10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒           QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025

or

☐          TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to

Commission File Number: 001-41248

Knightscope, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	46-2482575
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

305 North Mathilda Avenue

Sunnyvale, CA 94085

(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

(650) 924-1025

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.001 Par Value per Share	KSCP	The Nasdaq Capital Market

SEC 1296 (02-23) Potential persons who are to respond to the collection of information contained in this Form are not required to respond unless the Form displays a currently valid OMB control number.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes  ☒    No   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒	Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of August 8, 2025, there were 9,846,715 shares of the registrant’s Class A Common Stock outstanding and 336,424 shares of the registrant’s Class B Common Stock outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
Part I	Financial Information	5
Item 1.	Financial Statements	5
	Condensed Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (Unaudited)	5
	Condensed Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)	6
	Condensed Statements of Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)	7
	Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)	9
	Notes to Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)	10
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	28
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	37
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	37
Part II	Other Information	38
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	38
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	38
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	38
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	38
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	38
Item 5.	Other Information	38
Item 6.	Exhibits	39
Signatures		40

2

Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, including profitability, our business strategy and plans, market growth, product and service releases, the status of product development, compliance with applicable listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”), demand for our products and services, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, the words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “potential,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “target,” or the negative of these terms and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements about:

● The success of our products, which will require significant capital resources and years of development efforts;

● Our deployments and market acceptance of our products;

● Our ability to protect our intellectual property and to develop, maintain and enhance a strong brand;

● Our limited operating history by which performance can be gauged;

● Our ability to continue as a going concern;

● Our ability to comply with all applicable listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market;

● Our ability to operate and collect digital information on behalf of our clients, which is dependent on the privacy laws of jurisdictions in which our Autonomous Security Robots (“ASR”) and Emergency Communication Devices (“ECD”) operate, as well as the corporate policies of our clients, which may limit our ability to fully deploy our technologies in various markets;

● Our ability to raise capital; and

● Our ability to manage our research, development, expansion, growth, and operating expenses.

We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and other important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those stated, including:

● We have not yet generated any profits or significant revenues, anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future, and may never achieve profitability.

● The report of our independent registered public accounting firm associated with the Annual Report on Form 10-K, expresses substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, and we may not be able to continue to operate the business if we are not successful in securing additional funding.

● We expect to experience future losses as we execute on our business strategy and will need to generate significant revenues to achieve profitability, which may not occur.

● We may not be able to comply with all applicable listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market, and Nasdaq could delist our Class A Common Stock.

3

● We are subject to potential fluctuations in operating results due to our sales cycle.

● If we are unable to acquire new customers, our future revenues and operating results will be harmed. Likewise, potential customer turnover in the future, or costs we incur to retain our existing customers, could materially and adversely affect our financial performance.

● We are subject to the loss of contracts, due to terminations, non-renewals or competitive re-bids, which could adversely affect our results of operations and liquidity, including our ability to secure new contracts from other customers.

● Our future operating results are difficult to predict and may be affected by a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control.

● Our financial results will fluctuate in the future, which makes them difficult to predict.

● Shifts in global economic conditions-including, but not limited to, changes in inflation, interest rates, tariffs, and other trade restrictions-could reduce customer spending and impact the financial stability of our clients and business partners. These effects may, in turn, negatively influence our financial health, operational performance, and available cash resources.

● Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, including events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults or non-performance by financial institutions, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

● We have a limited number of deployments, and limited market acceptance of our products could harm our business.

● We cannot assure you that we will effectively manage our growth.

● Our operating costs may grow more quickly than our revenues as we research and develop new products, harming our business and profitability.

● Any debt arrangements that we enter into may impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities. A breach of any of the restrictive covenants under such debt arrangements may cause us to be in default under our debt arrangements, and our lenders could foreclose on our assets.

Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, performance, or achievements. Our forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and we undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations, except as required by applicable law.

In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the words “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “Knightscope” refer to Knightscope, Inc., unless the context requires otherwise.

4

PART I —FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.

Condensed Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
	(unaudited)		(1)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	8,211	$	11,124
Restricted cash		—		102
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $155 and $139 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively		2,491		1,731
Inventory		1,742		1,797
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		849		345
Total current assets		13,293		15,099
Autonomous Security Robots, net		8,711		8,765
Property, equipment and software, net		674		661
Operating lease right-of-use-assets		2,948		407
Goodwill		1,922		1,922
Intangible assets, net		1,082		1,241
Other assets		590		90
Total assets	$	29,220	$	28,185
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	2,482	$	2,812
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		2,309		1,794
Deferred revenue		1,821		1,883
Operating lease liabilities, current		119		412
Debt obligations, current		281		1,364
Total current liabilities		7,012		8,265
Non-current liabilities:
Debt obligations, net of debt issuance costs of $277 and $316 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively		3,991		3,952
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent		3,011		—
Other noncurrent liabilities		91		187
Total liabilities		14,105		12,404
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value; 40,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding		—		—
Class A Common Stock, $0.001 par, 228,000,000 shares authorized as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 7,096,350 and 4,065,347 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively		7		4
Class B Common Stock, $0.001 par, 30,000,000 shares authorized as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 336,759 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024		—		—
Additional paid-in capital		221,526		208,969
Accumulated deficit		(206,418)		(193,192)
Total stockholders’ equity		15,115		15,781
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	29,220	$	28,185

(1) The condensed balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 was derived from the audited balance sheet as of that date.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.

5

KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.

Condensed Statements of Operations

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Revenue, net
Service	$	2,079	$	1,950	$	4,187	$	3,641
Product		670		1,253		1,479		1,816
Total revenue, net		2,749		3,203		5,666		5,457
Cost of revenue, net
Service		2,844		2,791		5,600		5,874
Product		823		970		1,652		1,586
Total cost of revenue, net		3,667		3,761		7,252		7,460
Gross loss		(918)		(558)		(1,586)		(2,003)
Operating expenses:
Research and development		2,099		1,637		4,224		3,206
Sales and marketing		1,068		1,537		2,343		3,043
General and administrative		2,172		2,734		4,932		6,375
Restructuring charges		11		295		11		414
Total operating expenses		5,350		6,203		11,510		13,038
Loss from operations		(6,268)		(6,761)		(13,096)		(15,041)
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities		—		681		—		1,451
Interest expense, net		(73)		(128)		(154)		(193)
Other income (expense), net		12		(63)		24		(80)
Total other income (expense)		(61)		490		(130)		1,178
Net loss before income tax expense		(6,329)		(6,271)		(13,226)		(13,863)
Income tax expense		—		—		—		—
Net loss	$	(6,329)	$	(6,271)	$	(13,226)	$	(13,863)
Basic and diluted net loss per common share (1)	$	(0.90)	$	(2.68)	$	(2.13)	$	(6.51)
Weighted average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share (1)		6,995,145		2,337,266		6,204,242		2,130,803

(1) Basic and diluted net loss per common share and share amounts for the periods ended June 30, 2024 have been adjusted to reflect the impact of a 1-for-50 reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock effected in September 2024 as discussed in Note 1.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.

6

KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.

Condensed Statements of Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	Series m			Series m-2			Series S			Series A			Series B			Class A			Class B
	Preferred			Preferred			Preferred			Preferred			Preferred			Common			Common			Additional				Total
	Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Paid-in		Accumulative		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		capital		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	35,512	$	4,611	3,200	$	480	52,405	$	21,212	28,368	$	614	69,977	$	7,098	1,874,965	$	2	187,156	$	—	$	142,410	$	(169,050)	$	(26,638)
Stock-based compensation	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		269		—		269
Reclassification of warrant liabilities	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		4,762		—		4,762
Stock options exercised	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	2,260		—	—		—		18		—		18
Proceeds from Equity Sale, net of issuance costs	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	293,790		—	—		—		5,022		—		5,022
Share conversion to common stock	(35,512)		(4,611)	(3,200)		(480)	(52,405)		(21,212)	(28,368)		(614)	(69,977)		(7,098)	168,333		—	147,359		—		34,015		—		34,015
Share conversion costs	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(1)		—		(1)
Net loss	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(6,271)		(6,271)
Balance as of June 30, 2024	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	2,339,348	$	2	334,515	$	—	$	186,495	$	(175,321)	$	11,176

	Series m			Series m-2			Series S			Series A			Series B			Class A			Class B
	Preferred			Preferred			Preferred			Preferred			Preferred			Common			Common			Additional				Total
	Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Paid-in		Accumulative		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		capital		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance as of December 31, 2023	35,593	$	4,621	3,200	$	480	52,844	$	21,390	28,368	$	614	69,977	$	7,098	1,603,772	$	2	187,156	$	—	$	134,822	$	(161,458)	$	(26,634)
Stock-based compensation	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		603		—		603
Reclassification of warrant liabilities	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		4,762		—		4,762
Stock options exercised	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	2,260		—	—		—		18		—		18
Proceeds from Equity Sale, net of issuance costs	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	564,045		—	—		—		12,089		—		12,089
Share conversion to common stock	(35,593)		(4,621)	(3,200)		(480)	(52,844)		(21,390)	(28,368)		(614)	(69,977)		(7,098)	169,271		—	147,359		—		34,203		—		34,203
Share conversion costs	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(2)		—		(2)
Net loss	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(13,863)		(13,863)
Balance as of June 30, 2024	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	2,339,348	$	2	334,515	$	—	$	186,495	$	(175,321)	$	11,176

Note: Share amounts have been adjusted to reflect the impact of a 1-for-50 reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock effected in September 2024 as discussed in Note 1.

7

	Series m			Series m-2			Series S			Series A			Series B			Class A			Class B
	Preferred			Preferred			Preferred			Preferred			Preferred			Common			Common			Additional				Total
	Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Paid-in		Accumulative		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		capital		Deficit		Equity
Balance as of March 31, 2025	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	6,564,466	$	7	336,759	$	—	$	218,245	$	(200,089)	$	18,163
Stock-based compensation	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		385		—		385
Issuance of vendor warrants for consulting services	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		33		—		33
Proceeds from Equity Sale, net of issuance costs	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	531,884		—	—		—		2,863		—		2,863
Net loss	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(6,329)		(6,329)
Balance as of June 30, 2025	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	7,096,350	$	7	336,759	$	—	$	221,526	$	(206,418)	$	15,115

	Series m			Series m-2			Series S			Series A			Series B			Class A			Class B
	Preferred			Preferred			Preferred			Preferred			Preferred			Common			Common			Additional				Total
	Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Stock			Paid-in		Accumulative		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		capital		Deficit		Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2024	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	4,065,347	$	4	336,759	$	—	$	208,969	$	(193,192)	$	15,781
Stock-based compensation	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		807		—		807
Proceeds from Equity Sale, net of issuance costs	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	1,779,720		1	—		—		10,273		—		10,274
Proceeds from Direct Registration Offering	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	625,000		1	—		—		1,435		—		1,436
Issuance of vendor warrants for consulting services	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		43		—		43
Prefunded warrants exercised	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	626,283		1	—		—		(1)		—		—
Net loss	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(13,226)		(13,226)
Balance as of June 30, 2025	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	7,096,350	$	7	336,759	$	—	$	221,526	$	(206,418)	$	15,115

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.

8

KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net loss	$	(13,226)	$	(13,863)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		1,295		1,280
Loss on disposal of Autonomous Security Robots		36		1,075
(Gain)/Loss on disposal of property and equipment		(17)		1
Stock compensation expense		807		603
Warrants issued in exchange for consulting services		43		—
Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities		—		(1,451)
Accrued interest		210		159
Amortization of debt discount		39		31
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		(760)		(1,418)
Inventory		55		(922)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(413)		170
Accounts payable		(350)		757
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		303		566
Deferred revenue		(62)		547
Other current and noncurrent liabilities		175		(177)
Net cash used in operating activities		(11,865)		(12,642)
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Purchases and related costs incurred for Autonomous Security Robots		(1,005)		(1,759)
Purchases of property and equipment		(181)		(4)
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,186)		(1,763)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Proceeds from stock options exercised		—		18
Proceeds from equity sale, net of issuance costs		10,274		12,089
Proceeds from issuance of Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds, net of issuance costs		—		2,644
Proceeds from Direct Registration Offering		1,436		—
Repayments of debt obligations		(1,674)		—
Share conversion costs		—		(2)
Net cash provided by financing activities		10,036		14,749
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(3,015)		344
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the period		11,226		2,382
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period	$	8,211	$	2,726
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
Capital expenditures in accounts payable and other long-term liabilities	$	22	$	27
Preferred stock warrant reclassification to equity	$	—	$	4,762
Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use-assets	$	2,901	$	—
Financing of insurance premiums	$	591	$	—
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock	$	—	$	34,203

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.

9

KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

NOTE 1: The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Knightscope, Inc. (the “Company”), a Delaware corporation, is a public safety innovator that builds Autonomous Security Robots (“ASR”) and Emergency Communication Devices (“ECD”). The Company designs, manufactures, and deploys its technologies to improve public safety and to protect the places people live, work, study and visit. The Company provides its cutting-edge solutions, including remote monitoring capabilities, to both the private sector and to government clients, including law enforcement.

The Company operates in a highly fragmented U.S. public safety market that is experiencing strong demand for automation and artificial intelligence-driven solutions due to rising labor costs, staffing shortages, inconsistent service quality, and challenging crime rates. The Company’s solutions combine proactive physical deterrence with critical emergency response tools and remote monitoring, offering an integrated approach to public safety.

The Company was founded in April 2013 and is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.

Basis of Presentation and Liquidity

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The Company’s fiscal year end is December 31.

The unaudited condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance U.S. GAAP, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and note disclosures have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The unaudited condensed financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the period presented. Unaudited interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full fiscal year or for any future interim periods. These condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025. The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to those audited financial statements.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern, the Company evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these condensed financial statements are issued. 

The condensed financial statements of the Company have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the discharge of liabilities in the normal course of business. Cash and cash equivalents on hand were $8.2 million as of June 30, 2025, compared to $11.1 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company has historically incurred losses and negative cashflows from operations. As of June 30, 2025, the Company also had an accumulated deficit of approximately $206.4 million and stockholders’ equity of approximately $15.1 million. The Company is dependent on additional fundraising in order to sustain its ongoing operations. Based on current operating levels, the Company will need to raise additional funds in the next twelve months by selling additional equity or incurring debt. New financings may not be available to the Company on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. If the Company is unable to obtain additional capital, the Company will assess its capital resources and may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate some or all of its operations, including capital expenditures, or downsize its organization, any of which may have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to operate as a going

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concern.  These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for the twelve months from the date of this report.

Reverse Stock Split

On August 16, 2024, stockholders approved a reverse stock split at a ratio between 1-for-5 and 1-for-50. On September 4, 2024, the Board of Directors set the final ratio at 1-for-50 for both Class A and Class B Common Stock. The split became effective on September 13, 2024, following the filing of an amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation in Delaware. No fractional shares were issued; instead, affected stockholders received a cash payment based on the September 13 closing price on  Nasdaq, totaling approximately $0.1 million. All outstanding stock options were adjusted accordingly, and all share and per-share amounts in financial statements were retroactively updated to reflect the split.

Segments

The Company has one operating segment and one reportable segment as its chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is its Chief Executive Officer, reviews financial information on a regular basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. All long-lived assets are located in the United States and substantially all revenue is attributed to sellers and buyers based in the United States.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to the fiscal year 2024 condensed financial statements to conform to the fiscal year 2025 presentation. The reclassifications had no impact on total assets, total liabilities, or stockholders’ equity.

Comprehensive Loss

Net loss was equal to comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. Specific accounts that require management estimates include, but are not limited to, estimating the useful lives of the Company’s ASRs, property and equipment and intangible assets, certain estimates required within revenue recognition, warranty and allowance for credit losses, determination of deferred tax valuation allowances, estimating fair values of the Company’s share-based awards, warrant liability, and derivative liabilities, inclusive of any contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences may be material to the condensed financial statements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents in highly liquid instruments with, and in the custody of, financial institutions with high credit ratings.

Restricted Cash

The Company had restricted cash as collateral for the Company’s corporate credit card program which was discontinued during the first quarter of 2025. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying value of restricted cash was $0 and $0.1 million, respectively.

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Concentrations of Credit Risk

The Company extends credit to clients in the normal course of business and performs ongoing credit evaluations of its clients. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable exist to the full extent of amounts presented in the financial statements. The Company does not require collateral from its clients to secure accounts receivable.

Accounts receivable was derived from the leasing of proprietary ASRs along with access to browser-based interface Knightscope Security Operations Center (“KSOC”) as well as the sale of ECDs. The Company reviews its receivables for collectability based on historical loss patterns, aging of the receivables, and assessments of specific identifiable client accounts considered at risk or uncollectible and provides allowances for potential credit losses, as needed. The Company also considers any changes to the financial condition of its clients and any other external market factors that could impact the collectability of the receivables in the determination of the allowance for credit losses. Based on these assessments, the Company recorded a $0.2 million allowance for credit losses on its accounts receivable as of June 30, 2025 compared to an allowance of $0.1 million on its accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2024.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had no clients whose accounts receivable balance totaled 10% or more of the Company’s total accounts receivable compared with one client as of December 31, 2024 (13%).

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company had one client who individually accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue, net (13%, 17%) compared with one client who individually accounted for 10% of total revenue, net for the three months ended June 30, 2024 (14%) and no clients who individually accounted for 10% or more of the total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Inventory

Inventory, principally purchased components, is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using an average cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventory in excess of salable amounts and inventory which is considered obsolete based upon changes in existing technology is written off. At the point of loss recognition, a new lower cost basis for that inventory is established and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in the new cost basis. The following table presents the components of inventory (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Raw materials	$	1,376	$	1,539
Work in process		190		123
Finished goods		176		135
	$	1,742	$	1,797

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Autonomous Security Robots, net

ASRs consist of materials, ASRs in progress and finished ASRs. ASRs in progress and finished ASRs include materials, labor and other direct and indirect costs used in their production. Finished ASRs are valued using a discrete bill of materials, which includes an allocation of labor and direct overhead based on assembly hours. Depreciation expense on ASRs is recorded using the straight-line method over their estimated expected lives, which currently ranges from 3 to 5 years. Depreciation expense of finished ASRs is included in research and development expense, sales and marketing expense, and cost of revenue, net on the Company’s condensed statements of operations. Depreciation expense on finished ASRs was $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Depreciation expense on finished ASRs was $1.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

ASRs, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Raw materials	$	3,034	$	2,465
ASRs in progress		197		322
Finished ASRs		12,166		11,790
		15,397		14,577
Less: accumulated depreciation on Finished ASRs		(6,686)		(5,812)
ASRs, net	$	8,711	$	8,765

The components of the Finished ASRs, net are as follows (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
ASRs on lease or available for lease	$	10,692	$	10,553
Demonstration ASRs		392		587
Research and development ASRs		577		102
Charge boxes		505		548
		12,166		11,790
Less: accumulated depreciation		(6,686)		(5,812)
Finished ASRs, net	$	5,480	$	5,978

Intangible Assets

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of the intangible assets with determinable lives are as follows (in thousands, except years):

		June 30, 2025
	Amortization	Gross
	Period	carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
Intangible assets with determinable lives	(years)	amount		amortization		amount, net
Developed technology	5	$	990	$	(536)	$	454
Customer relationships	8		950		(322)		628
Total		$	1,940	$	(858)	$	1,082

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		December 31, 2024
	Amortization	Gross
	Period	carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
Intangible assets with determinable lives	(years)	amount		amortization		amount, net
Developed technology	5	$	990	$	(437)	$	553
Customer relationships	8		950		(262)		688
Total		$	1,940	$	(699)	$	1,241

Intangible assets amortization expense totaled $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Intangible assets amortization was recorded in sales and marketing and cost of revenue, net - service on the Company’s condensed statements of operations.

Intangible assets amortization expense totaled $0.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Intangible assets amortization was recorded in sales and marketing and cost of revenue, net - service on the Company’s condensed statements of operations.

As of June 30, 2025, future intangible assets amortization expense for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):

Year ending December 31,	Amount
2025 (remaining 6 months)	$	158
2026		317
2027		275
2028		118
2029		119
2030 and thereafter		95
Total	$	1,082

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Legal, consulting and financial services	$	323	$	58
Sales tax		353		378
Warranty liability		362		364
Payroll and payroll taxes		347		364
Customer deposits		169		82
Credit cards		182		128
Accrued interest		210		—
Other		363		420
	$	2,309	$	1,794

Warranty Liability

The liability for estimated warranty claims is accrued at the time of sale and the expense is recorded in the condensed statements of operations in cost of revenue, net - product. The liability is established using historical warranty claim experience. The current provision may be adjusted to take into account unusual or non-recurring events in the past or anticipated changes in future warranty claims. Adjustments to the warranty accrual are recorded if actual claim experience indicates that adjustments are necessary. Warranty reserves are reviewed to ensure critical assumptions are updated for known events that may impact the potential warranty liability.

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Change in the warranty liability for the six months ended consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30,
	2025		2024
Balance January 1,	$	364	$	406
Provision for warranties issued		123		234
Warranty services provided		(125)		(183)
	$	362	$	457

Convertible Preferred Warrant Liabilities and Common Stock Warrants

Freestanding warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s preferred stock were classified as liabilities on the balance sheets at their estimated fair value because the underlying shares of preferred stock were contingently redeemable and, therefore, may have obligated the Company to transfer assets at some point in the future. The preferred stock warrants were recorded at fair value upon issuance and were subject to remeasurement to their respective estimated fair values. At the end of each reporting period, changes in the estimated fair value of the preferred stock warrants were recorded in the condensed statements of operations. The Company adjusted the liability associated with the preferred stock warrants for changes in the estimated fair value until the earlier of the exercise or conversion. On May 15, 2024, the preferred stock warrants converted into warrants to purchase common stock and any liabilities recorded for the preferred stock warrants were reclassified to additional paid-in capital and are no longer subject to remeasurement. Common stock warrants that are not considered derivative liabilities are accounted for at fair value at the date of issuance in additional paid-in capital.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, which requires that the estimated fair value on the date of grant be determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the fair value recognized over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the option vesting period. The Company’s determination of the fair value of the stock-based awards on the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, is affected by the fair value of the Company’s common stock as well as other assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include but are not limited to the Company’s expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and actual and projected employee option exercise behaviors. Because there is insufficient historical information available to estimate the expected term of the stock-based awards, the Company adopted the simplified method of estimating the expected term of options granted by taking the average of the vesting term and the contractual term of the option. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur when calculating stock-based compensation for its equity awards.

Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Share

Net loss per share of common stock is computed using the two-class method required for participating securities based on their participation rights. All series of convertible preferred stock are participating securities as the holders are entitled to participate in common stock dividends with common stock on an as converted basis. The voting, dividend, liquidation and other rights and powers of the common stock are subject to and qualified by the rights, powers and preferences of any series of preferred stock as may be designated by the Company’s Board of Directors and outstanding from time to time. In accordance with the two-class method, earnings allocated to these participating securities, which include participation rights in undistributed earnings with common stock, are subtracted from net loss to determine net loss attributable to common stockholders upon their occurrence.

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Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders (net adjusted for preferred stock dividends declared or accumulated) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. All participating securities are excluded from basic weighted average shares outstanding. In computing diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders, undistributed earnings are re-allocated to reflect the potential impact of dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by diluted weighted average shares outstanding, including potentially dilutive securities, unless anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 consist of the following:

	June 30,	June 30,
	2025	2024
Warrants to purchase common stock (convertible to Class A Common Stock)	186,411	172,880
Stock options	314,951	280,117
Total potentially dilutive shares	501,362	452,997

The weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2025 includes the weighted average effect of the 15,238 vendor warrants (as defined in Note 5 - Capital Stock and Warrants) because the exercise of such warrants requires nominal consideration ($0.001 per share exercise price for each pre-funded warrant). As of June 30, 2025, none of the vendor warrants have been exercised and are not included in the table above.

 As all potentially dilutive securities are anti-dilutive as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for each period.

On May 15, 2024 (the “Preferred Stock Conversion Date”), pursuant to the terms of the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended to date (the “Certificate of Incorporation”) each share of the Company’s Super Voting Preferred Stock (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation) was automatically converted into fully-paid, non-assessable shares of Class B Common Stock and each share of the Company’s Ordinary Preferred Stock (together with the Super Voting Preferred Stock, the “Preferred Stock”) was automatically converted into fully-paid, non-assessable shares of Class A Common Stock, in each case at the then effective applicable Conversion Rate, (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation), as a result of the receipt by the Company of a written request for such conversion from the holders of a majority of the voting power of the Preferred Stock then outstanding. As a result, no shares of previously authorized Preferred Stock remain outstanding.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2025

None.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

On December 14, 2023, the Financial Standards Accounting Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which establishes new income tax disclosure requirements in addition to modifying and eliminating certain existing requirements. Under the new guidance, entities must consistently categorize and provide greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new standards on the financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The standard requires entities to disclose specified information about certain expenses in the notes to the financial statements, including employee compensation. It is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027 with early adoption permitted. Management does not believe the implementation of this standard will have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

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In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, which provides a practical expedient to measure credit losses on accounts receivable and contract assets.  The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods.  Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the timing of the adoption and the impact of the new standard on the financial statements and related disclosures.

Management has reviewed other recently issued accounting pronouncements issued or proposed by the FASB and does not believe any of these accounting pronouncements has had or will have a material impact on the condensed financial statements.

NOTE 2: Revenue and Deferred Revenue

Revenue Recognition

ASR related revenues

The Company derives its revenues from lease of proprietary ASRs along with access to the browser-based interface KSOC through contracts under the lease accounting that typically have a twelve (12)-month term. In addition, the Company derives non-lease revenue items such as professional services related to ASRs’ deployments, special decals, shipping costs and training if any, recognized when control of these services is transferred to the clients, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services.

ECD related revenues

The Company also derives revenues from sales of its ECDs and related services, such as installation, maintenance, and upgrades. Revenue is recognized when clients sign a full or partial certificate of completion, at which point, the Company can generate an invoice for its products and services. Clients also have the option to sign up for ongoing preventative and maintenance agreements. The maintenance revenue is recognized in the period the service is performed and the Company has determined that the term of the contracts has been fulfilled. Installation or upgrades revenue are recognized upon completion of the project/contracts. In certain cases, deferred revenue is recognized to account for unfinished contracts.

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

● identification of the contract, or contracts, with a client;

● identification of the performance obligations in the contract

● determination of the transaction price;

● allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

● recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

ASR subscription revenue

The Company recognizes ASR subscription revenue as follows:

ASR subscription revenue is generated from the lease of proprietary ASRs along with access to the browser-based interface KSOC through contracts that typically have 12-month terms. These revenue arrangements adhere to lease accounting guidance and are classified as leases for revenue recognition purposes. Currently, all revenue arrangements qualify as operating leases where consideration allocated to the lease deliverables is recognized ratably over the lease term.

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Deferred revenue

In connection with the Company’s Machine-as-a-Service (“MaaS”) subscription for the Company’s ASRs, the Company’s standard billing terms are annual in advance. In these situations, the Company records the invoices as deferred revenue and amortizes the subscription amount when the services are delivered, which generally is a 12-month period. In addition, the Company refers certain transactions to financing companies, whereby the financing company advances the full value of the MaaS subscription to the Company, less a processing fee. The advanced payment is recorded in deferred revenue and amortized over the term of the subscription once the ASR is delivered to the deployment site.

The Company derives its revenue from the lease subscription of its proprietary ASRs along with access to its browser and mobile based software interface, KSOC. MaaS subscription agreements typically have a 12-month term.

The Company also records deferred revenue from unfinished contracts for certain ECD related services.

Deferred revenue includes billings in excess of revenue recognized. Revenue recognized at a point in time generally does not result in significant increases in deferred revenue. Revenue recognized over a period generally results in a majority of the increases in deferred revenue as the performance obligations are fulfilled after the billing event. Deferred revenue was as follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2025
Deferred revenue - short term	$	1,821
Revenue recognized in the six months ended related to amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period	$	1,416

Deferred revenue represents amounts invoiced to customers for contracts for which revenue has yet to be recognized based for subscription services to be delivered to the Company’s clients. Typically, the timing of invoicing is based on the terms of the contract.

Customer Deposits

Customer deposits primarily relate to sales of ECDs to certain customers dependent upon creditworthiness. The customer deposits are recorded as current liabilities and reclassed as a contra accounts receivable account at the time that the final invoice for the sale is generated following the completion of the revenue recognition criteria.

Disaggregation of revenue

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers into the timing of the transfers of goods and services by product line.

The following table summarizes revenue by product line and timing of recognition (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2025						2024
	Point in time		Over time		Total		Point in time		Over time		Total
ASRs	$	12	$	1,134	$	1,146	$	22	$	990	$	1,012
ECDs		1,358		245		1,603		1,928		263		2,191
Total	$	1,370	$	1,379	$	2,749	$	1,950	$	1,253	$	3,203

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025						2024
	Point in time		Over time		Total		Point in time		Over time		Total
ASRs	$	20	$	2,308	$	2,328	$	47	$	1,955	$	2,002
ECDs		2,863		475		3,338		3,154		301		3,455
Total	$	2,883	$	2,783	$	5,666	$	3,201	$	2,256	$	5,457

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Product Revenue, net

Product revenue, net includes point of sale transactions related to the ECDs, including product, shipping, and installation.

Other revenue, net

Other non-ASR service-related revenues such as deployment services, decals and training revenue are recognized when services are delivered. Revenue from these transactions has been immaterial for all periods presented and is included in service revenue, net.

NOTE 3: Fair Value Measurement

The Company determines the fair market values of its financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The following are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

● Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company considers a market to be active when transactions for the asset occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

● Level 2 – Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

● Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The valuation of Level 3 investments requires the use of significant management judgments or estimation.

In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to valuation, securities are classified as Level 3. Level 3 liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of the convertible preferred stock warrant liabilities.

The following tables summarize, for each category of assets or liabilities carried at fair value, the respective fair value as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and the classification by level of input within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
June 30, 2025
Assets
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	7,747	$	7,747	$	—	$	—

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
December 31, 2024
Assets
Cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Money market funds	$	10,638	$	10,638	$	—	$	—

During the six-month periods ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 assets or liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and the valuation techniques used did not change compared to the Company’s established practice.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no liabilities measured and recognized at fair value on a recurring basis.

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The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of Company’s Level 3 warrant and derivative liabilities during the six-month period ended June 30, 2024, which were measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

	June 30,
	2024
Beginning Balance	$	6,247
Revaluation of Series m-3 and S Preferred Stock warrants		(1,214)
Reclassification of Series m-3 and S Preferred Stock warrants		(4,762)
Revaluation of common stock warrants		(237)
Ending Balance	$	34

NOTE 4: Debt Obligations

Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds

On September 29, 2023, the Company filed an Offering Circular on Form 1-A/A (File No. 024-12314) (the “Offering Circular”) for the issuance of up to $10.0 million in Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds (the “Bonds”) pursuant to Regulation A of the Securities Act. The Offering Circular was qualified with the SEC on October 2, 2023. The price per Bond is $1,000. The Bonds are unsecured, bearing interest at 10% per annum, payable annually on December 31 each year, starting on December 31, 2024, with the Bonds maturing on the fifth anniversary of the initial issuance. 

August 2024 Note

On October 10, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “2022 Purchase Agreement”) with Alto Opportunity Master Fund, SPC - Segregated Master Portfolio B (the “Holder”), pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to the Holder in a private placement (i) senior secured convertible notes (the “2022 Notes”), and (ii) warrants (the “2022 Warrants”) to purchase up to 1,138,446 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock. The 2022 Warrants included an adjustment mechanism, whereby the exercise price and number of shares issuable upon the exercise of the 2022 Warrants (the “Warrant Exercise Price”) were subject to adjustment from time to time, such that immediately after an issuance of shares of Class A Common Stock (a “Stock Issuance”), excluding an At The Market offering, at any price per share of Class A Common Stock that was lower than the then in effect Warrant Exercise Price (the “Reset Price”), the Warrant Exercise Price would be reduced to equal the Reset Price, and the number of shares issuable upon the exercise of the 2022 Warrants would be increased to the number necessary to maintain the value of the 2022 Warrants immediately prior to such Stock Issuance. In connection with the entry into the 2022 Purchase Agreement, the Company and the Holder also entered into a registration rights agreement (the “2022 Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to provide the Holder with certain registration rights under the Securities Act.

On August 1, 2024 (the “Issuance Date”), the Company and the Holder entered into an Agreement and Waiver (the “Waiver”), pursuant to which, on the Issuance Date, the Company issued to the Holder a Senior Secured Promissory Note due on July 1, 2025, in an aggregate amount equal to $3.0 million (the “Principal”) in exchange for the cancellation of the Holder’s 2022 Warrants (the “August 2024 Note”). The Company has agreed to pay the Principal in two separate installments: the first installment in an amount equal to $2.5 million payable in 11 equal consecutive monthly installments beginning on September 1, 2024, and the second installment in an amount equal to $0.5 million payable on the earlier of (x) October 15, 2024, and (y) upon any issuance by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of common stock or common stock equivalents for cash consideration, indebtedness or a combination of units thereof (other than pursuant to a customary at the-market offering program and equity line of credits). Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the August 2024 Note), the Holder may, at its option, exercisable at any time commencing on the public announcement of such Change of Control until the 30th day after the consummation thereof, require the Company to repay the August 2024 Note in full. The August 2024 Note shall not bear interest; provided, however, upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default (as defined in the August 2024 Note), the outstanding principal amount of the Principal shall, automatically upon the occurrence and during the continuance of such Event of Default, bear interest at a rate equal to ten

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percent of the amount payable per annum until such date that the Event of Default is cured or the August 2024 Note is paid in full.

Additionally, pursuant to the Waiver, the Holder agreed that the Company’s obligations under the 2022 Notes, the 2022 Purchase Agreement, the 2022 Registration Rights Agreement, the 2022 Warrants, and the other Transaction Documents (as defined in the 2022 Purchase Agreement) have been satisfied in full and such documents are terminated, except that the Company shall continue to comply with and perform Section 4.10 of the 2022 Purchase Agreement and Section 6 of the 2022 Registration Rights Agreement, in each case which provide for indemnification, and which in each case survive and shall remain in full force and effect.

The Waiver and August 2024 Note contain various representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, financial covenants, events of default and other provisions and obligations.

In connection with the entry into the Waiver and the August 2024 Note, on the Issuance Date, the Company and the Holder entered into a security agreement, pursuant to which the Company granted to the Holder a security interest in substantially all current and future properties, assets, and rights of the Company.

The August 2024 Note was paid in full, therefore as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance was $0 and $1.4 million, respectively and was included in the current portion of debt obligations.

Insurance Notes

On October 26, 2024, the Company financed $0.3 million in business insurance premiums to be repaid in eleven installments of $24 thousand with a borrowing rate of 7.39%. On February 4, 2025, the Company financed additional business insurance premiums of $0.4 million to be repaid in eleven installments of $35 thousand with a borrowing rate of 7.39%. As of June 30, 2025, the outstanding balance on the financing for the insurance premiums was $0.3 million.

The amortized carrying amount of the Company’s debt obligations consists of the following (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Bonds, net of unamortized issuance costs of $277 and $316, respectively	$	3,991	$	3,952
August 2024 Note		—		1,364
Insurance Notes		281		—
Total debt		4,272		5,316
Less: current portion of debt obligations		(281)		(1,364)
Non-current portion of debt obligations	$	3,991	$	3,952

NOTE 5: Capital Stock and Warrants

On the Preferred Stock Conversion Date of May 15, 2024, pursuant to the terms of the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, each share of the Company’s Super Voting Preferred Stock (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation) was automatically converted into fully-paid, non-assessable shares of Class B Common Stock and each share of the Company’s Ordinary Preferred Stock (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation) was automatically converted into fully-paid, non-assessable shares of Class A Common Stock, in each case at the then effective applicable Conversion Rate (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation), as a result of the receipt by the Company of a written request for such conversion from the holders of a majority of the voting power of the Preferred Stock then outstanding. As a result, there were no shares of Preferred Stock outstanding after the Preferred Stock Conversion Date.

For periods subsequent to May 15, 2024, the preferred warrants were no longer subject to contractual modification provisions and were reclassified from a liability classification to an equity classification on the condensed balance sheet.

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On August 16, 2024, the Company held an annual meeting of stockholders at which the Company’s stockholders approved, among other items, amendments to the Certificate of Incorporation, to authorize 40,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock, issuable in one or more series, and (ii) implement ancillary and conforming changes in connection with the authorization of “blank check” preferred stock and to remove provisions related to the Company’s former Super Voting Preferred Stock and Ordinary Preferred Stock, which are no longer outstanding. The term “blank check” preferred stock refers to preferred stock, the creation and issuance of which is authorized in advance by a company’s stockholders and the terms, rights and features of which are determined by the Board of Directors of a company without seeking further actions or vote of the stockholders.

Pre-funded Warrants and Underwriter Warrants

On November 21, 2024, the Company priced a public offering of Class A Common Stock and pre-funded warrants, generating gross proceeds of approximately $12.1 million. The Company sold 393,659 shares of Class A Common Stock and pre-funded warrants exercisable for 816,341 shares at public offering prices of $10.00 per share and $9.999 per warrant, respectively; each warrant was immediately exercisable at $0.001 per share and remained outstanding until exercised. The securities were issued under our effective Form S-3 shelf registration statement (File No. 333-269493) and related prospectus supplements, and the offering closed on November 25, 2024.

The transaction was completed pursuant to an underwriting agreement with Titan Partners Group LLC (“Titan”), a division of American Capital Partners, LLC, as sole book-runner; under that agreement the Company also issued Titan a five-year warrant, first exercisable 180 days after the agreement date and will be exercisable for a period of five years from the date of the agreement, to acquire 36,300 shares of Class A Common Stock at $18.29 per share. The agreement includes customary representations, warranties, covenants, and indemnification provisions.

All pre-funded warrants issued in this offering were exercised in full as of June 30, 2025.

Vendor Warrants

On January 6, 2025, we issued unregistered warrants to a consultant hired for advisory services, strategic communications, national security consulting, and government engagement support related to the Company’s products and services. The warrants are exercisable for such number of shares of our Class A Common Stock which equals $15 thousand per month (for a total of $0.1 million) divided by the 30-day weighted average trading price per share, and have a term of 6 years. The offer and issuance of the warrants was made in reliance on an exemption from registration pursuant to, and in accordance with the procedures set forth in, Rule 144A, under the Securities Act.

A summary of the Company’s outstanding warrants as of June 30, 2025 is as follows:

Class of shares	Number of Warrants	Exercise Price		Expiration Date
Class A Common Stock (previously Series m-3 Preferred Stock)	28,656	$	200.00	December 31, 2027
Class A Common Stock (previously Series S Preferred Stock)	121,455	$	93.87	December 31, 2027
Class A Common Stock (Vendor Warrants)	15,238	$	0.001	6 years from each issuance
Class A Common Stock (Underwriter Warrants)	36,300	$	18.29	November 21, 2029

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Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance

Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance relate to outstanding preferred stock, warrants and stock options as follows:

	June 30,
	2025
Stock options to purchase common stock	314,951
Warrants outstanding for future issuance of common stock	201,649
Stock options available for future issuance	293,566
Total shares of Class A Common Stock reserved	810,166

At-the-Market Offering Program

On February 1, 2023, we entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”), pursuant to which we may offer and sell from time-to-time shares of Class A Common Stock through or to Wainwright acting as sales agent or principal (the “ATM Facility”). We initially filed a prospectus supplement on February 9, 2023, for sales under the ATM Facility up to $20.0 million, which was further supplemented on April 8, 2024, June 7, 2024, October 11, 2024, and November 14, 2024.

On April 4, 2025, we filed a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3, pursuant to which we may, from time to time in one or more offerings, offer and sell up to $100.0 million in the aggregate of Class A Common Stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units, in any combination. The new shelf registration statement was declared effective on April 11, 2025. On July 18, 2025, we filed a new prospectus supplement for additional sales under the ATM Facility up to $50.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock. As of August 8, 2025, we have approximately $44.2 million remaining to be sold pursuant to the new prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus related to the ATM Facility.

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, we have sold an aggregate of 1,779,720 shares of Class A Common Stock under the ATM Facility for net proceeds of approximately $10.3 million, after deducting sales agent fees and expenses of approximately $0.3 million.

NOTE 6: Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

In April 2014, the Board of Directors adopted the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”) allowing for the issuance of up to 40,000 shares of common stock through grants of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock or restricted stock units. In December 2016, the 2014 Plan was terminated, and the Company’s Board of Directors adopted a new equity incentive plan defined as the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) in which the remaining 38,720 shares available for issuance under the 2014 Plan at that time were transferred to the 2016 Plan. Awards outstanding under the 2014 Plan at the time of the 2014 Plan’s termination will continue to be governed by their existing terms. The shares underlying any awards that are forfeited, canceled, repurchased or are otherwise terminated by the Company under the 2014 Plan will be added back to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2016 Plan. The 2016 Plan provides for the granting of stock awards such as incentive stock options, non - statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock or restricted stock units to employees, directors and outside consultants as determined by the Board of Directors.

On June 23, 2022, following approval by the Board of Directors, the Company’s stockholders adopted the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”) allowing for the issuance of up to 100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock through grants of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance awards, and other stock or cash-based awards. In connection with the adoption of the 2022 Plan, shares previously available for issuance under the 2016 Plan became available for issuance under the 2022 Plan. The number of shares authorized under the 2022 Plan will be increased each January 1^st, beginning January 1, 2023 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2032, by an amount equal to the lesser of (a) 5% of our Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock outstanding on December 31st of the immediately preceding calendar year (rounded up to the nearest whole share) and (b) a number of shares determined

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by the plan administrator. Shares subject to awards (including under the 2016 Plan and the 2014 Plan) that lapse, expire, terminate, or are canceled prior to the issuance of the underlying shares or that are subsequently forfeited to or otherwise reacquired by us will be added back to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2022 Plan.

The Board of Directors may grant stock options under the 2022 Plan at an exercise price of not less than 100% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date the option is granted. Options generally have a term of ten years from the date of grant. Incentive stock options granted to employees who, on the date of grant, own stock representing more than 10% of the voting power of all of the Company’s classes of stock, are granted at an exercise price of not less than 110% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock. The maximum term of incentive stock options granted to employees who, on the date of grant, own stock having more than 10% of the voting power of all of the Company’s classes of stock, may not exceed five years. The Board of Directors also determines the terms and conditions of awards, including the vesting schedule and any forfeiture provisions. Options granted under the 2022 Plan may vest upon the passage of time, generally four years, or upon the attainment of certain performance criteria established by the Board of Directors. The Company may from time-to-time grant options to purchase common stock to non-employees for advisory and consulting services. At each measurement date, the Company will remeasure the fair value of these stock options using the Black - Scholes option pricing model and recognize the expense ratably over the vesting period of each stock option award. Stock options comprise all of the awards granted since the 2022 Plan’s inception.

Stock option activity under all of the Company’s equity incentive plans for the six-month period ended June 30, 2025 is as follows:

					Weighted
			Weighted		Average
	Shares	Number of	Average		Remaining	Aggregate
	Available for	Shares	Exercise		Contractual	Intrinsic
	Grant	Outstanding	Price		Life (Years)	Value (000’s)
Available and outstanding as of December 31, 2024	92,020	296,391	$	50.50	7.97	$	26
2022 Equity incentive plan increase	220,106	—		—
Granted	(33,876)	33,876		4.59
Forfeited	15,316	(15,316)		70.08
Available and outstanding as of June 30, 2025	293,566	314,951	$	44.56	7.75	$	—
Vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2025		169,957	$	61.66	6.60	$	—

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value based on the Company’s closing stock price of $4.94 as of June 30, 2025, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of that date. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the six-month period ended June 30, 2025 was $3.00 per share. There were no options exercised during the six-month period ended June 30, 2025 compared to 2,260 options exercised during the six-month period ended June 30, 2024. The fair value of stock options that vested during the six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024 was $1.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

The determination of the fair value of options granted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 is computed using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Risk-free interest rate	4.03	%	4.20	%	4.11	%	4.20	%
Expected dividend yield	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%
Expected volatility	51.71	%	54.30	%	52.37	%	54.35	%
Expected term (in years)	6.1		5.8		6.1		5.7

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A summary of stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s condensed statements of operations is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Cost of revenue, net	$	40	$	8	$	86	$	65
Research and development		115		146		263		268
Sales and marketing		22		32		43		80
General and administrative		208		83		415		190
Total	$	385	$	269	$	807	$	603

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had unamortized stock-based compensation expense of $1.7 million that will be recognized over the weighted average remaining vesting term of options of 2.0 years. Option pricing models require the input of various subjective assumptions, including the option’s expected life and the price volatility of the underlying stock. The expected stock price volatility is based on the analysis of volatilities of the Company’s selected public peer group over a period commensurate with the expected term of the options. The expected term of the employee stock options represents the weighted average period the stock options are expected to remain outstanding and is based on the contractual terms, the vesting period and the expected remaining term of the outstanding options. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury interest rates whose term in consistent with the expected life of the stock options. No dividend yield is included as the Company has not issued any dividends and does not anticipate issuing any dividends in the future.

NOTE 7: Commitments and contingencies

Leases

The Company leases facilities for office space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements. Its current corporate headquarters are located in Mountain View, California, under a lease that extends through August 2025.  In April 2025, the Company entered into a new operating lease for its future headquarters in Sunnyvale, California, with a lease term through June 30, 2030.  Upon commencement of this new lease in April 2025, the Company paid a refundable lease deposit of $0.5 million on and recognized operating lease right-of-use asset and operating lease liability of $2.9 million, each. The annual base rent under the new lease is $0.9 million.  In addition to base rent, the Company is also responsible for covering its share of the common area expenses and property taxes associated with the building. We are currently in the process of relocating our corporate offices and manufacturing operations to this new Sunnyvale location. During the last six months of 2025, the Company expects to use cash for leasehold improvements to build out and furnish the new space.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the components of the Company’s leases and lease costs were as follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Operating leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	2,948	$	407
Operating lease liabilities, current portion	$	119	$	412
Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion		3,011		—
Total operating lease liabilities	$	3,130	$	412
Operating lease costs	$	675	$	989

Operating lease costs were approximately $0.5 million and $0.3 million for the three-month periods ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively and approximately $0.7 million and $0.5 million six-month periods ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

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As of June 30, 2025, future minimum operating lease payments were as follows (in thousands):

Years ending December 31,	Amount
2025 (remaining six months)	$	120
2026		891
2027		999
2028		1,029
2029		1,060
2030		496
Total future minimum lease payments		4,595
Less – Interest		(1,465)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	3,130

As of June 30, 2025, the weighted average remaining lease term is 4.8 years and the weighted average discount rate is 14.9%.

Purchase Commitments

The Company executed a purchase agreement on September 13, 2024, in order to secure the acquisition of raw materials essential to ASR production. This agreement stipulates monthly purchases of $40 thousand commencing in January 2025 and concluding in August 2026, culminating in a total expenditure of $0.8 million. In the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company made payments totaling $0.1 million pursuant to this commitment.

Legal Matters

The Company may be subject to pending legal proceedings and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of business; however, no such claims have been identified as of June 30, 2025 that would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

The Company from time to time enters into contracts that contingently require the Company to indemnify parties against third party claims. These contracts primarily relate to: (i) arrangements with clients which generally include certain provisions for indemnifying clients against liabilities if the services infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, (ii) the Regulation A Issuer Agreement where the Company may be required to indemnify the placement agent for any loss, damage, expense or liability incurred by the other party in any claim arising out of a material breach (or alleged breach) as a result of any potential violation of any law or regulation, or any third party claim arising out of any investment or potential investment in the offering, and (iii) agreements with the Company’s officers and directors, under which the Company may be required to indemnify such persons from certain liabilities arising out of such persons’ relationships with the Company. The Company has not incurred any material costs as a result of such obligations and has not accrued any liabilities related to such obligations in the condensed financial statements as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Sales Tax Contingencies

The Company has historically not collected state sales tax on the sale of its MaaS product offering but has paid sales tax and use tax on all purchases of raw materials and in conjunction with the financing arrangement of the Company’s ASRs with Farnam Street Financial. The Company’s MaaS product offering may be subject to sales tax in certain jurisdictions. If a taxing authority were to successfully assert that the Company has not properly collected sales or other transaction taxes, or if sales or other transaction tax laws or the interpretation thereof were to change, and the Company was unable to enforce the terms of their contracts with clients that give the right to reimbursement for the assessed sales taxes, tax liabilities in amounts that could be material may be incurred. Based on the Company’s assessment, the Company has recorded a use tax liability of $0.4 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 which has been included in other current liabilities on the accompanying condensed balance sheets. The Company continues to analyze possible sales tax exposure but does not currently believe that any individual claim or aggregate claims that might arise will ultimately have a material effect on its results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

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NOTE 8: Segment Information

Management identifies reportable segments based on how it manages the Company’s operations. As such, the Company operates as one segment for reporting purposes. The accounting policies of the Company’s segment are the same as those described in Note 1.

The CODM assesses performance at a Company level and decides how to allocate resources based on net loss. The measure of segment assets is reported on the condensed balance sheets as total assets. The measure of significant segment expenses is listed on the condensed statements of operations. The CODM evaluates performance and allocates resources for its reportable segment using segment income or loss. This metric is used to evaluate the overall financial performance of the segment, make operational and strategic decisions, prepare the Company’s annual plan, and allocate resources.

NOTE 9: Subsequent Events

At-the-market offering program

On April 4, 2025, we filed a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3, pursuant to which we may, from time to time in one or more offerings, offer and sell up to $100.0 million in the aggregate of Class A Common Stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units, in any combination. The new shelf registration statement was declared effective on April 11, 2025. On July 18, 2025, we filed a new prospectus supplement for additional sales under the ATM Facility up to $50.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock. As of August 8, 2025, we have approximately $44.2 million remaining to be sold pursuant to the new prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus related to the ATM Facility.

From July 1, 2025 to August 8, 2025, the Company sold 2,750,030 shares of Class A Common Stock, generating approximately $19.7 million of proceeds, net of commissions and other issuance costs, under the Company’s at-the-market offering program, resulting in cash on hand of $24.2 million as of August 8, 2025.

On July 18, 2025, the Company filed a prospectus supplement to amend the April 2025 Prospectus Supplement to increase the issuance and sale from time to time to up to $50.0 million in shares of Class A Common Stock subject to, and in accordance with, SEC rules.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the (1) unaudited condensed financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this report, and (2) the audited financial statements and the related notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The historical results presented below are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period. Forward-looking statements about our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and prospects based on current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, and other important factors. Our actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to those differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as updated by our other filings with the SEC, and the section titled “Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere herein.

Overview

Knightscope is dedicated to transforming public safety through AI-driven robotics, emergency communication solutions, and real-time monitoring. Our comprehensive suite of solutions includes Autonomous Security Robots (“ASR”), advanced AI-powered detection, emergency communication devices (“ECD”), and the cloud-based Knightscope Security Operations Center (“KSOC”), providing organizations with scalable, 24/7 autonomous monitoring. Our products are manufactured in the United States and are designed to protect people and assets across various environments, including workplaces, schools, and public areas.

Our core technologies are a unique combination of autonomy, robotics, artificial intelligence and electric vehicle technology:

Business Environment

Knightscope operates in a dynamic and evolving trade environment that can impact both material sourcing and manufacturing costs. Knightscope strongly supports efforts to revitalize domestic manufacturing and is committed to scaling U.S.-based engineering and production operations. While we strive to manufacture our ASRs and ECDs domestically, global material availability and supplier delivery performance continue to present challenges. These supply chain constraints have, at times, impacted the timing of equipment production and delivery to our clients.

In addition, the evolving global tariff environment continues to influence input costs for certain components and materials. While the overall financial impact to date has been immaterial, we remain vigilant and proactive in mitigating future cost pressures.

To address these challenges, we are actively investing in our new, larger production facility in Sunnyvale, California, and taking targeted actions to enhance throughput, strengthen yield, and improve overall delivery performance. We are optimizing our procurement and production strategies, leveraging existing supplier relationships, and evaluating alternative sourcing options where appropriate. Additionally, Knightscope continues to maintain disciplined cost controls and may implement selective pricing adjustments as needed to offset residual tariff-related pressures while preserving value for our clients.

Recent Developments

Extinguishment of Warrants with Anti-Dilution Features - On October 10, 2022, the Company issued senior secured convertible notes and warrants to purchase 22,768 Class A shares under a Securities Purchase Agreement with Alto Opportunity Master Fund. The warrants included anti-dilution provisions adjusting the exercise price and share quantity if lower-priced stock was later issued. On August 1, 2024, the Company and the holder entered into a waiver agreement, canceling the 2022 warrants in exchange for a $3.0 million senior secured promissory note due July 1, 2025.

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As of June 30, 2025, the senior secured promissory note was paid in full.

Strengthened Liquidity

As of June 30, 2025, cash and cash equivalents of approximately $8.2 million, represent a $5.6 million year-over-year increase. This improvement is largely attributable to disciplined expense management and strategically executed financing.

Investment in growth and innovation

New, Larger Facility - In April 2025, Knightscope signed a lease for a newly expanded corporate headquarters at 305 North Mathilda Avenue, Sunnyvale, California, securing approximately 33,355 square feet—more than double our former facility. This expanded footprint establishes a strategic hub for enhanced engineering, manufacturing, and client support efforts while the consolidation enables improved internal collaboration and streamlined deployment workflows.

Focused Investment in Innovation - Consistent with our long-term growth strategy, research and development (“R&D”) investments remain strategically directed toward development of the K7 platform and ECD products, advancements in autonomous navigation, and integration of AI-powered analytics. These efforts are designed to drive sustainable, high-margin growth as we enhance our product roadmap and competitive differentiation.

Operational Efficiency

The Company is focused on scaling its business and on implementing strategies to decrease net loss over time.

Production Scheduling - We have staffed a second production shift—resulting in overtime labor cost reduction, improved capacity utilization, and shorter delivery timelines. Our attention remains focused on converting backlog into billings and cash receipts in the coming periods.

Cost Discipline - Despite continued investment in R&D for the next-generation technology platforms, overall operating expense growth remains tightly managed, aligning with our financial strategy of controlling overhead while investing in innovation.

Facility Consolidation and Inventory Assessment – As part of our transition to the new, larger Sunnyvale facility, we are undertaking a comprehensive review and clean-up of our inventory, manufacturing processes, and legacy systems. This effort is expected to enhance operational efficiency and support long-term scalability. However, during this transition, we anticipate identifying a meaningful amount of obsolete, slow-moving, or excess inventory. As a result, the Company expects to incur non-cash inventory write-offs in future periods, which may adversely impact gross margin and operating results in the near term. These actions are part of a broader initiative to streamline operations and align inventory with current and future product roadmaps.

Supply Chain Challenges

The Company was adversely affected by material shortages on certain ECD product deliveries, ultimately resulting in lower-than-expected Q2 product revenues. In response, the Company has proactively mitigated future supply shortages by diversifying our supply base for certain electronic components used in ECD assemblies. Additionally, the Company has implemented proactive material replenishment mechanisms to minimize impact. As a result, we are now better positioned to accelerate backlog conversion to cash, with shortened delivery times to our valued ECD clients.

As of August 8, 2025, the Company had a total backlog of approximately $2.9 million, comprised of $2.2 million related to orders for ECDs and $0.7 million related to ASR orders.

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Legislative and Regulatory Developments

On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed the tax law referred to as One-Big-Beautiful-Bill-Act (“OBBBA”), which includes comprehensive U.S. corporate tax legislation. The legislation includes the modification and extension of prior tax law under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) and the introduction of new provisions. Examples include the extension of so-called permanently restoring bonus depreciation allowances, permanent changes in the limitations for deducting business interest expense and permanent expensing of domestic research and development costs. The impact on current and deferred taxes for tax law changes is reported in continuing operations in the interim period which includes the enactment date. The Company has done a preliminary analysis of the changes impacting its business and has determined that the aggregate impact, assuming various state tax legislation conforms to the OBBBA, would not have a material impact to the Company. The Company will continue to assess the tax accounting impacts as more information is made available and will record the tax impact, if any, in the third quarter of 2025.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

The following table sets forth selected condensed statements of operations data and such data as a percentage of total revenue.

	Three Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025		% of Revenue		2024		% of Revenue
Revenue, net
Service	$	2,079	76	%	$	1,950	61	%
Product		670	24	%		1,253	39	%
Total revenue, net		2,749	100	%		3,203	100	%
Cost of revenue, net
Service		2,844	103	%		2,791	87	%
Product		823	30	%		970	30	%
Total cost of revenue, net		3,667	133	%		3,761	117	%
Gross loss		(918)	(33)	%		(558)	(17)	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development		2,099	76	%		1,637	51	%
Sales and marketing		1,068	39	%		1,537	48	%
General and administrative		2,172	79	%		2,734	85	%
Restructuring charges		11	—	%		295	9	%
Total operating expenses		5,350	195	%		6,203	194	%
Loss from operations		(6,268)	(228)	%		(6,761)	(211)	%
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities		—	—	%		681	21	%
Interest expense, net		(73)	(3)	%		(128)	(4)	%
Other income (expense), net		12	—	%		(63)	(2)	%
Total other income (expense)		(61)	(2)	%		490	15	%
Net loss before income tax expense		(6,329)	(230)	%		(6,271)	(196)	%
Income tax expense		—	—	%		—	—	%
Net loss	$	(6,329)	(230)	%	$	(6,271)	(196)	%

Revenue, net

Total revenue, net for the three months ended June 30, 2025 decreased by approximately $0.5 million compared to the same period in the prior year as a $0.6 million decrease in product revenue was partially offset by a $0.1 million increase in service revenue. Service revenue grew as we continued to deploy ASRs into our network. However, this growth was partially offset by a decline in Product revenue primarily due to component shortages across the ECD portfolio.  

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Cost of revenue, net

Total cost of revenue, net of $3.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, decreased approximately $0.1 million compared to the same period in the prior year.  This was due to $0.1 million lower product cost, partially offset by slightly higher service cost.

Gross Loss

The revenue and cost of revenue described above resulted in a gross loss for the three months ended June 30, 2025 of approximately $0.9 million net, compared to $0.6 million or for the three months ended June 30, 2024.

As a percentage of net revenue, gross loss increased to approximately 33% from 17% for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 respectively. The increase in loss was primarily due to lower ECD revenue.

Research and Development

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025			2024			$ Change		% Change
Research and development	$	2,099		$	1,637		$	462	28	%
Percentage of total revenue		76	%		51	%

Research and development expenses increased by approximately $0.5 million, or approximately 28% for the three months ended June 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase is primarily due to third-party engineering services as the Company continues to invest in the development of new products.

Sales and Marketing

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025			2024			$ Change		% Change
Sales and marketing	$	1,068		$	1,537		$	(469)	(31)	%
Percentage of total revenue		39	%		48	%

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by approximately $0.5 million, or approximately 31%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to a decline in advertising and promotional costs compared to the same period in the prior year.

General and Administrative

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025			2024			$ Change		% Change
General and administrative	$	2,172		$	2,734		$	(562)	(21)	%
Percentage of total revenue		79	%		85	%

General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $0.6 million or approximately 21% for the three months ended June 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to $0.3 million lower investor relations fees and $0.7 million lower third-party professional fees, primarily legal and finance services. These decreases were partially offset by $0.3 million higher costs in rent expense.

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Restructuring Charges

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025			2024			$ Change		% Change
Restructuring Charges	$	11		$	295		$	(284)	(96)	%
Percentage of total revenue		—	%		9	%

Restructuring charges were immaterial for the three-month period ended June 30, 2025 compared to $0.3 million for the same period in the prior year.

Other Income (expense)

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025		2024		$ Change		% Change
Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liability	$	—	$	681	$	(681)	(100)	%
Interest expense, net		(73)		(128)		55	43	%
Other income (expense), net		12		(63)		75	119	%
Total other income (expense)	$	(61)	$	490	$	(551)	(112)	%

Total other income (expense) decreased by approximately $0.6 million, or 112% for the three months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to the same period in the prior year as non-cash income from change in the fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities in 2024 was not repeated in 2025.  The Company extinguished its outstanding warrant liability in 2024.

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Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

The following table sets forth selected condensed statements of operations data and such data as a percentage of total revenue.

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025		% of Revenue		2024		% of Revenue
Revenue, net
Service	$	4,187	74	%	$	3,641	67	%
Product		1,479	26	%		1,816	33	%
Total revenue, net		5,666	100	%		5,457	100	%
Cost of revenue, net
Service		5,600	99	%		5,874	108	%
Product		1,652	29	%		1,586	29	%
Total cost of revenue, net		7,252	128	%		7,460	137	%
Gross loss		(1,586)	(28)	%		(2,003)	(37)	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development		4,224	75	%		3,206	59	%
Sales and marketing		2,343	41	%		3,043	56	%
General and administrative		4,932	87	%		6,375	117	%
Restructuring charges		11	—	%		414	8	%
Total operating expenses		11,510	203	%		13,038	239	%
Loss from operations		(13,096)	(231)	%		(15,041)	(276)	%
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities		—	—	%		1,451	27	%
Interest expense, net		(154)	(3)	%		(193)	(4)	%
Other income (expense), net		24	—	%		(80)	(1)	%
Total other income (expense)		(130)	(2)	%		1,178	22	%
Net loss before income tax expense		(13,226)	(233)	%		(13,863)	(254)	%
Income tax expense		—	—	%		—	—	%
Net loss	$	(13,226)	(233)	%	$	(13,863)	(254)	%

Revenue, net

Total revenue, net for the six months ended June 30, 2025 increased by approximately $0.2 million compared to the same period in the prior year due to a $0.5 million increase in service revenue partially offset by $0.3 million decrease in product revenue, primarily driven by supply chain issues related to availability of ECD components in the second quarter. Service revenue increased across both product lines as ASR deployments increased year-over-year and ECD services revenue grew due to pricing changes and the increased use of full service maintenance plans by our clients.

Cost of revenue, net

Total cost of revenue, net of $7.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased approximately $0.2 million compared to the same period in the prior year.  This decrease was primarily due to lower cost of revenue in services of $0.3 million, partially offset by higher costs of revenues in product of $0.1 million.

Service cost of revenue, net came in $0.3 million lower as compared to the same period in 2024 due to $1.1 million in savings from one-time scrap fees in 2024 and $0.1 million in savings from cellular fees, partially offset by $0.6 million in higher third-party expenses. Third party expenses are related to the strategic decision we made in March 2024 to outsource field services to third party partners. The higher expense in 2025 reflects two full quarters of expenses compared to only one quarter of expenses in 2024.

33

Product cost of revenue, net for the six months ended June 30, 2025 of $1.7 million was $0.1 million higher than the prior year.

Gross Loss

The revenue and cost of revenue described above resulted in a gross loss for the six months ended June 30, 2025 of approximately $1.6 million, net, compared to $2.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

As a percentage of net revenue, gross loss decreased to 28% from 37% for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 respectively. This decrease was primarily driven by approximately $1.1 million in savings from one-time scrap fees in 2024 related to the write-off of discontinued K5 v3 machines which were replaced with the improved, better performing K5 v5 ASRs.

Research and Development

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025			2024			$ Change		% Change
Research and development	$	4,224		$	3,206		$	1,018	32	%
Percentage of total revenue		75	%		59	%

Research and development expenses increased by approximately $1.0 million, or approximately 32% for the six months ended June 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase is primarily due to third-party engineering services as the Company continues to invest in the development of new products.

Sales and Marketing

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025			2024			$ Change		% Change
Sales and marketing	$	2,343		$	3,043		$	(700)	(23)	%
Percentage of total revenue		41	%		56	%

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by approximately $0.7 million, or approximately 23%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to a decline in advertising and promotional costs compared to the same period in the prior year.

General and Administrative

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025			2024			$ Change		% Change
General and administrative	$	4,932		$	6,375		$	(1,443)	(23)	%
Percentage of total revenue		87	%		117	%

General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $1.4 million or approximately 23% for the six months ended June 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to $1.4 million lower investor relations fees that the Company spent in the prior year to support its funding efforts, including the Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds and $0.9 million lower third-party professional fees, primarily legal and finance services. These decreases were partially offset by $0.2 million higher consulting costs and $0.3 million higher rent expense related to our new, larger facility in Sunnyvale, CA.

34

Restructuring Charges

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025			2024			$ Change		% Change
Restructuring Charges	$	11		$	414		$	(403)	(97)	%
Percentage of total revenue		—	%		8	%

Restructuring charges were immaterial for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $0.4 million for the same period in the prior year.

Other Income (expense)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025		2024		$ Change		% Change
Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities	$	—	$	1,451	$	(1,451)	(100)	%
Interest expense, net		(154)		(193)		39	20	%
Other income (expense), net		24		(80)		104	130	%
Total other income (expense)	$	(130)	$	1,178	$	(1,308)	(111)	%

Total other income (expense) decreased by approximately $1.3 million, or 111% for the six months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to the same period in the prior year as non-cash income from change in the fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities in 2024 was not repeated in 2025.  The Company extinguished its outstanding warrant liability in 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our operations have been financed primarily through net proceeds from the sale of securities and from borrowings.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had $8.2 million and $11.1 million, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had additional paid-in capital of $221.5 million, partially offset by an accumulated deficit of approximately $206.4 million, working capital of approximately $6.3 million and total stockholders’ equity of approximately $15.1 million.

We have generated significant losses from operations as reflected in our accumulated deficit. Additionally, we have generated negative cash flows from operations and investing activities as we continue to support the growth of our business. We anticipate continuing to make significant capital investments over the next several years to focus on ramping up production to support anticipated growth. We also anticipate continuing to make investments in future growth initiatives, including new product development across ASRs and ECDs as well as other technology and software.

Our future operating losses and capital needs may differ materially from current plans and will depend on factors such as revenue growth, R&D and growth-related spending, manufacturing scale-up, cost-reduction efforts, product launch timing, customer adoption, and broader economic conditions. We may require additional financing through debt or equity. Equity sales could dilute existing stockholders, while debt could impose repayment obligations and restrictive covenants. There is no assurance we can obtain financing on favorable terms or at all, and failure to do so could adversely impact our business objectives.

These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in acquiring additional funding at levels sufficient to fund its future operations. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to it, the Company may have to significantly reduce its operations, delay, scale back or discontinue the development of one or more of its platforms or discontinue operations completely.

35

At-the-Market Offering Program

On February 1, 2023, we entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”), pursuant to which we may offer and sell from time-to-time shares of Class A Common Stock through or to Wainwright acting as sales agent or principal (the “ATM Facility”). We initially filed a prospectus supplement on February 9, 2023, for sales under the ATM Facility up to $20.0 million, which was further supplemented on April 8, 2024, June 7, 2024, October 11, 2024, and November 14, 2024.

On April 4, 2025, we filed a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3, pursuant to which we may, from time to time in one or more offerings, offer and sell up to $100.0 million in the aggregate of Class A common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units, in any combination. The new shelf registration statement was declared effective on April 11, 2025. On July 18, 2025, we filed a new prospectus supplement for additional sales under the ATM Facility up to $50.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock. As of August 8, 2025, we have approximately $44.2 million remaining to be sold pursuant to the new prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus related to the ATM Facility.

For the three months ended June 30, 2025, we have sold an aggregate of 531,884 shares of Class A Common Stock under the ATM Facility for net proceeds of approximately $2.9 million, after deducting sales agent fees and expenses of approximately $0.1 million.  

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, we have sold an aggregate of 1,779,720 shares of Class A Common Stock under the ATM Facility for net proceeds of approximately $10.3 million, after deducting sales agent fees and expenses of approximately $0.3 million.

Securities Purchase Agreement

On March 27, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with a certain institutional investor, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a registered direct offering, 625,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, at a purchase price of $2.75 per share.  The gross proceeds to the Company from the offering were approximately $1.7 million before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses paid by the Company.

Cash Flow

The table below, for the periods indicated, provides selected cash flow information:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
(in thousands)	2025		2024
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(11,865)	$	(12,642)
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,186)		(1,763)
Net cash provided by financing activities		10,036		14,749
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(3,015)	$	344

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities represents use of cash to pay our suppliers, employees and local, state and federal government organizations. This is partially offset by customer-related activities, the largest of which is collecting cash resulting from product or services sales.

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $11.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. Net cash used in operating activities resulted from a net loss of approximately $13.2 million and changes in working capital and non-cash charges.

Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased by approximately $0.8 million as compared to the same period of the prior year. This was primarily a result of a decrease in the net loss of approximately $0.6 million, an increase in stock-based compensation of approximately $0.2 million, and a decrease in the change in fair

36

value of warrant and derivative liabilities of approximately $1.5 million, partially offset by changes in assets and liabilities of approximately $0.6 million and a loss on disposal of ASRs and related inventory of approximately $1.0 million.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

Our primary investing activities have consisted of capital expenditures and investment in ASRs. As our business grows, we expect our capital expenditures to continue to increase.

Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was approximately $1.2 million and $1.8 million, respectively.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $10.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of approximately $4.7 million as compared to the same period of the prior year. Our financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025, consisted primarily of net proceeds from the issuance of Class A Common Stock under our at-the-market offering program with Wainwright of approximately $10.3 million, net proceeds from the issuance of common stock under a direct registration offering of approximately $1.4 million, partially offset by repayments of debt obligations of $1.7 million. In the prior year period, our financing activities consisted primarily of net proceeds resulting from our at-the-market agreement with Wainwright of approximately $12.1 million and the issuance of our Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds of approximately $2.6 million.  

Critical Accounting Estimates

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting estimates from what was reported in the Annual Report on Form 10-K. Please see Note 1 to our condensed financial statements elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

As we are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act we are not required to provide information under this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of June 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended June 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company may be subject to pending legal proceedings and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of business. The Company is not presently a party to any litigation that it believes to be material and the Company is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation against the Company that it believes could have a material adverse effect on its business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K which could materially affect our business, financial condition, cash flows or future results. There have been no material changes in our risk factors included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or future results.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

(a) Disclosure in lieu of reporting on a Current Report on Form 8-K.

None.

(b) Material changes to the procedures by which security holders may recommend nominees to the Board of Directors

None.

(c) Insider trading arrangements and policies.

During the three months ended June 30, 2025, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No.	Description
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Knightscope, Inc.’s Regulation A Offering Statement on Form 1-A (File No. 024-11004)).
3.2	Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Knightscope, Inc., dated April 5, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8 - K (File No. 001 - 41248) filed on April 8, 2024).
3.3	Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Knightscope, Inc., dated September 13, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41248) filed on September 16, 2024).
3.4	Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Knightscope, Inc., dated September 13, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41248) filed on September 16, 2024).
3.5	Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Knightscope, Inc., dated September 13, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41248) filed on September 16, 2024).
3.6	Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Knightscope, Inc., dated September 13, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41248) filed on September 16, 2024).
3.7	Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to Knightscope, Inc.’s Regulation A Offering Statement on Form 1-A (File No. 024-11004)).
3.8	Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41248) filed on July 21, 2025).
10.1*	Consent to Subletting by and between 305 N Mathilda LLC, Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc. and the Company dated April 9, 2025
31.1†	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2†	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1+	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2+	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS†	Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH†	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL†	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF†	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB†	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE†	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104†	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

† Filed herewith.

* Certain confidential information contained in this exhibit has been omitted because it is both (i) not material and (ii) the type that the Registrant treats as private or confidential

+ Furnished herewith.
​

39

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto, duly authorized.

Date: August 12, 2025

KNIGHTSCOPE, INC.
By:	/s/ William Santana Li
Name:	William Santana Li
Title:	Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
	(Principal Executive Officer)
By:	/s/ Apoorv Dwivedi
Name:	Apoorv Dwivedi
Title:	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and Secretary
	(Principal Financial Officer)

40

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, William Santana Li, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Knightscope, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: August 12, 2025	By:	/s/ William Santana Li
		Name:	William Santana Li
		Title:	Chief Executive Officer and President
			(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Apoorv Dwivedi, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Knightscope, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated:  August 12, 2025	By:	/s/ Apoorv Dwivedi
		Name:	Apoorv Dwivedi
		Title:	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officer of Knightscope, Inc. (the “Company”) hereby certifies, to the best of their knowledge, that:

(i) the accompanying Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2025 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: August 12, 2025	By:	/s/ William Santana Li
		Name:	William Santana Li
		Title:	Chief Executive Officer and President
			(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officer of Knightscope, Inc. (the “Company”) hereby certifies, to the best of their knowledge, that:

(i) the accompanying Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2025 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated:  August 12, 2025	By:	/s/ Apoorv Dwivedi
		Name:	Apoorv Dwivedi
		Title:	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Financial Officer)

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Document and Entity Information - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Aug. 08, 2025
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2025
Document Transition Report	false
Securities Act File Number	001-41248
Entity Registrant Name	Knightscope, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	46-2482575
Entity Address, Address Line One	3
Entity Address, City or Town	305 North Mathilda Avenue
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	94085
City Area Code	650
Local Phone Number	924-1025
Title of 12(b) Security	Class A Common Stock, $0.001 Par Value per Share
Trading Symbol	KSCP
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Central Index Key	0001600983
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2025
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Amendment Flag	false
Class A Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		9,846,715
Class B Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		336,424

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Condensed Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 8,211	$ 11,124
Restricted cash		102
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $155 and $139 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively	2,491	1,731
Inventory	1,742	1,797
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	849	345
Total current assets	13,293	15,099
Autonomous Security Robots, net	8,711	8,765
Property, equipment and software, net	674	661
Operating lease right-of-use-assets	2,948	407
Goodwill	1,922	1,922
Intangible assets, net	1,082	1,241
Other assets	590	90
Total assets	29,220	28,185
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	2,482	2,812
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	2,309	1,794
Deferred revenue	1,821	1,883
Operating lease liabilities, current	119	412
Debt obligations, current	281	1,364
Total current liabilities	7,012	8,265
Non-current liabilities:
Debt obligations, net of debt issuance costs of $277 and $316 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively	3,991	3,952
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent	3,011
Other noncurrent liabilities	91	187
Total liabilities	14,105	12,404
Stockholders' equity:
Additional paid-in capital	221,526	208,969
Accumulated deficit	(206,418)	(193,192)
Total stockholders' equity	15,115	15,781
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	29,220	28,185
Class A Common Stock
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock	$ 7	$ 4

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Condensed Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses
Allowance for credit losses	$ 155	$ 139
Debt obligations, net of debt issuance costs
Debt issuance costs	$ 277	$ 316
Preferred stock
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	40,000,000	40,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Class A Common Stock
Common stock
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	228,000,000	228,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	7,096,350	4,065,347
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	7,096,350	4,065,347
Class B Common Stock
Common stock
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	30,000,000	30,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	336,759	336,759
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	336,759	336,759

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Condensed Statements of Operations - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Revenue, net
Total revenue, net	$ 2,749	$ 3,203	$ 5,666	$ 5,457
Cost of revenue, net
Total cost of revenue, net	3,667	3,761	7,252	7,460
Gross loss	(918)	(558)	(1,586)	(2,003)
Operating expenses:
Research and development	2,099	1,637	4,224	3,206
Sales and marketing	1,068	1,537	2,343	3,043
General and administrative	2,172	2,734	4,932	6,375
Restructuring charges	11	295	11	414
Total operating expenses	5,350	6,203	11,510	13,038
Loss from operations	(6,268)	(6,761)	(13,096)	(15,041)
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities		(681)		(1,451)
Interest expense, net	(73)	(128)	(154)	(193)
Other income (expense), net	12	(63)	24	(80)
Total other income (expense)	(61)	490	(130)	1,178
Net loss before income tax expense	(6,329)	(6,271)	(13,226)	(13,863)
Net loss	$ (6,329)	$ (6,271)	$ (13,226)	$ (13,863)
Basic net loss per common share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.9)	$ (2.68)	$ (2.13)	$ (6.51)
Diluted net loss per common share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.9)	$ (2.68)	$ (2.13)	$ (6.51)
Weighted average shares used to compute basic net loss per share (in shares)	6,995,145	2,337,266	6,204,242	2,130,803
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted net loss per share (in shares)	6,995,145	2,337,266	6,204,242	2,130,803
Service
Revenue, net
Total revenue, net	$ 2,079	$ 1,950	$ 4,187	$ 3,641
Cost of revenue, net
Total cost of revenue, net	2,844	2,791	5,600	5,874
Product
Revenue, net
Total revenue, net	670	1,253	1,479	1,816
Cost of revenue, net
Total cost of revenue, net	$ 823	$ 970	$ 1,652	$ 1,586

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Condensed Statements of Operations (Parenthetical)	Sep. 13, 2024
Class of Stock Disclosure
Stock split, conversion ratio	0.02

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Condensed Statements of Preferred Stock - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2024
Series m Preferred Stock
Increase (decrease) in preferred stock
Beginning balance	$ 4,611	$ 4,621
Beginning balance (in shares)	35,512	35,593
Share conversion to common stock	$ (4,611)	$ (4,621)
Share conversion to common stock (in shares)	(35,512)	35,593
Series m-2 Preferred Stock
Increase (decrease) in preferred stock
Beginning balance	$ 480	$ 480
Beginning balance (in shares)	3,200	3,200
Share conversion to common stock	$ (480)	$ (480)
Share conversion to common stock (in shares)	(3,200)	3,200
Series S Preferred Stock
Increase (decrease) in preferred stock
Beginning balance	$ 21,212	$ 21,390
Beginning balance (in shares)	52,405	52,844
Share conversion to common stock	$ (21,212)	$ (21,390)
Share conversion to common stock (in shares)	(52,405)	52,844
Series A Preferred Stock
Increase (decrease) in preferred stock
Beginning balance	$ 614	$ 614
Beginning balance (in shares)	28,368	28,368
Share conversion to common stock	$ (614)	$ (614)
Share conversion to common stock (in shares)	(28,368)	28,368
Series B Preferred Stock
Increase (decrease) in preferred stock
Beginning balance	$ 7,098	$ 7,098
Beginning balance (in shares)	69,977	69,977
Share conversion to common stock	$ (7,098)	$ (7,098)
Share conversion to common stock (in shares)	(69,977)	69,977

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Condensed Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock Class A Common Stock ATM Offering	Common Stock Class A Common Stock Shelf Registration, Registered Direct Offering, March 2025	Common Stock Class A Common Stock	Common Stock Class B Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital ATM Offering	Additional Paid-in Capital Shelf Registration, Registered Direct Offering, March 2025	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulative Deficit	Class A Common Stock ATM Offering	Class A Common Stock	Class B Common Stock	ATM Offering	Shelf Registration, Registered Direct Offering, March 2025	Total
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2023			$ 2				$ 134,822	$ (161,458)						$ (26,634)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023			1,603,772	187,156
Increase (decrease) in stockholders' equity (deficit)
Stock based compensation							603							603
Reclassification of warrant liabilities							4,762							4,762
Stock options exercised							18							$ 18
Stock options exercised (in shares)			2,260											2,260
Share conversion to common stock							34,203							$ 34,203
Share conversion to common stock (in shares)			169,271	147,359
Proceeds from Equity Sale / Proceeds from Direct Registration, net of issuance costs							12,089							12,089
Proceeds from Equity Sale / Proceeds from Direct Registration, net of issuance costs (in shares)			564,045
Share conversion costs							(2)							(2)
Net Income (Loss)								(13,863)						(13,863)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2024			$ 2				186,495	(175,321)						11,176
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2024			2,339,348	334,515
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2024			$ 2				142,410	(169,050)						(26,638)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024			1,874,965	187,156
Increase (decrease) in stockholders' equity (deficit)
Stock based compensation							269							269
Reclassification of warrant liabilities							4,762							4,762
Stock options exercised							18							18
Stock options exercised (in shares)			2,260
Share conversion to common stock							34,015							34,015
Share conversion to common stock (in shares)			168,333	147,359
Proceeds from Equity Sale / Proceeds from Direct Registration, net of issuance costs							5,022							5,022
Proceeds from Equity Sale / Proceeds from Direct Registration, net of issuance costs (in shares)			293,790
Share conversion costs							(1)							(1)
Net Income (Loss)								(6,271)						(6,271)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2024			$ 2				186,495	(175,321)						11,176
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2024			2,339,348	334,515
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2024			$ 4				208,969	(193,192)						15,781
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2024			4,065,347	336,759						4,065,347	336,759
Increase (decrease) in stockholders' equity (deficit)
Stock based compensation							807							$ 807
Stock options exercised (in shares)														0
Proceeds from Equity Sale / Proceeds from Direct Registration, net of issuance costs	$ 1	$ 1			$ 10,273	$ 1,435						$ 10,274	$ 1,436
Proceeds from Equity Sale / Proceeds from Direct Registration, net of issuance costs (in shares)	1,779,720	625,000							1,779,720
Issuance of vendor warrants for consulting services							43							$ 43
Prefunded warrants exercised			$ 1				(1)
Prefunded warrants exercised (in shares)			626,283
Net Income (Loss)								(13,226)						(13,226)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2025			$ 7				221,526	(206,418)						15,115
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2025			7,096,350	336,759						7,096,350	336,759
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2025			$ 7				218,245	(200,089)						18,163
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2025			6,564,466	336,759
Increase (decrease) in stockholders' equity (deficit)
Stock based compensation							385							385
Proceeds from Equity Sale / Proceeds from Direct Registration, net of issuance costs							2,863							2,863
Proceeds from Equity Sale / Proceeds from Direct Registration, net of issuance costs (in shares)			531,884
Issuance of vendor warrants for consulting services							33							33
Net Income (Loss)								(6,329)						(6,329)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2025			$ 7				$ 221,526	$ (206,418)						$ 15,115
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2025			7,096,350	336,759						7,096,350	336,759

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Condensed Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) (Parenthetical)	Sep. 13, 2024
Class of Stock Disclosure
Stock split, conversion ratio	0.02

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net loss	$ (13,226)	$ (13,863)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1,295	1,280
Loss on disposal of Autonomous Security Robots	36	1,075
(Gain)/Loss on disposal of property and equipment	(17)	1
Stock compensation expense	807	603
Warrants issued in exchange for consulting services	43
Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities		(1,451)
Accrued interest	210	159
Amortization of debt discount	39	31
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	(760)	(1,418)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(413)	170
Inventory	55	(922)
Accounts payable	(350)	757
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	303	566
Deferred revenue	(62)	547
Other current and noncurrent liabilities	175	(177)
Net cash used in operating activities	(11,865)	(12,642)
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Purchases and related costs incurred for Autonomous Security Robots	(1,005)	(1,759)
Purchases of property and equipment	(181)	(4)
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,186)	(1,763)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Proceeds from stock options exercised		18
Proceeds from equity sale, net of issuance costs	10,274	12,089
Proceeds from issuance of Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds, net of issuance costs		2,644
Proceeds from Direct Registration Offering	1,436
Repayments of debt obligations	(1,674)
Share conversion costs		(2)
Net cash provided by financing activities	10,036	14,749
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(3,015)	344
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the period	11,226	2,382
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period	8,211	2,726
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
Capital expenditures in accounts payable and other long-term liabilities	22	27
Preferred stock warrant reclassification to equity		4,762
Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use-assets	2,901
Financing of insurance premiums	$ 591
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock		$ 34,203

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

NOTE 1: The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Knightscope, Inc. (the “Company”), a Delaware corporation, is a public safety innovator that builds Autonomous Security Robots (“ASR”) and Emergency Communication Devices (“ECD”). The Company designs, manufactures, and deploys its technologies to improve public safety and to protect the places people live, work, study and visit. The Company provides its cutting-edge solutions, including remote monitoring capabilities, to both the private sector and to government clients, including law enforcement.

The Company operates in a highly fragmented U.S. public safety market that is experiencing strong demand for automation and artificial intelligence-driven solutions due to rising labor costs, staffing shortages, inconsistent service quality, and challenging crime rates. The Company’s solutions combine proactive physical deterrence with critical emergency response tools and remote monitoring, offering an integrated approach to public safety.

The Company was founded in April 2013 and is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.

Basis of Presentation and Liquidity

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The Company’s fiscal year end is December 31.

The unaudited condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance U.S. GAAP, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and note disclosures have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The unaudited condensed financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the period presented. Unaudited interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full fiscal year or for any future interim periods. These condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025. The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to those audited financial statements.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern, the Company evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these condensed financial statements are issued. 

The condensed financial statements of the Company have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the discharge of liabilities in the normal course of business. Cash and cash equivalents on hand were $8.2 million as of June 30, 2025, compared to $11.1 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company has historically incurred losses and negative cashflows from operations. As of June 30, 2025, the Company also had an accumulated deficit of approximately $206.4 million and stockholders’ equity of approximately $15.1 million. The Company is dependent on additional fundraising in order to sustain its ongoing operations. Based on current operating levels, the Company will need to raise additional funds in the next twelve months by selling additional equity or incurring debt. New financings may not be available to the Company on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. If the Company is unable to obtain additional capital, the Company will assess its capital resources and may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate some or all of its operations, including capital expenditures, or downsize its organization, any of which may have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to operate as a going

concern.  These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for the twelve months from the date of this report.

Reverse Stock Split

On August 16, 2024, stockholders approved a reverse stock split at a ratio between 1-for-5 and 1-for-50. On September 4, 2024, the Board of Directors set the final ratio at 1-for-50 for both Class A and Class B Common Stock. The split became effective on September 13, 2024, following the filing of an amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation in Delaware. No fractional shares were issued; instead, affected stockholders received a cash payment based on the September 13 closing price on  Nasdaq, totaling approximately $0.1 million. All outstanding stock options were adjusted accordingly, and all share and per-share amounts in financial statements were retroactively updated to reflect the split.

Segments

The Company has one operating segment and one reportable segment as its chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is its Chief Executive Officer, reviews financial information on a regular basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. All long-lived assets are located in the United States and substantially all revenue is attributed to sellers and buyers based in the United States.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to the fiscal year 2024 condensed financial statements to conform to the fiscal year 2025 presentation. The reclassifications had no impact on total assets, total liabilities, or stockholders’ equity.

Comprehensive Loss

Net loss was equal to comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. Specific accounts that require management estimates include, but are not limited to, estimating the useful lives of the Company’s ASRs, property and equipment and intangible assets, certain estimates required within revenue recognition, warranty and allowance for credit losses, determination of deferred tax valuation allowances, estimating fair values of the Company’s share-based awards, warrant liability, and derivative liabilities, inclusive of any contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences may be material to the condensed financial statements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents in highly liquid instruments with, and in the custody of, financial institutions with high credit ratings.

Restricted Cash

The Company had restricted cash as collateral for the Company’s corporate credit card program which was discontinued during the first quarter of 2025. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying value of restricted cash was $0 and $0.1 million, respectively.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

The Company extends credit to clients in the normal course of business and performs ongoing credit evaluations of its clients. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable exist to the full extent of amounts presented in the financial statements. The Company does not require collateral from its clients to secure accounts receivable.

Accounts receivable was derived from the leasing of proprietary ASRs along with access to browser-based interface Knightscope Security Operations Center (“KSOC”) as well as the sale of ECDs. The Company reviews its receivables for collectability based on historical loss patterns, aging of the receivables, and assessments of specific identifiable client accounts considered at risk or uncollectible and provides allowances for potential credit losses, as needed. The Company also considers any changes to the financial condition of its clients and any other external market factors that could impact the collectability of the receivables in the determination of the allowance for credit losses. Based on these assessments, the Company recorded a $0.2 million allowance for credit losses on its accounts receivable as of June 30, 2025 compared to an allowance of $0.1 million on its accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2024.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had no clients whose accounts receivable balance totaled 10% or more of the Company’s total accounts receivable compared with one client as of December 31, 2024 (13%).

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company had one client who individually accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue, net (13%, 17%) compared with one client who individually accounted for 10% of total revenue, net for the three months ended June 30, 2024 (14%) and no clients who individually accounted for 10% or more of the total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Inventory

Inventory, principally purchased components, is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using an average cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventory in excess of salable amounts and inventory which is considered obsolete based upon changes in existing technology is written off. At the point of loss recognition, a new lower cost basis for that inventory is established and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in the new cost basis. The following table presents the components of inventory (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Raw materials	$	1,376	$	1,539
Work in process		190		123
Finished goods		176		135
	$	1,742	$	1,797

Autonomous Security Robots, net

ASRs consist of materials, ASRs in progress and finished ASRs. ASRs in progress and finished ASRs include materials, labor and other direct and indirect costs used in their production. Finished ASRs are valued using a discrete bill of materials, which includes an allocation of labor and direct overhead based on assembly hours. Depreciation expense on ASRs is recorded using the straight-line method over their estimated expected lives, which currently ranges from 3 to 5 years. Depreciation expense of finished ASRs is included in research and development expense, sales and marketing expense, and cost of revenue, net on the Company’s condensed statements of operations. Depreciation expense on finished ASRs was $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Depreciation expense on finished ASRs was $1.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

ASRs, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Raw materials	$	3,034	$	2,465
ASRs in progress		197		322
Finished ASRs		12,166		11,790
		15,397		14,577
Less: accumulated depreciation on Finished ASRs		(6,686)		(5,812)
ASRs, net	$	8,711	$	8,765

The components of the Finished ASRs, net are as follows (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
ASRs on lease or available for lease	$	10,692	$	10,553
Demonstration ASRs		392		587
Research and development ASRs		577		102
Charge boxes		505		548
		12,166		11,790
Less: accumulated depreciation		(6,686)		(5,812)
Finished ASRs, net	$	5,480	$	5,978

Intangible Assets

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of the intangible assets with determinable lives are as follows (in thousands, except years):

		June 30, 2025
	Amortization	Gross
	Period	carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
Intangible assets with determinable lives	(years)	amount		amortization		amount, net
Developed technology	5	$	990	$	(536)	$	454
Customer relationships	8		950		(322)		628
Total		$	1,940	$	(858)	$	1,082

		December 31, 2024
	Amortization	Gross
	Period	carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
Intangible assets with determinable lives	(years)	amount		amortization		amount, net
Developed technology	5	$	990	$	(437)	$	553
Customer relationships	8		950		(262)		688
Total		$	1,940	$	(699)	$	1,241

Intangible assets amortization expense totaled $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Intangible assets amortization was recorded in sales and marketing and cost of revenue, net - service on the Company’s condensed statements of operations.

Intangible assets amortization expense totaled $0.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Intangible assets amortization was recorded in sales and marketing and cost of revenue, net - service on the Company’s condensed statements of operations.

As of June 30, 2025, future intangible assets amortization expense for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):

Year ending December 31,	Amount
2025 (remaining 6 months)	$	158
2026		317
2027		275
2028		118
2029		119
2030 and thereafter		95
Total	$	1,082

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Legal, consulting and financial services	$	323	$	58
Sales tax		353		378
Warranty liability		362		364
Payroll and payroll taxes		347		364
Customer deposits		169		82
Credit cards		182		128
Accrued interest		210		—
Other		363		420
	$	2,309	$	1,794

Warranty Liability

The liability for estimated warranty claims is accrued at the time of sale and the expense is recorded in the condensed statements of operations in cost of revenue, net - product. The liability is established using historical warranty claim experience. The current provision may be adjusted to take into account unusual or non-recurring events in the past or anticipated changes in future warranty claims. Adjustments to the warranty accrual are recorded if actual claim experience indicates that adjustments are necessary. Warranty reserves are reviewed to ensure critical assumptions are updated for known events that may impact the potential warranty liability.

Change in the warranty liability for the six months ended consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30,
	2025		2024
Balance January 1,	$	364	$	406
Provision for warranties issued		123		234
Warranty services provided		(125)		(183)
	$	362	$	457

Convertible Preferred Warrant Liabilities and Common Stock Warrants

Freestanding warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s preferred stock were classified as liabilities on the balance sheets at their estimated fair value because the underlying shares of preferred stock were contingently redeemable and, therefore, may have obligated the Company to transfer assets at some point in the future. The preferred stock warrants were recorded at fair value upon issuance and were subject to remeasurement to their respective estimated fair values. At the end of each reporting period, changes in the estimated fair value of the preferred stock warrants were recorded in the condensed statements of operations. The Company adjusted the liability associated with the preferred stock warrants for changes in the estimated fair value until the earlier of the exercise or conversion. On May 15, 2024, the preferred stock warrants converted into warrants to purchase common stock and any liabilities recorded for the preferred stock warrants were reclassified to additional paid-in capital and are no longer subject to remeasurement. Common stock warrants that are not considered derivative liabilities are accounted for at fair value at the date of issuance in additional paid-in capital.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, which requires that the estimated fair value on the date of grant be determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the fair value recognized over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the option vesting period. The Company’s determination of the fair value of the stock-based awards on the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, is affected by the fair value of the Company’s common stock as well as other assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include but are not limited to the Company’s expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and actual and projected employee option exercise behaviors. Because there is insufficient historical information available to estimate the expected term of the stock-based awards, the Company adopted the simplified method of estimating the expected term of options granted by taking the average of the vesting term and the contractual term of the option. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur when calculating stock-based compensation for its equity awards.

Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Share

Net loss per share of common stock is computed using the two-class method required for participating securities based on their participation rights. All series of convertible preferred stock are participating securities as the holders are entitled to participate in common stock dividends with common stock on an as converted basis. The voting, dividend, liquidation and other rights and powers of the common stock are subject to and qualified by the rights, powers and preferences of any series of preferred stock as may be designated by the Company’s Board of Directors and outstanding from time to time. In accordance with the two-class method, earnings allocated to these participating securities, which include participation rights in undistributed earnings with common stock, are subtracted from net loss to determine net loss attributable to common stockholders upon their occurrence.

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders (net adjusted for preferred stock dividends declared or accumulated) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. All participating securities are excluded from basic weighted average shares outstanding. In computing diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders, undistributed earnings are re-allocated to reflect the potential impact of dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by diluted weighted average shares outstanding, including potentially dilutive securities, unless anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 consist of the following:

	June 30,	June 30,
	2025	2024
Warrants to purchase common stock (convertible to Class A Common Stock)	186,411	172,880
Stock options	314,951	280,117
Total potentially dilutive shares	501,362	452,997

The weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2025 includes the weighted average effect of the 15,238 vendor warrants (as defined in Note 5 - Capital Stock and Warrants) because the exercise of such warrants requires nominal consideration ($0.001 per share exercise price for each pre-funded warrant). As of June 30, 2025, none of the vendor warrants have been exercised and are not included in the table above.

 As all potentially dilutive securities are anti-dilutive as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for each period.

On May 15, 2024 (the “Preferred Stock Conversion Date”), pursuant to the terms of the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended to date (the “Certificate of Incorporation”) each share of the Company’s Super Voting Preferred Stock (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation) was automatically converted into fully-paid, non-assessable shares of Class B Common Stock and each share of the Company’s Ordinary Preferred Stock (together with the Super Voting Preferred Stock, the “Preferred Stock”) was automatically converted into fully-paid, non-assessable shares of Class A Common Stock, in each case at the then effective applicable Conversion Rate, (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation), as a result of the receipt by the Company of a written request for such conversion from the holders of a majority of the voting power of the Preferred Stock then outstanding. As a result, no shares of previously authorized Preferred Stock remain outstanding.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2025

None.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

On December 14, 2023, the Financial Standards Accounting Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which establishes new income tax disclosure requirements in addition to modifying and eliminating certain existing requirements. Under the new guidance, entities must consistently categorize and provide greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new standards on the financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The standard requires entities to disclose specified information about certain expenses in the notes to the financial statements, including employee compensation. It is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027 with early adoption permitted. Management does not believe the implementation of this standard will have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, which provides a practical expedient to measure credit losses on accounts receivable and contract assets.  The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods.  Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the timing of the adoption and the impact of the new standard on the financial statements and related disclosures.

Management has reviewed other recently issued accounting pronouncements issued or proposed by the FASB and does not believe any of these accounting pronouncements has had or will have a material impact on the condensed financial statements.

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Revenue and Deferred Revenue

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue and Deferred Revenue

NOTE 2: Revenue and Deferred Revenue

Revenue Recognition

ASR related revenues

The Company derives its revenues from lease of proprietary ASRs along with access to the browser-based interface KSOC through contracts under the lease accounting that typically have a twelve (12)-month term. In addition, the Company derives non-lease revenue items such as professional services related to ASRs’ deployments, special decals, shipping costs and training if any, recognized when control of these services is transferred to the clients, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services.

ECD related revenues

The Company also derives revenues from sales of its ECDs and related services, such as installation, maintenance, and upgrades. Revenue is recognized when clients sign a full or partial certificate of completion, at which point, the Company can generate an invoice for its products and services. Clients also have the option to sign up for ongoing preventative and maintenance agreements. The maintenance revenue is recognized in the period the service is performed and the Company has determined that the term of the contracts has been fulfilled. Installation or upgrades revenue are recognized upon completion of the project/contracts. In certain cases, deferred revenue is recognized to account for unfinished contracts.

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

● identification of the contract, or contracts, with a client;

● identification of the performance obligations in the contract

● determination of the transaction price;

● allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

● recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

ASR subscription revenue

The Company recognizes ASR subscription revenue as follows:

ASR subscription revenue is generated from the lease of proprietary ASRs along with access to the browser-based interface KSOC through contracts that typically have 12-month terms. These revenue arrangements adhere to lease accounting guidance and are classified as leases for revenue recognition purposes. Currently, all revenue arrangements qualify as operating leases where consideration allocated to the lease deliverables is recognized ratably over the lease term.

Deferred revenue

In connection with the Company’s Machine-as-a-Service (“MaaS”) subscription for the Company’s ASRs, the Company’s standard billing terms are annual in advance. In these situations, the Company records the invoices as deferred revenue and amortizes the subscription amount when the services are delivered, which generally is a 12-month period. In addition, the Company refers certain transactions to financing companies, whereby the financing company advances the full value of the MaaS subscription to the Company, less a processing fee. The advanced payment is recorded in deferred revenue and amortized over the term of the subscription once the ASR is delivered to the deployment site.

The Company derives its revenue from the lease subscription of its proprietary ASRs along with access to its browser and mobile based software interface, KSOC. MaaS subscription agreements typically have a 12-month term.

The Company also records deferred revenue from unfinished contracts for certain ECD related services.

Deferred revenue includes billings in excess of revenue recognized. Revenue recognized at a point in time generally does not result in significant increases in deferred revenue. Revenue recognized over a period generally results in a majority of the increases in deferred revenue as the performance obligations are fulfilled after the billing event. Deferred revenue was as follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2025
Deferred revenue - short term	$	1,821
Revenue recognized in the six months ended related to amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period	$	1,416

Deferred revenue represents amounts invoiced to customers for contracts for which revenue has yet to be recognized based for subscription services to be delivered to the Company’s clients. Typically, the timing of invoicing is based on the terms of the contract.

Customer Deposits

Customer deposits primarily relate to sales of ECDs to certain customers dependent upon creditworthiness. The customer deposits are recorded as current liabilities and reclassed as a contra accounts receivable account at the time that the final invoice for the sale is generated following the completion of the revenue recognition criteria.

Disaggregation of revenue

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers into the timing of the transfers of goods and services by product line.

The following table summarizes revenue by product line and timing of recognition (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2025						2024
	Point in time		Over time		Total		Point in time		Over time		Total
ASRs	$	12	$	1,134	$	1,146	$	22	$	990	$	1,012
ECDs		1,358		245		1,603		1,928		263		2,191
Total	$	1,370	$	1,379	$	2,749	$	1,950	$	1,253	$	3,203

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025						2024
	Point in time		Over time		Total		Point in time		Over time		Total
ASRs	$	20	$	2,308	$	2,328	$	47	$	1,955	$	2,002
ECDs		2,863		475		3,338		3,154		301		3,455
Total	$	2,883	$	2,783	$	5,666	$	3,201	$	2,256	$	5,457

Product Revenue, net

Product revenue, net includes point of sale transactions related to the ECDs, including product, shipping, and installation.

Other revenue, net

Other non-ASR service-related revenues such as deployment services, decals and training revenue are recognized when services are delivered. Revenue from these transactions has been immaterial for all periods presented and is included in service revenue, net.

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Fair Value Measurement

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurement

NOTE 3: Fair Value Measurement

The Company determines the fair market values of its financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The following are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

● Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company considers a market to be active when transactions for the asset occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

● Level 2 – Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

● Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The valuation of Level 3 investments requires the use of significant management judgments or estimation.

In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to valuation, securities are classified as Level 3. Level 3 liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of the convertible preferred stock warrant liabilities.

The following tables summarize, for each category of assets or liabilities carried at fair value, the respective fair value as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and the classification by level of input within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
June 30, 2025
Assets
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	7,747	$	7,747	$	—	$	—

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
December 31, 2024
Assets
Cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Money market funds	$	10,638	$	10,638	$	—	$	—

During the six-month periods ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 assets or liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and the valuation techniques used did not change compared to the Company’s established practice.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no liabilities measured and recognized at fair value on a recurring basis.

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of Company’s Level 3 warrant and derivative liabilities during the six-month period ended June 30, 2024, which were measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

	June 30,
	2024
Beginning Balance	$	6,247
Revaluation of Series m-3 and S Preferred Stock warrants		(1,214)
Reclassification of Series m-3 and S Preferred Stock warrants		(4,762)
Revaluation of common stock warrants		(237)
Ending Balance	$	34

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Debt Obligations

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt Obligations

NOTE 4: Debt Obligations

Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds

On September 29, 2023, the Company filed an Offering Circular on Form 1-A/A (File No. 024-12314) (the “Offering Circular”) for the issuance of up to $10.0 million in Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds (the “Bonds”) pursuant to Regulation A of the Securities Act. The Offering Circular was qualified with the SEC on October 2, 2023. The price per Bond is $1,000. The Bonds are unsecured, bearing interest at 10% per annum, payable annually on December 31 each year, starting on December 31, 2024, with the Bonds maturing on the fifth anniversary of the initial issuance. 

August 2024 Note

On October 10, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “2022 Purchase Agreement”) with Alto Opportunity Master Fund, SPC - Segregated Master Portfolio B (the “Holder”), pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to the Holder in a private placement (i) senior secured convertible notes (the “2022 Notes”), and (ii) warrants (the “2022 Warrants”) to purchase up to 1,138,446 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock. The 2022 Warrants included an adjustment mechanism, whereby the exercise price and number of shares issuable upon the exercise of the 2022 Warrants (the “Warrant Exercise Price”) were subject to adjustment from time to time, such that immediately after an issuance of shares of Class A Common Stock (a “Stock Issuance”), excluding an At The Market offering, at any price per share of Class A Common Stock that was lower than the then in effect Warrant Exercise Price (the “Reset Price”), the Warrant Exercise Price would be reduced to equal the Reset Price, and the number of shares issuable upon the exercise of the 2022 Warrants would be increased to the number necessary to maintain the value of the 2022 Warrants immediately prior to such Stock Issuance. In connection with the entry into the 2022 Purchase Agreement, the Company and the Holder also entered into a registration rights agreement (the “2022 Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to provide the Holder with certain registration rights under the Securities Act.

On August 1, 2024 (the “Issuance Date”), the Company and the Holder entered into an Agreement and Waiver (the “Waiver”), pursuant to which, on the Issuance Date, the Company issued to the Holder a Senior Secured Promissory Note due on July 1, 2025, in an aggregate amount equal to $3.0 million (the “Principal”) in exchange for the cancellation of the Holder’s 2022 Warrants (the “August 2024 Note”). The Company has agreed to pay the Principal in two separate installments: the first installment in an amount equal to $2.5 million payable in 11 equal consecutive monthly installments beginning on September 1, 2024, and the second installment in an amount equal to $0.5 million payable on the earlier of (x) October 15, 2024, and (y) upon any issuance by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of common stock or common stock equivalents for cash consideration, indebtedness or a combination of units thereof (other than pursuant to a customary at the-market offering program and equity line of credits). Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the August 2024 Note), the Holder may, at its option, exercisable at any time commencing on the public announcement of such Change of Control until the 30th day after the consummation thereof, require the Company to repay the August 2024 Note in full. The August 2024 Note shall not bear interest; provided, however, upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default (as defined in the August 2024 Note), the outstanding principal amount of the Principal shall, automatically upon the occurrence and during the continuance of such Event of Default, bear interest at a rate equal to ten

percent of the amount payable per annum until such date that the Event of Default is cured or the August 2024 Note is paid in full.

Additionally, pursuant to the Waiver, the Holder agreed that the Company’s obligations under the 2022 Notes, the 2022 Purchase Agreement, the 2022 Registration Rights Agreement, the 2022 Warrants, and the other Transaction Documents (as defined in the 2022 Purchase Agreement) have been satisfied in full and such documents are terminated, except that the Company shall continue to comply with and perform Section 4.10 of the 2022 Purchase Agreement and Section 6 of the 2022 Registration Rights Agreement, in each case which provide for indemnification, and which in each case survive and shall remain in full force and effect.

The Waiver and August 2024 Note contain various representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, financial covenants, events of default and other provisions and obligations.

In connection with the entry into the Waiver and the August 2024 Note, on the Issuance Date, the Company and the Holder entered into a security agreement, pursuant to which the Company granted to the Holder a security interest in substantially all current and future properties, assets, and rights of the Company.

The August 2024 Note was paid in full, therefore as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance was $0 and $1.4 million, respectively and was included in the current portion of debt obligations.

Insurance Notes

On October 26, 2024, the Company financed $0.3 million in business insurance premiums to be repaid in eleven installments of $24 thousand with a borrowing rate of 7.39%. On February 4, 2025, the Company financed additional business insurance premiums of $0.4 million to be repaid in eleven installments of $35 thousand with a borrowing rate of 7.39%. As of June 30, 2025, the outstanding balance on the financing for the insurance premiums was $0.3 million.

The amortized carrying amount of the Company’s debt obligations consists of the following (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Bonds, net of unamortized issuance costs of $277 and $316, respectively	$	3,991	$	3,952
August 2024 Note		—		1,364
Insurance Notes		281		—
Total debt		4,272		5,316
Less: current portion of debt obligations		(281)		(1,364)
Non-current portion of debt obligations	$	3,991	$	3,952

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Capital Stock and Warrants

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Capital Stock and Warrants

NOTE 5: Capital Stock and Warrants

On the Preferred Stock Conversion Date of May 15, 2024, pursuant to the terms of the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, each share of the Company’s Super Voting Preferred Stock (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation) was automatically converted into fully-paid, non-assessable shares of Class B Common Stock and each share of the Company’s Ordinary Preferred Stock (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation) was automatically converted into fully-paid, non-assessable shares of Class A Common Stock, in each case at the then effective applicable Conversion Rate (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation), as a result of the receipt by the Company of a written request for such conversion from the holders of a majority of the voting power of the Preferred Stock then outstanding. As a result, there were no shares of Preferred Stock outstanding after the Preferred Stock Conversion Date.

For periods subsequent to May 15, 2024, the preferred warrants were no longer subject to contractual modification provisions and were reclassified from a liability classification to an equity classification on the condensed balance sheet.

On August 16, 2024, the Company held an annual meeting of stockholders at which the Company’s stockholders approved, among other items, amendments to the Certificate of Incorporation, to authorize 40,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock, issuable in one or more series, and (ii) implement ancillary and conforming changes in connection with the authorization of “blank check” preferred stock and to remove provisions related to the Company’s former Super Voting Preferred Stock and Ordinary Preferred Stock, which are no longer outstanding. The term “blank check” preferred stock refers to preferred stock, the creation and issuance of which is authorized in advance by a company’s stockholders and the terms, rights and features of which are determined by the Board of Directors of a company without seeking further actions or vote of the stockholders.

Pre-funded Warrants and Underwriter Warrants

On November 21, 2024, the Company priced a public offering of Class A Common Stock and pre-funded warrants, generating gross proceeds of approximately $12.1 million. The Company sold 393,659 shares of Class A Common Stock and pre-funded warrants exercisable for 816,341 shares at public offering prices of $10.00 per share and $9.999 per warrant, respectively; each warrant was immediately exercisable at $0.001 per share and remained outstanding until exercised. The securities were issued under our effective Form S-3 shelf registration statement (File No. 333-269493) and related prospectus supplements, and the offering closed on November 25, 2024.

The transaction was completed pursuant to an underwriting agreement with Titan Partners Group LLC (“Titan”), a division of American Capital Partners, LLC, as sole book-runner; under that agreement the Company also issued Titan a five-year warrant, first exercisable 180 days after the agreement date and will be exercisable for a period of five years from the date of the agreement, to acquire 36,300 shares of Class A Common Stock at $18.29 per share. The agreement includes customary representations, warranties, covenants, and indemnification provisions.

All pre-funded warrants issued in this offering were exercised in full as of June 30, 2025.

Vendor Warrants

On January 6, 2025, we issued unregistered warrants to a consultant hired for advisory services, strategic communications, national security consulting, and government engagement support related to the Company’s products and services. The warrants are exercisable for such number of shares of our Class A Common Stock which equals $15 thousand per month (for a total of $0.1 million) divided by the 30-day weighted average trading price per share, and have a term of 6 years. The offer and issuance of the warrants was made in reliance on an exemption from registration pursuant to, and in accordance with the procedures set forth in, Rule 144A, under the Securities Act.

A summary of the Company’s outstanding warrants as of June 30, 2025 is as follows:

Class of shares	Number of Warrants	Exercise Price		Expiration Date
Class A Common Stock (previously Series m-3 Preferred Stock)	28,656	$	200.00	December 31, 2027
Class A Common Stock (previously Series S Preferred Stock)	121,455	$	93.87	December 31, 2027
Class A Common Stock (Vendor Warrants)	15,238	$	0.001	6 years from each issuance
Class A Common Stock (Underwriter Warrants)	36,300	$	18.29	November 21, 2029

Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance

Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance relate to outstanding preferred stock, warrants and stock options as follows:

	June 30,
	2025
Stock options to purchase common stock	314,951
Warrants outstanding for future issuance of common stock	201,649
Stock options available for future issuance	293,566
Total shares of Class A Common Stock reserved	810,166

At-the-Market Offering Program

On February 1, 2023, we entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”), pursuant to which we may offer and sell from time-to-time shares of Class A Common Stock through or to Wainwright acting as sales agent or principal (the “ATM Facility”). We initially filed a prospectus supplement on February 9, 2023, for sales under the ATM Facility up to $20.0 million, which was further supplemented on April 8, 2024, June 7, 2024, October 11, 2024, and November 14, 2024.

On April 4, 2025, we filed a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3, pursuant to which we may, from time to time in one or more offerings, offer and sell up to $100.0 million in the aggregate of Class A Common Stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units, in any combination. The new shelf registration statement was declared effective on April 11, 2025. On July 18, 2025, we filed a new prospectus supplement for additional sales under the ATM Facility up to $50.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock. As of August 8, 2025, we have approximately $44.2 million remaining to be sold pursuant to the new prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus related to the ATM Facility.

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, we have sold an aggregate of 1,779,720 shares of Class A Common Stock under the ATM Facility for net proceeds of approximately $10.3 million, after deducting sales agent fees and expenses of approximately $0.3 million.

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Stock-Based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

NOTE 6: Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

In April 2014, the Board of Directors adopted the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”) allowing for the issuance of up to 40,000 shares of common stock through grants of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock or restricted stock units. In December 2016, the 2014 Plan was terminated, and the Company’s Board of Directors adopted a new equity incentive plan defined as the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) in which the remaining 38,720 shares available for issuance under the 2014 Plan at that time were transferred to the 2016 Plan. Awards outstanding under the 2014 Plan at the time of the 2014 Plan’s termination will continue to be governed by their existing terms. The shares underlying any awards that are forfeited, canceled, repurchased or are otherwise terminated by the Company under the 2014 Plan will be added back to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2016 Plan. The 2016 Plan provides for the granting of stock awards such as incentive stock options, non - statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock or restricted stock units to employees, directors and outside consultants as determined by the Board of Directors.

On June 23, 2022, following approval by the Board of Directors, the Company’s stockholders adopted the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”) allowing for the issuance of up to 100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock through grants of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance awards, and other stock or cash-based awards. In connection with the adoption of the 2022 Plan, shares previously available for issuance under the 2016 Plan became available for issuance under the 2022 Plan. The number of shares authorized under the 2022 Plan will be increased each January 1^st, beginning January 1, 2023 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2032, by an amount equal to the lesser of (a) 5% of our Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock outstanding on December 31st of the immediately preceding calendar year (rounded up to the nearest whole share) and (b) a number of shares determined

by the plan administrator. Shares subject to awards (including under the 2016 Plan and the 2014 Plan) that lapse, expire, terminate, or are canceled prior to the issuance of the underlying shares or that are subsequently forfeited to or otherwise reacquired by us will be added back to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2022 Plan.

The Board of Directors may grant stock options under the 2022 Plan at an exercise price of not less than 100% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date the option is granted. Options generally have a term of ten years from the date of grant. Incentive stock options granted to employees who, on the date of grant, own stock representing more than 10% of the voting power of all of the Company’s classes of stock, are granted at an exercise price of not less than 110% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock. The maximum term of incentive stock options granted to employees who, on the date of grant, own stock having more than 10% of the voting power of all of the Company’s classes of stock, may not exceed five years. The Board of Directors also determines the terms and conditions of awards, including the vesting schedule and any forfeiture provisions. Options granted under the 2022 Plan may vest upon the passage of time, generally four years, or upon the attainment of certain performance criteria established by the Board of Directors. The Company may from time-to-time grant options to purchase common stock to non-employees for advisory and consulting services. At each measurement date, the Company will remeasure the fair value of these stock options using the Black - Scholes option pricing model and recognize the expense ratably over the vesting period of each stock option award. Stock options comprise all of the awards granted since the 2022 Plan’s inception.

Stock option activity under all of the Company’s equity incentive plans for the six-month period ended June 30, 2025 is as follows:

					Weighted
			Weighted		Average
	Shares	Number of	Average		Remaining	Aggregate
	Available for	Shares	Exercise		Contractual	Intrinsic
	Grant	Outstanding	Price		Life (Years)	Value (000’s)
Available and outstanding as of December 31, 2024	92,020	296,391	$	50.50	7.97	$	26
2022 Equity incentive plan increase	220,106	—		—
Granted	(33,876)	33,876		4.59
Forfeited	15,316	(15,316)		70.08
Available and outstanding as of June 30, 2025	293,566	314,951	$	44.56	7.75	$	—
Vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2025		169,957	$	61.66	6.60	$	—

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value based on the Company’s closing stock price of $4.94 as of June 30, 2025, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of that date. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the six-month period ended June 30, 2025 was $3.00 per share. There were no options exercised during the six-month period ended June 30, 2025 compared to 2,260 options exercised during the six-month period ended June 30, 2024. The fair value of stock options that vested during the six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024 was $1.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

The determination of the fair value of options granted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 is computed using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Risk-free interest rate	4.03	%	4.20	%	4.11	%	4.20	%
Expected dividend yield	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%
Expected volatility	51.71	%	54.30	%	52.37	%	54.35	%
Expected term (in years)	6.1		5.8		6.1		5.7

A summary of stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s condensed statements of operations is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Cost of revenue, net	$	40	$	8	$	86	$	65
Research and development		115		146		263		268
Sales and marketing		22		32		43		80
General and administrative		208		83		415		190
Total	$	385	$	269	$	807	$	603

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had unamortized stock-based compensation expense of $1.7 million that will be recognized over the weighted average remaining vesting term of options of 2.0 years. Option pricing models require the input of various subjective assumptions, including the option’s expected life and the price volatility of the underlying stock. The expected stock price volatility is based on the analysis of volatilities of the Company’s selected public peer group over a period commensurate with the expected term of the options. The expected term of the employee stock options represents the weighted average period the stock options are expected to remain outstanding and is based on the contractual terms, the vesting period and the expected remaining term of the outstanding options. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury interest rates whose term in consistent with the expected life of the stock options. No dividend yield is included as the Company has not issued any dividends and does not anticipate issuing any dividends in the future.

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Commitments and Contingencies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and contingencies

NOTE 7: Commitments and contingencies

Leases

The Company leases facilities for office space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements. Its current corporate headquarters are located in Mountain View, California, under a lease that extends through August 2025.  In April 2025, the Company entered into a new operating lease for its future headquarters in Sunnyvale, California, with a lease term through June 30, 2030.  Upon commencement of this new lease in April 2025, the Company paid a refundable lease deposit of $0.5 million on and recognized operating lease right-of-use asset and operating lease liability of $2.9 million, each. The annual base rent under the new lease is $0.9 million.  In addition to base rent, the Company is also responsible for covering its share of the common area expenses and property taxes associated with the building. We are currently in the process of relocating our corporate offices and manufacturing operations to this new Sunnyvale location. During the last six months of 2025, the Company expects to use cash for leasehold improvements to build out and furnish the new space.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the components of the Company’s leases and lease costs were as follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Operating leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	2,948	$	407
Operating lease liabilities, current portion	$	119	$	412
Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion		3,011		—
Total operating lease liabilities	$	3,130	$	412
Operating lease costs	$	675	$	989

Operating lease costs were approximately $0.5 million and $0.3 million for the three-month periods ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively and approximately $0.7 million and $0.5 million six-month periods ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

As of June 30, 2025, future minimum operating lease payments were as follows (in thousands):

Years ending December 31,	Amount
2025 (remaining six months)	$	120
2026		891
2027		999
2028		1,029
2029		1,060
2030		496
Total future minimum lease payments		4,595
Less – Interest		(1,465)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	3,130

As of June 30, 2025, the weighted average remaining lease term is 4.8 years and the weighted average discount rate is 14.9%.

Purchase Commitments

The Company executed a purchase agreement on September 13, 2024, in order to secure the acquisition of raw materials essential to ASR production. This agreement stipulates monthly purchases of $40 thousand commencing in January 2025 and concluding in August 2026, culminating in a total expenditure of $0.8 million. In the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company made payments totaling $0.1 million pursuant to this commitment.

Legal Matters

The Company may be subject to pending legal proceedings and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of business; however, no such claims have been identified as of June 30, 2025 that would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

The Company from time to time enters into contracts that contingently require the Company to indemnify parties against third party claims. These contracts primarily relate to: (i) arrangements with clients which generally include certain provisions for indemnifying clients against liabilities if the services infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, (ii) the Regulation A Issuer Agreement where the Company may be required to indemnify the placement agent for any loss, damage, expense or liability incurred by the other party in any claim arising out of a material breach (or alleged breach) as a result of any potential violation of any law or regulation, or any third party claim arising out of any investment or potential investment in the offering, and (iii) agreements with the Company’s officers and directors, under which the Company may be required to indemnify such persons from certain liabilities arising out of such persons’ relationships with the Company. The Company has not incurred any material costs as a result of such obligations and has not accrued any liabilities related to such obligations in the condensed financial statements as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Sales Tax Contingencies

The Company has historically not collected state sales tax on the sale of its MaaS product offering but has paid sales tax and use tax on all purchases of raw materials and in conjunction with the financing arrangement of the Company’s ASRs with Farnam Street Financial. The Company’s MaaS product offering may be subject to sales tax in certain jurisdictions. If a taxing authority were to successfully assert that the Company has not properly collected sales or other transaction taxes, or if sales or other transaction tax laws or the interpretation thereof were to change, and the Company was unable to enforce the terms of their contracts with clients that give the right to reimbursement for the assessed sales taxes, tax liabilities in amounts that could be material may be incurred. Based on the Company’s assessment, the Company has recorded a use tax liability of $0.4 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 which has been included in other current liabilities on the accompanying condensed balance sheets. The Company continues to analyze possible sales tax exposure but does not currently believe that any individual claim or aggregate claims that might arise will ultimately have a material effect on its results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

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Segment Information

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Information

NOTE 8: Segment Information

Management identifies reportable segments based on how it manages the Company’s operations. As such, the Company operates as one segment for reporting purposes. The accounting policies of the Company’s segment are the same as those described in Note 1.

The CODM assesses performance at a Company level and decides how to allocate resources based on net loss. The measure of segment assets is reported on the condensed balance sheets as total assets. The measure of significant segment expenses is listed on the condensed statements of operations. The CODM evaluates performance and allocates resources for its reportable segment using segment income or loss. This metric is used to evaluate the overall financial performance of the segment, make operational and strategic decisions, prepare the Company’s annual plan, and allocate resources.

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Subsequent Events

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

NOTE 9: Subsequent Events

At-the-market offering program

On April 4, 2025, we filed a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3, pursuant to which we may, from time to time in one or more offerings, offer and sell up to $100.0 million in the aggregate of Class A Common Stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units, in any combination. The new shelf registration statement was declared effective on April 11, 2025. On July 18, 2025, we filed a new prospectus supplement for additional sales under the ATM Facility up to $50.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock. As of August 8, 2025, we have approximately $44.2 million remaining to be sold pursuant to the new prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus related to the ATM Facility.

From July 1, 2025 to August 8, 2025, the Company sold 2,750,030 shares of Class A Common Stock, generating approximately $19.7 million of proceeds, net of commissions and other issuance costs, under the Company’s at-the-market offering program, resulting in cash on hand of $24.2 million as of August 8, 2025.

On July 18, 2025, the Company filed a prospectus supplement to amend the April 2025 Prospectus Supplement to increase the issuance and sale from time to time to up to $50.0 million in shares of Class A Common Stock subject to, and in accordance with, SEC rules.

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ (6,329)	$ (6,271)	$ (13,226)	$ (13,863)

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Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Description of Business and Basis of Presentation and Liquidity

Description of Business

Knightscope, Inc. (the “Company”), a Delaware corporation, is a public safety innovator that builds Autonomous Security Robots (“ASR”) and Emergency Communication Devices (“ECD”). The Company designs, manufactures, and deploys its technologies to improve public safety and to protect the places people live, work, study and visit. The Company provides its cutting-edge solutions, including remote monitoring capabilities, to both the private sector and to government clients, including law enforcement.

The Company operates in a highly fragmented U.S. public safety market that is experiencing strong demand for automation and artificial intelligence-driven solutions due to rising labor costs, staffing shortages, inconsistent service quality, and challenging crime rates. The Company’s solutions combine proactive physical deterrence with critical emergency response tools and remote monitoring, offering an integrated approach to public safety.

The Company was founded in April 2013 and is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.

Basis of Presentation and Liquidity

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The Company’s fiscal year end is December 31.

The unaudited condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance U.S. GAAP, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and note disclosures have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The unaudited condensed financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the period presented. Unaudited interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full fiscal year or for any future interim periods. These condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025. The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to those audited financial statements.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern, the Company evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these condensed financial statements are issued. 

The condensed financial statements of the Company have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the discharge of liabilities in the normal course of business. Cash and cash equivalents on hand were $8.2 million as of June 30, 2025, compared to $11.1 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company has historically incurred losses and negative cashflows from operations. As of June 30, 2025, the Company also had an accumulated deficit of approximately $206.4 million and stockholders’ equity of approximately $15.1 million. The Company is dependent on additional fundraising in order to sustain its ongoing operations. Based on current operating levels, the Company will need to raise additional funds in the next twelve months by selling additional equity or incurring debt. New financings may not be available to the Company on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. If the Company is unable to obtain additional capital, the Company will assess its capital resources and may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate some or all of its operations, including capital expenditures, or downsize its organization, any of which may have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to operate as a going

concern.  These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for the twelve months from the date of this report.

Reverse Stock Split

Reverse Stock Split

On August 16, 2024, stockholders approved a reverse stock split at a ratio between 1-for-5 and 1-for-50. On September 4, 2024, the Board of Directors set the final ratio at 1-for-50 for both Class A and Class B Common Stock. The split became effective on September 13, 2024, following the filing of an amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation in Delaware. No fractional shares were issued; instead, affected stockholders received a cash payment based on the September 13 closing price on  Nasdaq, totaling approximately $0.1 million. All outstanding stock options were adjusted accordingly, and all share and per-share amounts in financial statements were retroactively updated to reflect the split.

Segments

Segments

The Company has one operating segment and one reportable segment as its chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is its Chief Executive Officer, reviews financial information on a regular basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. All long-lived assets are located in the United States and substantially all revenue is attributed to sellers and buyers based in the United States.

Reclassifications

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to the fiscal year 2024 condensed financial statements to conform to the fiscal year 2025 presentation. The reclassifications had no impact on total assets, total liabilities, or stockholders’ equity.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive Loss

Net loss was equal to comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. Specific accounts that require management estimates include, but are not limited to, estimating the useful lives of the Company’s ASRs, property and equipment and intangible assets, certain estimates required within revenue recognition, warranty and allowance for credit losses, determination of deferred tax valuation allowances, estimating fair values of the Company’s share-based awards, warrant liability, and derivative liabilities, inclusive of any contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences may be material to the condensed financial statements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents in highly liquid instruments with, and in the custody of, financial institutions with high credit ratings.

Restricted Cash

Restricted Cash

The Company had restricted cash as collateral for the Company’s corporate credit card program which was discontinued during the first quarter of 2025. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying value of restricted cash was $0 and $0.1 million, respectively.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Concentrations of Credit Risk

The Company extends credit to clients in the normal course of business and performs ongoing credit evaluations of its clients. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable exist to the full extent of amounts presented in the financial statements. The Company does not require collateral from its clients to secure accounts receivable.

Accounts receivable was derived from the leasing of proprietary ASRs along with access to browser-based interface Knightscope Security Operations Center (“KSOC”) as well as the sale of ECDs. The Company reviews its receivables for collectability based on historical loss patterns, aging of the receivables, and assessments of specific identifiable client accounts considered at risk or uncollectible and provides allowances for potential credit losses, as needed. The Company also considers any changes to the financial condition of its clients and any other external market factors that could impact the collectability of the receivables in the determination of the allowance for credit losses. Based on these assessments, the Company recorded a $0.2 million allowance for credit losses on its accounts receivable as of June 30, 2025 compared to an allowance of $0.1 million on its accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2024.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had no clients whose accounts receivable balance totaled 10% or more of the Company’s total accounts receivable compared with one client as of December 31, 2024 (13%).

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company had one client who individually accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue, net (13%, 17%) compared with one client who individually accounted for 10% of total revenue, net for the three months ended June 30, 2024 (14%) and no clients who individually accounted for 10% or more of the total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Inventory

Inventory

Inventory, principally purchased components, is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using an average cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventory in excess of salable amounts and inventory which is considered obsolete based upon changes in existing technology is written off. At the point of loss recognition, a new lower cost basis for that inventory is established and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in the new cost basis. The following table presents the components of inventory (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Raw materials	$	1,376	$	1,539
Work in process		190		123
Finished goods		176		135
	$	1,742	$	1,797

Autonomous Security Robots, net

Autonomous Security Robots, net

ASRs consist of materials, ASRs in progress and finished ASRs. ASRs in progress and finished ASRs include materials, labor and other direct and indirect costs used in their production. Finished ASRs are valued using a discrete bill of materials, which includes an allocation of labor and direct overhead based on assembly hours. Depreciation expense on ASRs is recorded using the straight-line method over their estimated expected lives, which currently ranges from 3 to 5 years. Depreciation expense of finished ASRs is included in research and development expense, sales and marketing expense, and cost of revenue, net on the Company’s condensed statements of operations. Depreciation expense on finished ASRs was $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Depreciation expense on finished ASRs was $1.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

ASRs, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Raw materials	$	3,034	$	2,465
ASRs in progress		197		322
Finished ASRs		12,166		11,790
		15,397		14,577
Less: accumulated depreciation on Finished ASRs		(6,686)		(5,812)
ASRs, net	$	8,711	$	8,765

The components of the Finished ASRs, net are as follows (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
ASRs on lease or available for lease	$	10,692	$	10,553
Demonstration ASRs		392		587
Research and development ASRs		577		102
Charge boxes		505		548
		12,166		11,790
Less: accumulated depreciation		(6,686)		(5,812)
Finished ASRs, net	$	5,480	$	5,978

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of the intangible assets with determinable lives are as follows (in thousands, except years):

		June 30, 2025
	Amortization	Gross
	Period	carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
Intangible assets with determinable lives	(years)	amount		amortization		amount, net
Developed technology	5	$	990	$	(536)	$	454
Customer relationships	8		950		(322)		628
Total		$	1,940	$	(858)	$	1,082

		December 31, 2024
	Amortization	Gross
	Period	carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
Intangible assets with determinable lives	(years)	amount		amortization		amount, net
Developed technology	5	$	990	$	(437)	$	553
Customer relationships	8		950		(262)		688
Total		$	1,940	$	(699)	$	1,241

Intangible assets amortization expense totaled $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Intangible assets amortization was recorded in sales and marketing and cost of revenue, net - service on the Company’s condensed statements of operations.

Intangible assets amortization expense totaled $0.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Intangible assets amortization was recorded in sales and marketing and cost of revenue, net - service on the Company’s condensed statements of operations.

As of June 30, 2025, future intangible assets amortization expense for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):

Year ending December 31,	Amount
2025 (remaining 6 months)	$	158
2026		317
2027		275
2028		118
2029		119
2030 and thereafter		95
Total	$	1,082

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Legal, consulting and financial services	$	323	$	58
Sales tax		353		378
Warranty liability		362		364
Payroll and payroll taxes		347		364
Customer deposits		169		82
Credit cards		182		128
Accrued interest		210		—
Other		363		420
	$	2,309	$	1,794

Warranty Liability

Warranty Liability

The liability for estimated warranty claims is accrued at the time of sale and the expense is recorded in the condensed statements of operations in cost of revenue, net - product. The liability is established using historical warranty claim experience. The current provision may be adjusted to take into account unusual or non-recurring events in the past or anticipated changes in future warranty claims. Adjustments to the warranty accrual are recorded if actual claim experience indicates that adjustments are necessary. Warranty reserves are reviewed to ensure critical assumptions are updated for known events that may impact the potential warranty liability.

Change in the warranty liability for the six months ended consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30,
	2025		2024
Balance January 1,	$	364	$	406
Provision for warranties issued		123		234
Warranty services provided		(125)		(183)
	$	362	$	457

Convertible Preferred Warrant Liabilities and Common Stock Warrants

Convertible Preferred Warrant Liabilities and Common Stock Warrants

Freestanding warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s preferred stock were classified as liabilities on the balance sheets at their estimated fair value because the underlying shares of preferred stock were contingently redeemable and, therefore, may have obligated the Company to transfer assets at some point in the future. The preferred stock warrants were recorded at fair value upon issuance and were subject to remeasurement to their respective estimated fair values. At the end of each reporting period, changes in the estimated fair value of the preferred stock warrants were recorded in the condensed statements of operations. The Company adjusted the liability associated with the preferred stock warrants for changes in the estimated fair value until the earlier of the exercise or conversion. On May 15, 2024, the preferred stock warrants converted into warrants to purchase common stock and any liabilities recorded for the preferred stock warrants were reclassified to additional paid-in capital and are no longer subject to remeasurement. Common stock warrants that are not considered derivative liabilities are accounted for at fair value at the date of issuance in additional paid-in capital.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, which requires that the estimated fair value on the date of grant be determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the fair value recognized over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the option vesting period. The Company’s determination of the fair value of the stock-based awards on the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, is affected by the fair value of the Company’s common stock as well as other assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include but are not limited to the Company’s expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and actual and projected employee option exercise behaviors. Because there is insufficient historical information available to estimate the expected term of the stock-based awards, the Company adopted the simplified method of estimating the expected term of options granted by taking the average of the vesting term and the contractual term of the option. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur when calculating stock-based compensation for its equity awards.

Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Share

Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Share

Net loss per share of common stock is computed using the two-class method required for participating securities based on their participation rights. All series of convertible preferred stock are participating securities as the holders are entitled to participate in common stock dividends with common stock on an as converted basis. The voting, dividend, liquidation and other rights and powers of the common stock are subject to and qualified by the rights, powers and preferences of any series of preferred stock as may be designated by the Company’s Board of Directors and outstanding from time to time. In accordance with the two-class method, earnings allocated to these participating securities, which include participation rights in undistributed earnings with common stock, are subtracted from net loss to determine net loss attributable to common stockholders upon their occurrence.

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders (net adjusted for preferred stock dividends declared or accumulated) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. All participating securities are excluded from basic weighted average shares outstanding. In computing diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders, undistributed earnings are re-allocated to reflect the potential impact of dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by diluted weighted average shares outstanding, including potentially dilutive securities, unless anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 consist of the following:

	June 30,	June 30,
	2025	2024
Warrants to purchase common stock (convertible to Class A Common Stock)	186,411	172,880
Stock options	314,951	280,117
Total potentially dilutive shares	501,362	452,997

The weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2025 includes the weighted average effect of the 15,238 vendor warrants (as defined in Note 5 - Capital Stock and Warrants) because the exercise of such warrants requires nominal consideration ($0.001 per share exercise price for each pre-funded warrant). As of June 30, 2025, none of the vendor warrants have been exercised and are not included in the table above.

 As all potentially dilutive securities are anti-dilutive as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for each period.

On May 15, 2024 (the “Preferred Stock Conversion Date”), pursuant to the terms of the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended to date (the “Certificate of Incorporation”) each share of the Company’s Super Voting Preferred Stock (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation) was automatically converted into fully-paid, non-assessable shares of Class B Common Stock and each share of the Company’s Ordinary Preferred Stock (together with the Super Voting Preferred Stock, the “Preferred Stock”) was automatically converted into fully-paid, non-assessable shares of Class A Common Stock, in each case at the then effective applicable Conversion Rate, (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation), as a result of the receipt by the Company of a written request for such conversion from the holders of a majority of the voting power of the Preferred Stock then outstanding. As a result, no shares of previously authorized Preferred Stock remain outstanding.

Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2025

None.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

On December 14, 2023, the Financial Standards Accounting Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which establishes new income tax disclosure requirements in addition to modifying and eliminating certain existing requirements. Under the new guidance, entities must consistently categorize and provide greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new standards on the financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The standard requires entities to disclose specified information about certain expenses in the notes to the financial statements, including employee compensation. It is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027 with early adoption permitted. Management does not believe the implementation of this standard will have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, which provides a practical expedient to measure credit losses on accounts receivable and contract assets.  The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods.  Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the timing of the adoption and the impact of the new standard on the financial statements and related disclosures.

Management has reviewed other recently issued accounting pronouncements issued or proposed by the FASB and does not believe any of these accounting pronouncements has had or will have a material impact on the condensed financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

ASR related revenues

The Company derives its revenues from lease of proprietary ASRs along with access to the browser-based interface KSOC through contracts under the lease accounting that typically have a twelve (12)-month term. In addition, the Company derives non-lease revenue items such as professional services related to ASRs’ deployments, special decals, shipping costs and training if any, recognized when control of these services is transferred to the clients, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services.

ECD related revenues

The Company also derives revenues from sales of its ECDs and related services, such as installation, maintenance, and upgrades. Revenue is recognized when clients sign a full or partial certificate of completion, at which point, the Company can generate an invoice for its products and services. Clients also have the option to sign up for ongoing preventative and maintenance agreements. The maintenance revenue is recognized in the period the service is performed and the Company has determined that the term of the contracts has been fulfilled. Installation or upgrades revenue are recognized upon completion of the project/contracts. In certain cases, deferred revenue is recognized to account for unfinished contracts.

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

● identification of the contract, or contracts, with a client;

● identification of the performance obligations in the contract

● determination of the transaction price;

● allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

● recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

ASR subscription revenue

The Company recognizes ASR subscription revenue as follows:

ASR subscription revenue is generated from the lease of proprietary ASRs along with access to the browser-based interface KSOC through contracts that typically have 12-month terms. These revenue arrangements adhere to lease accounting guidance and are classified as leases for revenue recognition purposes. Currently, all revenue arrangements qualify as operating leases where consideration allocated to the lease deliverables is recognized ratably over the lease term.

Customer Deposits

Customer deposits primarily relate to sales of ECDs to certain customers dependent upon creditworthiness. The customer deposits are recorded as current liabilities and reclassed as a contra accounts receivable account at the time that the final invoice for the sale is generated following the completion of the revenue recognition criteria.

Disaggregation of revenue

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers into the timing of the transfers of goods and services by product line.

The following table summarizes revenue by product line and timing of recognition (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2025						2024
	Point in time		Over time		Total		Point in time		Over time		Total
ASRs	$	12	$	1,134	$	1,146	$	22	$	990	$	1,012
ECDs		1,358		245		1,603		1,928		263		2,191
Total	$	1,370	$	1,379	$	2,749	$	1,950	$	1,253	$	3,203

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025						2024
	Point in time		Over time		Total		Point in time		Over time		Total
ASRs	$	20	$	2,308	$	2,328	$	47	$	1,955	$	2,002
ECDs		2,863		475		3,338		3,154		301		3,455
Total	$	2,883	$	2,783	$	5,666	$	3,201	$	2,256	$	5,457

Product Revenue, net

Product revenue, net includes point of sale transactions related to the ECDs, including product, shipping, and installation.

Other revenue, net

Other non-ASR service-related revenues such as deployment services, decals and training revenue are recognized when services are delivered. Revenue from these transactions has been immaterial for all periods presented and is included in service revenue, net.

Deferred revenue

Deferred revenue

In connection with the Company’s Machine-as-a-Service (“MaaS”) subscription for the Company’s ASRs, the Company’s standard billing terms are annual in advance. In these situations, the Company records the invoices as deferred revenue and amortizes the subscription amount when the services are delivered, which generally is a 12-month period. In addition, the Company refers certain transactions to financing companies, whereby the financing company advances the full value of the MaaS subscription to the Company, less a processing fee. The advanced payment is recorded in deferred revenue and amortized over the term of the subscription once the ASR is delivered to the deployment site.

The Company derives its revenue from the lease subscription of its proprietary ASRs along with access to its browser and mobile based software interface, KSOC. MaaS subscription agreements typically have a 12-month term.

The Company also records deferred revenue from unfinished contracts for certain ECD related services.

Deferred revenue includes billings in excess of revenue recognized. Revenue recognized at a point in time generally does not result in significant increases in deferred revenue. Revenue recognized over a period generally results in a majority of the increases in deferred revenue as the performance obligations are fulfilled after the billing event. Deferred revenue was as follows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2025
Deferred revenue - short term	$	1,821
Revenue recognized in the six months ended related to amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period	$	1,416

Deferred revenue represents amounts invoiced to customers for contracts for which revenue has yet to be recognized based for subscription services to be delivered to the Company’s clients. Typically, the timing of invoicing is based on the terms of the contract.

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Schedule of inventory

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Raw materials	$	1,376	$	1,539
Work in process		190		123
Finished goods		176		135
	$	1,742	$	1,797

Schedule of ASRs, net and components of finished ASRs, net

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Raw materials	$	3,034	$	2,465
ASRs in progress		197		322
Finished ASRs		12,166		11,790
		15,397		14,577
Less: accumulated depreciation on Finished ASRs		(6,686)		(5,812)
ASRs, net	$	8,711	$	8,765

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
ASRs on lease or available for lease	$	10,692	$	10,553
Demonstration ASRs		392		587
Research and development ASRs		577		102
Charge boxes		505		548
		12,166		11,790
Less: accumulated depreciation		(6,686)		(5,812)
Finished ASRs, net	$	5,480	$	5,978

Schedule of gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of the intangible assets with determinable lives

		June 30, 2025
	Amortization	Gross
	Period	carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
Intangible assets with determinable lives	(years)	amount		amortization		amount, net
Developed technology	5	$	990	$	(536)	$	454
Customer relationships	8		950		(322)		628
Total		$	1,940	$	(858)	$	1,082

		December 31, 2024
	Amortization	Gross
	Period	carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
Intangible assets with determinable lives	(years)	amount		amortization		amount, net
Developed technology	5	$	990	$	(437)	$	553
Customer relationships	8		950		(262)		688
Total		$	1,940	$	(699)	$	1,241

Schedule of future intangible assets amortization expense

Year ending December 31,	Amount
2025 (remaining 6 months)	$	158
2026		317
2027		275
2028		118
2029		119
2030 and thereafter		95
Total	$	1,082

Schedule of accrued expenses and other current liabilities

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Legal, consulting and financial services	$	323	$	58
Sales tax		353		378
Warranty liability		362		364
Payroll and payroll taxes		347		364
Customer deposits		169		82
Credit cards		182		128
Accrued interest		210		—
Other		363		420
	$	2,309	$	1,794

Schedule of change in the warranty liability

	June 30,
	2025		2024
Balance January 1,	$	364	$	406
Provision for warranties issued		123		234
Warranty services provided		(125)		(183)
	$	362	$	457

Schedule of potentially dilutive securities that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share

	June 30,	June 30,
	2025	2024
Warrants to purchase common stock (convertible to Class A Common Stock)	186,411	172,880
Stock options	314,951	280,117
Total potentially dilutive shares	501,362	452,997

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Revenue and Deferred Revenue (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Summary of deferred revenue

	June 30, 2025
Deferred revenue - short term	$	1,821
Revenue recognized in the six months ended related to amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period	$	1,416

Summary of revenue by product line and timing of recognition

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2025						2024
	Point in time		Over time		Total		Point in time		Over time		Total
ASRs	$	12	$	1,134	$	1,146	$	22	$	990	$	1,012
ECDs		1,358		245		1,603		1,928		263		2,191
Total	$	1,370	$	1,379	$	2,749	$	1,950	$	1,253	$	3,203

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025						2024
	Point in time		Over time		Total		Point in time		Over time		Total
ASRs	$	20	$	2,308	$	2,328	$	47	$	1,955	$	2,002
ECDs		2,863		475		3,338		3,154		301		3,455
Total	$	2,883	$	2,783	$	5,666	$	3,201	$	2,256	$	5,457

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Fair Value Measurement (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Summary of category of assets or liabilities carried at fair value

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
June 30, 2025
Assets
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	7,747	$	7,747	$	—	$	—

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
December 31, 2024
Assets
Cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Money market funds	$	10,638	$	10,638	$	—	$	—

Summary of changes in the fair value of Company's Level 3 warrant and convertible note liabilities

	June 30,
	2024
Beginning Balance	$	6,247
Revaluation of Series m-3 and S Preferred Stock warrants		(1,214)
Reclassification of Series m-3 and S Preferred Stock warrants		(4,762)
Revaluation of common stock warrants		(237)
Ending Balance	$	34

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Debt Obligations (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of amortized carrying amount of the Company's debt obligations

	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Bonds, net of unamortized issuance costs of $277 and $316, respectively	$	3,991	$	3,952
August 2024 Note		—		1,364
Insurance Notes		281		—
Total debt		4,272		5,316
Less: current portion of debt obligations		(281)		(1,364)
Non-current portion of debt obligations	$	3,991	$	3,952

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Capital Stock and Warrants (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Schedule of the Company's outstanding warrants

Class of shares	Number of Warrants	Exercise Price		Expiration Date
Class A Common Stock (previously Series m-3 Preferred Stock)	28,656	$	200.00	December 31, 2027
Class A Common Stock (previously Series S Preferred Stock)	121,455	$	93.87	December 31, 2027
Class A Common Stock (Vendor Warrants)	15,238	$	0.001	6 years from each issuance
Class A Common Stock (Underwriter Warrants)	36,300	$	18.29	November 21, 2029

Schedule of common stock reserved for future issuance

	June 30,
	2025
Stock options to purchase common stock	314,951
Warrants outstanding for future issuance of common stock	201,649
Stock options available for future issuance	293,566
Total shares of Class A Common Stock reserved	810,166

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of stock option activity under all of the Company's equity incentive plans

					Weighted
			Weighted		Average
	Shares	Number of	Average		Remaining	Aggregate
	Available for	Shares	Exercise		Contractual	Intrinsic
	Grant	Outstanding	Price		Life (Years)	Value (000’s)
Available and outstanding as of December 31, 2024	92,020	296,391	$	50.50	7.97	$	26
2022 Equity incentive plan increase	220,106	—		—
Granted	(33,876)	33,876		4.59
Forfeited	15,316	(15,316)		70.08
Available and outstanding as of June 30, 2025	293,566	314,951	$	44.56	7.75	$	—
Vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2025		169,957	$	61.66	6.60	$	—

Schedule of assumptions utilized for option grants

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Risk-free interest rate	4.03	%	4.20	%	4.11	%	4.20	%
Expected dividend yield	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%
Expected volatility	51.71	%	54.30	%	52.37	%	54.35	%
Expected term (in years)	6.1		5.8		6.1		5.7

Schedule of stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company's consolidated statements of operations

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Cost of revenue, net	$	40	$	8	$	86	$	65
Research and development		115		146		263		268
Sales and marketing		22		32		43		80
General and administrative		208		83		415		190
Total	$	385	$	269	$	807	$	603

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of components of leases and lease costs

	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Operating leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	2,948	$	407
Operating lease liabilities, current portion	$	119	$	412
Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion		3,011		—
Total operating lease liabilities	$	3,130	$	412
Operating lease costs	$	675	$	989

Schedule of future minimum operating lease payments

Years ending December 31,	Amount
2025 (remaining six months)	$	120
2026		891
2027		999
2028		1,029
2029		1,060
2030		496
Total future minimum lease payments		4,595
Less – Interest		(1,465)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	3,130

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Basis of Presentation and Liquidity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 8,211	$ 11,124
Stockholders' equity:
Accumulated deficit	206,418	193,192
Stockholders' equity (deficit)	$ 15,115	$ 15,781
Substantial Doubt about Going Concern, within One Year	true

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Reverse Stock Split (Details) $ in Millions	Sep. 13, 2024 USD ($)	Aug. 16, 2024
Class of Stock
Stockholders' equity, reverse stock split	On August 16, 2024, stockholders approved a reverse stock split at a ratio between 1-for-5 and 1-for-50. On September 4, 2024, the Board of Directors set the final ratio at 1-for-50 for both Class A and Class B Common Stock. The split became effective on September 13, 2024, following the filing of an amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation in Delaware. No fractional shares were issued; instead, affected stockholders received a cash payment based on the September 13 closing price on  Nasdaq, totaling approximately $0.1 million. All outstanding stock options were adjusted accordingly, and all share and per-share amounts in financial statements were retroactively updated to reflect the split.
Stock split, conversion ratio, approved, range, high end of range		0.2
Stock split, conversion ratio, approved, range, low end of range		0.02
Stock split, conversion ratio	0.02
Cash paid for fractional shares	$ 0.1
Class A Common Stock
Class of Stock
Stock split, conversion ratio	0.02
Class B Common Stock
Class of Stock
Stock split, conversion ratio	0.02

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Segments (Details) - segment	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Segment Information
Number of operating segments	1	1	1	1
Number of reportable segments	1	1	1	1
Segment Reporting, CODM, Individual Title and Position or Group Name	srt:ChiefExecutiveOfficerMember	srt:ChiefExecutiveOfficerMember	srt:ChiefExecutiveOfficerMember	srt:ChiefExecutiveOfficerMember

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Restricted Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash	$ 0	$ 100

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Concentrations of Credit Risk - Allowance for Credit Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Accounts receivable, after allowance for credit loss
Allowance for credit losses	$ 0.2	$ 0.1

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Concentrations of Credit Risk - Accounts Receivable and Revenue (Details) - Client One	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Accounts Receivable | Credit Concentration Risk
Concentration Risk
Concentration risk, percentage (as a percent)				13.00%
Revenue from Contract with Customer Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk
Concentration Risk
Concentration risk, percentage (as a percent)	13.00%	14.00%	17.00%

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Inventory (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Inventory
Raw materials	$ 1,376	$ 1,539
Work in process	190	123
Finished goods	176	135
Inventory, net	$ 1,742	$ 1,797

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Autonomous Security Robots, Net - Estimated Expected Lives (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Estimated expected lives, low end of range	3 years
Estimated expected lives, high end of range	5 years

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Autonomous Security Robots, Net - Depreciation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Depreciation expense of finished ASRs	$ 0.5	$ 0.5	$ 1.0	$ 1.0

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Autonomous Security Robots, Net - Composition (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Raw materials	$ 3,034	$ 2,465
ASRs in progress	197	322
Finished ASRs	12,166	11,790
ASRs, gross	15,397	14,577
Less: accumulated depreciation on Finished ASRs	(6,686)	(5,812)
ASRs, net	$ 8,711	$ 8,765

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Autonomous Security Robots, Net - Finished ASRs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
ASRs on lease or available for lease	$ 10,692	$ 10,553
Demonstration ASRs	392	587
Research and development ASRs	577	102
Charge boxes	505	548
Finished ASRs, gross	12,166	11,790
Less: accumulated depreciation	(6,686)	(5,812)
Finished ASRs, net	$ 5,480	$ 5,978

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Intangible Assets - Useful Lives (Details)	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Developed Technology
Intangible Assets
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	5 years	5 years
Customer Relationships
Intangible Assets
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	8 years	8 years

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Intangible Assets - Carrying Amount, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Intangible Assets
Gross carrying amount	$ 1,940	$ 1,940
Accumulated amortization	(858)	(699)
Carrying amount, net	1,082	1,241
Developed Technology
Intangible Assets
Gross carrying amount	990	990
Accumulated amortization	(536)	(437)
Carrying amount, net	454	553
Customer Relationships
Intangible Assets
Gross carrying amount	950	950
Accumulated amortization	(322)	(262)
Carrying amount, net	$ 628	$ 688

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Intangible Assets - Amortization Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Intangible assets amortization expense
Intangible assets amortization expense	$ 0.1	$ 0.1	$ 0.2	$ 0.2

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Intangible Assets - Future Amortization Expense (Details) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025 USD ($)
Future intangible assets amortization expense
2025 (remaining 6 months)	$ 158
2026	317
2027	275
2028	118
2029	119
2030 and thereafter	95
Total	$ 1,082

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Legal, consulting and financial services	$ 323	$ 58
Sales tax	353	378
Warranty liability	362	364	$ 457	$ 406
Payroll and payroll taxes	347	364
Customer deposits	169	82
Credit cards	182	128
Accrued interest	210
Other	363	420
Total	$ 2,309	$ 1,794

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Warranty Liability (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Warranty liability
Beginning Balance	$ 364	$ 406
Provision for warranties issued	123	234
Warranty services provided	(125)	(183)
Ending Balance	$ 362	$ 457

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Potentially Dilutive Securities - Tabular Disclosure (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Potentially dilutive securities
Total potentially dilutive shares	501,362	452,997	501,362	452,997
Class A Common Stock Warrants
Potentially dilutive securities
Total potentially dilutive shares	186,411	172,880	186,411	172,880
Employee Stock Option
Potentially dilutive securities
Total potentially dilutive shares	314,951	280,117	314,951	280,117

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Potentially Dilutive Securities - Warrants (Details) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2025	Oct. 10, 2022
Class A Common Stock Warrants
Warrants
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)		1,138,446
Class A Common Stock Warrants, Vendor Warrants, The Washington Office, LLC
Warrants
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)	15,238
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001
Warrants exercised (in shares)	0

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Accounting Pronouncements (Details)	Jun. 30, 2025
Accounting Standards Update 2023-09
Accounting Pronouncements
Change in Accounting Principle, Accounting Standards Update, Adopted	true
Accounting Standards Update 2024-03
Accounting Pronouncements
Change in Accounting Principle, Accounting Standards Update, Adopted	false

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Revenue and Deferred Revenue - Revenue Recognition (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
ASRs, term	12 months

XML

Revenue and Deferred Revenue - Deferred Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Contract with Customer, Liability
Deferred revenue - short term	$ 1,821	$ 1,883
Change in Contract with Customer, Liability
Revenue recognized in the year ended related to amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period	$ 1,416
ASRs, term	12 months

XML

Revenue and Deferred Revenue - Disaggregation of Revenues (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Revenue and Deferred Revenue
Total revenue, net	$ 2,749	$ 3,203	$ 5,666	$ 5,457
Autonomous Security Robots
Revenue and Deferred Revenue
Total revenue, net	1,146	1,012	2,328	2,002
Emergency Communication Devices
Revenue and Deferred Revenue
Total revenue, net	1,603	2,191	3,338	3,455
Point in time
Revenue and Deferred Revenue
Total revenue, net	1,370	1,950	2,883	3,201
Point in time | Autonomous Security Robots
Revenue and Deferred Revenue
Total revenue, net	12	22	20	47
Point in time | Emergency Communication Devices
Revenue and Deferred Revenue
Total revenue, net	1,358	1,928	2,863	3,154
Transferred over time
Revenue and Deferred Revenue
Total revenue, net	1,379	1,253	2,783	2,256
Transferred over time | Autonomous Security Robots
Revenue and Deferred Revenue
Total revenue, net	1,134	990	2,308	1,955
Transferred over time | Emergency Communication Devices
Revenue and Deferred Revenue
Total revenue, net	$ 245	$ 263	$ 475	$ 301

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Fair Value Measurement - Fair Value Hierarchy Classification (Details) - Recurring basis - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Liabilities
Liabilities, fair value disclosure	$ 0
Money market funds
Assets
Money market funds	7,747	$ 10,638
Level 1 | Money market funds
Assets
Money market funds	$ 7,747	$ 10,638

XML

Fair Value Measurement - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Assets
Fair value assets transfers	$ 0	$ 0
Liabilities
Fair value liability transfers	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Fair Value Measurement - Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation (Details) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)
Changes in the fair value of Level 3 financial liabilities
Beginning Balance	$ 6,247
Revaluation of Series m-3 and S Preferred Stock warrants	(1,214)
Reclassification of Series m-3 and S Preferred Stock warrants	(4,762)
Revaluation of common stock warrants	(237)
Ending Balance	$ 34

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Debt Obligations - Long-term Debt (Details) - USD ($)	Feb. 04, 2025	Oct. 02, 2023
Debt Obligations
Debt instrument, issuance date	Feb. 04, 2025
Corporate Debt Securities | Public Safety Infrastructure Bonds, October 2023
Debt Obligations
Debt instrument, face amount		$ 10,000,000
Debt instrument, price per bond		$ 1,000
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage (as a percent)		10.00%
Debt instrument, term		5 years

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Debt Obligations - Warrants (Details)	Oct. 10, 2022 shares
Class A Common Stock Warrants
Warrants
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)	1,138,446

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Debt Obligations - Short-term Debt (Details) $ in Thousands	Feb. 04, 2025 USD ($) installment	Oct. 26, 2024 USD ($) installment	Aug. 01, 2024 USD ($) installment	Jun. 30, 2025 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Debt Obligations
Debt instrument, issuance date	Feb. 04, 2025
Debt obligations, current				$ 281	$ 1,364
Notes Payable, Other Payables | Senior Secured Promissory Note, August 2024
Debt Obligations
Debt instrument, issuance date			Aug. 01, 2024
Debt instrument, maturity date			Jul. 01, 2025
Debt instrument, face amount			$ 3,000
Debt instrument, periodic payment, installments, number | installment			2
Debt instrument, change of control, require repayment, holder option period			30 days
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage, event of default (as a percent)			10.00%
Debt obligations, current				0	$ 1,364
Notes Payable, Other Payables | Senior Secured Promissory Note, August 2024 | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period One
Debt Obligations
Debt instrument, periodic payment, installments, number | installment			11
Debt instrument, periodic payment, principal			$ 2,500
Debt instrument, date of first required payment			Sep. 01, 2024
Notes Payable, Other Payables | Senior Secured Promissory Note, August 2024 | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two
Debt Obligations
Debt instrument, periodic payment, installments, number | installment			1
Debt instrument, periodic payment, principal			$ 500
Notes Payable, Other Payables | Insurance Notes
Debt Obligations
Debt obligations, current				$ 281
Notes Payable, Other Payables | Insurance Notes, October 2024
Debt Obligations
Debt instrument, issuance date		Oct. 26, 2024
Debt instrument, face amount		$ 300
Debt instrument, frequency of periodic payment		eleven installments
Debt instrument, periodic payment, installments, number | installment		11
Debt instrument, periodic payment, principal		$ 24
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage (as a percent)		7.39%
Notes Payable, Other Payables | Insurance Notes, February 2025
Debt Obligations
Debt instrument, face amount	$ 400
Debt instrument, frequency of periodic payment	eleven installments
Debt instrument, periodic payment, installments, number | installment	11
Debt instrument, periodic payment, principal	$ 35
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage (as a percent)	7.39%

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Debt Obligations - Carrying Amount (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Debt Obligations
Bonds, net of unamortized issuance costs	$ 3,991	$ 3,952
Debt obligations, current	281	1,364
Total debt	4,272	5,316
Notes Payable, Other Payables | Senior Secured Promissory Note, August 2024
Debt Obligations
Debt obligations, current	0	$ 1,364
Notes Payable, Other Payables | Insurance Notes
Debt Obligations
Debt obligations, current	$ 281

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Debt Obligations - Classification (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Debt Obligations
Total debt	$ 4,272	$ 5,316
Less: current portion of debt obligations	(281)	(1,364)
Non-current portion of debt obligations	$ 3,991	$ 3,952

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Debt Obligations - Unamortized Issuance Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Debt Issuance Costs, Net
Debt issuance costs, net	$ 277	$ 316

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Capital Stock and Warrants - Temporary Equity (Details)	May 15, 2024 shares
Temporary equity
Temporary equity, shares outstanding (in shares)	0

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Capital Stock and Warrants - Preferred Stock (Details) - shares	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Aug. 16, 2024
Preferred stock
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	40,000,000	40,000,000	40,000,000

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Capital Stock and Warrants - Offerings - General Information (Details) $ in Millions	Nov. 21, 2024 USD ($)
Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants sold for cash, gross	$ 12.1

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Capital Stock and Warrants - Offerings - Equity (Details) - Shelf Registration, Public Offering, November 2024 Prospectus Supplement - Class A Common Stock	Nov. 21, 2024 $ / shares shares
Offerings
Shares issued (in shares) | shares	393,659
Sale of stock, price per share (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 10

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Capital Stock and Warrants - Offerings - Warrants (Details) - $ / shares	Nov. 21, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025	Jan. 06, 2025	Oct. 10, 2022
Class A Common Stock Warrants
Warrants
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)				1,138,446
Class A Common Stock Warrants, November 2024 Offering, Prefunded Warrants, No Expiry
Warrants
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)	816,341
Offering price (in dollars per share)	$ 9.999
Class A Common Stock Warrants, November 2024 Offering, Underwriter Warrants, 21 November 2029 Expiry
Warrants
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 18.29	$ 18.29
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)	36,300
Warrants, exercisable, overallotment option, period after agreement date	180 days
Warrants, term	5 years
Class A Common Stock Warrants, Vendor Warrants, The Washington Office, LLC
Warrants
Exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 0.001
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)		15,238
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by warrants or rights, exercisable, amount divided by thirty-day weighted-average trading price per share, monthly amount			15,000
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by warrants or rights, exercisable, amount divided by thirty-day weighted-average trading price per share, annual amount			100,000
Warrants, term			6 years

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Capital Stock and Warrants - Outstanding Warrants (Details) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2025	Jan. 06, 2025	Nov. 21, 2024
Class A Common Stock Warrants
Warrants
Number of warrants (in shares)	201,649
Class A Common Stock Warrants, Previously Series m-3 Preferred Stock, 31 December 2027 Expiry
Warrants
Number of warrants (in shares)	28,656
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 200
Class A Common Stock Warrants, Previously Series S Preferred Stock, 31 December 2027 Expiry
Warrants
Number of warrants (in shares)	121,455
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 93.87
Class A Common Stock Warrants, Vendor Warrants, The Washington Office, LLC
Warrants
Number of warrants (in shares)	15,238
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001
Warrants, term		6 years
Class A Common Stock Warrants, November 2024 Offering, Prefunded Warrants, No Expiry
Warrants
Exercise price (in dollars per share)			$ 0.001
Class A Common Stock Warrants, November 2024 Offering, Underwriter Warrants, 21 November 2029 Expiry
Warrants
Number of warrants (in shares)	36,300
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 18.29		$ 18.29
Warrants, term			5 years

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Capital Stock and Warrants - Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance (Details) - shares	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Common stock
Stock options to purchase common stock (in shares)	314,951	296,391
Total shares of Class A Common Stock reserved (in shares)	810,166
Employee Stock Option
Common stock
Stock options available for future issuance (in shares)	293,566	92,020
Class A Common Stock Warrants
Common stock
Warrants outstanding for future issuance of convertible common stock (in shares)	201,649

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Capital Stock and Warrants - At-the-Market Offering Program (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Aug. 08, 2025	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jul. 18, 2025	Apr. 04, 2025	Feb. 09, 2023
Offerings
Proceeds from equity sale, net of issuance costs		$ 10,274	$ 12,089
ATM Offering | Subsequent Event
Offerings
Sale of stock, offering amount, remaining to be sold	$ 44,200
ATM Offering | Class A Common Stock
Offerings
Shares issued (in shares)		1,779,720
Proceeds from equity sale, net of issuance costs		$ 10,300
Issuance costs		$ 300
ATM Offering | Class A Common Stock | Subsequent Event
Offerings
Shares issued (in shares)	2,750,030
Proceeds from equity sale, net of issuance costs	$ 19,700
ATM Offering, February 2023 Prospectus Supplement | Class A Common Stock
Offerings
Sale of stock, offering amount						$ 20,000
ATM Offering, April 2025 Prospectus Supplement
Offerings
Sale of stock, offering amount					$ 100,000
ATM Offering, July 2025 Prospectus Supplement | Class A Common Stock | Subsequent Event
Offerings
Sale of stock, offering amount				$ 50,000

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Stock-Based Compensation - Equity Incentive Plans (Details) - shares		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 23, 2022	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2016	Apr. 30, 2014
2014 Equity Incentive Plan
Stock-Based Compensation
Number of shares issuable under plan (in shares)					40,000
2016 Equity Incentive Plan
Stock-Based Compensation
Shares available for grant (in shares)				38,720
2022 Equity Incentive plan
Stock-Based Compensation
Number of shares issuable under plan (in shares)	100,000
Percentage of outstanding common stock considered for annual increase in authorized shares under the plan (as a percent)	5.00%
Employee Stock Option
Stock-Based Compensation
Shares available for grant (in shares)		293,566	92,020
Employee Stock Option | 2022 Equity Incentive plan
Stock-Based Compensation
Vesting period of options		4 years
Employee Stock Option | 2022 Equity Incentive plan | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One
Stock-Based Compensation
Maximum percentage of fair market value of stock options price (as a percent)		100.00%
Stock options term		10 years
Employee Stock Option | 2022 Equity Incentive plan | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two
Stock-Based Compensation
Maximum percentage of fair market value of stock options price (as a percent)		110.00%
Stock options term		5 years
Percentage of voting power held (as a percent)		10.00%

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Options - Shares Available for Grant (Details) - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024
Stock-Based Compensation
2022 Equity incentive plan increase (in shares)	220,106
Stock options granted (in shares)	(33,876)
Stock options exercised (in shares)	0	2,260
Stock options forfeited (in shares)	15,316
Employee Stock Option
Stock-Based Compensation
Shares available for grant (in shares)	293,566		92,020

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Options - Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024
Number of Shares Outstanding
Outstanding as of beginning of year (in shares)	296,391
Granted (in shares)	33,876
Exercised (in shares)	0	(2,260)
Forfeited (in shares)	(15,316)
Outstanding as of end of period (in shares)	314,951		296,391
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding as of beginning of year (in dollars per share)	$ 50.5
Granted (in dollars per share)	4.59
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	70.08
Outstanding as of end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 44.56		$ 50.5
Additional Information
Weighted average remaining contractual life, outstanding	7 years 9 months		7 years 11 months 19 days
Aggregate intrinsic value, outstanding			$ 26
Number of shares outstanding, vested and exercisable (in shares)	169,957
Weighted average exercise price, vested and exercisable (in dollars per share)	$ 61.66
Weighted average remaining contractual life, vested and exercisable	6 years 7 months 6 days

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Options - Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value of Options Granted (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025 $ / shares
Additional Information
Weighted average grant date fair value of options granted (in dollars per share)	$ 3

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Options - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Additional Information
Closing stock price (in dollars per share)	$ 4.94
Stock options exercised (in shares)	0	2,260
Fair value of the shares subject to stock options vested	$ 1.3	$ 0.3

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Options - Assumptions (Details) - Employee Stock Option	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Share-Based Compensation
Risk-free interest rate (as a percent)	4.03%	4.20%	4.11%	4.20%
Expected dividend yield (as a percent)	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Expected volatility (as a percent)	51.71%	54.30%	52.37%	54.35%
Expected term	6 years 1 month 6 days	5 years 9 months 18 days	6 years 1 month 6 days	5 years 8 months 12 days

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Stock-Based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 385	$ 269	$ 807	$ 603
Cost of Sales
Stock-Based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense	40	8	86	65
Research and Development Expense
Stock-Based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense	115	146	263	268
Sales and Marketing Expense
Stock-Based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense	22	32	43	80
General and Administrative Expense
Stock-Based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 208	$ 83	$ 415	$ 190

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Options - Unamortized Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Details) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025 USD ($)
Stock-Based Compensation
Unamortized stock-based compensation expense, options	$ 1.7
Employee Stock Option
Stock-Based Compensation
Vesting term	2 years

XML

Commitments and Contingencies - Leases - General Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Operating leases
Operating lease right-of-use-assets		$ 2,948	$ 407
Operating leases
Operating lease liabilities		$ 3,130	$ 412
Headquarters, Sunnyvale, California
Lessee, Operating Lease, Description
Lessee, operating lease, refundable lease deposit paid	$ 500
Lessee, operating lease, annual base rent	900
Operating leases
Operating lease right-of-use-assets	2,900
Operating leases
Operating lease liabilities	$ 2,900

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Commitments and Contingencies - Leases - Components of Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Operating leases
Operating lease right-of-use-assets	$ 2,948	$ 407
Operating leases
Operating lease liabilities, current portion	119	412
Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion	3,011
Total operating lease liabilities	$ 3,130	$ 412

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Commitments and Contingencies - Leases - Lease Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024
Operating lease costs
Operating lease costs	$ 500	$ 300	$ 675	$ 500	$ 989

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Commitments and Contingencies - Leases - Future Minimum Operating Lease Payments (Details) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025 USD ($)
Leases
2025 (remaining six months)	$ 120
2026	891
2027	999
2028	1,029
2029	1,060
2030	496
Total future minimum lease payments	$ 4,595

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Commitments and Contingencies - Leases - Gross Difference (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Leases
Total future minimum lease payments	$ 4,595
Less - Interest	(1,465)
Present value of lease liabilities	$ 3,130	$ 412

XML

Commitments and Contingencies - Leases - Additional Information (Details)	Jun. 30, 2025
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Weighted average remaining lease term	4 years 9 months 18 days
Operating lease, weighted average discount rate, percent (as a percent)	14.90%

XML

Commitments and Contingencies - Purchase Commitments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Sep. 13, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025
Purchase Commitments
Purchase commitment, monthly purchase amount	$ 40
Purchase commitment, total expenditure	$ 800
Purchase commitment, payments		$ 100
Unrecorded Unconditional Purchase Obligation, Category	us-gaap:InventoriesMember

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Commitments and Contingencies - Sales Tax Contingencies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Sales Tax Contingencies
Sales tax liability	$ 353	$ 378

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Segment Information (Details) - segment	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Segment Information
Number of reportable segments	1	1	1	1

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Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Aug. 08, 2025	Jun. 30, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024	Jul. 18, 2025	Apr. 04, 2025
Subsequent Events
Proceeds from equity sale, net of issuance costs		$ 10,274	$ 12,089
ATM Offering | Class A Common Stock
Subsequent Events
Shares issued (in shares)		1,779,720
Proceeds from equity sale, net of issuance costs		$ 10,300
ATM Offering, April 2025 Prospectus Supplement
Subsequent Events
Sale of stock, offering amount					$ 100,000
Subsequent Event
Subsequent Events
Cash	$ 24,200
Subsequent Event | ATM Offering
Subsequent Events
Sale of stock, offering amount, remaining to be sold	$ 44,200
Subsequent Event | ATM Offering | Class A Common Stock
Subsequent Events
Shares issued (in shares)	2,750,030
Proceeds from equity sale, net of issuance costs	$ 19,700
Subsequent Event | ATM Offering, July 2025 Prospectus Supplement | Class A Common Stock
Subsequent Events
Sale of stock, offering amount				$ 50,000