13. Fair Value of Financial Instruments, Assets and Other Assets

Financial Instruments and Other Assets Measured and Recognized at Fair Value

We estimate fair value at a price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in the principal market for the asset or liability. Our valuation techniques require inputs that we categorize using a three level hierarchy, from highest to lowest level of observable inputs. Level 1 inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are quoted prices or other market data for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based upon our own judgment and assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. Classification of a financial asset or liability within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Other than the derivative instruments discussed in “Note 14 – Derivative Instruments” and held for sale assets and liabilities described in “Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 4 – Business Combinations and Divestitures,” we had no other material assets or liabilities measured and recognized at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments

Our other financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, held-to-maturity investments, short-term borrowings and long-term debt. The carrying value of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and short-term borrowings approximates their fair value due to their short maturities. These short-term borrowings are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. During 2017, we purchased $50 million of held-to-maturity Angolan government bonds maturing in 2020. The carrying value of $50 million in both periods approximate their fair value as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. We assess whether an other-than-temporary impairment loss on the investment has occurred due to a decline in fair value or other market conditions. If the fair value of the security is below amortized cost and it is more likely than not that we will not be able to recover its amortized cost basis before its stated maturity, we will record an other-than-temporary impairment charge in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The fair value of our long-term debt fluctuates with changes in applicable interest rates among other factors. Fair value will exceed carrying value when the current market interest rate is lower than the interest rate at which the debt was originally issued and will be less than the carrying value when the market rate is greater than the interest rate at which the debt was originally issued. The fair value of our long-term debt is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy and is established based on observable inputs in less active markets.

The fair value and carrying value of our senior notes were as follows:



	December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2018		2017
Fair Value	$	4,455	$	7,060
Carrying Value	7,285		7,218

Non-recurring Fair Value Measurements - Impairments

In the fourth quarter of 2018, our annual and interim goodwill impairment tests indicated that our goodwill was impaired and as a result three of our reporting units were written down to their estimated fair values. The Level 3 fair values of our reporting units were determined using a combination of the income and market approach. The unobservable inputs to the income approach included the reporting unit’s estimated future cash flows and estimates of discount rates commensurate with the reporting unit’s risks. The market approach considered market multiples of comparable publicly traded companies to estimate fair value as a multiple of each reporting unit’s actual and forecasted earnings.

During 2018, long-lived assets were impaired and written down to their estimated fair values due to the sustained downturn in the oil and gas industry that resulted in a reassessment of our disposal groups for our land drilling rigs that were included in assets held for sale at December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Level 3 fair values of the long-lived assets were determined using a combination of the market and income approach. The market approach considered market sales values for similar assets. The unobservable inputs to the income approach included the assets’ estimated future cash flows and estimates of discount rates commensurate with the assets’ risks.

During the fourth quarter of 2017, long-lived assets were impaired and written down to their estimated fair values. The Level 3 fair values of the assets were determined using an income approach. The unobservable inputs to the income approach included the assets’ estimated future cash flows and estimates of discount rates commensurate with the assets’ risks.

During the third quarter of 2016, long-lived assets were impaired and written down to their estimated fair values. The Level 3 fair values of the long-lived assets were determined using either an income approach or a market approach. The unobservable inputs to the income approach included the assets’ estimated future cash flows and estimates of discount rates commensurate with the assets’ risks. The market approach considered unobservable estimates of market sales values, which in most cases was a scrap of salvage value estimate. During the second quarter of 2016, we adjusted a note for our largest customer in Venezuela to its estimated fair value. The Level 3 fair value was estimated based on unobservable pricing indications.