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Income Taxes
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
(6) Income Taxes

The components of our income tax expense are as follows (in millions):
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20222021
Current income tax expense$(0.2)$(0.1)
Deferred income tax expense(3.0)(1.3)
Income tax expense$(3.2)$(1.4)

The following schedule reconciles income tax expense and the amount calculated by applying the statutory U.S. federal tax rate to income before non-controlling interest and income taxes (in millions):
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20222021
Expected income tax benefit (expense) based on federal statutory rate$(8.1)$2.4 
State income tax benefit (expense), net of federal benefit(1.1)0.2 
Unit-based compensation (1)(2.0)(2.5)
Change in valuation allowance7.1 (1.2)
Other0.9 (0.3)
Income tax expense$(3.2)$(1.4)
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(1)Related to book-to-tax differences recorded upon the vesting of restricted incentive units.

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The deferred tax liabilities, net of deferred tax assets, are included in “Deferred tax liability, net” in the consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2022, we had $140.5 million of deferred tax liabilities, net of $484.8 million of deferred tax assets, which included a $144.5 million valuation allowance. As of December 31, 2021, we had $137.5 million of deferred tax liabilities, net of $481.6 million of deferred tax assets, which included a $151.6 million valuation allowance.

A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets if all, or some portion, of such assets will more than likely not be realized. We have established a valuation allowance primarily related to federal and state tax operating loss carryforwards for which we do not believe a tax benefit is more likely than not to be realized. As of March 31, 2022, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will realize the benefits of the deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance.