15. Loss Per Share (“EPS”)

Basic loss per share is based on net loss attributable to the Company’s earnings and is calculated based upon the daily weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the periods presented. Also, this calculation includes fully vested stock and unit awards that have not yet been issued as common stock. Diluted EPS includes the above, plus unvested stock, unit or option awards granted and vested unexercised stock options, but only to the extent these instruments dilute earnings per share.

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, a total of approximately 8 million, 7 million and 6 million potentially dilutive shares were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share due to the Company recognizing a net loss for the period.

Basic and diluted loss per share follows (in millions, except share data):

	December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to the Company's stockholders	$	(52	)	$	(234	)	$	(502	)
Denominator:
Weighted average basic common shares outstanding		107,745,229			107,416,181			107,173,972
Effect of dilutive securities		—			—			—
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding		107,745,229			107,416,181			107,173,972
Loss per share attributable to the Company's stockholders:
Basic	$	(0.48	)	$	(2.18	)	$	(4.68	)
Diluted	$	(0.48	)	$	(2.18	)	$	(4.68	)

ASC Topic 260, “Earnings Per Share,” requires companies with unvested participating securities to utilize a two-class method for the computation of net income attributable to the Company per share. The two-class method requires a portion of net income attributable to the Company to be allocated to participating securities, which are unvested awards of share-based payments with non-forfeitable rights to receive dividends or dividend equivalents, if declared. Net losses are not allocated to nonvested shares in periods that the Company determines that those shares are not obligated to participate in losses.