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INCOME TAXES
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES
NOTE 19. INCOME TAXES
The following table displays our Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax, Income tax expense and Effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2023202220232022
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax$34,290 $(1,873,732)$37,240 $(1,940,847)
Income tax expense$10,279 $7,151 $16,052 $5,336 
Effective tax rate30.0 %(0.4)%43.1 %(0.3)%
The change in Income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the prior year periods primarily relate to an increase in accrued interest on uncertain tax positions, 2022 discrete tax benefit related to Canadian uncertain tax positions and changes in the geographic mix of pre-tax earnings.
As previously disclosed, the Company concluded that there was substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date of issuance of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Second-Quarter 2022 Form 10-Q. The Company considered this in determining that certain net deferred tax assets were no longer more likely than not realizable. As a result, an immaterial increase in valuation allowance on the Company’s net deferred tax assets was recorded in various jurisdictions during the second quarter of 2022.
The Company maintains a full valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets in the U.S., Luxembourg, Ireland and certain other foreign tax jurisdictions as of June 30, 2023. It is possible that within the next 12 months there may be sufficient positive evidence to release a portion or all of the valuation allowance. Release of these valuation allowances would result in a benefit to income tax expense for the period the release is recorded, which could have a material impact on net earnings. The timing and amount of the potential valuation allowance release are subject to significant management judgment and prospective earnings.
On June 3, 2020, in connection with the IRS’s examination of our U.S. income tax return for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 (2015 Return), we received an acknowledgement of facts (AoF) from the IRS related to transfer pricing positions taken by Endo U.S., Inc. and its subsidiaries (Endo U.S.). The AoF asserted that Endo U.S. overpaid for certain pharmaceutical products that it purchased from certain non-U.S. related parties and proposed a specific adjustment to our 2015 U.S. income tax return position. On September 4, 2020, we received a Form 5701 Notice of Proposed Adjustment (NOPA) that is consistent with the previously disclosed AoF. We believe that the terms of the subject transactions are consistent with comparable transactions for similarly situated unrelated parties, and we intend to contest the proposed adjustment. While the NOPA is not material to our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, the IRS could seek to apply its position to subsequent tax periods and propose similar adjustments. The aggregate impact of these adjustments, if sustained, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Although the timing of the outcome of this matter is uncertain, it is possible any final resolution of the matter could take a number of years.
In connection with the IRS’s examination of our 2015 Return, on December 31, 2020, the IRS issued a Technical Advice Memorandum (TAM) regarding the portion of our 2015 net operating loss (NOL) that we believe qualifies as a specified product liability loss (SLL). The TAM concurred in part with our positions on the 2015 Return but disagreed with our position that the AMS worthless stock loss qualifies as an SLL. In April 2021, we received draft NOPAs from the IRS consistent with the TAM. We continue to disagree with the IRS’s position and the draft NOPAs received and, if necessary, intend to contest any additional tax determined to be owed with respect to the NOPAs. However, if we were unsuccessful in contesting the IRS’s position, we have preliminarily estimated that we would have additional cash taxes payable to the IRS of between $70 million and $250 million excluding interest. We continue to discuss this position with the IRS and the actual amount that may be owed to the IRS if we are unsuccessful may be different than our preliminary estimate. Although the timing of the outcome of this matter is uncertain, it is possible any final resolution of the matter could take a number of years.
Bankruptcy-Related Developments
In connection with our ongoing bankruptcy proceedings, the IRS has filed multiple proofs of claim against several of the Debtors. The total amount of the initial claims filed by the IRS, which relate to tax years ended 2006 through 2014, 2016 through 2018 and 2020 through 2021, is approximately $18.7 billion. The IRS amended its proof of claims on May 30, 2023 and increased the total amount to approximately $20 billion. A number of the amended claims are in respect of the same proposed tax liability but are filed against multiple subsidiary members of our U.S. consolidated tax groups. After excluding the repetitive claims filed to different members of our U.S. consolidated tax groups, the amended net claims total approximately $4 billion (the IRS’s initial net claim amount was approximately $2.6 billion). In general, the claims primarily relate to the IRS’s challenges of our historic tax positions for certain intercompany arrangements, including the level of profit earned by our U.S. subsidiaries pursuant to such arrangements, and a product liability loss carryback claim. We disagree with the IRS’s amended claims and, if necessary, intend to contest any additional tax determined to be owed with respect to the claims.