UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

 or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from            to            

 Commission File No. 001-36483

 VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	47-1187261
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

221 Crescent Street, Suite 401, Waltham, MA 02453

(Address, including zip code, of principal executive offices)

 (617) 272-4600

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report): N/A

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share	VRDN	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ☒    No  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes   ☒    No  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐   No ☒

As of November 7, 2023, there were 52,586,039 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.

INDEX

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements	5
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	35
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	45
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	45
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	46
Item 1A. Risk Factors	46
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	84
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	85
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	85
Item 5. Other Information	85
Item 6. Exhibits	85

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Quarterly Report”) contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties for purposes of the safe harbor provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “expect,” “predict,” “potential,” “opportunity,” “goals,” or “should,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report, other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. You should not unduly rely on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. These risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

Actual results and performance could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including, without limitation, statements relating to:

•our future research and development activities, including clinical testing and the costs and timing thereof;

•our strategy, including clinical development of VRDN-001, VRDN-002, VRDN-003, VRDN-006, VRDN-008 and other product candidates, and the clinical and commercial potential of our product candidates, if approved;

•the sufficiency of our cash resources;

•our ability to raise additional funding when needed;

•any statements concerning anticipated regulatory activities or licensing or collaborative arrangements;

•our research and development and other expenses;

•our operations and legal risks;

•developments relating to our competitors and our industry, including competing product candidates and therapies;

•the impact of geopolitical or macroeconomic conditions, including from conflicts such as the ongoing military conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in Israel and surrounding areas, rising tensions between China and Taiwan and other political tensions, the potential impact of a U.S. government shutdown, slower GDP growth or recession, capital markets volatility, instability in the banking sector and inflation; and

•any statement of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing.

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. Actual results and performance could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of many factors. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, as described in greater detail in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and under a similar heading in any other periodic or current report we may file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) in the future. You are advised to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and our website. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and

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trends discussed in this Quarterly Report, may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement.

Unless otherwise mentioned or unless the context requires otherwise, all references in this Quarterly Report, to “Viridian,” “Viridian Therapeutics,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” or similar references refer to Viridian Therapeutics, Inc. and our consolidated subsidiaries.

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	111,597	$	155,579
Short-term investments	201,410		268,971
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	10,730		6,521
Unbilled revenue - related party	102		102
Total current assets	323,839		431,173
Property and equipment, net	1,800		1,326
Operating lease right-of-use asset	1,855		1,610
Other assets	1,263		982
Total assets	$	328,757	$	435,091
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	3,735	$	14,234
Accrued liabilities and other (related party $1,110 and $1,146 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)	19,224		18,827
Current portion of deferred revenue - related party	288		288
Total current liabilities	23,247		33,349
Long-term debt, net	20,000		4,645
Deferred revenue - related party	645		861
Other liabilities	1,289		1,172
Total liabilities	45,181		40,027
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, series A non-voting convertible preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 435,000 shares authorized; 172,435 and 188,381 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	78,235		85,470
Preferred stock, series B non-voting convertible preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 500,000 shares authorized; 51,210 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	56,677		56,677
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 43,700,989 and 41,305,947 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	437		414
Additional paid-in capital	807,339		741,067
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(64)		(390)
Accumulated deficit	(659,048)		(488,174)
Total stockholders’ equity	283,576		395,064
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	328,757	$	435,091

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenue:
Collaboration revenue - related party	$	72	$	1,195	$	242	$	1,667
Operating expenses:
Research and development (including related party expenses of $1,099 and $6,521 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $1,600 and $4,500 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively)	30,385		22,119		121,208		61,577
General and administrative	20,911		8,861		62,006		25,328
Total operating expenses	$	51,296	$	30,980	$	183,214	$	86,905
Loss from operations	(51,224)		(29,785)		(182,972)		(85,238)
Other income:
Interest and other income	4,164		1,044		13,029		1,467
Interest and other expense	(600)		(164)		(931)		(318)
Other income, net	3,564		880		12,098		1,149
Net loss	$	(47,660)	$	(28,905)	$	(170,874)	$	(84,089)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(1.09)	$	(0.86)	$	(3.97)	$	(2.88)
Weighted-average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share	43,654,577		33,742,076		43,057,658		29,238,247
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$	(47,660)	$	(28,905)	$	(170,874)	$	(84,089)
Other comprehensive gain (loss):
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on investments	109		137		326		(783)
Total other comprehensive gain (loss)	109		137		326		(783)
Total comprehensive loss	$	(47,551)	$	(28,768)	$	(170,548)	$	(84,872)

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands, except share data)

(unaudited)

	Preferred Stock						Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Series A			Series B
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2022	188,381	$	85,470	51,210	$	56,677	41,305,947	$	414	$	741,067	$	(390)	$	(488,174)	$	395,064
Issuance of common stock upon the conversion of convertible preferred stock	(15,946)	(7,235)		—	—		1,063,118	10		7,225		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock upon exercises of warrants	—	—		—	—		57,553	1		945		—		—		946
Issuance of common stock for exercises of stock options	—	—		—	—		612,846	6		6,932		—		—		6,938
Issuance of common stock for cash under employee stock purchase plan	—	—		—	—		15,854	—		320		—		—		320
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		15,216		—		—		15,216
Change in unrealized gain on investments	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		216		—		216
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(68,151)		(68,151)
Balance as of March 31, 2023	172,435	$	78,235	51,210	$	56,677	43,055,318	$	431	$	771,705	$	(174)	$	(556,325)	$	350,549
Issuance of common stock under license agreement	—	—		—	—		204,843	2		4,998		—		—		5,000
Issuance of common stock upon exercises of warrants	—	—		—	—		56,666	1		934		—		—		935
Issuance of common stock for exercises of stock options	—	—		—	—		245,381	2		2,131		—		—		2,133
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		12,302		—		—		12,302
Change in unrealized gain on investments	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		1		—		1
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(55,063)		(55,063)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	172,435	$	78,235	51,210	$	56,677	43,562,208	$	436	$	792,070	$	(173)	$	(611,388)	$	315,857
Issuance of common stock under license agreement	—	—		—	—		39,059	—		693		—		—		693
Issuance of common stock for exercises of stock options	—	—		—	—		84,360	1		710		—		—		711
Issuance of common stock for cash under employee stock purchase plan	—	—		—	—		15,362	—		260		—		—		260
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		13,606		—		—		13,606
Change in unrealized gain on investments	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		109		—		109
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(47,660)		(47,660)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	172,435	$	78,235	51,210	$	56,677	43,700,989	$	437	$	807,339	$	(64)	$	(659,048)	$	283,576

VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands, except share data)

(unaudited)

	Preferred Stock						Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Series A			Series B
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2021	260,437	$	118,164	23,126	$	15,669	23,924,004	$	239	$	412,101	$	(157)	$	(358,300)	$	187,716
Issuance of common stock upon the conversion of convertible preferred stock	(47,871)	(21,722)		—	—		3,191,555	33		21,689		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock for exercises of stock options	—	—		—	—		47,735	—		667		—		—		667
Issuance of common stock for cash under employee stock purchase plan	—	—		—	—		6,128	—		71		—		—		71
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		4,659		—		—		4,659
Change in unrealized loss on investments	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(778)		—		(778)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(25,693)		(25,693)
Balance as of March 31, 2022	212,566	$	96,442	23,126	$	15,669	27,169,422	$	272	$	439,187	$	(935)	$	(383,993)	$	166,642
Issuance of common stock upon the conversion of convertible preferred stock	(19,027)	(8,633)		—	—		1,268,528	13		8,620		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock for exercises of stock options	—	—		—	—		26,030	—		4		—		—		4
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		4,885		—		—		4,885
Change in unrealized loss on investments	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(142)		—		(142)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(29,491)		(29,491)
Balance as of June 30, 2022	193,539	$	87,809	23,126	$	15,669	28,463,980	$	285	$	452,696	$	(1,077)	$	(413,484)	$	141,898
Issuance of common stock upon the conversion of convertible preferred stock	(5,158)	(2,339)		—	—		343,882	2		2,337		—		—		—
Issuance of Series B preferred stock and common stock, 2022 offering, net of issuance costs	—	—		28,084	41,008		11,352,640	114		248,528		—		—		289,650
Issuance of common stock upon exercises of warrants	—	—		—	—		56,666	1		934		—		—		935
Issuance of common stock for exercises of stock options	—	—		—	—		20,291	—		237		—		—		237
Issuance of common stock for cash under employee stock purchase plan							6,896	—		112		—		—		112
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		4,943		—		—		4,943
Change in unrealized loss on investments	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		137		—		137
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(28,905)		(28,905)
Balance as of September 30, 2022	188,381	$	85,470	51,210	$	56,677	40,244,355	$	402	$	709,787	$	(940)	$	(442,389)	$	409,007

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(170,874)	$	(84,089)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Share-based compensation expense	41,124		14,487
Issuance of common stock under license agreement	5,693		—
Non-cash interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs	194		100
Depreciation and amortization	372		159
Accretion and amortization of premiums and discounts on available-for-sale securities	(8,423)		727
Non-cash lease expense	59		40
Net loss on extinguishment of debt	181		—
Fees paid directly to creditor related to extinguishment of debt	514		—
Other non-cash items	31		—
Amortization of issuance costs, 2021 ATM	—		75
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(4,489)		(2,622)
Unbilled revenue - related party	—		52
Deferred revenue - related party	(216)		(216)
Accounts payable	(10,524)		9,779
Accrued and other liabilities	188		1,712
Net cash used in operating activities	(146,170)		(59,796)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of short-term investments	(135,385)		(5,192)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of short-term investments	211,694		71,235
Purchase of property and equipment, net	(850)		(566)
Net cash provided by investing activities	75,459		65,477
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, pursuant to 2022 Public Offering	—		266,788
Payments of issuance costs associated with the sale of common stock	—		(18,146)
Proceeds from the issuance of Series B preferred stock	—		44,000
Payment of issuance costs associated with the sale of preferred stock	—		(2,992)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net of costs	15,000		4,554
Payment of debt extinguishment costs	(514)		—
Proceeds from the sale of common stock - warrants	1,881		935
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon the exercise of stock options	9,782		908
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock for cash under employee stock purchase plan	580		183
Net cash provided by financing activities	26,729		296,230
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(43,982)		301,911

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Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	155,579		42,299
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	111,597	$	344,210
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest	$	434	$	144
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Unpaid common and preferred stock issuance costs included in accrued liabilities	—		$	39
Purchases of property and equipment in accounts payable	$	25	$	44
Extinguishment of long-term debt	$	4,707	—
Issuance of long-term debt	$	5,000	—

See accompanying notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Viridian Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company” or “Viridian”), is a biopharmaceutical company focused on engineering and developing potential best-in-class medicines for patients with serious and rare diseases. The Company’s expertise in antibody discovery and engineering enables it to develop differentiated therapeutic candidates for previously validated drug targets in commercially established disease areas. The Company’s most advanced program, VRDN-001, is a differentiated monoclonal antibody targeting insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (“IGF-1R”), a clinically and commercially validated target for the treatment of thyroid eye disease (“TED”). In addition to its intravenously-administered VRDN-001 program, the Company is advancing three candidates for its subcutaneous (“SC”) strategy (VRDN-001 SC, VRDN-002 and VRDN-003). TED is a debilitating autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and fibrosis within the orbit of the eye which can cause proptosis, double vision, pain, and potential blindness. Patients with severe disease often require multiple remedial surgeries to the orbit, eye muscles and eyelids. In addition to developing therapies for TED, the Company is developing a portfolio of neonatal Fc receptor (“FcRn”) inhibitors, VRDN-006 and VRDN-008. FcRn inhibition has the potential to treat a broad array of autoimmune diseases, representing a significant commercial opportunity. VRDN-006 is a highly selective Fc fragment. VRDN-008 is a novel, first-in-class FcRn inhibitor that aims to pair immunoglobulin G (IgG) suppression with extended half-life technology.

Liquidity

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes the Company is a going concern and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from any uncertainty related to its ability to continue as a going concern. The Company has funded its operations to date principally through proceeds received from the sale of the Company’s common stock, its Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock, and other equity securities, debt financings, license fees, and reimbursements received under collaboration agreements. Since its inception and through September 30, 2023, the Company has generated an accumulated deficit of $659.0 million. The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future.

The Company has no products approved for commercial sale, has not generated any revenue from product sales, and cannot guarantee when or if it will generate any revenue from product sales. Substantially all of the Company’s operating losses resulted from expenses incurred in connection with its research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with its operations. The Company expects to incur significant expenses and operating losses for at least the next several years as it continues the development of, and seeks regulatory approval for, its product candidates. It is expected that operating losses will fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year due to timing of development programs and efforts to achieve regulatory approval.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company had approximately $313.0 million in cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. As of the issuance date of these condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company expects that its current resources will be sufficient to fund its operations for at least the next twelve months from the issuance of these financial statements.

The Company will continue to require additional capital in order to continue to finance its operations. The amount and timing of future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of the Company’s clinical development efforts, equity financings, entering into license and collaboration agreements, and issuing debt or other financing vehicles. The Company’s ability to secure additional capital is

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dependent upon a number of factors, some of which are outside of the Company’s control, including success in developing its drug product candidates and technology, operational performance, and market conditions, including those resulting from the current inflationary and broader macroeconomic environment.

Failure to raise capital as and when needed, on favorable terms or at all, would have a negative impact on the Company’s financial condition and its ability to develop its product candidates. Changing circumstances may cause the Company to consume capital significantly faster or slower than currently anticipated. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital or resources, it will be required to modify its operational plans. The estimates included herein are based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and the Company could exhaust its available financial resources sooner than currently anticipated.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”), for interim financial reporting and as required by Regulation S-X, Rule 10-01. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”), or the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals and revisions of estimates, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been included. Interim results for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023, or any other future period.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company’s subsidiaries have no employees or operations. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Management has determined that the Company operates in one segment, which is the business of developing and commercializing novel therapeutics. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 9, 2023. The Company’s management performed an evaluation of its activities through the date of filing of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and concluded that there are no subsequent events requiring disclosure, other than as disclosed.

Risk and Uncertainties – Global Economic Considerations

The global macroeconomic environment is uncertain, and could be negatively affected by, among other things, increased U.S. trade tariffs and trade disputes with other countries, instability in the global capital and credit markets, supply chain weaknesses, and instability in the geopolitical environment, including as a result of the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and in Israel and surrounding areas, rising tensions between China and Taiwan and other political tensions, the potential impact of a U.S. government shutdown, and lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such challenges have caused, and may continue to cause, recession fears, concerns regarding potential sanctions, rising interest rates, foreign exchange volatility and inflationary pressures. At this time, the Company is unable to quantify the potential effects of this economic instability on its future operations.

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Going Concern

At each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. The Company is required to make certain additional disclosures if it concludes substantial doubt exists and it is not alleviated by the Company’s plans or when its plans alleviate substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The Company’s evaluation entails, among other things, analyzing the results of the Company’s clinical development efforts, license and collaboration agreements as well as the entity’s current financial condition including conditional and unconditional obligations anticipated within a year, and related liquidity sources at the date the financial statements are issued. This is reflected in the Company’s prospective operating budgets and forecasts and compared to the current cash and cash equivalents balance.

Use of Estimates

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires it to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual for clinical trial costs and other outsourced research and development expenses, and the valuation of share-based awards. Although these estimates are based on the Company’s knowledge of current events and actions it may take in the future, actual results may ultimately differ from these estimates and assumptions.

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”).

The Company enters into collaboration agreements and certain other agreements that are within the scope of ASC 606, under which the Company licenses, may license, or grants an option to license rights to certain of the Company’s product candidates and performs research and development services in connection with such agreements. The terms of these agreements typically include payment of one or more of the following: non-refundable, up-front fees; reimbursement of research and development costs; developmental, clinical, regulatory, and commercial sales milestone payments; and royalties on net sales of licensed products.

In accordance with ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services.

To determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized, for agreements within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identification of the goods or services within the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct within the terms of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the identified performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.

The promised goods or services in the Company’s agreements typically consist of a license, or option to license, rights to the Company’s intellectual property or research and development services. Performance obligations are

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promises in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and are considered distinct when (i) the customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or together with other readily available resources and (ii) the promised good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. In assessing whether promised goods or services are distinct, the Company considers factors such as the stage of development of the underlying intellectual property, the capabilities of the customer to develop the intellectual property on its own or whether the required expertise is readily available, and whether the goods or services are integral or dependent to other goods or services in the contract.

The Company estimates the transaction price based on the amount expected to be received for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. The consideration may include fixed consideration or variable consideration. At the inception of each agreement that includes variable consideration, the Company evaluates the amount of potential payment and the likelihood that the payments will be received. The Company utilizes either the most likely amount method or expected value method to estimate the amount expected to be received based on which method best predicts the amount expected to be received. The amount of variable consideration that is included in the transaction price may be constrained and is included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period.

The Company’s contracts often include development and regulatory milestone payments that are assessed under the most likely amount method and constrained if it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would occur. Milestone payments that are not within the Company’s control or the licensee’s control, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. At the end of each reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of such development and clinical milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect collaboration and other research and development revenue in the period of adjustment.

For agreements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and where the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of the Company’s collaboration or strategic alliance agreements.

The Company allocates the transaction price based on the estimated standalone selling price. The Company must develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract. The Company utilizes key assumptions to determine the stand-alone selling price, which may include other comparable transactions, pricing considered in negotiating the transaction, and the estimated costs. Variable consideration is allocated specifically to one or more performance obligations in a contract when the terms of the variable consideration relate to the satisfaction of the performance obligation and the resulting amounts allocated are consistent with the amounts the Company would expect to receive for the satisfaction of each performance obligation.

The consideration allocated to each performance obligation is recognized as revenue when control is transferred for the related goods or services. For performance obligations which consist of licenses and other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

The Company receives payments from its customers based on billing schedules established in each contract. Up-front payments and fees are recorded as deferred revenue upon receipt or when due until the Company

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performs its obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred in performing research and development activities. The costs include employee-related expense including salaries, benefits, share-based compensation, restructuring charges, fees for acquiring and maintaining licenses under third-party license agreements, consulting fees, costs of research and development activities conducted by third parties on the Company’s behalf, costs to manufacture or have manufactured clinical trial materials, laboratory supplies, depreciation, and facilities and overhead costs. The Company records research and development expense in the period in which the Company receives or takes ownership of the applicable goods or when the applicable services are performed. In circumstances where amounts have been paid in excess of costs incurred, the Company records a prepaid expense.

The Company records up-front and milestone payments to acquire and retain contractual rights to licensed technology as research and development expenses when incurred if there is uncertainty in the Company receiving future economic benefit from the acquired contractual rights. The Company considers future economic benefits from acquired contractual rights to licensed technology to be uncertain until such a drug candidate is approved for sale by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) or when other significant risk factors are abated. Such up-front and milestone payments are reflected as cash used in operating activities within the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

Clinical Trial and Preclinical Study Accruals

The Company makes estimates of accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in its condensed consolidated financial statements based on certain facts and circumstances at that time. The Company’s accrued expenses for clinical trials and preclinical studies are based on estimates of costs incurred for services provided by clinical research organizations, manufacturing organizations, and other providers. Payments under the Company’s agreements with external service providers depend on a number of factors, such as site initiation, patient screening, enrollment, delivery of reports, and other events. In accruing for these activities, the Company obtains information from various sources and estimates the level of effort or expense allocated to each period. Adjustments to the Company’s research and development expenses may be necessary in future periods as its estimates change.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company issues stock-based awards to employees and non-employees in the form of stock options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”). The Company measures and recognizes share-based compensation expense for its stock-based awards granted to employees and non-employees based on the estimated grant date fair value in accordance with ASC Topic 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation” and determines the fair value of RSUs based on the fair value of its common stock. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options. The use of the Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the Company to make assumptions with respect to the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of the common stock consistent with the expected life of the option, risk-free interest rates and expected dividend yields of the common stock. The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense for awards with service-based conditions using the straight-line method over the requisite service period, net of any actual forfeitures.

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Cash and Cash Equivalents

All highly-liquid investments that have maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase are classified as cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are reported at cost, which approximates fair value due to the short maturities of these instruments.

Investments

The Company’s investments consist of highly-rated corporate and U.S. Treasury securities and have been classified as available-for-sale securities. Accordingly, these investments are recorded at their respective fair values, as determined based on quoted market prices. The Company may hold securities with stated maturities greater than one year. All available-for-sale securities are considered available to support current operations, and thus investments with maturities beyond one year are generally classified as current assets.

Unrealized gains and losses are reported as a component of stockholders’ equity until their disposition. Realized gains and losses are included as a component of other income (expense), net based on the specific identification method. The securities are subject to a periodic impairment review. An impairment charge would occur when a decline in the fair value of the investments below the cost basis is judged to be other-than-temporary.

Fair Value Measurements

Certain assets and liabilities are carried at fair value under U.S. GAAP. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable:

•Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 inputs utilizes observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices, for similar assets or liabilities, quoted market prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities.

•Level 3 inputs are unobservable data points for the asset or liability and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.

Certain of the Company’s financial instruments are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis but are recorded at amounts that approximate their fair value due to the short-term nature of their maturities, such as cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents, which include short-term investments that have maturities of less than three months. The Company maintains deposits in federally insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. The Company invests its excess cash primarily in deposits and money market funds held with one financial institution. The Company does not believe that it is subject to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships.

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Property and Equipment

The Company carries its property and equipment at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally three to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the life of the lease (including any renewal periods that are deemed to be reasonably assured) or the estimated useful life of the assets. Construction in progress is not depreciated until placed in service. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred and expenditures for major improvements are capitalized.

Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets and Liabilities

The Company determines if an arrangement is, or contains, a lease at contract inception and during modifications or renewal of existing leases. Operating lease assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company has recorded operating lease assets and liabilities pursuant to the guidance in Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), and subsequent amendments to the initial guidance: ASU No. 2017-13, ASU No. 2018-10, and ASU No. 2018-11 (collectively, “ASC 842”). These operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based upon the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The lease payments used to determine the Company’s operating lease assets may include lease incentives, stated rent increases, and escalation clauses and are recognized in the Company’s operating lease assets in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s operating leases are reflected in operating lease right-of-use asset and operating lease liability within accrued and other liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Short-term leases, defined as leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less at the commencement date, are excluded from this treatment and are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Refer to Note 6. Commitments and Contingencies - Lease Obligations for additional information related to the Company’s operating leases.

Debt and Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs and expenses paid by the Company to its lenders are presented on the consolidated balance sheet as a direct deduction from the related debt liability rather than capitalized as an asset in accordance with ASU No. 2015-03, Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. Debt issuance costs represent legal and other direct costs incurred in connection with the Company’s Term Loan (as defined in Note 5. Debt). These costs are amortized as a non-cash component of interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the loan.

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Convertible Preferred Stock

The Company records shares of non-voting convertible preferred stock at their respective fair values on the dates of issuance, net of issuance costs.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company assesses the carrying amount of its property and equipment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. No impairment charges were recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period without consideration of common stock equivalents. Since the Company was in a loss position for all periods presented, diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share for all periods, as the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding is antidilutive.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss is comprised of net loss and adjustments for the change in unrealized gains and losses on investments. Unrealized accumulated comprehensive gains or losses are reflected as a separate component in the condensed consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes by using an asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. A valuation allowance is recorded to the extent it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in operations in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company’s significant deferred tax assets are for net operating loss carryforwards, tax credits, accruals and reserves, and capitalized start-up costs. The Company has provided a valuation allowance for its entire net deferred tax assets since inception as, due to its history of operating losses, the Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that its deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company has no unrecognized tax benefits. The Company classifies interest and penalties arising from the underpayment of income taxes in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as general and administrative expenses. No such expenses have been recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Warrants

Upon the issuance of warrants to purchase shares of common stock, the Company evaluates the terms of the warrant issue to determine the appropriate accounting and classification of the warrant issue pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, FASB ASC Topic 505, Equity, FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, and classifies warrants for common stock as liabilities or equity. Warrants are classified as liabilities when the Company may be required

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to settle a warrant exercise in cash and classified as equity when the Company settles a warrant exercise in shares of its common stock.

Segment Information

The Company operates in one operating segment and, accordingly, no segment disclosures have been presented herein. All equipment, leasehold improvements, and other fixed assets are physically located within the United States and all agreements with the Company’s partners are denominated in U.S. dollars, except where noted.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements – To Be Adopted

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies that the Company adopts as of the specified effective date. The Company does not believe that the adoption of recently issued standards have or may have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

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3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Investments

The following table provides details regarding the Company’s short-term investments:

(in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
September 30, 2023
Money market funds	$	102,982	$	3	$	—	$	102,985
U.S. treasury securities	44,386		2		(20)		44,368
U.S. corporate paper and bonds	161,265		2		(51)		161,216
Total	$	308,633	$	7	$	(71)	$	308,569
December 31, 2022
Money market funds	$	137,903	$	—	$	—	$	137,903
U.S. treasury securities	85,578		123		(96)		85,605
U.S. corporate paper and bonds	199,350		1		(385)		198,966
International corporate bond holdings	2,009		—		(33)		1,976
Total	$	424,840	$	124	$	(514)	$	424,450

The money market funds above are included in cash and cash equivalents on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company considers the unrealized losses in its investment portfolio to be temporary in nature and not due to credit losses. The Company has the intent and ability to hold such investments until their recovery at fair value. The Company did not have any realized gains or losses in its available for sale securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The contractual maturity dates of all of the Company’s investments are all less than 24 months.

Fair Value Measurements

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

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(in thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs  (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
September 30, 2023
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	102,985	$	—	$	—	$	102,985
U.S. corporate paper and bonds	—		4,173		—		4,173
Short-term investments:
U.S. treasury securities	—		44,368		—		44,368
U.S. corporate paper and bonds	—		157,043		—		157,043
Total cash equivalents and short-term investments	$	102,985	$	205,584	$	—	$	308,569
December 31, 2022
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	137,903	$	—	$	—	$	137,903
U.S. corporate paper and bonds	—		17,576		—		17,576
Short-term investments:
U.S. treasury securities	—		85,605		—		85,605
U.S. corporate paper and bonds	—		181,390		—		181,390
International corporate bond holdings	—		1,976		—		1,976
Total cash equivalents and short-term investments	$	137,903	$	286,547	$	—	$	424,450

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4. ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND OTHER

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(in thousands)
Accrued outsourced clinical trials and preclinical studies	$	8,922	$	12,576
Accrued employee compensation and related taxes	7,645		4,772
Operating lease liability, short-term	821		613
Accrued legal fees and expenses	272		177
Accrued other professional service fees	397		392
Value of liability-classified stock purchase warrants	100		100
Accrued interest payable	149		39
Other accrued liabilities	918		158
Total accrued liabilities	$	19,224	$	18,827

5. DEBT

Loan and Security Agreement with Hercules Capital, Inc.

In April 2022, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Hercules Loan and Security Agreement”) among the Company, certain of its subsidiaries from time to time party thereto (together with the Company, collectively, the “Borrower”), Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”) and certain other lenders named therein (the “Lenders”). Under the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement, the Lenders provided the Company with access to a term loan with an aggregate principal amount of up to $75.0 million, in four tranches (collectively the “Term Loan”), consisting of (1) an initial tranche of $25.0 million, which was available to the Company through June 15, 2023; (2) a second tranche of $10.0 million, which became available after the achievement of a development milestone in August 2022, and which was available through June 15, 2023; (3) a third tranche of $15.0 million, subject to the achievement of certain regulatory milestones, available through March 15, 2024; and (4) a fourth tranche of $25.0 million, subject to approval by the Lenders’ investment committee(s), available through December 15, 2024. The milestones for the third tranche were not achieved prior to amendment of the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement in August 2023. The obligations of the Borrower under the Loan Agreement are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Borrower, excluding the Borrower’s intellectual property. The Term Loan has a maturity date of October 1, 2026.

Per the terms of the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement, the Company was originally obligated to make interest-only payments through April 1, 2024. However, upon the achievement of a development milestone in August 2022 the interest-only period was extended to October 1, 2024. If additional development milestones are met, the interest-only period will be further extended to April 1, 2025. The Borrower is required to repay the Term Loan amount in equal monthly installments of the principal amount and interest between the end of the interest-only period and the maturity date of October 1, 2026. In addition, the Borrower is required to pay an end-of-term fee equal to 6% of the principal amount of funded Term Loan advances at maturity, which are being accreted as additional interest expense over the term of the loan.

Upon signing the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement, the Company drew an initial principal amount of $5.0 million. The Company incurred debt issuance costs of $0.2 million in connection with the Term Loan.

In addition, in connection with the initial draw, the Company paid to the Lenders a facility fee of $0.1 million, as well as $0.1 million of other expenses incurred by the Lenders and reimbursed by the Company (“Lender

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Expenses”). The debt issuance costs and the Lender Expenses were being amortized as additional interest expense over the term of the loan.

The total cost of all items (cash interest, the amortization/accretion of the debt issuance costs and the end-of-term fee) is being recognized as interest expense using an effective interest rate of approximately 9.3%. The Company recorded interest expense of $0.4 million and $0.8 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $0.2 million and $0.3 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

In August 2023, the Company executed an amendment to the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement (the “Hercules Amendment”). Under the Hercules Amendment, the Lenders provided the Company access to an increased term loan with an aggregate principal amount of up to $150 million, in four tranches (collectively the “Amended Term Loan”), consisting of (1) an initial tranche of $50.0 million, $5.0 million of which was drawn at closing of the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement in April 2022, $15.0 million of which was drawn at closing of the Hercules Amendment in August 2023, $5.0 million of which is available through December 15, 2023, and $25.0 million of which is available from July 1, 2024 through December 15, 2024; (2) a second tranche of $20.0 million, subject to achievement of certain regulatory milestones, available through February 15, 2025; (3) a third tranche of $20.0 million, subject to achievement of certain regulatory milestones, available through March 31, 2025; and (4) a fourth tranche of $60.0 million subject to approval by the Lenders’ investment committee(s), available through June 15, 2025. The milestones for the second and third tranches have not yet been achieved. The obligations of the Borrower under the Hercules Amendment agreement are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Borrower, excluding the Borrower’s intellectual property. The Amended Term Loan has a maturity date of October 1, 2026.

The Amended Term Loan bears interest at a floating per annum rate equal to the greater of (i) 7.45% and (ii) 4.2% above the Prime Rate, provided that the Term Loan interest rate shall not exceed a per annum rate of 8.95%. Interest is payable monthly in arrears on the first day of each month. The interest rate as of September 30, 2023 was 8.95% based upon an increase in the prime rate in June 2022.

Per the terms of the Hercules Amendment, the Company is obligated to make interest-only payments through April 1, 2025. If certain development milestones are met, then the interest-only period will be extended to October 1, 2025. If additional development milestones are met, the interest-only period will be further extended to April 1, 2026. The Borrower is required to repay the Amended Term Loan amount in equal monthly installments of the principal amount and interest between the end of the interest-only period and the maturity date of October 1, 2026. In addition, the Borrower is required to pay an end-of-term fee equal to 6% of the principal amount of funded Amended Term Loan advances at maturity, which are being accreted as additional interest expense over the term of the loan.

Upon execution of the Hercules Amendment, the Company drew a principal amount of $15.0 million. The Hercules Amendment was determined to substantially alter the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement and therefore was accounted for as a debt extinguishment. The Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $0.2 million related to unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs as a component of other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The following table summarizes the impact of the Term Loan, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2023:

	September 30, 2023
	(in thousands)
Gross proceeds	$	20,000
Unamortized debt issuance costs	—
Carrying value	$	20,000

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Future principal payments, which exclude the end of term charge, in connection with the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement as of September 30, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Fiscal Year
2023 (remainder)	$	—
2024	—
2025	9,101
2026	10,899
Total	$	20,000

6. COLLABORATION AGREEMENTS

License Agreement with Zenas BioPharma

In October 2020, the Company became party to a license agreement with Zenas BioPharma (Cayman) Limited (“Zenas BioPharma”) to license technology comprising certain materials, patent rights, and know-how to Zenas BioPharma. Since February 2021, the Company has entered into several letter agreements with Zenas BioPharma pursuant to which the Company agreed to provide assistance to Zenas BioPharma with certain development activities, including manufacturing. In May 2022, the Company entered into a Manufacturing Development and Supply Agreement with Zenas BioPharma (the “Supply Agreement”) to manufacture and supply, or to have manufactured and supplied, clinical drug product for developmental purposes. The license agreement and subsequent letter agreements and supply agreement (collectively, the “Zenas Agreements”) were negotiated with a single commercial objective and are treated as a combined contract for accounting purposes. Under the terms of the Zenas Agreements, the Company granted Zenas BioPharma an exclusive license to develop, manufacture, and commercialize certain IGF-1R directed antibody products for non-oncology indications in the greater area of China.

As consideration for the Zenas Agreements, the transaction price included upfront non-cash consideration and variable consideration in the form of payment for the Company’s goods and services and milestone payments due upon the achievement of specified events. Under the Zenas Agreements, the Company can receive non-refundable milestone payments upon achieving specific milestone events during the contract term. Additionally, the Company may receive royalty payments based on a percentage of the annual net sales of any licensed products sold on a country-by-country basis in the greater area of China. The royalty percentage may vary based on different tiers of annual net sales of the licensed products made. Zenas BioPharma is obligated to make royalty payments to the Company for the royalty term in the Zenas Agreements.

The Zenas Agreements would qualify as a collaborative arrangement under the scope of Accounting Standards Codification, Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”). While this arrangement is in the scope of ASC 808, the Company applied ASC 606 to account for certain aspects of this arrangement. The Company applied ASC 606 for certain activities within the arrangement associated with the Company’s transfer of a good or service (i.e., a unit of account) that is part of the Company’s ongoing major or central operations. The Company allocated the transaction price based on the relative estimated standalone selling prices of each performance obligation or, in the case of certain variable consideration, to one or more performance obligations. Research and development activities are priced generally at cost. The Company’s license of goods and services to Zenas BioPharma during the contract term was determined to be a single performance obligation satisfied over time. The Company is recognizing the transaction price from the license agreement over the Company’s estimated period to complete its activities.

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At the inception of the arrangement, the Company evaluated whether the milestones were considered probable of being reached and estimated the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. As it was not probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, none of the associated milestone payments were included in the transaction price at contract inception. For the sales-based royalties included in the arrangement, the license was deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate. The Company will recognize royalty revenues at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 the Company recognized $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of collaboration revenue related to the Zenas Agreements. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $1.2 million and $1.7 million, respectively, of collaboration revenue related to the Zenas Agreements.

As of September 30, 2023, the Zenas Agreements are considered related party transactions because Fairmount Funds Management LLC (“Fairmount”) beneficially owns more than 5% of the Company’s common stock and is also a 5% or greater stockholder of Zenas BioPharma and has a seat on Zenas BioPharma’s board of directors.

Antibody and Discovery Option Agreement with Paragon Therapeutics, Inc.

In January 2022, the Company and Paragon Therapeutics, Inc. (“Paragon”) entered into an antibody and discovery option agreement (the “Paragon Agreement”) under which the Company and Paragon will cooperate to develop one or more antibodies. Under the terms of the Paragon Agreement, Paragon will perform certain development activities in accordance with an agreed upon research plan, and the Company will pay Paragon agreed upon development fees in exchange for Paragon’s commitment of the necessary personnel and resources to perform these activities. The Paragon Agreement stipulates a final deliverable to the Company comprising of a report summarizing the experiments and processes performed under the research plan (the “Final Deliverable”).

Additionally, Paragon agreed to grant the Company an option for an exclusive license to all of Paragon’s right, title and interest in and to certain antibody technology and the Final Deliverable, and a non-exclusive license to certain background intellectual property owned by Paragon solely to research, develop, make, use, sell, offer for sale and import of the licensed intellectual property and resulting products worldwide (each, an “Option” and together, the “Options”). Paragon also granted to the Company a limited, exclusive, royalty-free license, without the right to sublicense, to certain antibody technology and the Final Deliverable, and a non-exclusive, royalty-free license without the right to sublicense, under certain background intellectual property owned by Paragon, solely to evaluate the antibody technology and Option and for the purpose of allowing the Company to determine whether to exercise the Option with respect to certain programs. The Company may, at its sole discretion, exercise the Option with respect to specified programs at any time until the date that is 90 days after the Company’s receipt of the Final Deliverable the applicable program, or such longer period as agreed upon by the parties (“Option Period”) by delivering written notice of such exercise to Paragon. If the Company fails to exercise an Option prior to expiration of the applicable Option Period, such Option for such Program will terminate. In consideration for Paragon’s grant of the Options to the Company, the Company paid to Paragon a non-refundable, non-creditable one-time fee of $2.5 million, which was recorded as research and development expense during the three months ended March 31, 2022. In December 2022, the Company and Paragon entered into a first amendment to the Paragon Agreement, under which the Company obtained an additional limited license for the purpose of conducting certain activities. In consideration for the rights and licenses obtained under the first amendment, Viridian paid Paragon a non-refundable fee of $2.3 million (the “First Amendment Payment”), which was recorded as research and development expense during the three months ended December 31, 2022. The non-refundable upfront fee and the First Amendment Payment are separate from any development costs or cost advance paid or owing with respect to the specified program.

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During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded $1.1 million and $6.5 million, respectively, in research and development costs related to the Paragon Agreement. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded $1.6 million and $4.5 million, respectively, in research and development costs related to the Paragon Agreement.

As of September 30, 2023, the Paragon Agreement is considered a related party transaction because Fairmount beneficially owns more than 5% of the Company’s capital stock and has two seats on the Company’s board of directors, and beneficially owns more than 5% of Paragon, which is a joint venture between Fairmount and FairJourney Biologics, and has appointed the sole director on Paragon’s board of directors and has the contractual right to approve the appointment of any executive officers.

7. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

License Agreement with ImmunoGen, Inc.

In October 2020, the Company became party to a license agreement (the “ImmunoGen License Agreement”) with Immunogen, Inc. (“ImmunoGen”), under which the Company obtained an exclusive, sublicensable, worldwide license to certain patents and other intellectual property rights to develop, manufacture, and commercialize certain products for non-oncology and non-radiopharmaceutical indications. In consideration for rights granted by ImmunoGen, the Company is obligated to make certain future development milestone payments of up to $48.0 million upon the achievement of specified clinical and regulatory milestones. In December 2021, the Company paid a $2.5 million milestone payment to ImmunoGen upon the submission of an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application for VRDN-001 with the FDA. In May 2022, the Company paid a $3.0 million milestone payment to ImmunoGen related to the first patient dosed in the clinical trial for VRDN-001. In December 2022, the Company recorded $10.0 million as research and development expense related to a milestone owed to ImmunoGen related to the first patient dosed in a Pivotal Clinical Trial for VRDN-001, amount which was paid in January 2023 and which was included in accounts payable in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. Additionally, if the Company successfully commercializes any product candidate subject to the ImmunoGen License Agreement, it is responsible for royalty payments equal to a percentage in the mid-single digits of net sales and commercial milestone payments of up to $95.0 million. The Company is obligated to make any such royalty payments on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis from the first commercial sale of a specified product in each country until the later of (i) the expiration of the last patent claim subject to the ImmunoGen License Agreement in such country, (ii) the expiration of any applicable regulatory exclusivity obtained for each product in such country, or (iii) the 12th anniversary of the date of the first commercial sale of such product in such country.

License Agreements with Xencor, Inc.

In December 2020, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Xencor License Agreement”) with Xencor, under which Xencor granted the Company rights to an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable, non-transferable, royalty-bearing license to use specified Xencor technology for the research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization of therapeutic antibodies targeting IGF-1R indications. In consideration for rights granted by Xencor, the Company issued 322,407 shares of its common stock in December 2020. The shares were valued at $6.0 million and recorded as research and development expense in 2020. Under the terms of the Xencor License Agreement, the Company is obligated to make future development milestone payments of up to $30.0 million. Additionally, if the Company successfully commercializes any product candidate subject to the Xencor License Agreement, it is responsible for royalty payments equal to a percentage in the mid-single digits of net sales and commercial milestone payments of up to $25.0 million. The Company is obligated to make any such royalty payments on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis from the first commercial sale of products containing the licensed technology in each country until the later of (i) the expiration of the last patent claim subject to the Xencor License Agreement in such country, (ii) the expiration

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of any applicable regulatory exclusivity obtained, or (iii) the 12th anniversary of the date of the first commercial sale. This agreement was terminated on July 25, 2023.

In December 2021, the Company entered into a subsequent technology license agreement (the “2021 Xencor License Agreement”) with Xencor, Inc. (“Xencor”) for a non-exclusive license to certain antibody libraries developed by Xencor. Under the 2021 Xencor License Agreement, the Company received a one-year research license to review the antibodies and the right to select up to three antibodies for further development. In consideration for rights granted by Xencor, the Company issued 394,737 shares of its common stock to Xencor in December 2021. The shares were valued at $7.5 million and recorded as research and development expense during the year ended December 31, 2021. Under the terms of the 2021 Xencor License Agreement, if successful, for each licensed product, the Company would be obligated to make future milestone payments of up to $27.8 million, which includes development milestone payments of up to $4.8 million, special milestone payments of up to $3.0 million, and commercial milestone payments of up to $20.0 million. Additionally, for each licensed product that the Company successfully commercializes, it would be responsible for royalty payments equal to a percentage in the mid-single digits of net sales. This agreement was terminated on September 7, 2023.

Development and License Agreement with Enable Injections

In January 2023, the Company entered into a Development and License Agreement (the “Enable License Agreement”) with Enable Injections, Inc. (“Enable”), under which Enable granted the Company an exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable, non-transferrable license to (i) develop, commercialize, seek marketing approval for and otherwise use and exploit certain products, and (ii) make and have made such product solely for such permitted uses. Pursuant to the terms of the Enable License Agreement, Viridian granted Enable a non-exclusive, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-transferable license. In consideration for the rights granted by Enable the Company paid Enable an initial, non-creditable, non-refundable license fee of $15.0 million in January 2023. This amount is included in research and development expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement operations. This amount is reflected as a cash outflow from operating activities in the statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The Company is obligated to make certain future milestone payments of up to $45.0 million upon the achievement of specified development, clinical and regulatory milestones. Additionally, if the Company is successful in commercializing any product candidate subject to the Enable License Agreement, the Company is obligated to make certain commercial milestone payments of up to $150.0 million and royalty payments equal to a percentage in the mid-single digits.

Exclusive License and Collaboration Agreement

On May 11, 2023, the Company and a third-party collaborator entered into an Exclusive License and Collaboration Agreement to collaborate and conduct certain IND-enabling activities with respect to the licensed compound and licensed product. Under the terms of the agreement, Viridian was granted an exclusive, royalty-bearing, worldwide license to develop, manufacture, and commercialize certain licensed compounds and licensed products in the field (the “License”). In consideration for the rights granted by the License, the Company initially issued 204,843 shares of its common stock to certain stockholders of the third-party. The shares were valued at $5.0 million and recorded as research and development expense during the three months ended June 30, 2023. On July 24, 2023, the Company issued 39,059 additional shares of its common stock to certain stockholders of the third-party and recorded the related $0.7 million expense as research and development expenses during three months ended September 30, 2023. Additionally, upon the date when the Company decides to pursue certain studies for the licensed compound under the agreement, the Company shall issue the third-party collaborator the equivalent of $10.0 million in shares of its common stock. The Company is also obligated to make certain future milestones of up to $45.0 million upon the achievement of certain

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development milestones. Remaining development milestone payments shall be payable in cash. If the Company is successful in commercializing products related to the licensed compound, the Company is also obligated to pay up to $60.0 million upon the achievement of certain sales milestones as well as royalty payments equal to a percentage in the mid-single to double digits.

Lease Obligations

Colorado-based Office and Lab Space

The Company is party to a multi-year, non-cancelable lease agreement for its Colorado-based office and lab space (the “Colorado Lease”). The lease agreement includes rent escalation clauses through the lease term and a Company option to extend the lease term for up to three terms of three years each. Minimum base lease payments under the Colorado Lease, including the impact of tenant improvement allowances, are recognized on a straight-line basis over the full term of the lease. The lease term was amended in March 2021 to extend the lease maturity date to December 31, 2024. Upon adoption of ASC 842 and upon subsequent modification of the lease in 2020 and in March 2021, the Company recognized a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability for the lease agreement of approximately $1.6 million by calculating the present value of lease payments, discounted at 6%, the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate, over the 12 months expected remaining term.

Massachusetts-based Office Space

The Company is party to a multi-year, non-cancelable lease agreement for its Massachusetts-based office space (as subsequently amended in July 2021, April 2022 and July 2022, the “Massachusetts Lease”). The Massachusetts Lease includes rent escalation clauses throughout the lease term. Minimum base lease payments under the Massachusetts Lease are recognized on a straight-line basis over the full term of the Massachusetts Lease. Upon initial assumption of the Massachusetts Lease in October 2020, the Company recognized a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability of $0.1 million by calculating the present value of lease payments, discounted at 6%, the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate, over the expected remaining term. The Massachusetts Lease provides for annual base rent of approximately $0.4 million during the lease term. The Company is also obligated to pay the landlord certain costs, taxes and operating expenses. The Lease will expire in April 2027. The Company has the option to extend the lease term for an additional period of three years upon notice to the landlord.

Future lease payments under noncancellable leases as of September 30, 2023 are as follows:

	(in thousands)
2023 (remainder)	$	235
2024	962
2025	464
2026	474
2027	159
Total future minimum lease payments	2,294
Less: imputed interest	(266)
Total	$	2,028

As of September 30, 2023, the Company’s operating lease obligations were reflected as short-term operating lease liabilities of $0.8 million within accrued liabilities and $1.2 million of long-term lease obligations as other liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Amortization of the operating lease right-

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of-use assets, and corresponding reduction of operating lease obligations, amounted to $0.2 million and $0.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, which was included in operating expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Amortization of the operating lease right-of-use assets, and corresponding reduction of operating lease obligations, amounted to $0.1 million and $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

The Company is also required to pay for certain costs, taxes, and operating expenses related to both the Colorado and Massachusetts Leases, which were $0.1 million for $0.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The operating expenses are incurred separately and were not included in the present value of lease payments.

8. CAPITAL STOCK

Common Stock

Under the Company’s second restated certificate of incorporation, the Company is authorized to issue 205,000,000 shares of its stock, of which 200,000,000 shares have been designated as common stock and 5,000,000 shares have been designated as Preferred Stock, both with a par value of $0.01 per share. The number of authorized shares of common stock may be increased or decreased by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the Company’s stock who are entitled to vote. Each share of common stock is entitled to one vote. The holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends when and as declared or paid by its board of directors.

Public Offerings

In August 2022, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “2022 Underwriting Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), SVB Securities LLC and Evercore Group L.L.C. (“Evercore”) relating to the offer and sale (the “2022 Offering”) of 11,352,640 shares of the Company’s common stock, which includes 1,725,000 shares of common stock issued in connection with the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares at a public offering price of $23.50 per share, and 28,084 shares of Series B Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, at a public offering price of $1,566.745 per share (collectively the “2022 Public Offering”). The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the 2022 Public Offering, including the exercise of the option were approximately $311.0 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable by the Company.

Common Stock Sales Agreements - Jefferies LLC

In September 2022, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale AgreementSM (the “September 2022 ATM Agreement”) with Jefferies, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $175.0 million from time to time at prices and on terms to be determined by market conditions at the time of offering, with Jefferies acting as its sales agent. Jefferies will receive a commission of 3.0% of the gross proceeds of any shares of common stock sold under the September 2022 ATM Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold 964,357 shares under the September 2022 ATM Agreement with Jefferies at a weighted average price of $26.01 per share, for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $24.2 million, including commissions to Jefferies as a sales agent. There were no sales under the September 2022 ATM Agreement during the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Common Stock Purchase Agreement - Aspire Capital Fund, LLC

In December 2019, the Company entered into a common stock purchase agreement (the “Aspire Stock Purchase Agreement”), with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC (“Aspire Capital”), which provides that, subject to the terms,

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conditions, and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $20.0 million of shares of common stock over the 30-month term of the Aspire Stock Purchase Agreement.

Through December 31, 2020, the Company sold 412,187 shares of common stock to Aspire Capital at a weighted-average price of $21.35 per share for aggregate net proceeds of $8.8 million. The Company did not sell any shares to Aspire Capital during the year ended December 31, 2022 or during the three months ended September 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has the ability to sell an additional $10.2 million of shares of common stock to Aspire Capital. Under the Aspire Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right, in its sole discretion, on any trading day selected by it, and within certain specified limitations, to present Aspire Capital with a purchase notice, directing Aspire Capital (as principal) to purchase up to 13,333 shares of common stock per business day at a per share price equal to the lesser of (i) the lowest sale price of common stock on the purchase date or (ii) the average of the three lowest closing sale prices for the common stock during the 10 consecutive business days ending on the business day immediately preceding the purchase date. The Company also has the right to require Aspire Capital to purchase up to an additional 30% of the trading volume of the shares for the next business day at a purchase price (the “VWAP Purchase Price”), equal to the lesser of: (i) the closing sale price of the shares on the purchase date, or (ii) ninety-seven percent (97%) of the next business day’s volume weighted average-price (each such purchase, a “VWAP Purchase”). The Company shall have the right, in its sole discretion, to determine a maximum number of shares and set a minimum market price threshold for each VWAP Purchase. The Company can only require a VWAP Purchase if the Company has also submitted a regular purchase on the notice date for the VWAP Purchase. There are no limits on the number of VWAP purchases that the Company may require.

The Aspire Stock Purchase Agreement may be terminated by the Company at any time, at the Company’s discretion, without any cost to the Company. There are no limitations on use of proceeds, financial or business covenants, restrictions on future financings, rights of first refusal, participation rights, penalties, or liquidated damages in the Aspire Stock Purchase Agreement.

Preferred Stock

Under the Company’s second restated certificate of incorporation, the Company’s board of directors has the authority to designate and issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, at its discretion, in one or more classes or series and to fix the powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications, limitations, or restrictions thereof, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, and liquidation preferences, without further vote or action by the Company’s stockholders.

Series A Preferred Stock

Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends on shares of Series A Preferred Stock equal, on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis, and in the same form as dividends actually paid on shares of the common stock. Except as otherwise required by law, the Series A Preferred Stock does not have voting rights. However, as long as any shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, the Company will not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock, (i) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series A Preferred Stock, (ii) alter or amend the Certificate of Designation, (iii) amend its certificate of incorporation or other charter documents in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of Series A Preferred Stock, (iv) increase the number of authorized shares of Series A Preferred Stock, (v) at any time while at least 30% of the originally issued Series A Preferred Stock remains issued and outstanding, consummate a Fundamental Transaction (as defined in the Certificate of Designation) or (vi) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing. The Series A Preferred Stock does not have a preference upon any liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of the Company. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into 66.67 shares of common stock at any time at the option of the holder thereof, subject to certain limitations, including that a holder of Series A Preferred Stock is prohibited from converting shares of Series A Preferred Stock into shares of

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common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than a specified percentage (to be established by the holder between 4.99% and 19.99%) of the total number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were 172,435 and 188,381 shares of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, 15,946 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were converted into 1,063,118 shares of common stock.

Series B Preferred Stock

Each share of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible into 66.67 shares of common stock, subject to certain limitations, including that a holder of Series B Preferred Stock is prohibited from converting shares of Series B Preferred Stock into shares of common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than a specified percentage (to be established by the holder between 4.9% and 19.9%) of the total number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion. The powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations, and restrictions applicable to the Series B Preferred Stock are set forth in the Certificate of Designation filed in connection with the Offering.

Holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends on shares of Series B Preferred Stock equal, on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis, and in the same form as dividends actually paid on shares of the common stock. Except as otherwise required by law, the Series B Preferred Stock does not have voting rights. However, as long as any shares of Series B Preferred Stock are outstanding, the Company will not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock, (i) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series B Preferred Stock, (ii) alter or amend the Certificate of Designation, or (iii) amend its certificate of incorporation or other charter documents in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of Series B Preferred Stock. The Series B Preferred Stock does not have a preference upon any liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of the Company. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were 51,210 shares of Series B Preferred Stock outstanding, respectively. No shares of Series B Preferred Stock were converted into common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

9. WARRANTS

The following table presents information about the Company’s outstanding warrants:

	Number of Underlying Shares (1)		Weighted-Average Exercise Price at September 30, 2023	Remaining Contractual Life at September 30, 2023
	September 30, 2023	December 31, 2022
Liability-classified warrants
Issued April 2017	781	781	$127.95	1.58
Equity-classified warrants
Acquired October 2020	29,446	29,446	$0.02	6.99
Issued February 2020 (2)	218,050	332,130	$14.44	1.37
Issued November 2017	1,606	1,606	$0.69	1.13
Subtotal	249,102	363,182	$15.15
Total warrants	249,883	363,963	$15.51

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____________________

(1)If the Company subdivides (by any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization, or otherwise) its outstanding shares of its common stock into a smaller number of shares, the warrant exercise price is proportionately reduced and the number of shares under outstanding warrants is proportionately increased. Additionally, if the Company combines (by combination, reverse stock split, or otherwise) its outstanding shares of common stock into a smaller number of shares, the warrant exercise price is proportionately increased and the number of shares under outstanding warrants is proportionately decreased.

(2)Subject to specified conditions, the Company may voluntarily reduce the warrant exercise price of the warrants issued in February 2020.

A summary of the Company’s warrant activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is as follows:

	Common Stock Warrants
	Number	Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	363,963	$	15.82
Exercised(1)	(114,080)	$	16.50
Outstanding at September 30, 2023	249,883	$	15.51
(1)Includes 139 warrants that were surrendered in cashless exercises

10. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Equity Incentive Plans

The Company has grants outstanding under its 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2008 Plan”), its amended and restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (as amended, the “2016 Plan”), and the Viridian 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan” and collectively with the 2008 Plan and the 2016 Plan, the “Equity Incentive Plans”). Additionally, beginning in July 2021, the Company granted stock options and RSUs outside of its Equity Incentive Plans to certain employees to induce them to accept employment with the Company (the “Inducement Awards”). The terms and conditions of the Inducement Awards are substantially similar to those awards granted under the Company’s Equity Incentive Plans.

In June 2022, the Company’s stockholders approved the amendment and restatement of the 2016 Plan to, among other things, transfer the number of shares that remained available for issuance under the 2020 Plan into the 2016 Plan so that the Company operates from a single equity plan going forward. In June 2023, the Company’s stockholders approved a further amendment and restatement of the 2016 Plan to, among other things, increase the number of shares reserved for issuance thereunder by 2,000,000 shares. The 2016 Plan will terminate on June 14, 2033.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company had the following balances by plan:

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	Restricted Stock Units Outstanding	Stock Options Outstanding	Shares Available for Issuance
Inducement Awards	250,000	3,719,757	—
2020 Plan	—	483,927	—
2016 Plan	88,875	4,057,422	4,576,697
2008 Plan	—	155	—
Total	338,875	8,261,261	4,576,697

Stock Options

Options granted under the Equity Incentive Plans and the Inducement Awards have an exercise price equal to the market value of the common stock at the date of grant and expire 10 years from the date of grant. Generally, options vest 25% on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date and 75% ratably in equal monthly installments over the remaining 36 months. The Company has also granted options that vest in equal monthly or quarterly amounts over periods up to 48 months.

A summary of common stock option activity is as follows:

	Number of Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price	Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	5,722,449	$17.23	8.64	$	68,977
Granted	4,600,250	$31.07
Exercised	(942,587)	$10.38
Forfeited or expired	(1,118,851)	$21.40
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	8,261,261	$25.15	8.31	$	4,004
Vested and expected to vest as of September 30, 2023	8,261,261	$25.15	8.31	$	4,004
Exercisable as of September 30, 2023	2,490,556	$20.09	6.41	$	2,168
Vested as of September 30, 2023	2,490,556	$20.09	6.41	$	2,168

Fair Value Assumptions

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options granted under its equity compensation plans. The Black-Scholes model requires inputs for risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, volatility, and expected lives of the options. Because the Company has a limited history of stock purchase and sale activity, expected volatility is based on a blend of historical data from public companies that are similar to the Company in size and nature of operations, as well as the Company’s own volatility. The Company will continue to use similar entity volatility information until its historical volatility is relevant to measure expected volatility for option grants. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of each option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant for a period commensurate with the expected term of the grant. The expected term (without regard to forfeitures) for options granted represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding and is derived from the contractual terms of the options granted, and actual and expected option-

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exercise behaviors. The fair value of the underlying common stock is based on the closing price of the common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market at the date of grant.

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $23.19 and $11.92, respectively. The fair value was determined by the Black-Scholes option pricing model using the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023	2022
Expected term, in years	5.57	5.81
Expected volatility	90.8%	88.1%
Risk-free interest rate	3.8%	2.3%
Expected dividend yield	—%	—%
Weighted average exercise price	$31.07	$16.35

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) allows qualified employees to purchase shares of common stock at a price equal to 85% of the lower of: (i) the closing price at the beginning of the offering period or (ii) the closing price at the end of the offering period. New six-month offering periods begin each August 22 and February 22. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had 691,384 shares available for issuance, and 58,290 cumulative shares had been issued under the ESPP.

Share-Based Compensation Expense

Share-based compensation related to all equity awards issued pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plans and the Inducement Plan, and for shares to be issued under the ESPP for the purchase periods active during each respective period is included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Research and development	$	4,003	$	1,884	$	11,671	$	5,220
General and administrative	9,603		3,059		29,453		9,267
Total share-based compensation expense	$	13,606	$	4,943	$	41,124	$	14,487

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded an additional $7.5 million in share-based compensation related to the acceleration of vesting for its former Chief Executive Officer, amount which includes $1.6 million related to the modification of the terms of options outstanding at the time of termination which would have otherwise forfeited. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded an additional $1.2 million in share-based compensation related to the acceleration of vesting for its former Chief Financial Officer.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company had $106.7 million of total unrecognized share-based compensation costs related to stock options, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average remaining period of 3.11 years. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had $10.1 million of total unrecognized share-based compensation costs related to unvested RSUs, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average remaining period of 3.35 years.

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11. NET LOSS PER SHARE

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common stock outstanding. Diluted net loss per share is computed similarly to basic net loss per share except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if the potential shares of common stock had been issued and if the additional shares of common stock were dilutive. Diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share of common stock, as the effects of potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive.

Potentially dilutive securities include the following:

	September 30,
	2023	2022
Series A Preferred Stock (as converted to shares of common stock)	11,496,241	12,559,361
Series B Preferred Stock (as converted to shares of common stock)	3,414,171	3,414,170
Options to purchase common stock	8,261,261	5,433,211
Warrants to purchase common stock	249,883	363,963
Restricted stock units	338,875	—
Total	23,760,431	21,770,705

12. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Private Placements

In November 2023, the Company issued and sold in private placement transactions an aggregate of 8,869,797 shares of the Company’s common stock at a price per share of $12.38 and 92,312 shares of the Company’s Series B non-voting convertible preferred stock at a price per share of $825.3746, pursuant to securities purchase agreements with certain institutional and accredited investors. The Company received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $186.0 million, before deducting offering expenses payable by the Company.

License Agreement with Paragon Therapeutics, Inc.

On October 30, 2023, the Company entered into a License Agreement with Paragon Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Paragon License Agreement”) as a result of exercising its Option under the Paragon Agreement to obtain exclusive licenses to develop, manufacture and commercialize certain antibodies and associated products. In connection with the execution of the Paragon License Agreement, the Company is obligated to make an initial payment of $5.3 million. In consideration for rights granted by Paragon, the Company is obligated to make certain future development milestone payments of up to $16.0 million on a program-by-program basis upon the achievement of specified clinical and regulatory milestones. Additionally, if the Company successfully commercializes any product candidate subject to the Paragon License Agreement, it is responsible for royalty payments equal to a percentage in the mid-single digits of net sales.

Separation Agreement with President and Chief Executive Officer

On October 29, 2023, the Company entered into a Separation and Release Agreement (the “Separation Agreement”) with the former Chief Executive Officer. Under the terms of the Separation Agreement, the Company incurred severance costs totaling $14.6 million, including $13.5 million of incremental share-based compensation related to the acceleration of stock options and restricted stock units.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report and our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2023 (“2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K”). This discussion and other parts of this report contain forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties, such as our plans, objectives, expectations, intentions, and beliefs. See “Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks, and assumptions associated with these statements. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

Overview and Recent Developments

We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing potential best-in-class medicines for serious and rare diseases. We target under-competitive disease areas where marketed therapies often leave room for improvements in efficacy, safety, and/or dosing convenience. We believe that first-generation medicines rarely represent optimal solutions, especially in rare disease areas, and that there is potential to develop differentiated, best-in-class medicines that could lead to improved patient outcomes, reduced side effects, improved quality of life, expanded market access, and augmented market competition. Our business model is designed to identify and evaluate product opportunities in disease areas where trial data establishes proof-of-concept for a drug target in the clinic, but the competitive evolution of the product life cycle management and number of entrants appears incomplete. We intend to prioritize indications where a fast-follower and a potentially differentiated drug candidate, or overall product profile, could create significant medical benefit for patients. We are engineering medicines to address unmet medical needs for patients and further advance drug innovation.

Our most advanced program, VRDN-001, is a differentiated humanized monoclonal antibody targeting of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (“IGF-1R”). VRDN-001 is being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of thyroid eye disease (“TED”). In July 2023, we reported positive data from the Phase 2 portion of the ongoing Phase 1/2 clinical trial of VRDN-001 in patients with chronic TED, which we believe established clinical proof-of-concept for VRDN-001 in patients with chronic TED. VRDN-001 previously established clinical proof-of-concept in patients with active TED following positive data from multiple Phase 1/2 trial cohorts in late 2022 and early 2023. The THRIVE Phase 3 trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of VRDN-001 in patients with active TED remains ongoing, with topline results expected in mid-2024. The THRIVE-2 Phase 3 trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of VRDN-001 in patients with chronic TED was initiated in the third quarter of 2023, with topline results expected by year-end 2024.

We are also advancing VRDN-001, VRDN-002, and VRDN-003 as subcutaneous (“SC”) program candidates, each with the potential to be developed into a convenient, SC, self-administered pen device. VRDN-001 intravenous (“IV”) low-dose data support its potential as a SC candidate. VRDN-002 is a novel anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibody incorporating half-life extension technology. VRDN-003 is an anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibody with the same amino acid sequence as VRDN-001, except for the addition of the half-life extension technology that is incorporated in VRDN-002.

We expect preliminary data from the ongoing Phase 1 trials evaluating IV and SC cohorts of VRDN-001, VRDN-002, and VRDN-003 in healthy volunteers in the fourth quarter of 2023.

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We expect to outline SC development program strategy based on the preclinical and clinical data available across all three programs by year-end 2023, and plan to advance the selected SC program into subsequent clinical trials in the middle of 2024. We believe that the differentiated mechanism of action for VRDN-003 and VRDN-001 SC acting as full-antagonists of IGF-1R have the highest potential to bring the best SC product profile to patients in the long term. In October 2023, we entered into a subcutaneous autoinjector supply agreement with Ypsomed to support development of convenient subcutaneous therapies for the treatment of TED.

We are also developing a portfolio of engineered FcRn inhibitors, VRDN-006 and VRDN-008. FcRn inhibitors have the potential to treat a broad array of autoimmune diseases, representing a significant commercial market opportunity. Our multi-pronged engineering approach has resulted in a portfolio of FcRn-targeting molecules that leverage the clinically and commercially validated mechanism of FcRn inhibition while potentially addressing the limitations of current agents such as incomplete immunoglobulin G (“IgG”) suppression and needed improvements in safety.

VRDN-006 is a FcRn-targeting Fc fragment, and in non-human primate studies, demonstrated specificity for blocking FcRn-IgG interactions while showing no increases in albumin or low-density lipoprotein (“LDL”) levels. In head-to-head non-human primate studies, VRDN-006 demonstrated comparable potency and IgG lowering to efgartigimod, the current standard of care in FcRn inhibition, as well as a similar safety profile. We plan to file an investigational new drug application for VRDN-006 by year end 2024 and expect healthy volunteer data for VRDN-006 in the second half of 2025. VRDN-008 is a novel, first-in-class FcRn inhibitor that aims to pair IgG suppression with extended half-life technology, potentially enabling deeper and more durable suppression than existing anti-FcRn therapies. Both molecules are designed to be convenient, self-administered, SC products. The company plans to share additional details about our FcRn portfolio in 2024.

We are also developing multiple preclinical assets in severe autoimmune and rare diseases.

Global Economic Considerations

The global macroeconomic environment is uncertain, and could be negatively affected by, among other things, increased U.S. trade tariffs and trade disputes with other countries, instability in the global capital and credit markets, supply chain weaknesses, and instability in the geopolitical environment, including as a result of the ongoing military conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in Israel and surrounding areas, rising tensions between China and Taiwan and other political tensions, the potential impact of a U.S. government shutdown and lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such challenges have caused, and may continue to cause, recession fears, concerns regarding potential sanctions, rising interest rates, foreign exchange volatility and inflationary pressures. At this time, we are unable to quantify the potential effects of this economic instability on our future operations.

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

Our revenue has historically consisted primarily of up-front payments for licenses, milestone payments, and payments for other research and development services earned under license and collaboration agreements as well as for amounts earned under certain grants we have been awarded.

In October 2020, we became party to a license agreement with Zenas BioPharma. Since February 2021, we have entered into several letter agreements with Zenas BioPharma in which we agreed to provide assistance to Zenas BioPharma with certain development activities, including manufacturing (collectively with the license agreement, the “Zenas Agreements”). Under the terms of the Zenas Agreements, we granted Zenas BioPharma an exclusive license to develop, manufacture, and commercialize certain IGF-1R directed antibody products for

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non-oncology indications in the greater area of China in exchange for upfront non-cash consideration and non-refundable milestone payments upon achieving specific milestone events during the contract term. Zenas BioPharma announced that it had obtained IND approval in China in July 2022. Under the license agreement, we received a $1.0 million milestone payment from Zenas BioPharma. Additionally, we are eligible to receive royalty payments based on a percentage of the annual net sales of any licensed products sold on a country-by-country basis in the greater area of China. The royalty percentage may vary based on different tiers of annual net sales of the licensed products made. Zenas BioPharma is obligated to make royalty payments to us for the royalty term in the Zenas Agreements. In May 2022, we entered into a Manufacturing Development and Supply Agreement with Zenas BioPharma to manufacture and supply, or have manufactured and supplied, clinical drug product for development purposes.

In the future, we expect to continue to generate revenue from a combination of license fees and other up-front payments, payments for research and development services, milestone payments, product sales, and royalties in connection with strategic alliances. We expect that any revenue we generate could fluctuate from quarter to quarter as a result of the timing of our achievement of development and commercial milestones, the timing and amount of payments relating to such milestones, and the extent to which any of our product candidates are approved and successfully commercialized by us or our strategic alliance collaborators, if any. If we or our strategic alliance collaborators, if any, fail to develop product candidates in a timely manner or to obtain regulatory approval for them, then our ability to generate future revenue, and our results of operations and financial position would be adversely affected.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for the research and development of our therapeutic programs and product candidates, which include:

•employee-related expenses, including salaries, severance, retention, benefits, insurance, and share-based compensation expense;

•expenses incurred under agreements with clinical research organizations (“CROs”), investigative sites that conduct our clinical trials, and other clinical trial-related vendors, and consultants;

•the costs of acquiring, developing, and manufacturing and testing clinical and preclinical materials, including costs incurred under agreements with contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”);

•costs associated with non-clinical activities and regulatory operations;

•license fees and milestone payments related to the acquisition and retention of certain licensed technology and intellectual property rights; and

•facilities, depreciation, market research, and other expenses, which include allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, depreciation of leasehold improvements and equipment, and laboratory supplies.

We make non-refundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities. These payments are recorded as expense in the period in which we receive or take ownership of the goods or when the services are performed.

We record up-front and milestone payments to acquire and retain contractual rights to in-licensed technology and intellectual property rights as research and development expenses when incurred if there is uncertainty in our receiving future economic benefit from the acquired contractual rights. We consider future economic

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benefits from acquired contractual rights to licensed technology to be uncertain until such a drug candidate is approved by the FDA or when other significant risk factors are abated.

We expect that our research and development expenses will increase as we expand our clinical development programs and initiate new clinical trials. The process of conducting clinical trials and preclinical studies necessary to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time consuming. We, or our strategic alliance collaborators, if any, may never succeed in achieving marketing approval for any of our product candidates. The probability of success for each product candidate may be affected by numerous factors, including clinical data, preclinical data, competition, manufacturability, and commercial viability of our product candidates.

Successful development of future product candidates is highly uncertain and may not result in approved products. Completion dates and completion costs can vary significantly for each future product candidate and are difficult to predict. We anticipate we will make determinations as to which programs to pursue and how much funding to direct to each program on an ongoing basis in response to our ability to maintain or enter into new strategic alliances with respect to each program or potential product candidate, the scientific and clinical success of each future product candidate, and ongoing assessments as to each future product candidate’s commercial potential. For example, based on the preclinical and clinical data across all three SC candidates available by year-end 2023, we expect to select which of VRDN-001, VRDN-002, or VRDN-003 will be our lead program by year-end 2023 and advance the lead program into a pivotal Phase 2/3 trial in the middle of 2024. We will need to raise additional capital and may seek additional strategic alliances in the future in order to advance the various clinical trials that are part of our clinical development program described above.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related benefits, including share-based compensation, and severance and retention benefits related to our finance, accounting, human resources, legal, business development, and other support functions, professional fees for auditing, tax, and legal services, as well as insurance, board of director compensation, consulting, and other administrative expenses.

As of June 30, 2023, the market capitalization of outstanding shares of our common stock owned by non-affiliates exceeded $700 million, which triggered the Company being classified as a large accelerated filer with respect to SEC regulations and filing requirements effective December 31, 2023. As a result, our annual assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting must be audited by our external audit firm, and the result of that audit will be included in our next Annual Report on Form 10-K in compliance with the provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. We expect that preparations to comply and continued compliance with this new requirement will significantly increase our compensation expense, professional fees and other administrative costs.

Other Income, net

Other income, net consists primarily of interest income, net of fees, and various income items of a non-recurring nature. Interest expense consists of cash and non-cash interest expense on our long-term debt. We earn interest income from interest-bearing accounts, money market funds, and short-term investments.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

There were no changes to our critical accounting policies as disclosed in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Our significant accounting policies are disclosed in Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Increase (Decrease)
	2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Collaboration revenue - related party	$	72	$	1,195	$	(1,123)
Research and development expenses	30,385		22,119		8,266
General and administrative expenses	20,911		8,861		12,050
Other income, net	3,564		880		2,684

Revenue

Revenue for both the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was attributable to our collaboration agreement with Zenas BioPharma. The $1.1 million decrease in revenue is due to the timing of activities performed under the collaboration agreement.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $30.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $22.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022. The $8.3 million increase in research and development expenses is primarily attributable to the following:

•$6.5 million increase in clinical trial costs mainly due to expenses associated with our THRIVE and THRIVE-2 clinical trials;

•$4.4 million increase in personnel related costs, including share-based compensation, due to an increase in headcount; offset by

•$2.0 million decrease in preclinical costs due to timing and stage of ongoing clinical trials and preclinical assets.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we work to progress our clinical and preclinical programs.

General and Administrative Expenses

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General and administrative expenses were $20.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $8.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022. The $12.1 million increase in general and administrative expenses is primarily attributable to the following:

•$7.7 million increase in personnel-related costs, including share-based compensation, due to an increase in headcount;

•$1.2 million of incremental share-based compensation related to the acceleration of options of our former Chief Financial Officer;

•$0.6 million in severance costs related to the separation agreement with our former Chief Financial Officer; and

•$2.2 million increase in professional and license fees due to market research, accounting and other professional fees to support the growing organization.

Other Income, net

Other income, net was $3.6 million during the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $0.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022. Other income, net for the three months ended September 30, 2023 is comprised of $4.1 million of interest income earned on short-term investments as well as $0.1 million of sub-lease income, offset by $0.4 million in interest expense related to our Hercules Loan and Security Agreement and a $0.2 million loss on debt extinguishment related to the Hercules Amendment. Other income, net for the three months ended September 30, 2022 is comprised of interest income earned on short-term investments as well as sub-lease income. The increase in interest income is primarily attributable to higher interest rates and higher average short-term investments balances during the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,				Increase (Decrease)
	2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Collaboration revenue - related party	$	242	$	1,667	$	(1,425)
Research and development expenses	121,208		61,577		59,631
General and administrative expenses	62,006		25,328		36,678
Other income, net	12,098		1,149		10,949

Revenue

Revenue for both the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was attributable to our collaboration agreement with Zenas BioPharma. The $1.4 million decrease in revenue is due to the timing of activities performed under the collaboration agreement.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $121.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $61.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The $59.6 million increase in research and development expenses is primarily attributable to the following:

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•$15.1 million net increase in milestone, license and option fees due to the $15.0 million upfront payment for development of SC delivery systems in the first quarter of 2023 and the $5.7 million upfront payment for an exclusive license and collaboration agreement in the second quarter of 2023, offset by an upfront payment of $2.5 million for certain agreed upon development activities and a $3.0 million milestone payment for clinical trial activities for VRDN-001 in the nine months ended September 30, 2022;

•$9.8 million increase in chemistry, manufacturing and controls costs for our ongoing and planned clinical trials, SC development costs for VRDN-001, as well as IND-enabling activities for VRDN-003;

•$14.0 million increase in personnel related costs, including share-based compensation, due to an increase in headcount;

•$12.7 million increase in clinical trial costs mainly due to expenses associated with our THRIVE and THRIVE-2 clinical trials;

•$2.1 million increase in costs associated with our preclinical programs; and

•$3.8 million increase in professional service fees for consultants and contractors to support ongoing programs.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $62.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $25.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The $36.7 million increase in general and administrative expenses is primarily attributable to the following:

•$19.3 million increase in personnel costs, including share-based compensation, due to increased headcount;

•$10.2 million of severance costs related to the separation agreements with our former Chief Executive Officer and former Chief Financial Officer, including $8.7 million of incremental share-based compensation related to the modification and acceleration of options; and

•$6.9 million increase in professional and license fees due to market research, accounting and other professional fees to support the growing organization.

Other Income, net

Other income, net was $12.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $1.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Other income, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is comprised of $12.8 million of interest income earned on short-term investments as well as $0.2 million of sub-lease income, offset by $0.8 million in interest expense related to our Hercules Loan and Security Agreement and a $0.2 million loss on debt extinguishment related to the Hercules Amendment. Other income, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 is comprised of interest income earned on short-term investments as well as sub-lease income. The increase in interest income is primarily attributable to higher interest rates and higher average short-term investments balances during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have funded our operations to date principally through proceeds received from the sale of our common stock, our Series A Preferred Stock, our Series B Preferred Stock and other equity securities, debt financings, license fees, and reimbursements received under collaboration agreements. As of September 30, 2023, we had $313.0 million in cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments and $20.0 million in long-term debt. We believe that our current cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, including amounts already drawn down under the Term Loan (as defined below), will be sufficient to fund our operations, including our clinical development plan described above, into 2026.

We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. Since our inception and through September 30, 2023, we have generated an accumulated deficit of $659.0 million. Substantially all of our operating losses resulted from expenses incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations.

We will continue to require substantial additional capital to continue the development of our product candidates, and potential commercialization activities, and to fund our ongoing operations, including our clinical development plan described above. The amount and timing of future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our clinical development efforts, equity financings, securing additional license and collaboration agreements, and issuing debt or other financing vehicles. Our ability to secure capital is dependent upon a number of factors, including success in developing our technology and product candidates. Failure to raise capital as and when needed, on favorable terms or at all, would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to develop our product candidates. Changing circumstances, such as changes in the scope and timing of our clinical studies, may cause us to consume capital significantly faster or slower than we currently anticipate. If we are unable to acquire additional capital or resources, we will be required to modify our operational plans to complete future milestones. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available financial resources sooner than we currently anticipate. We may be forced to reduce our operating expenses and raise additional funds to meet our working capital needs, principally through the additional sales of our securities or debt financings or entering into strategic collaborations.

Our material cash requirements include obligations as of September 30, 2023, as well as resources required to fulfill our research and development activities and the effects that such obligations and activities are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods. We expect that our operating losses will fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year due to timing of our development activities and efforts to achieve regulatory approval.

If we raise additional funds through the issuance of debt, the obligations related to such debt could be senior to rights of holders of our capital stock and could contain covenants that may restrict our operations. Should additional capital not be available to us in the near term, or not be available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to realize value from our assets and discharge our liabilities in the normal course of business, which may, among other alternatives, cause us to further delay, substantially reduce, or discontinue operational activities to conserve our cash resources.

Loan and Security Agreement with Hercules Capital, Inc.

On April 1, 2022, we entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Hercules Loan and Security Agreement”) among the Company, certain of our subsidiaries from time to time party thereto (together with the Company, collectively, the “Borrower”), Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”) and certain other lenders party thereto (the “Lenders”). Under the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement, the Lenders provided us with access to a term loan with an aggregate principal amount of up to $75.0 million, in four tranches (collectively the “Term Loan”), consisting of: (1) an initial tranche of $25.0 million, which was available through June 15, 2023; (2) a second tranche of $10.0 million, subject to the achievement of certain regulatory milestones, which was available

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through June 15, 2023; (3) a third tranche of $15.0 million, subject to the achievement of certain regulatory milestones, available through March 15, 2024; and (4) a fourth tranche of $25.0 million, subject to approval by the Lenders’ investment committee(s), available through December 15, 2024. The milestone related to the third tranche was not achieved prior to amendment of the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement in August 2023. The first and second tranches of $25.0 million and $10.0 million, respectively, were available to us through June 15, 2023. Upon signing we drew an initial principal amount of $5.0 million.

Per the terms of the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement, we were originally obligated to make interest-only payments through April 1, 2024. However, upon the achievement of a development milestone in August 2022, the interest-only period was extended to October 1, 2024. If additional development milestones are met, the interest-only period will be extended to April 1, 2025 pursuant to a second extension. We are required to repay the Term Loan amount in equal monthly installments of the principal amount and interest between the end of the interest-only period and the maturity date of October 1, 2026. In addition, we are required to pay an end-of-term fee equal to 6% of the principal amount of funded Term Loan Advances at maturity, which are being accreted as additional interest expense over the term of the loan.

In August 2023, we executed an amendment to the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement (the “Hercules Amendment”). Under the Hercules Amendment, the Lenders provided the Company access to an increased term loan with an aggregate principal amount of up to $150 million, in four tranches (collectively the “Amended Term Loan”), consisting of (1) an initial tranche of $50.0 million, $5.0 million of which was drawn at closing of the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement in April 2022, $15.0 million of which was drawn at closing of the Hercules Amendment in August 2023, $5.0 million available through December 15, 2023, and $25.0 million available from July 1, 2024 through December 15, 2024; (2) a second tranche of $20.0 million, subject to achievement of certain regulatory milestones, available through February 15, 2025; (3) a third tranche of $20.0 million, subject to achievement of certain regulatory milestones, available through March 31, 2025; and (4) a fourth tranche of $60.0 million subject to approval by the Lenders’ investment committee(s), available through June 15, 2025. The milestones for the second and third tranches have not yet been achieved. The obligations of the Borrower under the Hercules Amendment agreement are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Borrower, excluding the Borrower’s intellectual property. The Amended Term Loan has a maturity date of October 1, 2026.

The Amended Term Loan bears interest at a floating per annum rate equal to the greater of (i) 7.45% and (ii) 4.2% above the Prime Rate, provided that the Term Loan interest rate shall not exceed a per annum rate of 8.95%. Interest is payable monthly in arrears on the first day of each month. The interest rate as of September 30, 2023 was 8.95% based upon an increase in the prime rate in June 2022.

Per the terms of the Hercules Amendment, we are obligated to make interest-only payments through April 1, 2025. If certain development milestones are met, then the interest-only period will be extended to October 1, 2025. If additional development milestones are met, the interest-only period will be further extended to April 1, 2026. The Borrower is required to repay the Amended Term Loan amount in equal monthly installments of the principal amount and interest between the end of the interest-only period and the maturity date of October 1, 2026. In addition, the Borrower is required to pay an end-of-term fee equal to 6% of the principal amount of funded Amended Term Loan advances at maturity, which are being accreted as additional interest expense over the term of the loan.

Upon execution of the Hercules Amendment, we drew a principal amount of $15.0 million. The Hercules Amendment was determined to substantially alter the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement and therefore was accounted for as a debt extinguishment. We recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $0.2 million related to unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs as a component of other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

ATM Agreement

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In September 2022, we entered into an Open Market Sale AgreementSM (the “September 2022 ATM Agreement”) with Jefferies, LLC (“Jeffries”) pursuant to which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $175.0 million from time to time at prices and on terms to be determined by market conditions at the time of offering, with Jefferies acting as the sales agent. Jefferies will receive a commission of 3.0% of the gross proceeds of any shares of common stock sold under the September 2022 ATM Agreement. During the three months ended December 31, 2022, we sold 964,357 shares under the September 2022 ATM Agreement at a weighted average price of $26.01 per share, for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $24.2 million, including commissions to Jefferies as a sales agent. There were no shares sold under the September 2022 ATM Agreement during the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Summarized cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,				Increase (Decrease)
	2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	(146,170)	$	(59,796)	$	(86,374)
Investing activities	75,459		65,477		9,982
Financing activities	26,729		296,230		(269,501)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	(43,982)	$	301,911	$	(345,893)

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $146.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and primarily consisted of our net loss of $170.9 million, adjusted for non-cash items of $39.7 million (primarily share-based compensation of $41.1 million), and changes in working capital of $15.0 million.

Net cash used in operating activities was $59.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and primarily consisted of a net loss of $84.1 million, adjusted for non-cash items of $15.6 million (primarily share-based compensation of $14.5 million) and changes in working capital of $8.7 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $75.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and consisted primarily of $76.3 million in net sales and maturities of short-term investments, offset by $0.9 million in purchases of property and equipment.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $65.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and consisted primarily of $66.0 million in net proceeds from maturities and purchases of short term investments, and offset by $0.6 million in purchases of property and equipment.

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Table of Contents

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $26.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and consisted of $14.5 million in net proceeds from the Hercules Amendment, as well as $1.9 million in proceeds from the exercise of warrants, $9.8 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options, and $0.6 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $296.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and consisted primarily of $289.7 million in net proceeds from the 2022 Public Offering, $4.6 million in net proceeds from the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement, as well as $0.9 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options, $0.9 million in proceeds from the exercise of warrants and $0.2 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

We are a smaller reporting company, as defined by Rule 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, and are not required to provide the information under this item.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are a smaller reporting company, as defined by Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act and in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, and are not required to provide the information under this item.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) and Rule 15d-15(b) of the Exchange Act, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the quarter covered by this Quarterly Report. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable level of assurance.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. We are currently not a party to any legal proceedings that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our business, financial condition, and operating results may be affected by a number of factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to those described below. Any one or more of such factors could directly or indirectly cause our actual results of operations and financial condition to vary materially from past or anticipated future results of operations and financial condition. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and stock price. The following information should be read in conjunction with the other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes.

Risk Factor Summary

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk because our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, as fully described below. The principal factors and uncertainties that make investing in our common stock risky include, among others:

•We will need to raise additional capital, and if we are unable to do so when needed, we will not be able to continue as a going concern.

•We have historically incurred losses, have a limited operating history on which to assess our business, and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

•We have never generated any revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.

•Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations, or require us to relinquish rights.

•Clinical trials are costly, time consuming, and inherently risky, and we may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities.

•Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial viability of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.

•We are heavily dependent on the success of our product candidates, which are in the early stages of clinical development. Some of our product candidates have produced results only in non-clinical settings, or for other indications than those for which we contemplate conducting development and seeking FDA approval, and we cannot give any assurance that we will generate data for any of our product candidates sufficiently supportive to receive regulatory approval in our planned indications, which will be required before they can be commercialized.

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•Product development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier preclinical studies and clinical trials may not be predictive of future clinical trial results.

•We rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical development activities and clinical trials, manufacture our product candidates, and perform other services. If these third parties do not successfully perform and comply with regulatory requirements, we may not be able to successfully complete clinical development, obtain regulatory approval, or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

We will need to raise additional capital, and if we are unable to do so when needed, we will not be able to continue as a going concern.

As of September 30, 2023, we had $313.0 million of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. We believe that our current cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, including amounts already drawn down under the Term Loan, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into 2026. We will need to raise additional capital to continue to fund our operations and service our obligations in the future. If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed, we will not be able to continue as a going concern.

Developing our product candidates requires a substantial amount of capital. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance our product candidates through clinical trials. We will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations and such funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

We do not currently have any products approved for sale and do not generate any revenue from product sales. Accordingly, we expect to rely primarily on equity and/or debt financings to fund our continued operations. Our ability to raise additional funds will depend, in part, on the success of our preclinical studies and clinical trials and other product development activities, regulatory events, our ability to identify and enter into licensing or other strategic arrangements, and other events or conditions that may affect our value or prospects, as well as factors related to financial, economic and market conditions, many of which are beyond our control. There can be no assurances that sufficient funds will be available to us when required or on acceptable terms, if at all.

If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to:

•significantly delay, scale back, or discontinue the development or commercialization of our product candidates;

•seek strategic alliances, or amend existing alliances, for research and development programs at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or that we otherwise would have sought to develop independently, or on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available in the future;

•dispose of technology assets, or relinquish or license on unfavorable terms, our rights to technologies or any of our product candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves;

•pursue the sale of our company to a third party at a price that may result in a loss on investment for our stockholders; or

•file for bankruptcy or cease operations altogether.

Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and prospects.

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We have historically incurred losses, have a limited operating history on which to assess our business, and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

We are a biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. We have historically incurred net losses. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our net loss was $170.9 million and $84.1 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $659.0 million and cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments of $313.0 million.

We believe that our current cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, including amounts already drawn down under the Term Loan, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into 2026. We will need to raise substantial additional capital to continue to fund our operations in the future. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace, results and costs of our clinical development efforts and macroeconomic conditions affecting our business and industry.

Failure to raise capital as and when needed, on favorable terms or at all, would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to develop our product candidates. Changing circumstances may cause us to consume capital significantly faster or slower than we currently anticipate. If we are unable to acquire additional capital or resources, we will be required to modify our operational plans to complete future milestones. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available financial resources sooner than we currently anticipate. We may be forced to reduce our operating expenses and raise additional funds to meet our working capital needs, principally through the additional sales of our securities or debt financings or entering into strategic collaborations.

We have devoted substantially all of our financial resources to identify, acquire, and develop our product candidates, including conducting clinical trials and providing general and administrative support for our operations. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities and convertible promissory notes and the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of our future expenditures and our ability to obtain funding through equity or debt financings, strategic collaborations, or grants. Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We expect our losses to increase as our product candidates enter more advanced clinical trials. It may be several years, if ever, before we complete pivotal clinical trials or have a product candidate approved for commercialization. We expect to invest significant funds into the research and development of our current product candidates to determine the potential to advance these product candidates to regulatory approval.

If we obtain regulatory approval to market a product candidate, our future revenue will depend upon the size of any markets in which our product candidates may receive approval, and our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, pricing, coverage, and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, and adequate market share for our product candidates in those markets.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future and our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:

•continue the development of our product candidates;

•continue efforts to discover and develop new product candidates;

•continue the manufacturing of our product candidates or increase volumes manufactured by third parties;

•advance our programs into large expensive clinical trials;

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•initiate additional preclinical studies or clinical trials for our product candidates;

•seek regulatory and marketing approvals and reimbursement for our product candidates;

•establish a sales, marketing, and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval and market for ourselves;

•seek to identify, assess, acquire, and/or develop other product candidates;

•make milestone, royalty, or other payments under third-party license agreements;

•seek to maintain, protect, and expand our intellectual property portfolio;

•seek to attract and retain skilled personnel; and

•experience any delays or encounter issues with the development and potential for regulatory approval of our clinical and product candidates such as safety issues, manufacturing delays, clinical trial accrual delays, longer follow-up for planned studies or trials, additional major studies or trials, or supportive trials necessary to support marketing approval.

Further, the net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance.

We have never generated any revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.

We have no products approved for commercialization and have never generated any revenue from product sales. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends on our ability, alone or with strategic collaborators, to successfully complete the development of, and obtain the regulatory and marketing approvals necessary to commercialize one or more of our product candidates. We do not anticipate generating revenue from product sales for the foreseeable future. Our ability to generate future revenue from product sales depends heavily on our success in many areas, including but not limited to:

•completing research and development of our product candidates;

•obtaining regulatory and marketing approvals for our product candidates;

•manufacturing product candidates and establishing and maintaining supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that are commercially feasible, meet regulatory requirements and our supply needs in sufficient quantities to meet market demand for our product candidates, if approved;

•marketing, launching, and commercializing product candidates for which we obtain regulatory and marketing approval, either directly or with a collaborator or distributor;

•gaining market acceptance of our product candidates as treatment options;

•addressing any competing products;

•protecting and enforcing our intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets, and know-how;

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•negotiating favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing, or other arrangements into which we may enter;

•obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors and maintaining pricing for our product candidates that supports profitability; and

•attracting, hiring, and retaining qualified personnel.

Even if one or more of the product candidates that we develop is approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any approved product candidate. Portions of our current pipeline of product candidates have been in-licensed from third parties, which make the commercial sale of such in-licensed products potentially subject to additional royalty and milestone payments to such third parties. We will also have to develop or acquire manufacturing capabilities or continue to contract with contract manufacturers in order to continue development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. For instance, if the costs of manufacturing our drug product are not commercially feasible, we will need to develop or procure our drug product in a commercially feasible manner in order to successfully commercialize a future approved product, if any. Additionally, if we are not able to generate revenue from the sale of any approved products, we may never become profitable.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations, or require us to relinquish rights.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenue from the sale of our product candidates, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, and license and development agreements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends.

If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may be required to relinquish valuable rights to our research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements with third parties when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to third parties to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity, including pursuant to any sales under the Open Market Sale AgreementSM entered into in September 2022 (the “September 2022 ATM Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), convertible debt, or other securities convertible into equity, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these new securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. In December 2019, the Company entered into a common stock purchase agreement (the “Aspire Stock Purchase Agreement”) with Aspire Capital, LLC (“Aspire Capital”). Any additional sales of our common stock under the September 2022 ATM Agreement and the Aspire Common Stock Purchase Agreement will dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders and may cause the price per share of our common stock to decrease. In addition, any exercise of outstanding warrants will dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders and may cause the price per share of our common stock to decrease.

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Debt financing, including under our Hercules Loan and Security Agreement, may include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, making additional product acquisitions, or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through strategic collaborations or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our product candidates or future revenue streams or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. We cannot be assured that we will be able to obtain additional funding if and when necessary to fund our entire portfolio of product candidates to meet our projected plans. If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to delay or discontinue one or more of our development programs or the commercialization of any product candidates or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on potential business opportunities, which could materially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations, and those of our third-party research institution collaborators, contract research organizations (“CROs”), contract manufacturing operations (“CMOs”), and other contractors and consultants, could be subject to acts of war, earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical pandemics or epidemics, such as the novel coronavirus, and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions, for which we are partly uninsured. In addition, we rely on our third-party research institution collaborators for conducting research and development of our product candidates, and they may be affected by government shutdowns or withdrawn funding. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

We maintain our cash at financial institutions, often in balances that exceed federally-insured limits. The failure of financial institutions could adversely affect our ability to pay our operational expenses or make other payments.

Our cash held in non-interest-bearing and interest-bearing accounts exceeds the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. If such banking institutions were to fail, we could lose all or a portion of those amounts held in excess of such insurance limitations. For example, the FDIC took control of Silicon Valley Bank on March 10, 2023. The Federal Reserve subsequently announced that account holders would be made whole. However, the FDIC may not make all account holders whole in the event of future bank failures. In addition, even if account holders are ultimately made whole with respect to a future bank failure, account holders’ access to their accounts and assets held in their accounts may be substantially delayed. Any material loss that we may experience in the future or inability for a material time period to access our cash and cash equivalents could have an adverse effect on our ability to pay our operational expenses or make other payments, which could adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to the Discovery and Development of Our Product Candidates

Clinical trials are costly, time consuming, and inherently risky, and we may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities.

Clinical development is expensive, time consuming, and involves significant risk. We cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of development. Events that may prevent successful or timely completion of clinical development include but are not limited to:

•inability to generate satisfactory preclinical, toxicology, or other in vivo or in vitro data or diagnostics to support the initiation or continuation of clinical trials;

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•delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with CROs and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs, clinical trial sites, and in countries or regions where our trials are conducted;

•delays in obtaining required approvals from institutional review boards or independent ethics committees at each clinical trial site;

•failure to permit the conduct of a clinical trial by regulatory authorities;

•delays in recruiting eligible patients and/or subjects in our clinical trials;

•failure by clinical sites, CROs, or other third parties to adhere to clinical trial requirements;

•failure by our clinical sites, CROs, or other third parties to perform in accordance with the good clinical practices requirements of the FDA or applicable foreign regulatory guidelines;

•patients and/or subjects dropping out of our clinical trials;

•adverse events or tolerability or animal toxicology issues significant enough for the FDA or other regulatory agencies to put any or all clinical trials on hold;

•occurrence of adverse events associated with our product candidates;

•changes in regulatory requirements and guidance that require amending or submitting new clinical protocols;

•significant costs of clinical trials of our product candidates, including manufacturing activities;

•negative or inconclusive results from our clinical trials, which may result in our deciding, or regulators requiring us, to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon development programs in other ongoing or planned indications for a product candidate; and

•delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with third-party manufacturers and the time to manufacture sufficient quantities of our product candidates acceptable for use in clinical trials.

The FDA may withdraw approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical studies to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution restrictions or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:

•restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of a product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market, or product recalls;

•fines, warning letters, or holds on post-approval clinical studies;

•refusal of the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications, or suspension or revocation of existing product approvals;

•product seizure or detention, or refusal of the FDA to permit the import or export of products; or

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•injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

Any inability to successfully complete clinical development and obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates could result in additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenue. In addition, if we make manufacturing or formulation changes to our product candidates, we may need to conduct additional nonclinical studies and the results obtained from studying such new formulation may not be consistent with previous results obtained. Clinical trial delays could also shorten any periods during which our products have patent protection and may allow competitors to develop and bring products to market before we do, which could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations.

Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial viability of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.

Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay, or terminate clinical trials. They additionally may result in a delay of regulatory approval by the FDA or comparable foreign authorities, or, even in the instance that an affected product candidate is approved, may result in a restrictive drug label.

Even if one or more of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such products, potentially significant negative consequences could result, including but not limited to:

•regulatory authorities may withdraw approvals of such products;

•regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the drug label;

•we may be required to create a REMS, which could include a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients, a communication plan for healthcare providers, and/or other elements to assure safe use;

•we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients or subjects; and

•our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of a product candidate, even if approved, and could significantly harm our business, results of operations, and prospects.

Our product development program may not uncover all possible adverse events that patients or subjects who take our product candidates may experience. The number of patients or subjects exposed to our product candidates and the average exposure time in the clinical development program may be inadequate to detect rare adverse events that may only be detected once the product is administered to more patients or subjects and for greater periods of time.

Clinical trials by their nature utilize a sample of the potential patient population. However, with a limited number of subjects and limited duration of exposure, we cannot be fully assured that rare and severe side effects of our product candidates will be uncovered. Such rare and severe side effects may only be uncovered with a significantly larger number of patients or subjects exposed to the drug. If such safety problems occur or are identified after our product candidates reach the market, the FDA may require that we amend the labeling of the product or recall the product or may even withdraw approval for the product.

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We are heavily dependent on the success of our product candidates and we cannot give any assurance that we will generate data for any of our product candidates sufficiently supportive to receive regulatory approval in our planned indications, which will be required before they can be commercialized.

We have invested substantially all of our effort and financial resources to identify, acquire, and develop our portfolio of product candidates. Our future success is dependent on our ability to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize one or more product candidates. We currently generate no revenue from sales of any products, and we may never be able to develop or commercialize a product candidate. We continue to evaluate and pursue additional opportunities to expand our product pipeline, either by discovering novel antibodies internally, or by acquiring rights to existing antibodies or antibody sequences. Our goal is to build a sustainable portfolio of investigational monoclonal antibody therapies.

We currently have a limited number of product candidates. There can be no assurance that the data that we may or may not develop for our product candidates in our planned indications will be sufficiently supportive to obtain regulatory approval.

We are not permitted to market or promote any of our product candidates before they receive regulatory approval from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, and we may never receive such regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. We cannot be certain that any of our product candidates will be successful in clinical trials or receive regulatory approval. Further, our product candidates may not receive regulatory approval even if they are successful in clinical trials. If we do not receive regulatory approvals for our product candidates, we may not be able to continue our operations.

Product development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier preclinical studies and clinical trials may not be predictive of future clinical trial results.

Clinical testing is expensive and generally takes many years to complete, and the outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of larger, later-stage controlled clinical trials. Product candidates that have shown promising results in early-stage clinical trials may still suffer significant setbacks in subsequent clinical trials. In addition, from time to time, we may publicly disclose interim, topline, or preliminary data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change as more patient data become available. The interim, topline, or preliminary results that we report may differ from final results upon study completion, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results. We will have to conduct well-controlled trials in our proposed indications to support any regulatory submissions for further clinical development. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles despite promising results in earlier, smaller clinical trials. Moreover, clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses. We do not know whether any clinical trials we may conduct will demonstrate consistent or adequate efficacy and safety of our product candidates, with respect to the proposed indication for use, sufficient to receive regulatory approval to market our drug candidates.

We may use our financial and human resources to pursue a particular research program or product candidate and fail to capitalize on programs or product candidates that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and human resources, we may forgo or delay pursuit of opportunities with some programs or product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or more profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and future product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. We may

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also enter into additional strategic collaboration agreements to develop and commercialize some of our programs and potential product candidates in indications with potentially large commercial markets. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through strategic collaborations, licensing, or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate, or we may allocate internal resources to a product candidate in a therapeutic area in which it would have been more advantageous to enter into a collaboration arrangement.

We may find it difficult to enroll and maintain patients or subjects in our clinical trials, in part due to the limited number of patients or subjects who have the diseases for which our product candidates are being studied or the availability of competing therapies and clinical trials. We cannot predict if we will have difficulty enrolling and maintaining patients or subjects in our future clinical trials. Difficulty in enrolling and maintaining patients or subjects could delay or prevent clinical trials of our product candidates.

Identifying and qualifying patients or subjects to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates is essential to our success. The timing of our clinical trials depends in part on the rate at which we can recruit patients or subjects to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates, and we may experience delays in our clinical trials if we encounter difficulties in enrollment, including as a result of approved therapies for the treatment of TED or competition from other clinical trials. In addition, our enrollment has been and may in the future be delayed due to supply chain delays and difficulties in site activation.

The eligibility criteria of our clinical trials may further limit the available eligible trial participants as we expect to require that patients or subjects have specific characteristics that we can measure or meet the criteria to assure their conditions are appropriate for inclusion in our clinical trials. Accordingly, we may not be able to identify, recruit, enroll, and maintain a sufficient number of patients or subjects to complete our future clinical trials in a timely manner because of the perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study, the availability and efficacy of competing therapies and clinical trials, the option for patients to choose alternate existing approved therapies, and the willingness of physicians to participate in our planned clinical trials. Additional factors outside our control, such as pandemics or other public health crises, may also impact our ability to enroll patients in our planned clinical trials. If patients or subjects are unwilling or unable to participate in our clinical trials for any reason, the timeline for conducting trials and obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates may be delayed.

If we experience delays in the completion of, or termination of, any clinical trials of our product candidates, the commercial prospects of our product candidates could be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenue from any of these product candidates could be delayed or prevented. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials would likely increase our overall costs, impair product candidate development, and jeopardize our ability to obtain regulatory approval relative to our current plans. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition, and prospects significantly.

We may face potential product liability, and, if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability and costs. If the use or misuse of our approved products, if any, or product candidates harm patients or subjects, or is perceived to harm patients or subjects even when such harm is unrelated to our approved products, if any, or product candidates, our regulatory approvals, if any, could be revoked or otherwise negatively impacted, and we could be subject to costly and damaging product liability claims. If we are unable to obtain adequate insurance or are required to pay for liabilities resulting from a claim excluded from, or beyond the limits of, our insurance coverage, a material liability claim could adversely affect our financial condition.

The use or misuse of our product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of any products for which we may obtain marketing approval exposes us to the risk of potential product liability claims. There is a risk that our product candidates may induce adverse events. If we cannot successfully defend against product liability claims,

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we could incur substantial liability and costs. Patients with the diseases targeted by our product candidates may already be in severe and advanced stages of disease and have both known and unknown significant preexisting and potentially life-threatening health risks. During the course of treatment, patients may suffer adverse events, including death, for reasons that may or may not be related to our product candidates. Such events could subject us to costly litigation, require us to pay substantial amounts of money to injured patients, delay, negatively impact, or end our opportunity to receive or maintain regulatory approval to market our products, or require us to suspend or abandon our commercialization efforts. Even in a circumstance in which an adverse event is unrelated to our product candidates, the investigation into the circumstance may be time-consuming or inconclusive. These investigations may delay our regulatory approval process or impact and limit the type of regulatory approvals our product candidates receive or maintain.

As a result of these factors, a product liability claim, even if successfully defended, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Although we have product liability insurance, which covers our historical clinical trials in the United States, for up to $10.0 million per occurrence, up to an aggregate limit of $10.0 million, our insurance may be insufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. We will also likely be required to increase our product liability insurance coverage for any future clinical trials that we may initiate. If we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we will need to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products. There is no way to know if we will be able to continue to obtain product liability coverage and obtain expanded coverage, if we require it, in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability, on acceptable terms, or at all. We may not have sufficient resources to pay for any liabilities resulting from a claim excluded from, or beyond the limits of, our insurance coverage. Where we have provided indemnities in favor of third parties under our agreements with them, there is also a risk that these third parties could incur liability and bring a claim under such indemnities. An individual may bring a product liability claim against us alleging that one of our product candidates causes, or is claimed to have caused, an injury or is found to be unsuitable for consumer use. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability, and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. Any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could result in:

•withdrawal of clinical trial volunteers, investigators, patients or subjects, or trial sites, or limitations on approved indications;

•the inability to commercialize, or if commercialized, decreased demand for, our product candidates;

•if commercialized, product recalls, labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions, or the need for product modification;

•initiation of investigations by regulators;

•loss of revenue;

•substantial costs of litigation, including monetary awards to patients or other claimants;

•liabilities that substantially exceed our product liability insurance, which we would then be required to pay ourselves;

•an increase in our product liability insurance rates or the inability to maintain insurance coverage in the future on acceptable terms, if at all;

•the diversion of management’s attention from our business; and

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•damage to our reputation and the reputation of our products and our technology.

Product liability claims may subject us to the foregoing and other risks, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Risks Related to Regulatory Approval of Our Product Candidates and Other Legal Compliance Matters

We expect the product candidates we develop will be regulated as biologics, and therefore they may be subject to competition sooner than anticipated.

The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (“BPCIA”) was enacted as part of the Affordable Care Act to establish an abbreviated pathway for the approval of biosimilar and interchangeable biological products. The regulatory pathway establishes legal authority for the FDA to review and approve biosimilar biologics, including the possible designation of a biosimilar as “interchangeable” based on its similarity to an approved biologic. Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product cannot be approved by the FDA until 12 years after the reference product was approved under a Biologics License Application (“BLA”). The law is complex and is still being interpreted and implemented by the FDA. As a result, its ultimate impact, implementation, and meaning are subject to uncertainty. While it is uncertain when processes intended to implement BPCIA may be fully adopted by the FDA, any of these processes could have a material adverse effect on the future commercial prospects for our biological products.

We believe that any of the product candidates we develop that is approved in the United States as a biological product under a BLA should qualify for the 12-year period of exclusivity. However, there is a risk that this exclusivity could be shortened due to congressional action or otherwise, or that the FDA will not consider the subject product candidates to be reference products for competing products, potentially creating the opportunity for generic competition sooner than anticipated. Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar, once approved, will be substituted for any one of the reference products in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for non-biological products is not yet clear, and will depend on a number of marketplace and regulatory factors that are still developing.

In addition, the approval of a biologic product biosimilar to one of our product candidates could have a material adverse impact on our business as it may be significantly less costly to bring to market and may be priced significantly lower than our product candidates.

We are seeking Orphan drug designation for VRDN-001 from the FDA and may seek Orphan drug designation for future product candidates, but we might not receive such designation.

In September 2022, we filed an amended application for Orphan drug designation for VRDN-001 based on clinical data. In response, the FDA has indicated that further review of the application is suspended pending receipt of additional information. There is no guarantee that upon submission of this additional data information the FDA will grant us Orphan drug designation. See “Business—Government Regulation and Product Approvals—Orphan Drug Designation” in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We may seek Breakthrough Therapy designation for one or more of our product candidates from the FDA, but we might not receive such designation, and even if we do, such designation may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process.

We may seek a breakthrough therapy designation from the FDA for some of our product candidates. Designation as a breakthrough therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe that one of our product candidates meets the criteria for designation as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. In any event, the receipt of a breakthrough therapy designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review, or approval

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compared to drugs considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if one of our product candidates is designated as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may later decide that the product candidate no longer meets the conditions for designation and the designation may be rescinded. See “Business—Government Regulation and Product Approvals—Expedited Development and Review Programs” in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We may seek Fast Track designation for one or more of our product candidates, but we might not receive such designation, and even if we do, such designation may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process.

If a product candidate is intended for the treatment of a serious condition and nonclinical or clinical data demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical need for this condition, a product sponsor may apply for FDA Fast Track designation. If we seek Fast Track designation for a product candidate, we may not receive it from the FDA. However, even if we receive Fast Track designation, Fast Track designation does not ensure that we will receive marketing approval in any particular timeframe or at all. We may not experience a faster development or regulatory review or approval process with Fast Track designation compared to conventional FDA procedures. In addition, the FDA may withdraw Fast Track designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Fast Track designation alone does not guarantee qualification for the FDA’s priority review procedures. See “Business—Government Regulation and Product Approvals—Expedited Development and Review Programs” in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We may attempt to obtain accelerated approval of our product candidates. If we are unable to obtain accelerated approval, we may be required to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we contemplate, or the size and duration of our pivotal clinical trials could be greater than currently planned, which could increase the expense of obtaining, reduce the likelihood of obtaining, and/or delay the timing of obtaining necessary marketing approvals. Even if we receive accelerated approval from the FDA, the FDA may require that we conduct confirmatory trials to verify clinical benefit. If our confirmatory trials do not verify clinical benefit, or if we do not comply with rigorous post-approval requirements, the FDA may seek to withdraw accelerated approval.

We may seek accelerated approval for our product candidates. The FDA may grant accelerated approval to a product designed to treat a serious or life-threatening condition that provides meaningful therapeutic advantage over available therapies and demonstrates an effect on a surrogate endpoint or intermediate clinical endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. The FDA considers a clinical benefit to be a positive therapeutic effect that is clinically meaningful in the context of a given disease. If granted, accelerated approval may be contingent on the sponsor’s agreement to conduct, in a diligent manner, additional post-approval confirmatory studies to verify and describe the drug’s predicted effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit. The FDA may require that any such confirmatory study be initiated or substantially underway prior to the submission of an application for accelerated approval. If such post-approval studies fail to confirm the drug’s clinical benefits relative to its risks, the FDA may withdraw its approval of the drug. If we choose to pursue accelerated approval, there can be no assurance that the FDA will agree that our proposed primary endpoint is an appropriate surrogate endpoint. Similarly, there can be no assurance that after subsequent FDA feedback that we will continue to pursue accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review, or approval, even if we initially decide to do so. Furthermore, if we submit an application for accelerated approval, there can be no assurance that such application will be accepted or that approval will be granted on a timely basis, or at all. The FDA also could require us to conduct further studies or trials prior to considering our application or granting approval of any type. We might not be able to fulfill the FDA’s requirements in a timely manner, which would cause delays, or approval might not be granted because our submission is deemed incomplete by the FDA.

Even if we receive accelerated approval from the FDA, we will be subject to rigorous post-approval requirements, including submission to the FDA of all promotional materials prior to their dissemination. The

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FDA may require us to conduct a confirmatory study to verify the predicted clinical benefit. The FDA could withdraw accelerated approval for multiple reasons, including our failure to conduct any required post-approval study with due diligence, or the inability of such study to confirm the predicted clinical benefit. A failure to obtain accelerated approval or any other form of expedited review or approval for a product candidate could result in a longer time period prior to commercializing such product candidate, increase the cost of development of such product candidate, and harm our competitive position in the marketplace.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, we will remain subject to ongoing regulatory requirements.

If any of our product candidates are approved, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements with respect to manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping, conduct of post-marketing clinical trials, and submission of safety, efficacy, and other post-approval information, including both federal and state requirements in the United States, and requirements of comparable foreign regulatory authorities. See “Business—Government Regulation and Product Approvals—Expedited Development and Review Programs” in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our product candidates may be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the marketed product. We will be required to report adverse reactions and production problems, if any, to the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Any new legislation could result in delays in product development or commercialization, or increased costs to assure compliance. If our original marketing approval for a product candidate was granted accelerated approval by the FDA, we could be required to conduct a successful post-marketing clinical trial in order to confirm the clinical benefit of our products. An unsuccessful post-marketing clinical trial or failure to complete such a trial could result in the withdrawal of marketing approval. Any government investigation of alleged violations of law would be expected to require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate adverse publicity. Any failure to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements may significantly and adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our products, and the value of the company and our operating results would be adversely affected. In addition, if we were able to obtain accelerated approval of any of our drug candidates, the FDA may require us to conduct a confirmatory study to verify the predicted clinical benefit. Other regulatory authorities outside of the United States may have similar requirements. The results from the confirmatory study may not support the clinical benefit, which could result in the approval being withdrawn. While operating under accelerated approval, we will be subject to certain restrictions that we would not be subject to upon receiving regular approval.

Healthcare legislative reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations, and current and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us, and any collaborators, to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our drug candidates and affect the prices we, or they, may obtain.

In the United States, there have been and continues to be a number of legislative initiatives to contain healthcare costs. For example, in March 2010, the Affordable Care Act was passed, which was intended to substantially change the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impact the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. More recently, on August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”), which, among other provisions, included several measures intended to lower the cost of prescription drugs and related healthcare reforms. See “Business—Health Reform” in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products has resulted in several recent Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state

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legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, particularly in light of the new presidential administration, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare therapies, which could result in reduced demand for our product candidates or additional pricing pressures. We cannot be sure whether additional legislation or rulemaking related to the IRA will be issued or enacted, or what impact, if any, such changes will have on the profitability of any of our drug candidates, if approved for commercial use, in the future.

We may be subject, directly or indirectly, to foreign, federal, and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, and health information privacy and security laws. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties, sanctions, or other liability.

Our operations may be subject to various foreign, federal, and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal False Claims Act, and Physician Payments Sunshine Act, the EU’s GDPR, and other regulations. These laws may impact, among other things, our relationships with healthcare professionals and our proposed sales, marketing, and education programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. See “Business—Other Regulations” in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including significant civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, disgorgement, damages, fines, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, imprisonment, additional reporting requirements and/or oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of noncompliance with these laws, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Our research and development activities and our third-party manufacturers’ and suppliers’ activities involve the controlled storage, use, and disposal of hazardous materials, including the components of our product candidates and other hazardous compounds. We and our manufacturers and suppliers are subject to laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling, and disposal of these hazardous materials. In some cases, these hazardous materials and various wastes resulting from their use are stored at our and our manufacturers’ facilities pending their use and disposal. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination, which could cause an interruption of our commercialization efforts, research and development efforts, and business operations, and cause environmental damage resulting in costly clean-up and liabilities under applicable laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling, and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. Although we believe that the safety procedures utilized by us and our third-party manufacturers for handling and disposing of these materials generally comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that this is the case or eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In such an event, we may be held liable for any resulting damages and such liability could exceed our resources, and state or federal or other applicable authorities may curtail our use of specified materials and/or interrupt our business operations. Furthermore, environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently, and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of such changes and cannot be certain of our future compliance. We do not currently carry biological or hazardous waste insurance coverage.

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Failure to comply with existing or future laws and regulations related to privacy or data security could lead to government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal fines or penalties), private litigation, other liabilities, and/or adverse publicity. Compliance or the failure to comply with such laws could increase the costs of our products and services, could limit their use or adoption, and could otherwise negatively affect our operating results and business.

Regulation of personal data or personal information processing is evolving, as federal, state, and foreign governments continue to adopt new, or modify existing, laws and regulations addressing data privacy and security, and the collection, processing, storage, transfer, and use of such data. We, our collaborators, and our service providers may be subject to current, new, or modified federal, state, and foreign data protection laws and regulations (e.g., laws and regulations that address data privacy and data security, including, without limitation, health data). These new or proposed laws and regulations are subject to differing interpretations and may be inconsistent among jurisdictions, and guidance on implementation and compliance practices are often updated or otherwise revised, which adds to the complexity of processing personal data. These and other requirements could require us or our collaborators to incur additional costs to achieve compliance, limit our competitiveness, necessitate the acceptance of more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to use, store, transfer, and process data, impact our or our collaborators’ ability to process or use data in order to support the provision of our products or services, affect our or our collaborators’ ability to offer our products and services or operate in certain locations, cause regulators to reject, limit, or disrupt our clinical trial activities, result in increased expenses, reduce overall demand for our products and services and make it more difficult to meet expectations of or commitments to customers or collaborators. See “Business—Other Regulations” in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Failure to comply with U.S. and foreign data protection laws and regulations could result in government investigations and enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties, fines, or sanctions), private litigation, and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business. Moreover, patients or subjects about whom we or our collaborators obtain information, as well as the providers who share this information with us, may contractually limit our ability to use and disclose the information. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights or failed to comply with data protection laws or applicable privacy notices even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adverse publicity that could harm our business. Any failure by our third-party collaborators, service providers, contractors, or consultants to comply with applicable law, regulations, or contractual obligations related to data privacy or security could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities or others.

We may publish privacy policies and other documentation regarding our collection, processing, use, and disclosure of personal information and/or other confidential information. Although we endeavor to comply with our published policies and other documentation, we may at times fail to do so or may be perceived to have failed to do so. Moreover, despite our efforts, we may not be successful in achieving compliance if our employees or vendors fail to comply with our published policies and documentation. Such failures can subject us to potential foreign, local, state, and federal action if they are found to be deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our actual practices. Moreover, subjects about whom we or our partners obtain information, as well as the providers who share this information with us, may contractually limit our ability to use and disclose the information. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights or failed to comply with data protection laws or applicable privacy notices even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adverse publicity that could harm our business. Any of these matters could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, or operational results.

Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties

We rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical development activities and clinical trials, manufacture our product candidates, and perform other services. If these third parties do not successfully perform and comply

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with regulatory requirements, we may not be able to successfully complete clinical development, obtain regulatory approval, or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.

We have relied upon and plan to continue to rely upon third-party CROs to conduct, monitor, and manage preclinical and clinical programs. We rely on these parties for execution of clinical trials, and we manage and control only some aspects of their activities. We remain responsible for ensuring that each of our trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory, and scientific standards, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs and other vendors are required to comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines, including those required by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for all of our product candidates in clinical development. If we or any of our CROs or vendors fail to comply with applicable and evolving laws, regulations, and guidelines, the results generated in our clinical trials may be deemed insufficient or unreliable, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. For example, we are aware of certain instances of non-compliance with GCP protocols at clinical sites, such as fully documenting informed consent protocols. While we believe that we have made significant progress in remediating these deficiencies, we cannot be assured that our CROs, clinical sites, and other vendors will fully remediate any deficiencies and will meet these requirements on an ongoing basis, or that upon inspection by any regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that efforts, including any of our clinical trials, comply with applicable requirements. Our failure to comply with these laws, regulations, and guidelines may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would be costly and delay the regulatory approval process.

If any of our relationships with these third-party CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs in a timely manner or do so on commercially reasonable terms. In addition, our CROs may not prioritize our clinical trials relative to those of other customers, and any turnover in personnel or delays in the allocation of CRO employees by the CRO may negatively affect our clinical trials. If CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, our clinical trials may be delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to meet our current plans with respect to our product candidates. Additionally, regional disruptions, including natural disasters or health emergencies (such as novel viruses or pandemics), could significantly disrupt the timing of clinical trials. CROs may also involve higher costs than anticipated, which could negatively affect our financial condition and operations.

Shortages and governmental restrictions resulting from pandemics or other public health crises may disrupt the ability of or increase the cost for our clinical trial sites and other CROs to procure items that are essential for our research and development activities, including animals that are used for preclinical studies. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting disruptions to the global supply chain caused shortages of various animals used in research studies, such as several types of monkeys, which are typically sourced from China.

In addition, we do not currently have, nor do we currently plan to establish, the capability to manufacture product candidates for use in the conduct of our clinical trials, and we lack the resources and the capability to manufacture any of our product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale without the use of third-party manufacturers. We plan to rely on third-party manufacturers and their responsibilities will include purchasing from third-party suppliers the materials necessary to produce our product candidates for our clinical trials and regulatory approval. There are expected to be a limited number of suppliers for the active ingredients and other materials that we expect to use to manufacture our product candidates, and we may not be able to identify alternative suppliers to prevent a possible disruption of the manufacture of our product candidates for our clinical trials, and, if approved, ultimately for commercial sale. Although we generally do not expect to begin a clinical trial unless we believe we have a sufficient supply of a product candidate to complete the trial, any significant delay or discontinuity in the supply of a product candidate, or the active ingredient or other material components in the manufacture of the product candidate, could delay completion of our clinical trials and

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potential timing for regulatory approval of our product candidates, which would harm our business and results of operations.

Our manufacturing process is complex and we may encounter difficulties in production, which would delay or prevent our ability to provide a sufficient supply of our product candidates for future clinical trials or commercialization, if approved.

The process of manufacturing our biologic product candidates is complex, highly regulated, variable, and subject to numerous risks. Our manufacturing process is susceptible to product loss or failure, or product variation that may negatively impact patient outcomes, due to logistical issues associated with preparing the product for administration, infusing the patient with the product, manufacturing issues, or different product characteristics resulting from the inherent differences in starting materials, variations between reagent lots, interruptions in the manufacturing process, contamination, equipment or reagent failure, improper installation or operation of equipment and/or programs, vendor or operator error and variability in product characteristics.

Even minor variations in starting reagents and materials, or deviations from normal manufacturing processes could result in reduced production yields, product defects, manufacturing failure, and other supply disruptions. If microbial, viral, or other contaminations are discovered in our product candidates or in any of the manufacturing facilities in which products or other materials are made, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination. Any failure in the foregoing processes could render a batch of product unusable, could affect the regulatory approval of such product candidate, could cause us to incur fines or penalties, or could harm our reputation and that of our product candidates.

We may make changes to our manufacturing process for various reasons, such as to control costs, increase yield or dose, achieve scale, decrease processing time, increase manufacturing success rate, availability of raw materials, or for other reasons. Changes to our process made during the course of clinical development could require us to show the comparability of the product used in earlier clinical phases or at earlier portions of a trial to the product used in later clinical phases or later portions of the trial. Other changes to our manufacturing process made before or after commercialization could require us to show the comparability of the resulting product to the product candidate used in the clinical trials using earlier processes. Such showings could require us to collect additional nonclinical or clinical data from any modified process prior to obtaining marketing approval for the product candidate produced with such modified process. If such data are not ultimately comparable to that seen in the earlier trials or earlier in the same trial in terms of safety or efficacy, we may be required to make further changes to our process and/or undertake additional clinical testing, either of which could significantly delay the clinical development or commercialization of the associated product candidate, which would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We rely and expect to continue to rely on third parties to manufacture our clinical product supplies, and we intend to rely on third parties to produce and process our product candidates, if approved, and our commercialization of any of our product candidates could be stopped, delayed, or made less profitable if those third parties fail to obtain approval of government regulators, fail to provide us with sufficient quantities of drug product, or fail to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices.

We do not currently have, nor do we currently plan to develop, the infrastructure or capability internally to manufacture our clinical supplies for use in the conduct of our clinical trials, and we lack the resources and the capability to manufacture any of our product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. We currently rely on outside vendors to manufacture our clinical supplies of our product candidates and plan to continue relying on third parties to manufacture our product candidates on a commercial scale, if approved.

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We do not yet have sufficient information to reliably estimate the cost of the commercial manufacturing of our product candidates and our current cost to manufacture our drug products may not be commercially feasible. Additionally, the actual cost to manufacture our product candidates could materially and adversely affect the commercial viability of our product candidates. As a result, we may never be able to develop a commercially viable product.

In addition, our reliance on third-party manufacturers exposes us to the following additional risks:

•We may be unable to identify manufacturers of our product candidates on acceptable terms or at all.

•Our third-party manufacturers might be unable to timely formulate and manufacture our product or produce the quantity and quality required to meet our clinical and commercial needs, if any.

•Contract manufacturers may not be able to execute our manufacturing procedures appropriately.

•Our future third-party manufacturers may not perform as agreed or may not remain in the contract manufacturing business for the time required to supply our clinical trials or to successfully produce, store, and distribute our commercial products, if approved.

•Manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA and some state agencies to ensure strict compliance with cGMPs and other government regulations and corresponding foreign standards. We do not have control over third-party manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards.

•We may not own, or may have to share, the intellectual property rights to any improvements made by our third-party manufacturers in the manufacturing process for our product candidates.

•Our third-party manufacturers could breach or terminate their agreement with us.

•Our third-party manufacturers’ performance, available capacity and ability to manufacture clinical or commercial products may be impacted by mergers and or acquisitions.

•We may experience labor disputes or shortages, including from the effects of health emergencies (such as novel viruses or pandemics) and natural disasters.

•Our third-party manufacturers may be impacted by global conflicts, including any potential conflict involving China and Taiwan, and any resulting trade sanctions.

Each of these risks could delay our clinical trials, as well as the approval, if any, of our product candidates by the FDA, or the commercialization of our product candidates, or could result in higher costs, or could deprive us of potential product revenue. In addition, we rely on third parties to perform release testing on our product candidates prior to delivery to patients. If these tests are not appropriately conducted and test data are not reliable, patients could be put at risk of serious harm, and this could result in product liability suits.

The manufacture of medical products is complex and requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques, process controls and product testing methods. Manufacturers of medical products often encounter difficulties in production, particularly in scaling up and validating initial production and absence of contamination. These problems include difficulties with raw material supply, production costs and yields, quality control, stability of the product, quality assurance testing, operator error, shortages of qualified personnel, as well as compliance with strictly enforced federal, state, and foreign regulations. Furthermore, if contaminants are discovered in our supply of our product candidates or in the manufacturing facilities, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time

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to investigate and remedy the contamination. We cannot be assured that any stability issue or other issues relating to the manufacture of our product candidates will not occur in the future. Additionally, our manufacturers may experience manufacturing difficulties due to resource constraints or as a result of labor disputes, shortages, including from the effects of heath emergencies (such as novel viruses or pandemics) and natural disasters, or unstable political environments. If our manufacturers were to encounter any of these difficulties, or otherwise fail to comply with their contractual obligations, our ability to provide our product candidates to patients or subjects in clinical trials would be jeopardized. Any delay or interruption in the supply of clinical trial supplies could delay the completion of clinical trials, increase the costs associated with maintaining clinical trial programs and, depending upon the period of delay, require us to commence new clinical trials at additional expense or terminate clinical trials completely.

We may be unable to realize the potential benefits of any collaboration.

Even if we are successful in entering into additional future collaborations with respect to the development and/or commercialization of one or more product candidates, there is no guarantee that the collaboration will be successful. Collaborations may pose a number of risks, including:

•collaborators often have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to the collaboration and may not commit sufficient resources to the development, marketing, or commercialization of the product or products that are subject to the collaboration;

•collaborators may not perform their obligations as expected;

•any such collaboration may significantly limit our share of potential future profits from the associated program and may require us to relinquish potentially valuable rights to our current product candidates, potential products, proprietary technologies, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us;

•collaborators may cease to devote resources to the development or commercialization of our product candidates if the collaborators view our product candidates as competitive with their own products or product candidates;

•disagreements with collaborators, including disagreements over proprietary rights, contract interpretation, or the course of development, might cause delays or termination of the development or commercialization of product candidates, and might result in legal proceedings, which would be time consuming, distracting, and expensive;

•collaborators may be impacted by changes in their strategic focus or available funding, or business combinations involving them, which could cause them to divert resources away from the collaboration;

•collaborators may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability;

•the collaborations may not result in us achieving revenue to justify such transactions; and

•collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for us to raise additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidate.

As a result, a collaboration may not result in the successful development or commercialization of our product candidates.

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We enter into various contracts in the normal course of our business in which we indemnify the other party to the contract. In the event we have to perform under these indemnification provisions, we could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In the normal course of business, we periodically enter into commercial, service, licensing, consulting, and other agreements that contain indemnification provisions. With respect to our research agreements, we typically indemnify the party and related parties from losses arising from claims relating to the products, processes, or services made, used, sold, or performed pursuant to the agreements for which we have secured licenses, and from claims arising from our or our sublicensees’ exercise of rights under the agreement. With respect to future collaboration agreements, we may indemnify our collaborators from any third-party product liability claims that could result from the production, use, or consumption of the product, as well as for alleged infringements of any patent or other intellectual property right by a third party. With respect to consultants, we indemnify them from claims arising from the good faith performance of their services.

Should our obligation under an indemnification provision exceed applicable insurance coverage or if we were denied insurance coverage, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. Similarly, if we are relying on a collaborator to indemnify us and the collaborator is denied insurance coverage or the indemnification obligation exceeds the applicable insurance coverage, and if the collaborator does not have other assets available to indemnify us, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

We intend to rely on patent rights, trade secret protections, and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our product candidates and any future product candidates. If we are unable to obtain or maintain exclusivity from the combination of these approaches, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

We rely or will rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection, and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our technologies and product candidates. Our success depends in large part on our and our licensors’ ability to obtain regulatory exclusivity and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection in the United States and in other countries with respect to our proprietary technologies and product candidates.

We have sought to protect our proprietary position by filing and licensing the rights to patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our technologies and product candidates that are important to our business. This process is expensive and time consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions for which legal principles remain unresolved. The patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our product candidates in the United States or in other foreign countries. There is no assurance that all potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, and even if such patents cover our product candidates, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability, or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, found unenforceable, or invalidated. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our product candidates, or prevent others from designing around our claims. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business.

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We, independently or together with our licensors, have filed patent applications covering various aspects of our product candidates and their methods of use. We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any, patents will issue, the breadth of any such patent, or whether any issued patents will be found invalid and unenforceable or will be threatened by third parties. Any successful opposition to these patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us after patent issuance could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any product candidates that we may develop. Further, if we encounter delays in regulatory approvals, the period of time during which we could market a product candidate under patent protection could be reduced.

If we cannot obtain and maintain effective protection of exclusivity from our regulatory efforts and intellectual property rights, including patent protection or data exclusivity, for our product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively, and our business and results of operations would be harmed.

We may not have sufficient patent term protections for our product candidates to effectively protect our business.

Patents have a limited term. In the United States, the statutory expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after it is filed. Additional patent terms may be available through a patent term adjustment (“PTA”) process, resulting from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) delays during prosecution. Although various extensions may be available, the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired for a product candidate, we may be open to competition from generic medications.

Patent term extensions (“PTEs”) under the Hatch-Waxman Act in the United States and under supplementary protection certificates in Europe may be available to extend the patent or data exclusivity terms of our product candidates. We will likely rely on patent term extensions, and we cannot provide any assurances that any such patent term extensions will be obtained and, if so, for how long. As a result, we may not be able to maintain exclusivity for our product candidates for an extended period after regulatory approval, if any, which would negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. If we do not have sufficient patent terms or regulatory exclusivity to protect our product candidates, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products, and recent patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.

As is the case with other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biotechnology industry involve both technological and legal complexity, and is therefore costly, time-consuming, and inherently uncertain. In addition, in 2011 the United States enacted the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (the “Leahy-Smith Act”) and is still currently implementing wide-ranging patent reform legislation. Recent rulings from the U.S. Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in specified circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in specified situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.

The USPTO has issued subject matter eligibility guidance instructing USPTO examiners on the ramifications of the Supreme Court rulings in Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. and Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., and applied the Myriad ruling to natural products and principles including all naturally occurring molecules. In addition, the USPTO continues to provide updates to its guidance

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continues to be a developing area. The USPTO guidance may make it impossible for us to obtain similar patent claims in future patent applications. Currently, our patent portfolio contains claims of various types and scope, including methods of medical treatment. The presence of varying types of claims in our patent portfolio significantly reduces, but may not eliminate, our exposure to potential validity challenges.

For our U.S. patent applications, which contain claims entitled to priority after March 16, 2013, there is a greater level of uncertainty due to the Leahy-Smith Act mentioned above. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. The USPTO has promulgated regulations and developed procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, the first to file provisions, did not come into effect until March 16, 2013. The Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

An important change introduced by the Leahy-Smith Act is that, as of March 16, 2013, the United States transitioned to a “first-to-file” system for deciding which party should be granted a patent when two or more patent applications are filed by different parties claiming the same invention. This will require us to be cognizant going forward of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Furthermore, our ability to obtain and maintain valid and enforceable patents depends on whether the differences between our technology and the prior art allow our technology to be patentable over the prior art. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, we cannot be certain that we were the first to either: (i) file any patent application related to our product candidates or (ii) invent any of the inventions claimed in our patents or patent applications.

Among some of the other changes introduced by the Leahy-Smith Act are changes that limit where a patentee may file a patent infringement suit and new procedures providing opportunities for third parties to challenge any issued patent in the USPTO. Included in these new procedures is a process known as Inter Partes Review (“IPR”), which has been generally used by many third parties since the enactment of the Leahy-Smith Act to invalidate patents. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in U.S. federal court necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. Additionally, the rights of review and appeal for IPR decisions is an area of law that is still developing.

Geopolitical actions in the United States and in foreign countries could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution or maintenance of patent applications and the maintenance, enforcement or defense of issued patents. For example, the United States and foreign government actions related to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine may limit or prevent filing, prosecution and maintenance of patent applications in Russia. Government actions may also prevent maintenance of issued patents in Russia. These actions could result in abandonment or lapse of patents or patent applications, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in Russia. If such an event were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, a decree was adopted by the Russian government in March 2022, allowing Russian companies and individuals to exploit inventions owned by patentees that have citizenship or nationality in, are registered in, or have predominately primary place of business or profit-making activities in the United States and other countries that Russia has deemed unfriendly without consent or compensation. Consequently, we would not be able to prevent third parties from practicing its inventions in Russia or from selling or importing products made using its inventions in and into Russia. Accordingly, our competitive position may be impaired, and our business, financial condition, operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

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In addition, a European Unified Patent Court (“UPC”) came into force on June 1, 2023. The UPC will be a common patent court to hear patent infringement and revocation proceedings effective for member states of the European Union. This could enable third parties to seek revocation of a European patent in a single proceeding at the UPC rather than through multiple proceedings in each of the jurisdictions in which the European patent is validated. Although we do not currently own any European patents, if we obtain such patents and applications in the future, any such revocation and loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business and our ability to commercialize or license our technology and products. Moreover, the controlling laws and regulations of the UPC will develop over time and may adversely affect our ability to enforce or defend the validity of any European patents obtained. We may decide to opt out from the UPC for any future European patent applications that we may file and any patents we may obtain. If certain formalities and requirements are not met, however, such European patents and patent applications could be challenged for non-compliance and brought under the jurisdiction of the UPC. We cannot be certain that future European patents and patent applications will avoid falling under the jurisdiction of the UPC, if we decide to opt out of the UPC.

If we are unable to maintain effective proprietary rights for our product candidates or any future product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively in our proposed markets.

In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent, such as processes for which patents are difficult to enforce, other elements of our product candidate discovery and/or development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information, or technology that is not covered by patents. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations, and systems, the agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for such a breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors.

Although we expect all of our employees and consultants to assign their inventions to us, and all of our employees, consultants, advisors, and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information, or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, we cannot provide any assurances that all such agreements have been duly executed, or that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed, or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets could impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating the trade secret.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to develop, manufacture, market, and sell our product candidates and use our proprietary technology without infringing the patent rights of third parties. Numerous third-party U.S. and non-U.S. issued patents and pending applications exist in the area of our product candidates. From time to time, we may also monitor these patents and patent applications. We may in the future pursue available proceedings in the U.S. and foreign patent offices to challenge the validity of these patents and patent applications. In addition, or alternatively, we may consider whether to seek to negotiate a license of rights to technology covered by one or more of such third-party patents and patent applications. If any patents or patent applications cover our product candidates or technologies, we may not be free to manufacture or market

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our product candidates as planned, absent such a license, which may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, applications filed before November 29, 2000 remain confidential until patents issue, and applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States can elect to remain confidential until patents issue.

Moreover, it is difficult for industry participants, including us, to identify all third-party patent rights that may be relevant to our product candidates and technologies because patent searching is imperfect due to differences in terminology among patents, incomplete databases, and the difficulty in assessing the meaning of patent claims. We may fail to identify relevant patents or patent applications or may identify pending patent applications of potential interest but incorrectly predict the likelihood that such patent applications may issue with claims of relevance to our technology. In addition, we may be unaware of one or more issued patents that would be infringed by the manufacture, sale, or use of a current or future product candidate, or we may incorrectly conclude that a third-party patent is invalid, unenforceable, or not infringed by our activities. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to specified limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our technologies, our product candidates, or the use of our product candidates.

There have been many lawsuits and other proceedings involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits in federal courts, and interferences, oppositions, inter partes reviews, post-grant reviews, and reexamination proceedings before the USPTO and corresponding foreign patent offices. Numerous U.S. and foreign-issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are developing product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.

Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products, or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.

We may not be successful in meeting our obligations under our existing license agreements necessary to maintain our product candidate licenses in effect. In addition, if required in order to commercialize our product candidates, we may be unsuccessful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to our product candidates through acquisitions and in-licenses.

We currently have rights to the intellectual property, through licenses from third parties and under patents that we do not own, to develop and commercialize our product candidates. Because our programs may require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, the growth of our business will likely depend in part on our ability to maintain in effect these proprietary rights. Any termination of license agreements with third parties with respect to our product candidates would be expected to negatively impact our business prospects.

We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes, or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary for our product candidates. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to

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their size, cash resources, and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license their patent rights to us. Even if we are able to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that are necessary for our product candidates, there can be no assurance that they will be available on favorable terms.

If we are unable to successfully obtain and maintain rights to required third-party intellectual property, we may have to abandon development of that product candidate or pay additional amounts to the third party, and our business and financial condition could suffer.

The patent protection and patent prosecution for some of our product candidates are dependent on third parties.

While we normally seek and gain the right to fully prosecute the patents relating to our product candidates, there may be times when patents relating to our product candidates are controlled by our licensors. If any of our licensors fail to appropriately follow our instructions with regard to the prosecution and maintenance of patent protection for patents covering any of our product candidates, our ability to develop and commercialize those product candidates may be adversely affected, and we may not be able to prevent competitors from making, using, importing, and selling competing products. In addition, even where we now have the right to control patent prosecution of patents and patent applications we have licensed from third parties, we may still be adversely affected or prejudiced by actions or inactions of our licensors in effect from actions prior to us assuming control over patent prosecution.

If we fail to comply with obligations in the agreements under which we license intellectual property and other rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.

We are a party to intellectual property licenses and supply agreements that are important to our business and expect to enter into additional license agreements in the future. Our existing agreements impose, and we expect that future license agreements will impose, various diligence, milestone payments, royalties, purchasing, and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with our obligations under these agreements, or we are subject to a bankruptcy, our agreements may be subject to termination by the licensor, in which event we would not be able to develop, manufacture, or market products covered by the license or subject to supply commitments.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our licensors. If we, or one of our licensing partners, were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, written description, clarity, or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld material information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable.

Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us or declared by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to us from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. In

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addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring our product candidates to market.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

We employ individuals who were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we have written agreements and make every effort to ensure that our employees, consultants, and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or intellectual property rights of others in their work for us, we may in the future be subject to any claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, which could adversely impact our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop our own products and may also export infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of some countries, particularly some developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology and therapeutic products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally.

Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Risks Related to Commercialization of Our Product Candidates

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If we are unable to establish commercial manufacturing, sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to commercially manufacture, market and sell our product candidates, we may be unable to generate any revenue.

Although some of our employees may have been employed at companies that have launched pharmaceutical products in the past, we have no experience establishing commercial manufacturing relationships for or selling and marketing our product candidates and we currently have no commercial manufacturing relationships or marketing or sales organization. To successfully commercialize any products that may result from our development programs, we will need to find one or more collaborators to commercialize our products or invest in and develop these capabilities, either on our own or with others, which would be expensive, difficult, and time consuming. Any failure or delay in entering into agreements with third parties to market or sell our product candidates or in the timely development of our internal commercialization capabilities could adversely impact the potential for the launch and success of our products.

If commercialization collaborators do not commit sufficient resources to commercialize our future products and we are unable to develop the necessary marketing and sales capabilities on our own, we will be unable to generate sufficient product revenue to sustain or grow our business. We may be competing with companies that currently have extensive and well-funded marketing and sales operations, particularly in the markets our product candidates are intended to address. Without appropriate capabilities, whether directly or through third-party collaborators, we may be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies.

We may attempt to form collaborations in the future with respect to our product candidates, but we may not be able to do so, which may cause us to alter our development and commercialization plans.

We may attempt to form strategic collaborations, create joint ventures, or enter into licensing arrangements with third parties with respect to our programs that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. We may face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic collaborators, and the negotiation process to secure appropriate terms is time consuming and complex. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish such a strategic collaboration for any product candidates and programs on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. This may be because our product candidates and programs may be deemed to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative effort, our research and development pipeline may be viewed as insufficient, the competitive or intellectual property landscape may be viewed as too intense or risky, and/or third parties may not view our product candidates and programs as having sufficient potential for commercialization, including the likelihood of an adequate safety and efficacy profile.

Even if we are able to successfully enter into a collaboration regarding the development or commercialization of our product candidates, we cannot guarantee that such a collaboration will be successful. Any delays in identifying suitable collaborators and entering into agreements to develop and/or commercialize our product candidates could delay the development or commercialization of our product candidates, which may reduce their competitiveness even if they reach the market. Absent a strategic collaborator, we would need to undertake development and/or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to fund and undertake development and/or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional expertise and additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we are unable to do so, we may not be able to develop our product candidates or bring them to market and our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We face substantial competition and our competitors may discover, develop, or commercialize products faster or more successfully than us.

The development and commercialization of new drug products is highly competitive. We face competition from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, universities, and other research institutions worldwide with respect to our product candidates that we may seek to develop or

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commercialize in the future. We are aware that the following companies have therapeutics marketed or in development for TED: Horizon Therapeutics plc and Immunovant, Inc., Harbour BioMed, Valenza Bio, Inc. and Sling Therapeutics, Inc. If approved, VRDN-001 will also compete against generic medications, such as corticosteroids, that are prescribed for and surgical procedures for the treatment of TED. We are also aware that the following comapnies may have anti-FcRn therapeutics marketed or in development: argenx SE, UCB, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Immunovant, Inc. and Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Depending on the indications in which we choose to develop VRDN-006 and VRDN-008, there may be further competition from marketed and in-development therapeutics targeting other mechanisms such as complement inhibition.

Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring, or licensing technologies and drug products that are more effective or less costly than our product candidates that we are currently developing or that we may develop, which could render our product candidates obsolete and noncompetitive. Our competitors may also adopt a similar licensing and development strategy as ours with regard to the development of an existing anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibody for the treatment of TED. If any competitor was able to effect this strategy in a more efficient manner, there may be less demand for our product candidates if any are approved.

Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Third-party payors, including governmental and private insurers, may also encourage the use of generic products. For example, if VRDN-001 is approved, it may be priced at a significant premium over other competitive products. This may make it difficult for VRDN-001 or any other future products to compete with these products.

If our competitors obtain marketing approval from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for their product candidates more rapidly than us, it could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market.

Many of our competitors have materially greater name recognition and financial, manufacturing, marketing, research, and drug development resources than we do. Additional mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. For example, in December 2022, Amgen Inc. announced that it intends to acquire Horizon Therapeutics plc, which could have a significant impact on the competitive landscape for clinical trials and therapeutics for TED. Large pharmaceutical companies in particular have extensive expertise in preclinical and clinical testing and in obtaining regulatory approvals for drugs. In addition, academic institutions, government agencies, and other public and private organizations conducting research may seek patent protection with respect to potentially competitive products or technologies. These organizations may also establish exclusive collaborative or licensing relationships with our competitors. Failure of VRDN-001, VRDN-002, VRDN-003 or our other product candidates to effectively compete against established treatment options or in the future with new products currently in development would harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

The commercial success of any of our current or future product candidates will depend upon the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, and others in the medical community.

Even with the approvals from the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, the commercial success of our products will depend in part on the healthcare providers, patients, and third-party payors accepting our product candidates as medically useful, cost-effective, and safe. Any product that we bring to the market may not gain market acceptance by physicians, patients, and third-party payors. The degree of market acceptance of any of our products will depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to:

•the efficacy of the product as demonstrated in clinical trials and potential advantages over competing treatments;

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•the prevalence and severity of the disease and any side effects;

•the clinical indications for which approval is granted, including any limitations or warnings contained in a product’s approved labeling;

•the convenience and ease of administration;

•the cost of treatment;

•the willingness of the patients and physicians to accept these therapies;

•the perceived ratio of risk and benefit of these therapies by physicians and the willingness of physicians to recommend these therapies to patients based on such risks and benefits;

•the marketing, sales, and distribution support for the product;

•the publicity concerning our products or competing products and treatments; and

•the pricing and availability of third-party payor coverage and adequate reimbursement.

Even if a product displays a favorable efficacy and safety profile upon approval, market acceptance of the product remains uncertain. Efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of the products may require significant investment and resources and may never be successful. If our products fail to achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, and other healthcare providers, we will not be able to generate sufficient revenue to become or remain profitable.

We may not be successful in any efforts to identify, license, discover, develop, or commercialize additional product candidates.

Although a substantial amount of our effort will focus on clinical testing, potential approval, and commercialization of our existing product candidates, the success of our business is also expected to depend in part upon our ability to identify, license, discover, develop, or commercialize additional product candidates. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial, and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful. Our research programs or licensing efforts may fail to yield additional product candidates for clinical development and commercialization for a number of reasons, including but not limited to the following:

•our research or business development methodology or search criteria and process may be unsuccessful in identifying potential product candidates;

•we may not be able or willing to assemble sufficient resources to acquire or discover additional product candidates;

•our product candidates may not succeed in preclinical or clinical testing;

•our potential product candidates may be shown to have harmful side effects or may have other characteristics that may make the products unmarketable or unlikely to receive marketing approval;

•competitors may develop alternatives that render our product candidates obsolete or less attractive;

•product candidates we develop may be covered by third parties’ patents or other exclusive rights;

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•the market for a product candidate may change during our program so that such a product may become unreasonable to continue to develop;

•a product candidate may not be capable of being produced in commercial quantities at an acceptable cost, or at all; and

•a product candidate may not be accepted as safe and effective by patients, the medical community, or third-party payors.

If any of these events occur, we may be forced to abandon our development efforts for a program or programs, or we may not be able to identify, license, discover, develop, or commercialize additional product candidates, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations and could potentially cause us to cease operations.

Failure to obtain or maintain adequate reimbursement or insurance coverage for our products, if any, could limit our ability to market those products and decrease our ability to generate revenue.

The pricing, as well as the coverage, and reimbursement of our approved products, if any, must be sufficient to support our commercial efforts and other development programs, and the availability of coverage and adequacy of reimbursement by third-party payors, including government healthcare programs, health maintenance organizations, private insurers, and other healthcare management organizations, are essential for most patients to be able to afford expensive treatments. Sales of our approved products, if any, will depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of our approved products, if any, will be paid for or reimbursed by third-party payors. If coverage and reimbursement are not available, or are available only in limited amounts, we may have to subsidize or provide products for free, or we may not be able to successfully commercialize our products. See “Business—Coverage and Reimbursement” in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Outside the United States, international operations are generally subject to extensive governmental price controls and other price-restrictive regulations, and we believe the increasing emphasis on cost-containment initiatives in Europe, Canada, and other countries has and will continue to put pressure on the pricing and usage of products. In many countries, the prices of products are subject to varying price control mechanisms as part of national health systems. Price controls or other changes in pricing regulation could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our products, if any. Accordingly, in markets outside the United States, the potential revenue may be insufficient to generate commercially reasonable revenue and profits.

We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with products due to the increasing trend toward managed healthcare, including the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative changes. The downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, particularly prescription drugs, has increased and is expected to continue to increase in the future. As a result, profitability of our products, if any, may be more difficult to achieve even if they receive regulatory approval.

Risks Related to Our Business Operations

Our future success depends in part on our ability to attract, retain, and motivate qualified personnel.

Recruiting and retaining other qualified employees, consultants, and advisors for our business, including scientific and technical personnel, are critical to our success. There is currently a shortage of highly qualified personnel in our industry, which is likely to continue. As a result, competition for personnel is intense, and the turnover rate can be high. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for individuals with similar skill sets. In addition, failure to succeed in development and commercialization of our product candidates may make

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it more challenging to recruit and retain qualified personnel. The inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel may impede the progress of our research, development, and commercialization objectives and would negatively impact our ability to succeed in our product development strategy.

We will need to expand our organization and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we expect to need additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial, legal, and other resources. Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of our attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees, and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize product candidates and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.

Unstable market and economic conditions, inflation, increases in interest rates, natural disasters, public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, political crises, geopolitical events, such as the crisis in Ukraine, or other macroeconomic conditions, may have serious adverse consequences on our business and financial condition.

The global economy, including credit and financial markets, have experienced extreme volatility and disruptions at various points over the last few decades, including, among other things, diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, supply chain shortages, increases in inflation rates, higher interest rates, and uncertainty about economic stability. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in widespread unemployment, economic slowdown and extreme volatility in the capital markets. The Federal Reserve has raised interest rates multiple times in response to concerns about inflation and it may raise them again. Higher interest rates, coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets, may increase economic uncertainty and affect consumer spending. Similarly, the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the rising tensions between China and Taiwan have created extreme volatility in the global capital markets and may have further global economic consequences, including disruptions of the global supply chain. Any such volatility and disruptions may adversely affect our business or the third parties on whom we rely. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, including as a result of political unrest or war, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to complete, more costly, and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance and share price and could require us to delay or abandon development or commercialization plans. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our service providers, manufacturers or other partners would not survive or be able to meet their commitments to us under such circumstances, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget.

We have experienced and may in the future experience disruptions as a result of such macroeconomic conditions, including delays or difficulties in initiating or expanding clinical trials and manufacturing sufficient quantities of materials. Any one or a combination of these events could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The Hercules Loan and Security Agreement contains certain covenants that could adversely affect our operations and, if an event of default were to occur, we could be forced to repay any outstanding

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indebtedness sooner than planned and possibly at a time when we do not have sufficient capital to meet this obligation.

Pursuant to the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement, we have pledged substantially all of our assets, other than our intellectual property rights. Additionally, the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement contains certain affirmative and negative covenants that could prevent us from taking certain actions without the consent of our lenders. These covenants may limit our flexibility in operating our business and our ability to take actions that might be advantageous to us and our stockholders. The Hercules Loan and Security Agreement also contains customary affirmative and negative covenants that, among other things, limit our ability, subject to certain exceptions, to incur indebtedness, grant liens, enter into a merger or consolidation, enter into transactions with affiliates, or sell all or a portion of our property, business or assets. The Hercules Loan and Security Agreement contains customary events of default. Upon the occurrence and continuation of an event of default, all amounts due under the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement become (in the case of an insolvency or bankruptcy event), or may become (in the case of all other events of default and at the option of Hercules), immediately due and payable. If an event of default under the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement should occur, we could be required to immediately repay any outstanding indebtedness. If we are unable to repay such debt, the lenders would be able to foreclose on the secured collateral, including our cash accounts, and take other remedies permitted under the Hercules Loan and Security Agreement. Even if we are able to repay any indebtedness on an event of default, the repayment of these sums may significantly reduce our working capital and impair our ability to operate as planned.

Failure in our information technology and storage systems or those of third parties upon whom we rely could significantly disrupt the operation of our business and adversely impact our financial condition.

Our ability to execute our business plan and maintain operations depends on the continued and uninterrupted performance of our information technology (“IT”) systems or those of third parties upon whom we rely. IT systems are vulnerable to risks and damages from a variety of sources, including telecommunications or network failures, malicious human acts, and natural disasters (such as a tornado, an earthquake, or a fire). Moreover, despite network security and back-up measures, some of our and our vendors’ servers are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, including cyber-attacks, computer viruses, and similar disruptive problems. The techniques used by criminal elements to attack computer systems are sophisticated, change frequently, and may originate from less regulated and remote areas of the world. As a result, we may not be able to address these techniques proactively or implement adequate preventative measures. If the IT systems are compromised, we could be subject to fines, damages, litigation, and enforcement actions, and we could lose trade secrets, the occurrence of which could harm our business. Despite precautionary measures designed to prevent unanticipated problems that could affect the IT systems, sustained or repeated system failures that interrupt our ability to generate and maintain data could adversely affect our ability to operate our business. In addition, the failure of our systems, maintenance problems, upgrading or transitioning to new platforms, or a breach in security could result in delays and reduce efficiency in our operations. Remediation of such problems could result in significant, unplanned capital investments.

Furthermore, parties in our supply chain may be operating from single sites, increasing their vulnerability to natural disasters or other sudden, unforeseen, and severe adverse events. If such an event were to affect our supply chain, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.

A network or data security incident may allow unauthorized access to our network or data, which could result in a material disruption of our clinical trials, harm our reputation, harm our business, create additional liability and adversely impact our financial results or operational results.

Increasingly, we are subject to a wide variety of threats on our information networks, and systems and those of our service providers or collaborators. In addition to threats from natural disasters, telecommunications and electrical failures, traditional computer hackers, malicious code (such as malware, viruses, worms, and

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ransomware), employee error, theft or misuse, password spraying, phishing, and distributed denial-of-service (“DDOS”) attacks, we now also face threats from sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors who engage in attacks (including advanced persistent threat intrusions) that add to the risks to our internal networks, our third-party service providers, our collaborators and the information that they store and process. Despite significant efforts to create security barriers to safeguard against such threats, it is virtually impossible for us to entirely mitigate these risks. The security measures we have integrated into our internal networks and systems, which are designed to detect unauthorized activity and prevent or minimize security incidents or breaches, may not function as expected or may not be sufficient to protect our internal networks and platform against certain threats. In addition, techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to networks in which data is stored or through which data is transmitted change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target. As a result, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures to prevent an electronic intrusion.

In addition, security incidents or breaches or those of our current or future collaborators or third-party service providers could result in a risk of loss or unauthorized access to or disclosure of the information we process. This, in turn, could require notification under applicable data privacy regulations or contracts, and could lead to litigation, governmental audits, investigations, fines, penalties, and other possible liability, damage our relationships with our collaborators, trigger indemnification and other contractual obligations, cause us to incur investigation, mitigation and remediation expenses, and have a negative impact on our ability to conduct clinical trials. For example, the loss of clinical trial data for our product candidates could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data.

We may not have adequate insurance coverage for security incidents or breaches or information system failures. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceeds our available insurance coverage or results in changes to our insurance policies (including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements), could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, we cannot be sure that any existing insurance coverage and coverage for errors and omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or that our insurers will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

Any failure or perceived failure by us or any collaborators, service providers, or others to comply with our privacy, confidentiality, data security or similar obligations to third parties, or any data security incidents or other security breaches that result in the unauthorized access, acquisition, or disclosure of sensitive information (including, without limitation personally identifiable information), may result in governmental investigations, enforcement actions, regulatory fines, litigation, or public statements against us, could cause third parties to lose trust in us or result in claims against us. Any of these events could cause harm to our reputation, business, financial condition, or operational results.

Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes to offset future taxable income or taxes may be limited.

Our net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities because of their limited duration or because of restrictions under U.S. tax law. Our NOLs generated in tax years ending on or prior to December 31, 2017 are only permitted to be carried forward for 20 years under applicable U.S. tax law. Under the Tax Act, our federal NOLs generated in tax years ending after December 31, 2017 may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of federal NOLs generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 is limited. It is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the Tax Act.

In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and corresponding provisions of state law, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” which is generally defined as a greater than 50% change, by value, in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its

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post-change income or taxes may be limited. Our most recent analysis of possible ownership changes was completed for certain tax periods ending through December 31, 2022. It is possible that we have in the past undergone and may in the future undergo, additional ownership changes that could result in additional limitations on our NOL and tax credit carryforwards. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of net operating losses is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed. Consequently, even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of our NOL carryforwards and certain other tax attributes, which could have a material adverse effect on cash flow and results of operations.

Changes in tax laws or regulations that are applied adversely to us or our customers may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, financial condition, or results of operations.

New income, sales, use, or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could be enacted at any time, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified, or applied adversely to us. For example, the Tax Act enacted many significant changes to the U.S. tax laws. Future guidance from the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities with respect to the Tax Act may affect us, and certain aspects of the Tax Act could be repealed or modified in future legislation. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the Tax Act or any newly enacted federal tax legislation. Changes in corporate tax rates, the realization of net deferred tax assets relating to our operations, the taxation of foreign earnings, and the deductibility of expenses under the Tax Act or future reform legislation could have a material impact on the value of our deferred tax assets, could result in significant one-time charges, and could increase our future U.S. tax expense.

Our effective tax rate may fluctuate, and we may incur obligations in tax jurisdictions in excess of accrued amounts.

We are subject to taxation in numerous U.S. states and territories and non-U.S. jurisdictions. As a result, our effective tax rate is derived from a combination of applicable tax rates in the various places that we operate. In preparing our financial statements, we estimate the amount of tax that will become payable in each of such places. Nevertheless, our effective tax rate may be different than experienced in the past due to numerous factors including the results of examinations and audits of our tax filings, our inability to secure or sustain acceptable agreements with tax authorities, changes in accounting for income taxes, and changes in tax laws. Any of these factors could cause us to experience an effective tax rate significantly different from previous periods or our current expectations and may result in tax obligations in excess of amounts accrued in our financial statements.

Risks Related to Ownership of our Common Stock

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law and the terms of some of our contracts could make an acquisition of us more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our management.

Provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws may delay or prevent an acquisition or a change in management. These provisions include a prohibition on actions by written consent of our stockholders and the ability of our board of directors to issue Preferred Stock without stockholder approval. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporate Law, which prohibits stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us. Although we believe these provisions collectively will provide for an opportunity to receive higher bids by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors, they would apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove then current management by

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making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of the board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of management.

In addition, the Certificate of Designation of our Series A Preferred Stock and the provisions of our warrants issued in 2020 may delay or prevent a change in control of our company. At any time while at least 30% of the originally issued Series A Preferred Stock remains issued and outstanding, we may not consummate a Fundamental Transaction (as defined in the Certificate of Designation of the Series A Preferred Stock) or any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another entity or any stock sale to, or other business combination in which the stockholders of the Company immediately before such transaction do not hold at least a majority of the capital stock of the Company immediately after such transaction, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2022, a majority of the then outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock was held by entities affiliated with one stockholder. This provision of the Certificate of Designation may make it more difficult for us to enter into any of the aforementioned transactions. In addition, pursuant to such warrants, under certain circumstances each warrant holder has the right to demand that we redeem the warrant for a cash amount equal to the Black-Scholes value of a portion of the warrant upon the occurrence of specified events, including a merger, an asset sale or certain other change of control transactions. A takeover of us may trigger the requirement that we redeem the warrants, which could make it more costly for a potential acquirer to engage in a business combination transaction with us.

Our Bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees.

Our Bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. While these choice of forum provisions do not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), the Exchange Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction, the choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against our and our directors, officers, and other employees. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in the bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

We do not anticipate that we will pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

The current expectation is that we will retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain, if any, for the foreseeable future.

Future sales of shares by existing stockholders could cause our stock price to decline.

If our stockholders sell, or indicate an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market after legal restrictions on resale lapse, the trading price of our common stock could decline. In addition, shares of our common stock that are subject to our outstanding options will become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting agreements and Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act.

Future sales and issuances of equity and debt could result in additional dilution to our stockholders.

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We expect that we will need significant additional capital to fund our current and future operations, including to complete potential clinical trials for our product candidates. To raise capital, we may sell common stock, convertible securities, or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. As a result, our stockholders may experience additional dilution, which could cause our stock price to fall.

In addition, pursuant to our Equity Incentive Plans, we may grant equity awards and issue additional shares of our common stock to our employees, directors, and consultants, and the number of shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under certain of these plans will be subject to automatic annual increases in accordance with the terms of the plans. To the extent that new options are granted and exercised, or we issue additional shares of common stock in the future, our stockholders may experience additional dilution, which could cause our stock price to fall.

Our principal stockholders own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.

Our directors, officers, 5% stockholders, and their affiliates currently beneficially own a substantial portion of our outstanding voting stock. Therefore, these stockholders have the ability and may continue to have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine some or all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders, acting together, may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may believe are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

General Risk Factors

The market price of our common stock has historically been volatile, and the market price of our common stock may drop in the future.

The market price of our common stock has been, and may continue to be, subject to significant fluctuations. Market prices for securities of early-stage pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and other life sciences companies have historically been particularly volatile. In addition to the factors described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors,” some of the factors that may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate include:

•failure to meet or exceed financial and development projections we may provide to the public and the investment community;

•the perception of the pharmaceutical industry by the public, legislatures, regulators, and the investment community;

•announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic collaborations, joint ventures, or capital commitments by us or our competitors;

•significant lawsuits, including patent or stockholder litigation;

•if securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our business and stock;

•changes in the market valuations of similar companies;

•announcements by commercial partners or competitors of new commercial products, clinical progress or the lack thereof, significant contracts, commercial relationships, or capital commitments;

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•the introduction of technological innovations or new therapies that compete with our potential products;

•changes in the structure of health care payment systems; and

•period-to-period fluctuations in our financial results.

Moreover, the capital markets in general have experienced substantial volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of individual companies, including volatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and general global macroeconomic conditions. These broad market fluctuations may also adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, stockholders have often instituted class action securities litigation against those companies. Such litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management attention and resources, which could significantly harm our profitability and reputation.

We incur costs and demands upon management as a result of complying with the laws and regulations affecting public companies.

We incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses associated with public company reporting requirements. We also incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules implemented by the SEC and The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”). These rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. These rules and regulations may also make it difficult and expensive for us to obtain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on our board of directors or as our executive officers, which may adversely affect investor confidence and could cause our business or stock price to suffer.

If equity research analysts do not publish research or reports, or publish unfavorable research or reports, about us, our business, or our market, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. Equity research analysts may elect not to provide research coverage of our common stock and such lack of research coverage may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. In the event we do have equity research analyst coverage, we will not have any control over the analysts or the content and opinions included in their reports. The price of our common stock could decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our stock or issue other unfavorable commentary or research. If one or more equity research analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock may be negatively affected.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in our annual report filing for that year, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This requires that we incur substantial professional fees and internal costs to expand our accounting and finance functions and that we expend significant management

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efforts. We may experience difficulty in meeting these reporting requirements in a timely manner for each period.

We may discover weaknesses in our system of internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that could result in a material misstatement of our financial statements. Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, it could result in a material misstatement of our financial statements that would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis, which could require a restatement, cause us to be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, cause investors to lose confidence in our financial information, or cause our stock price to decline.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting, insurance, and other expenses, and our management and other personnel have and will need to continue to devote a substantial amount of time to compliance initiatives resulting from operating as a public company. We also anticipate that these costs and compliance initiatives will continue to increase as a result of ceasing to be a “smaller reporting company,” as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Our transition to being a large accelerated filer and compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 will be time consuming and costly, and our inability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future could result in investors losing confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and negatively affect the market price of our common stock.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. Because we will become a large accelerated filer effective December 31, 2023, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) requires our independent registered public accounting firm to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our transition to becoming subject to additional requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act will be time-consuming, and there is a risk of noncompliance. Further, the costs associated with the compliance with and implementation of procedures under these and future laws and related rules could have a material impact on our results of operations.

If we have a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, we may not detect errors on a timely basis and our financial statements may be materially misstated. If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, if we are unable to assert that our internal controls over financial reporting is effective or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, and the market price of our common stock could be negatively affected. In addition, we could become subject to investigations by any stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources, which could have an adverse impact on our business.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

On July 14, 2023, we entered into an amendment to a subscription agreement with two accredited investors (the “Investors”) pursuant to which we agreed to issue 39,059 shares of common stock as partial consideration for certain licenses and rights granted to the Company by the Investors. The shares were issued in reliance on the

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exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and the applicable provisions of Regulation D promulgated thereunder.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

Not applicable.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

On November 10, 2023, the Compensation Committee of the Board approved the grant of retention cash bonuses to certain employees of the Company, including Seth Harmon, the Company’s Principal Financial Officer. Mr. Harmon’s retention cash bonus is equal to 75% of his 2023 annual target cash bonus opportunity, provided that Mr. Harmon remains continuously employed by the Company through September 30, 2024. In addition, the Compensation Committee approved a minimum achievement of 100% of his 2023 annual target cash bonus opportunity under the Company’s 2023 annual cash bonus plan, with such final payout amount to be determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board in the first quarter of 2024.

ITEM 6. EXHIBIT INDEX

The exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index are required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K. The SEC file number for all items incorporated by reference herein from reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q, and 8-K is 001-36483.

		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibit	Form	Filing Date	Number
3.1	Second Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, effective as of March 9, 2022	10-K	3/11/2022	3.1
3.2	Third Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, effective as of November 1, 2023				x
3.3	Certificate of Designation of Series A Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock	8-K	10/28/2020	3.1
3.4	Certificate of Designation of Series B Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock	8-K	9/23/2021	3.1
4.1	Specimen Common Stock Certificate	S-1	3/19/2014	4.1
4.2	Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock	8-K	2/7/2020	4.1
10.1^	First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of August 7, 2023, among the Viridian Therapeutics, Inc., certain of its subsidiaries from time to time party thereto, the Lenders from time to time party thereto and Hercules Capital, Inc., as Agent.				x
10.2+	Stephen Mahoney Employment Agreement, dated October 27, 2023				x
10.3+	Thomas Beetham Employment Agreement, dated October 27, 2023				x
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities and Exchange Act, as amended.				x

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31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities and Exchange Act, as amended.	x
32.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	x
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document	x
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	x
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	x
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	x
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document	x
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document	x
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)	x

____________________

^	Schedules have been omitted from this filing pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. Viridian agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule to the SEC upon its request; provided, however, that Viridian may request confidential treatment pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act for any schedule so furnished. Certain portions of the exhibit, identified by the mark, “[***],” may have been omitted because such portions contained information that is both (i) not material and (ii) would likely cause competitive harm if publicly disclosed.
+	Indicates management contract or compensatory plan
*	This certification is being furnished pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant, whether made before or after the date hereof.
x	Filed/furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.
Date: November 13, 2023	By:	/s/ Stephen Mahoney
		Stephen Mahoney
		President, Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November 13, 2023	By:	/s/ Seth Harmon
		Seth Harmon
		Senior Vice President of Finance
		(Principal Financial Officer; Principal Accounting Officer)

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