9. Stock Appreciation Rights, Deferred Compensation and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

The following table presents a summary of changes to the liabilities for stock appreciation rights, deferred compensation and redeemable noncontrolling interests for the three months ended July 31, 2018:


	Stock				Redeemable
	Appreciation		Deferred		Noncontrolling
	Rights		Compensation		Interests
	(in thousands)
Balance as of April 30, 2018	$	21,944	$	2,222	$	16,170
Amounts redeemed		—		(689)		(2,444)
Change in fair value		334		66		465
Balance as of July 31, 2018	$	22,278	$	1,599	$	14,191

Classified as current as of April 30, 2018	$	308	$	133	$	463
Classified as long-term as of April 30, 2018		21,636		2,089		15,707

Classified as current as of July 31, 2018	$	800	$	4	$	1,418
Classified as long-term as of July 31, 2018		21,478		1,595		12,773

Total expense related to these instruments was $0.9 million and $1.5 million during the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and was included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

Stock Appreciation Rights

Certain subsidiaries have granted stock appreciation rights to certain employees under which payments are dependent on the appreciation in the book value per share, adjusted for certain provisions, of the applicable subsidiary. Settlements of the awards can be made in a combination of cash or installment notes, generally paid over four years, upon a triggering event. As of July 31, 2018, all stock appreciation rights were vested.

Deferred Compensation

Subsidiaries’ stockholders have entered into other deferred compensation agreements that granted the stockholders a payment based on a percentage in excess of book value, adjusted for certain provisions, upon an occurrence as defined in the related agreements, which are called “Buy Sell” agreements. These instruments are redeemed in cash or installment notes, generally paid in annual installments over the five years following termination of employment.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests were issued to certain employees of the subsidiaries. All of the noncontrolling interest awards are subject to mandatory redemption on termination of employment for any reason. These instruments are redeemed in cash or installment notes, generally paid in annual installments over the five years following termination of employment. Liabilities related to these agreements are classified as share-based liability awards and are measured at intrinsic value. Intrinsic value is determined to be the stated redemption value of the shares. Under the terms of the employee agreements, the redemption value is determined based on the book value of the subsidiary, as adjusted for certain items.

Upon the termination of employment or other triggering events including death or disability of the noncontrolling stockholders in the Company’s subsidiaries, we are obligated to purchase, or redeem, the noncontrolling interests at either an agreed upon price or a formula value provided in the stockholder agreements. This formula value is typically based on the book value per share of the subsidiary’s equity, including certain adjustments.