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Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill was recognized at the time of our acquisitions. The following table presents the carrying amount of goodwill allocated to our reportable segments, as well as the changes to goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
Reporting Segment
 
Corporate and Other
 
 
(in thousands)
Healthcare
 
Research
 
 
Total
Balance at December 31, 2017
$
198,273

 
$
16,293

 
$
8,539

 
$
223,105

Initial goodwill acquired
—

 
—

 
475

 
475

Measurement period adjustments
15,234

 
—

 
—

 
15,234

Balance at December 31, 2018
213,507

 
16,293

 
9,014

 
238,814

Initial goodwill acquired
62,516

 
—

 
—

 
62,516

Currency translation
(9
)
 
—

 
—

 
(9
)
Balance at December 31, 2019
$
276,014

 
$
16,293

 
$
9,014

 
$
301,321


The goodwill acquired and the measurement period adjustments in the Healthcare segment are primarily due to the ADEA, Geneva and LifeWatch acquisitions; Research segment goodwill relates to the 2016 VirtualScopics acquisition; the Corporate and Other category goodwill primarily represents our 2018 ActiveCare acquisition and our 2016 Telcare and ePatch acquisitions. Refer to “Note 4. Acquisitions” above for details related to the Geneva and LifeWatch measurement period adjustments.
At December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we performed our required annual impairment test of goodwill. Based on these impairment tests, we determined that there were no goodwill impairments. The carrying amount of our goodwill as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $301.3 million and $238.8 million, respectively.
The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of our intangible assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
 
Weighted Average Life (Years)
 
December 31,
(in thousands, except years)
 
2019
 
2018
Gross Carrying Value
 
 
 
 
 
Customer relationships
10.3
 
$
149,420

 
$
146,200

Technology including internally developed software
6.7
 
21,892

 
18,078

Backlog
4.0
 
3,100

 
6,860

Trade names
15.0
 
2,500

 
—

Covenants not to compete
4.7
 
424

 
1,040

Total intangible assets, gross
 
 
177,336

 
172,178

Accumulated Amortization
 
 
 
 
 
Customer relationships
 
 
(38,270
)
 
(24,870
)
Technology including internally developed software
 
 
(6,153
)
 
(10,879
)
Backlog
 
 
(2,842
)
 
(5,827
)
Trade names
 
 
(138
)
 
—

Covenants not to compete
 
 
(337
)
 
(949
)
Total accumulated amortization
 
 
(47,740
)
 
(42,525
)
Total intangible assets, net
 
 
$
129,596

 
$
129,653


During the year ended December 31, 2019, we wrote off certain fully amortized intangible assets, primarily technology and backlog, and incurred an immaterial amount of foreign currency translation impact related to the customer relationships and covenants not to compete related to the BioTel Europe acquisition.
The estimated amortization expense for finite-lived intangible assets for the next five years and thereafter is summarized as follows at December 31, 2019:
(in thousands)
 
2020
$
18,290

2021
17,925

2022
17,417

2023
16,959

2024
16,427

Thereafter
42,578

Total estimated amortization
$
129,596


Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $18.3 million, $17.2 million and $10.2 million, respectively. The 2017 amortization expense excludes impairment charges of $3.0 million related to indefinite-lived trade names and $8.0 million related to developed technology and customer relationships. See “Note 13. Other Charges” below. There were no intangible asset impairments for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.