In the third quarter of 2023, we completed a transaction with Rattler Midstream Operating LLC (“Rattler”) pursuant to which the Permian JV acquired the remaining 43% interest in OMOG JV Holdings LLC (“OMOG”) and certain gathering assets in the Southern Delaware basin. The transaction had an aggregate purchase price of $294 million ($191 million net to our 65% interest in the Permian JV). As a result of the transaction, the Permian JV now owns 100% of OMOG and its subsidiaries and such entities are reflected as consolidated subsidiaries in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Prior to this transaction, the Permian JV’s 57% interest in OMOG was accounted for as an equity method investment.

The transaction was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed following the transaction was utilized as the consideration transferred for the purchase price allocation.

As a result of us obtaining control over OMOG, the Permian JV’s previously-held 57% interest in OMOG was remeasured to its fair value of $239 million based upon a valuation of the acquired business, as of the date of acquisition. We considered multiple factors in determining the fair value of the previously-held equity method investment, including, (i) the price negotiated with Rattler for its 43% interest in OMOG and (ii) a discounted cash flow approach. The discounted cash flow approach utilized a discount rate of approximately 11%, based on the estimate of the risk that a theoretical market participant would assign to the business. The remeasurement of the Permian JV’s investment in OMOG to fair value resulted in a gain of $29 million. This gain has been recognized in the line item “Gain on investments in unconsolidated entities, net” on our Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The determination of the fair value of the assets and liabilities assumed was estimated in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. The analysis was performed based on estimates that are reflective of market participant assumptions. While the purchase price for the transaction was $294 million, all of the OMOG assets and liabilities were remeasured to fair value and therefore, the fair value of the assets and liabilities that are now consolidated on the balance sheet as a result of this transaction is $532 million. The following table reflects our determination of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the transaction (in millions):

The fair value of the tangible assets is a Level 3 measurement in the fair value hierarchy and was determined using the cost approach based on costs incurred on similar recent construction projects. The fair value of the intangible assets is also a Level 3 measurement in the fair value hierarchy and was determined by applying a discounted cash flow approach. Such approach utilized discount rates varying from approximately 21% to 23%, based on our estimate of the risk that a theoretical market participant would assign to the respective intangible assets. The projection of future crude oil volumes transported and the estimated tariff rates for transportation were also key assumptions in the valuation of the intangible assets. Projected future volumes and estimated tariff rates were based on current contracts in place with assumptions for forecasted rate increases and contract renewals.

The fair value of intangible assets is comprised of customer relationships that will be amortized over their useful lives, which have a remaining weighted average life of approximately 10 years. The value assigned to such intangible assets will be amortized to earnings under the declining balance method of amortization. Amortization expense was approximately $8 million and $4 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and the future amortization expense through 2028 is estimated as follows (in millions):

Pro forma financial information assuming the acquisition had occurred as of the beginning of the calendar year prior to the year of the acquisition, as well as the revenues and earnings generated during the period since the acquisition date, were not material for disclosure purposes.

In November 2022, we and Enbridge Inc. (“Enbridge”) purchased Western Midstream Partners, LP (“WES”)’s 15% interest in Cactus II Pipeline, LLC (“Cactus II”) for an aggregate amount of $265 million. Enbridge acquired 10% and we acquired 5% of Cactus II, with each paying a proportionate share ($177 million and $88 million, respectively) of the aggregate purchase price. We and Enbridge are now the sole owners of Cactus II, with 70% and 30% respective ownership interests. We will continue to serve as operator. We previously accounted for our 65% interest in Cactus II as an equity method investment. In addition to the change in ownership, there were changes in governance which led to a change in control. We now control Cactus II and reflect Cactus II as a consolidated subsidiary in our Consolidated Financial Statements, with Enbridge’s 30% interest reflected as a noncontrolling interest.

The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination achieved in stages, or a “step acquisition”, using the acquisition method of accounting. As the majority owner and the controlling entity, we are considered the acquirer and the Cactus II predecessor business was recorded based on the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with Enbridge’s 30% interest in Cactus II of $526 million recognized as noncontrolling interest in partners’ capital.

As a result of us obtaining control over Cactus II, our previously held 65% interest in Cactus II was remeasured to its fair value of $1.140 billion based upon a valuation of the acquired business, as of the date of acquisition. We considered multiple factors in determining the fair value of the previously held equity method investment, including, (i) the price negotiated with WES for its 15% interest in Cactus II and (ii) a discounted cash flow approach. The discounted cash flow approach utilized a discount rate of approximately 14%, based on the estimate of the risk that a theoretical market participant would assign to the business. Prior to the acquisition, we had a preexisting relationship with Cactus II, through one of our consolidated joint ventures, for certain capacity lease agreements. The portion of the fair value of Cactus II associated with these agreements is eliminated in consolidation. Accounting for such impact, the remeasurement of our investment in Cactus II to fair value resulted in a gain of $370 million. This gain has been recognized in the line item “Gain on investments in unconsolidated entities, net” on our Consolidated Statement of Operations.

In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the fair value of Cactus II following the acquisition is utilized as the consideration transferred for the purchase price allocation. The consideration transferred of $1.556 billion excludes the value associated with the capacity lease agreements described above as such value is eliminated for our Consolidated Financial Statements.

The determination of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed was estimated in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance. The analysis was performed based on estimates that are reflective of market participant assumptions. The following table reflects our determination of the fair value of those assets and liabilities (in millions):

The fair value of the tangible assets is a Level 3 measurement in the fair value hierarchy and was determined using a market approach for rights-of-way and a cost approach for other tangible assets, which were based on costs incurred on similar recent construction projects. The fair value of the intangible assets is also a Level 3 measurement in the fair value hierarchy and was determined by applying a discounted cash flow approach. Such approach utilized a discount rate of approximately 18%, based on our estimate of the risk that a theoretical market participant would assign to the respective intangible assets. The projection of future crude oil volumes transported and the estimated tariff rates for transportation were also key assumptions in the valuation of the intangible assets. Projected future volumes and estimated tariff rates were based on current contracts in place with assumptions for forecasted rate increases and contract renewals.

The fair value of intangible assets is comprised of customer relationships that will be amortized over their useful lives, which have a remaining weighted average life of approximately 20 years. The value assigned to such intangible assets will be amortized to earnings under the declining balance method of amortization. Amortization expense was approximately $51 million, $61 million and $13 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and the future amortization expense through 2027 is estimated as follows (in millions):

Pro forma financial information assuming the step acquisition had occurred as of the beginning of the calendar year prior to the year of the step acquisition, as well as the revenues and earnings generated during the period since the step acquisition date, were not material for disclosure purposes.

In January 2025, we acquired Ironwood Midstream Energy Partners II, LLC, which owns a gathering system in the Eagle Ford Basin, for approximately $475 million from EnCap Flatrock Midstream. In January 2025, in a separate transaction, we also repurchased from EnCap Flatrock Midstream, approximately 18% of our outstanding Series A preferred units, which equated to less than 2% of our outstanding common units and Series A preferred units combined (our “common unit equivalents”). EnCap Flatrock Midstream is affiliated with EnCap Investments, L.P., an entity that is associated with a member of the board of directors of our general partner. See Note 11 for additional information.

In January 2025, we acquired EMG Medallion 2 Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries, which own a crude oil gathering and transportation business in the Delaware Basin, for $161 million (approximately $105 million net to our 65% interest in the Permian JV), subject to certain adjustments. A cash deposit of approximately $16 million was paid upon signing in December 2024. EMG Medallion 2 Holdings was a portfolio company of The Energy & Minerals Group (“EMG”), which is associated with a member of the board of directors of our general partner.

•the acquisition in December 2024 of the remaining 50% interest in Midway Pipeline LLC (“Midway”) for approximately $90 million. As a result of this transaction, we now own 100% of Midway and reflect such entity as a consolidated subsidiary in our Consolidated Financial Statements. The remeasurement of our previously-held investment in Midway to fair value resulted in a gain of approximately $15 million. This gain is reflected in “Gain on investments in unconsolidated entities, net” on our Consolidated Statement of Operations.

•the acquisition of additional interests in certain unconsolidated entities, including (i) the acquisition in August 2024 of an additional approximate 0.67% interest in Wink to Webster Pipeline LLC (increasing our ownership interest from 16% to 17%) for $20 million and (ii) the acquisition in March 2024 of an additional 10% interest in Saddlehorn Pipeline Company, LLC (increasing our ownership interest from 30% to 40%) for $91 million. See Note 8 for additional information about our investments in unconsolidated entities.

In November 2023, we acquired a crude oil gathering system in the Northern Delaware Basin from a subsidiary of LM Energy Partners for approximately $135 million (approximately $88 million net to our 65% interest in the Permian JV), subject to certain adjustments. This transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition since substantially all of the value of the assets acquired was concentrated in a single asset.

•the acquisition in July 2022 of the remaining 50% interest in Advantage Pipeline Holdings LLC (“Advantage”) for $74 million (approximately $48 million net to our 65% interest in the Permian JV), including cash paid for working capital. As a result of this transaction, we now own 100% of Advantage and its subsidiaries and such entities are reflected as consolidated subsidiaries in our Consolidated Financial Statements.

•the acquisition in October 2022 of an additional ownership interest in certain straddle plants included in our NGL segment in a non-cash transaction whereby we agreed to provide processing capacity over a 50-year term at specified terms and conditions. This transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition. The fair value of the straddle plant assets acquired and liabilities assumed was approximately $122 million, and we recognized an equally offsetting contract liability that will be amortized on a straight-line basis into “Services revenue” over the 50-year term of the agreement.

In February 2023, we sold our 21% non-operated/undivided joint interest in the Keyera Fort Saskatchewan facility to Keyera Corporation for approximately $270 million. As of December 31, 2022, we classified the assets related to this transaction (primarily “Property and equipment” in our NGL segment), valued at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, of approximately $130 million as assets held for sale on our Consolidated Balance Sheet (in “Other current assets”). Upon the sale of this facility, we recognized a gain of approximately $140 million which is included in “(Gains)/losses on asset sales, asset impairments and other, net” on our Consolidated Statement of Operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold certain non-core assets for total proceeds of $60 million. The assets sold primarily consisted of land and related assets in Long Beach, California, as well as Line 901 and the Sisquoc to Pentland portion of Line 903. These assets were previously reported in our Crude Oil segment. We recognized gains of $61 million related to these asset sales, a portion of which relates to the transfer of an asset retirement obligation to the purchaser. Such amounts are included in “(Gains)/losses on asset sales, asset impairments and other, net” on our Consolidated Statement of Operations.