Income taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income taxes

9. Income taxes

The provision for income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of the Company’s annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into consideration in the relevant period. Each quarter, the Company updates the estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if the estimated tax rate changes, the Company records a cumulative adjustment to the provision.

The Company had an effective tax rate of 40.27% and (3.54)% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and 34.11% and (3.70)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The effective tax rate for the quarter differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the impact of a valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets and the mix of earnings among taxing jurisdictions.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") introduced a framework under Pillar 2 including a 15% global minimum tax rate. Some jurisdictions in which the Company does business have started to enact laws implementing a minimum tax under Pillar Two. The Company is monitoring these developments and currently does not believe the rules have a material impact on its effective tax rate.

In July 2025, the United States enacted tax legislation commonly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBB Act”). The OBBB Act, among other things, extends certain provisions of 2017 U.S. federal tax legislation relating to federal bonus depreciation and immediate expensing for domestic research and development expenditures. These provisions did not have a material effect on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The Company will continue to evaluate their impact as further information becomes available.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has provided a valuation allowance against U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. Management continues to evaluate the realizability of deferred tax assets and the related valuation allowance. If management's assessment of the deferred tax assets or the corresponding valuation allowance were to change, the Company would record the related adjustment to income during the period in which management makes the determination.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as part of the income tax provision. To date, the Company has not recognized any interest and penalties in its condensed consolidated statements of operations, nor has it accrued for or made payments for interest and penalties.

The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. Due to NOL carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards, the statutes of limitations remain open for tax years from inception of the Company through 2024. There are currently no income tax audits underway by U.S. federal or state tax authorities. The Company’s subsidiary, Udemy India LLP, has received tax assessments from the India Income Tax Department. These assessments have challenged the transfer pricing methodology used by Udemy India LLP for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company believes the proposed adjustments are without merit and will vigorously defend its position; however, it could take a number of years to reach resolution of this matter.