Three Months Ended

Nine Months Ended

September 30,

2019

2018

2019

2018

Income tax benefit (expense) at U.S. statutory rate

$

37,656

$

(10)

$

73,925

$

734

Tax effect from:

Valuation allowance

(29,438)

—

(61,861)

—

Share-based compensation

(906)

(86)

(2,298)

456

State income taxes, net of federal benefit

(206)

8

(754)

(755)

State income taxes, valuation allowance

1,575

—

1,637

—

Non-deductible employee compensation in excess of $1,000

(12)

183

(173)

(975)

Non-deductible goodwill impairment

(6,568)

—

(9,214)

—

Other

(14)

26

(228)

(210)

Income tax benefit (expense)

$

2,087

$

121

$

1,034

$

(750)