-based payment plan for employees and directors:

Options granted under the Company’s 2005 Israeli Share Option Plan (“Plan”) are exercisable in accordance with the terms of the Plan, within 10 years from the date of grant, against payment of an exercise price. The options generally vest over a period of three or four years.

In March 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the adoption of the Company’s 2018 Israeli Share Option Plan (“2018 Plan”) for the grant of options to employees, directors and service providers. The options are exercisable in accordance with the terms of 2018 Plan, within 10 years from the date of grant, against payment of an exercise price. The options generally vest over a period of three or four years.

F-33

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 14:- SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION (Cont.)

Option grants:

On May 28, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an update of the terms and conditions of the Company’s CEO, so that the monthly remuneration will be a total of NIS 80. In addition, it was decided to grant unregistered options to the CEO, in the scope of 5% of the Company’s issued and paid up capital on a fully diluted basis, as of May 28, 2015, with an exercise price of 130% beyond the average rate of the Company’s share price in the 30 days of trading that preceded the Company’s Board of Directors’ resolution regarding the said grant. Notwithstanding the above, following a discussion with the Company’s shareholders, it was agreed that the CEO shall be granted options at a rate of 2.5% of the Company’s issued and paid up capital on a fully diluted basis. The options are exercisable for ten years and vest over a period of three years from the date of grant. On July 27, 2015, the Shareholders’ meeting approved the grant of options as previously mentioned, and on August 4, 2015, the CEO was grant 5,929,503 options.

The fair value of each option is approximately NIS 0.28 and the total value of the options granted was NIS 1,671.

On February 2016, the Company granted 350,000 options to 4 external advisors that vest over a period of three years at an exercise price of NIS 0.746 ($ 0.19) per share. The fair value of the options as of the date of grant totaled approximately NIS 84 ($ 22).

On March 10, 2016, the Company granted 100,000 fully vested options to an external advisor at an exercise price of NIS 0.746 ($ 0.19) per share. The fair value of the options as of the date of grant totaled approximately NIS 22 ($ 6).

In addition, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the grant of 3,780,000 unregistered options to the Company’s officers and employees, which may be exercised into 3,780,000 ordinary shares of NIS 0.0000001 par value each, according to the Company’s option plan. The options are exercisable for ten years and vest over a period of three years from the date of grant. The exercise price shall be 130% of the average rate of the Company’s share price in the 30 days of trading that preceded the Company’s Board of Directors’ resolution regarding the grant of options.

The fair value of each option is approximately NIS 0.298 and the total value of the options granted was NIS 1,127.

On June 25, 2018, the Company granted 130,710 options to a board member which vest over a period of four years at an exercise price of $ 3.45 per ADS. The fair value of the options as of the date of grant totaled approximately NIS 1,627 ($ 450).

F-34

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 14:- SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION (Cont.)

The following table presents the number of share options, the weighted average exercise prices of share options and changes that were made in the option plan to employees and directors:

	2016					2017					2018
	Number of options			Weighted Average Exercise price		Number of options			Weighted Average Exercise price		Number of options			Weighted Average Exercise price
Outstanding at beginning of year		11,806,503			0.75		12,156,503			0.75		11,759,503			0.75
Granted		450,000			0.75		-			-		130,710			0.05
Exercised		-			-		(37,000	)		0.49		-			-
Forfeited		(100,000	)		0.75		(360,000	)		0.81		(340,000	)		0.54
Outstanding at end of year		12,156,503			0.75		11,759,503			0.75		11,550,213			0.77
Exercisable at end of year		5,793,501			0.75		8,653,010			0.74		10,979,503			0.78

The weighted average remaining contractual life for the share options outstanding as of December 31, 2018 was 5.86 years (as of December 31, 2017 – 6.86 years(.

c. The fair value of the Company’s share options granted to employees, directors and service providers for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 was estimated using the binominal option pricing model using the following assumptions:

	December 31,
	2016		2017		2018
Dividend yield (%)		-		-		-
Expected volatility of the share prices (%)		82		53		53
Risk-free interest rate (%)		2.1		1.5		2.9
Expected life of share options (years)		8.8		7.8		7.5
Share price (NIS)		0.32		0.45		23.6	*

* ADS – NIS 23.6 ($ 6.3)

The expected life of the share options is based on the midpoints between the available exercise dates (the end of the vesting periods) and the last available exercise date (the contracted expiry date), as adequate historical experience is still not available to provide a reasonable estimate.

F-35

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 15:- SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION TO THE STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

a. Research and development expenses, net of participations:

										Convenience translation (Note 2c)
	Year ended December 31,									Year ended December 31,
	2016			2017			2018			2018
	N I S									U.S. dollars
Clinical trial phase 3		-			-			53,678			14,321
Materials and subcontractors		3,145			3,797			12,287			3,279
Salaries and related expenses		3,808			3,695			4,214			1,124
Share-based payment		903			388			119			32
Patent registration fees		358			322			399			107
Rentals and maintenance of laboratory		610			610			1,028			274
Revaluation of the liability with respect to the IIA grants		-			10,300			-			-
Depreciation		573			311			195			52
Other		-			-			136			36
		9,397			19,423			72,056			19,225
Participation by IIA and UNISEC		(1,603	)		(646	)		(143	)		(38	)
											-
		7,794			18,777			71,913			19,187

b. Marketing, general and administrative expenses:

							Convenience translation (Note 2c)
	Year ended December 31,						Year ended December 31,
	2016		2017		2018		2018
	N I S						U.S. dollars
Salaries and related expenses		587		622		1,136		303
Share-based payment		358		131		141		38
Professional services		2,595		3,338		3,275		874
Rentals, office expenses and maintenance		201		203		343		91
Depreciation		48		130		65		17
Other		317		455		194		53
		4,106		4,879		5,154		1,376

F-36

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 15:- SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION TO THE STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Cont.)

c. Financial income and expense:

							Convenience translation (Note 2c)
	Year ended December 31,						Year ended December 31,
	2016		2017		2018		2018
	N I S						U.S. dollars
Financial income:
Interest income on deposits		55		18		100		26
Exchange differences, net		-		-		827		221
Revaluation of warrants		2,951		-		2,009		536
Revaluation of marketable securities		13		-		-		-
		3,019		18		2,936		783
Financial expenses:
Exchange differences, net		276		2,871		-		-
Revaluation of warrants		-		7,969		-		-
Finance expenses in respect of loan from others		-		-		9,202		2,455
Finance expenses in respect of government grants		-				4,343		1,159
Bank commissions and other financial expenses		27		73		51		14
		303		10,913		13,596		3,628

NOTE 16:- TAXES ON INCOME

a. Corporate tax rates in Israel:

The Israeli corporate tax rate in 2016 was 25%, 2017 was 24% and in 2018 was 23%.

In December 2016, the Israeli Parliament approved the Economic Efficiency Law (Legislative Amendments for Applying the Economic Policy for the 2017 and 2018 Budget Years), 2016 which further reduces the corporate income tax rate to 24% (instead of 25%) effective from January 1, 2017 and to 23% effective from January 1, 2018.

b. Final tax assessments:

The Company received final tax assessments through 2012.

c. Net operating carryforwards losses for tax purposes and other temporary differences:

as of December 31, 2018, the Company had carryforwards losses and other temporary differences amounting to approximately NIS 126,700 ($ 33,800).

F-37

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 16:- TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.)

d. Deferred taxes:

The Company did not recognize deferred tax assets for carryforwards losses and other temporary differences because their utilization in the foreseeable future is not probable.

e. Current taxes:

The Company did not record any current taxes for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 as it is still incurring losses on an ongoing basis.

f. Theoretical tax:

The reconciliation between the tax expense, assuming that all the income and expenses, gains and losses in the statement of income were taxed at the statutory tax rate and the taxes on income recorded in profit or loss (0%), relates to the creation of carryforward tax losses and other temporary differences for which deferred tax assets were not recorded.

NOTE 17:- BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES

a. Related parties consist of nine directors (including the CEO, who is also a shareholder) serving on the Company’s board of directors and two key officers.

b. Transactions with related parties:

1. In February 2012, the Company’s audit committee and Board approved an amendment and extension of the agreement with the Company’s CEO, dated April 2007. Pursuant to the amendment, the monthly salary of the Company’s CEO will increase by 5% in each of the three years of the extension of the engagement to NIS 52.5 a month starting January 2012. The agreement was extended by an additional period through April 1, 2015. In April 2012, the Company’s shareholders approved the agreement at a shareholders’ meeting. On January 18, 2015, the Company’s shareholders extended the agreement under the same terms for an additional five years.

In addition, if a material agreement is signed between the Company and a third party during the term of the engagement or during a period of three years after the termination on the Company’s part of the engagement between the Company’s CEO and the Company, the Company’s CEO will be entitled to receive a bonus amounting to 1.75% of the monetary compensation payable to the Company under the material agreement.

On May 28, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an update of the terms and conditions in office of the Company’s CEO, so that the monthly remuneration will be a total of NIS 80, and to grant options at a rate of 2.5% of the Company’s issued and paid up capital on a fully diluted basis (see Note 14b).

F-38

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 17:- BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES (Cont.)

2. In August 2014, the Company signed an employment agreement with the CFO for a period of 5 years, according to which the CFO shall be entitled to a monthly salary of NIS 10, and accordingly updated the management agreement to fees at the amount of NIS 2.5 for a period of five years. In addition, the CFO is entitled to receive a one-time cash payment of NIS 192.5 for the services provided in connection with the preparation and submission of the prospectus in the US, and, in the event that the Company should complete a successful capital raise in the U.S. market, the CFO shall be entitled to receive a one-time payment of NIS 87.5. Furthermore, from the consummation of the offering, the monthly compensation under the services agreement will be increased to NIS 15,000. In addition, pursuant to a separate employment agreement entered into between the Company and the CFO on August 31, 2014, as of such date, the CFO is also employed by the Company in a 60% employment capacity, for which he is entitled to a monthly salary of NIS 10,000.

3. In August 2012, the Company approved the grant of future remuneration to four directors in the Company. The remuneration will be granted provided that a material agreement is signed between the Company and a third party during the director’s term with the Company that will entitle each of the four directors to receive a bonus of 0.5% of the monetary compensation that will be paid to the Company in the context of such material agreement. The bonus is not limited in amount and is not restricted to one material agreement.

4. On April 10, 2016, the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors unanimously resolved to approve the payment of NIS 200, to be increased by an additional amount of up to NIS 200 as needed, for the benefit of the Company’s CEO, for the purpose of placing the bond required in connection with an investigation conducted by the Israeli Securities Authority (“ISA”), regarding certain shareholders of the Company (not including among them the Company’s CEO) alleged use of inside information.

c. Balances with related parties:

	Payables
Key management personnel:
December 31, 2017		302
December 31, 2018		328
December 31,2018 (convenience translation to U.S. dollars) (Note 2c)		88

F-39

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 17:- BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES (Cont.)

d. Transactions with related parties:

	Research and development		Marketing, general and administrative
Key management personnel:
2016		1,072		1,898
2017		1,575		1,098
2018		1,468		1,252
2018 (convenience translation to U.S. dollars) (Note 2c)	$	392		334

e. Compensation of key officers:

The following amounts disclosed in the table are recognized as an expense during the reporting period related to key officers.

Key officers employed by the Company:

							Convenience translation (Note 2c)
	Year ended December 31,						Year ended December 31,
	2016		2017		2018		2018
	N I S						U.S. dollars
Salaries		190		209		485		71
Short-term employee benefits		1,740		1,972		1,901		533
Other employees benefits		106		94		95		25
Share-based compensation		934		398		239		64
		2,970		2,673		2,720		693
Number of key officers		11		8		9

F-40

BIONDVAX PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 18: SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

a. On April 22, 2019 the European Investment bank (EIB) announced a € 4,000 extension to its 2017 financing agreement with the Company in support of the ongoing pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of the Company M-001 Universal Influenza Vaccine candidate. The extension will allow an increase of up to 8,000 participants, bringing the planned total size of the trial to approximately 12,000 participants.

b. On March 25, 2019, the Company published a public offering in NASDAQ to issue NASDAQ listed ADSs in consideration of maximum aggregate sum of NIS 72,960 ($ 20,000).

- - - - -

F-41