STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

12 Months Ended

Dec. 28, 2022

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

11. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Pursuant to the 2018 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan the Company grants stock options (“options”), restricted stock units, performance-based stock units and restricted stock. The Company has authorized 5,652,240 shares of common stock for issuance in connection with stock awards. On June 8, 2021, our stockholders approved amending the Equity Incentive Plan, formerly the 2018 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, under which the new aggregate share limit was increased to be 2,000,000 shares. As of December 28, 2022, 945,282 shares were available for grant.

During the years ended December 28, 2022, December 29, 2021 and December 30, 2020, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $3.5 million, $3.2 million and $3.1 million, respectively. These expenses were included in general and administrative expenses consistent with the salary expense for the related optionees in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Stock Options

At December 28, 2022, options to purchase 1,068,179 shares of common stock of the Company were outstanding, including 625,436 vested and 442,743 unvested. Unvested options vest over time, or upon our achieving annual financial goals. However, the compensation committee of the board of directors, as administrator of the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan, has the power to accelerate the vesting schedule of stock-based compensation, and, generally, in the event of an employee termination in connection with a change in control of the Company, any unvested portion of an award under the plan shall become fully vested. At December 28, 2022, 180,020 premium options, options granted above the stock price at date of grant, remained outstanding. In fiscal 2022, the Company granted 372,958 options, with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. The options granted in fiscal 2022 had a four year vesting period. Stock options generally expire ten years from the date of grant. In fiscal 2021, the Company granted 256,172 options, with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. The options granted in fiscal 2021 had a four year vesting period. Stock options generally expire 10 years from the date of grant. Changes in options for the years ended December 28, 2022 and December 29, 2021, are as follows:

				Weighted-Average		Aggregate
		Weighted-Average		Contractual Life		Intrinsic Value
	Shares	Exercise Price		Life (Years)		(in thousands)
Outstanding - December 30, 2020	1,030,866	$	9.82
Grants	256,172		17.55
Exercised	(132,760)		6.52
Forfeited, cancelled or expired	(176,200)		14.48
Outstanding - December 29, 2021	978,078	$	11.45
Grants	372,958		10.54
Exercised	(185,798)		9.22
Forfeited, cancelled or expired	(97,059)	$	12.06
Outstanding - December 28, 2022	1,068,179	$	9.92		5.68	$	1,368
Vested and expected to vest at December 28, 2022	1,060,880	$	9.92		5.66	$	1,362
Exercisable at December 28, 2022	625,436	$	9.50		3.37	$	1,033

The intrinsic value of options exercised, calculated as the difference between the market value on the date of exercise and the exercise price, was $0.8 million, $1.6 million and $9.9 million for fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for the estimated fair value of stock options for employees and non-employee directors and similar awards based on the grant-date fair value of the award. For options that are based on a service requirement, the cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, usually the vesting period. For options that were based on performance requirements, costs were recognized over periods to which the performance criteria related. In order to calculate our stock options’ fair values and the associated compensation costs for share-based awards, the Company utilizes the Black–Scholes option pricing model and has developed estimates of various inputs including forfeiture rate, expected term, expected volatility, and risk-free interest rate. The forfeiture rate is based on historical rates and reduces the compensation expense recognized. The expected term for options granted is derived using the “simplified” method, in accordance with SEC guidance. The Company calculates the risk-free interest rate using the implied yield for a U.S. Treasury security with constant maturity and a remaining term equal to the expected term of the Company’s employee stock options. The Company does not anticipate paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future and therefore uses an expected dividend yield of zero for option valuation purposes. Expected volatility is based on the Company’s historical data. Volatility is calculated by taking the historical daily closing equity prices of the Company, prior to the grant date, over a period equal to the expected term.

The weighted-average estimated fair value of employee stock options granted in fiscal 2022 and 2021 was $4.89 and $8.10 per share, respectively, using the Black–Scholes model with the following weighted-average assumptions used to value the option grants:

	December 28, 2022		December 29, 2021
Expected volatility	43.0	%	46.9	%
Risk-free interest rate	2.9	%	1.1	%
Expected term (years)	6.25		6.25
Expected dividends	—		—

As of December 28, 2022, the Company had total unrecognized compensation expense of $2.1 million related to unvested stock options, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average period of 3.0 years.

The above assumptions generally require significant judgment. If in the future the Company determines that another method is more reasonable, or if another method for calculating these input assumptions is prescribed by authoritative guidance, and, therefore, should be used to estimate volatility or expected term, the fair value calculated for our stock options could change significantly. Higher volatility and longer expected lives result in an increase to stock-based compensation expense determined at the date of grant.

The Company estimates its forfeiture rate based on an analysis of its actual forfeitures and will continue to evaluate the appropriateness of the forfeiture rate based on actual forfeiture experience, analysis of employee turnover behavior, and other factors. Changes in the estimated forfeiture rate can have a significant effect on reported stock-based compensation expense, as the cumulative effect of adjusting the rate for all expense amortization is recognized in the period the forfeiture estimate is changed. If a revised forfeiture rate is higher than the previously-estimated forfeiture rate, an adjustment is made that will result in a decrease to the stock-based compensation expense recognized in the financial statements. If a revised forfeiture rate is lower than the previously-estimated forfeiture rate, an adjustment is made that will result in an increase to the stock-based compensation expense recognized in the financial statements. The effect of forfeiture adjustments was insignificant in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020. The Company will continue to use significant judgment in evaluating the expected term, volatility, and forfeiture rate related to its stock-based compensation.

Restricted Shares

In fiscal 2022 and 2021, 356,610 and 222,741 restricted share awards were granted, respectively, at the fair market value on the date of grant. These grants vest based on continued service over three years for directors and four years for employees.

Changes in restricted shares for the years ended December 28, 2022 and December 29, 2021, are as follows:

		Weighted-Average
	Shares	Fair Value
Unvested shares at December 30, 2020	742,404	$	11.68
Granted	222,741	$	17.13
Released	(248,255)	$	11.99
Forfeited, cancelled, or expired	(221,110)	$	11.80
Unvested shares at December 29, 2021	495,780	$	13.92
Granted	356,610	$	10.37
Released	(201,043)	$	13.32
Forfeited, cancelled, or expired	(105,867)	$	12.91
Unvested shares at December 28, 2022	545,480	$	12.02

As of December 28, 2022, there was total unrecognized compensation expense of $5.0 million related to unvested restricted share awards, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 2.62 years. As of December 28, 2022, all remaining performance stock units and restricted units were forfeited, cancelled, expired, or released.