10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission file number: 001-36199

PULMATRIX, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	46-1821392
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
99 Hayden Avenue, Suite 390 Lexington, MA	02421
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (781) 357-2333

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes   ☐    No  ☒

As of November 12, 2018, the registrant had 46,927,221 shares of common stock outstanding.

PULMATRIX, INC.

FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED September 30, 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements	3
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September  30, 2018 (unaudited) and December 31, 2017	3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	5
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	6
Item  2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	15
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	21
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	21
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	22
Item 1A. Risk Factors	22
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	24
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	24
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	24
Item 5. Other Information	24
Item 6. Exhibits	24
SIGNATURES	25

2

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

PULMATRIX, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	At September 30, 2018			At December 31, 2017
	(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	3,806		$	3,550
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		914			696
Total current assets		4,720			4,246
Property and equipment, net		447			614
Long-term restricted cash		204			204
Goodwill		10,914			10,914
Total assets	$	16,285		$	15,978
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Loan payable, net of debt discount and issuance costs	$	—		$	3,221
Accounts payable		1,367			457
Accrued expenses		2,284			2,162
Derivative liability		—			1
Total current liabilities		3,651			5,841
Commitments (Note 12)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value — 500,000 authorized and 0 issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017		—			—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value — 200,000,000 shares authorized; 46,927,221 and 21,047,498 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		5			2
Additional paid-in capital		202,856			184,137
Accumulated deficit		(190,227	)		(174,002	)
Total stockholders’ equity		12,634			10,137
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	16,285		$	15,978

The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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PULMATRIX, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenues	$	—		$	335		$	153		$	335
Operating expenses
Research and development		3,056			2,618			10,290			7,654
General and administrative		1,769			2,021			5,930			5,727
Total operating expenses		4,825			4,639			16,220			13,381
Loss from operations		(4,825	)		(4,304	)		(16,067	)		(13,046	)
Interest expense		—			(153	)		(186	)		(512	)
Other income, net		9			5			28			26
Net loss	$	(4,816	)	$	(4,452	)	$	(16,225	)	$	(13,532	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.22	)	$	(0.42	)	$	(0.72	)
Weighted average shares of common stock used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share		46,927,221			20,200,893			38,393,842			18,738,118

The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

PULMATRIX, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

(in thousands)

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(16,225	)	$	(13,532	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		175			186
Stock-based compensation		2,358			2,077
Non-cash rent expense		—			16
Non-cash interest expense		55			135
Non-cash debt issuance expense		3			9
Fair value adjustment on derivative liability		(1	)		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		1			(305	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(219	)		(308	)
Accounts payable		910			259
Accrued expenses		347			198
Net cash used in operating activities		(12,596	)		(11,265	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(8	)		(36	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(8	)		(36	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants, net of issuance costs		16,364			15,170
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options		—			304
Term loan principal payments		(3,259	)		(1,995	)
End of term payments		(245	)		—
Net cash provided by financing activities		12,860			13,479
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		256			2,178
Cash and cash equivalents — beginning of period		3,550			4,182
Cash and cash equivalents — end of period	$	3,806		$	6,360
Supplemental disclosures of noncash financing and investing activities
Fixed Asset purchases in accounts payable	$	—		$	21

The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

PULMATRIX, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

September 30, 2018

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

1. Organization

Pulmatrix, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) is a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on the discovery and development of a novel class of inhaled therapeutic products. The Company’s proprietary dry powder delivery platform, iSPERSE™ (inhaled Small Particles Easily Respirable and Emitted), is engineered to deliver small, dense particles with highly efficient dispersibility and delivery to the airways, which can be used with an array of dry powder inhaler technologies and can be formulated with a variety of drug substances. The Company is developing a pipeline of iSPERSE-based therapeutic candidates targeted at prevention and treatment of a range of respiratory diseases and infections with significant unmet medical needs.

Liquidity

At September 30, 2018, the Company had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $3,806, an accumulated deficit of $190,227 and working capital of $1,069. The Company will be required to raise additional capital by the end of 2018 to continue the development and commercialization of current product candidates and to continue to fund operations at the current cash expenditure levels.

The Company cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. To the extent that the Company raises additional funds by issuing equity securities, the Company’s stockholders may experience significant dilution. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants that impact the Company’s ability to conduct business. If unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, the Company may have to (i) delay, scale back or discontinue the development and/or commercialization of one or more product candidates; (ii) seek collaborators for product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable and on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available; or (iii) relinquish or otherwise dispose of rights to technologies, product candidates or products that the Company would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize on unfavorable terms.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company issued 25,879,723 shares of common stock as the result of the sale of 24,647,061 shares of common stock pursuant to an underwritten public offering and the exercise of pre-funded warrants also issued in such offering and the sale of 1,232,662 shares of common stock related to the At-the-Market Offering sales agreement. The Company received aggregate net proceeds of $16,364 in connection with the foregoing (Note 7).

The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to obtain additional equity or debt financing and, ultimately, to generate revenue. Those factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date of filing these condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2018 do not include any adjustments that might become necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

2. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on a going concern basis in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial reporting and as required by Regulation S-X, Rule 10-01. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (including those which are normal and recurring) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the interim financial information have been included. When preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP, the Company must make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Additionally, operating results for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018. For further information, refer to the financial statements and footnotes included in the Company’s annual financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, which are included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 13, 2018.

3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, there were no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies identified in the Company’s most recent annual financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, which are included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 13, 2018, except as noted below.

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Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement. ASU 2018-13 modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements by removing, modifying, or adding certain disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2018-13 will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of ASU No. 2018-13 and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company has not yet evaluated the impact of adoption of this ASU on its condensed consolidated financial statements disclosures.

In June 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-07, Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. Subtopic 505-50, Equity — Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees, addresses aspects of the accounting for nonemployee share based compensation. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-05, “Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118”, (“ASU 2018-05”) to add various SEC paragraphs pursuant to the issuance of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), to ASC 740 “Income Taxes”. SAB 118 was issued by the SEC in December 2017 to provide immediate guidance for accounting implications of U.S. tax reform under the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act” (the “Tax Act”), which became effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. The Company has adopted ASU 2018-05 and adoption of this ASU has no significant impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, “Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (“ASU 2018-02”), which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act and requires certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. ASU 2018-02 is effective for us beginning December 1, 2019 (with early adoption permitted) and shall be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effect of the change in the corporate income tax rate in the Tax Act is recognized. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued authoritative guidance under ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 provides new comprehensive lease accounting guidance that supersedes existing lease guidance. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-02, the Company will be required to recognize most leases on its balance sheet at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented with a corresponding adjustment to stockholders’ equity. ASU 2016-02 requires the Company to capitalize most current operating lease obligations as right-of-use assets with a corresponding liability based on the present value of future operating lease obligations. Criteria for distinguishing leases between finance and operating are substantially similar to criteria for distinguishing between capital leases and operating leases in existing lease guidance. Lease agreements that are 12 months or less are permitted to be excluded from the balance sheet. Topic 842 includes a number of optional practical expedients that the Company may elect to apply. Expanded disclosures with additional qualitative and quantitative information will also be required. The adoption will include updates as provided under ASU 2018-01, Leases (Topic 842): Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842 and ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases. The Company is required to adopt this new guidance in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adoption of this standard on its condensed consolidated financial statements and the additional transition method under ASU 2018-11, which allows the Company to recognize Topic 842’s cumulative effect within retained earnings in the period of adoption.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition” and some cost guidance included in ASC Subtopic 605-35, “Revenue Recognition — Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts.” The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that revenue is recognized when the transfer of control of goods or services to customers occurs in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 requires the disclosure of sufficient information to enable readers of the Company’s financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. ASU 2014-09 also requires disclosure of information regarding significant judgments and changes in judgments, and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. ASU 2014-09 provides two methods of retrospective application. The first method would require the Company to apply ASU 2014-09 to each prior reporting period presented. The second method would require the Company to retrospectively apply ASU 2014-09 with the cumulative effect recognized at the date of initial application. Since the Company is an emerging growth company and elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act, this ASU 2014-09 will be effective for the Company beginning in fiscal 2019 as a result of ASU 2015-14, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date,” which was issued by the FASB in

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August 2015 and extended the original effective date by one year. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the available methodologies of ASU 2014-09 and 2015-14 upon its consolidated financial statements in future reporting periods. The Company is also in the process of evaluating the new standard against its existing revenue recognition accounting policies to determine the effect the guidance will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and what changes to systems and controls may be warranted.

Use of Estimates

In preparing consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include valuing equity securities in share-based payments, estimating fair value of equity instruments recorded as derivative liabilities, estimating the useful lives of depreciable and amortizable assets, valuation allowance against deferred tax assets, goodwill impairment, and estimating the fair value of long-lived assets to assess whether impairment charges may apply.

Revenue Recognition

The Company’s principal sources of revenue during the reporting period were reimbursement of clinical study costs. In all instances, revenue is recognized only when the price is fixed or determinable, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, and collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the difference between the consideration transferred and the fair value of the net assets acquired, and liabilities assumed under the acquisition method of accounting for push-down accounting. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment within the Company’s single reporting unit on an annual basis, during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit below its carrying amount. When performing the impairment assessment, the accounting standard for testing goodwill for impairment permits a company to first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicates that it is more likely than not that the goodwill is impaired. If the Company believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill is impaired, the Company must perform a quantitative impairment test. The Company completed a qualitative assessment and determined that there was no impairment of goodwill as of September 30, 2018.

4. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses consisted of the following:

	At September 30, 2018		At December 31, 2017
Prepaid Insurance	$	291	$	204
Prepaid Clinical Trials		43		421
Prepaid Other		131		44
Deferred Clinical and Operating Costs		449		27
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	914	$	696

5. Debt

Loan and Security Agreement and Warrant Agreement

On June 11, 2015, Pulmatrix Operating entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (“LSA”) with Hercules Technology Growth Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”), for a term loan in a principal amount of $7,000 (“Term Loan”). The term loan was secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets, excluding intellectual property. Final payments were made in June 2018 and, as of June 30, 2018, the term loan was paid in full.

The term loan bore interest at a floating annual rate equal to the greater of (i) 9.50% and (ii) the sum of (a) the prime rate as reported by The Wall Street Journal minus 3.25% plus (b) 8.50%. The Company was required to make interest payments in cash on the first business day of each month, beginning on July 1, 2015. Since August 1, 2016, the Company has been required to make monthly

8

payments on the first business day of each month consisting of principal and interest based upon a 30-month amortization schedule, and any unpaid principal and interest is due on the maturity date of July 1, 2018. Upon repayment of the term loan, the Company is also required to pay an end of term charge to the Lenders equal to $245. In June of 2018, the Company prepaid the loan in its entirety, including the end of term charge. The Company received a waiver for any prepayment fee associated with early payoff, and no prepayment penalty was incurred. As of June 30, 2018, the company has no further liability to Hercules.

During the term of the loan, the Company could have elected to prepay all, but not less than all, of the outstanding principal balance of the term loan, subject to a prepayment fee of 1% – 3%, depending on the date of repayment. Contingent on the occurrence of several events, including that the Company’s closing stock price exceed $11.73 per share for the seven days preceding a payment date, the Company could have elected to pay, in whole or in part, any regularly scheduled installment of principal up to an aggregate maximum amount of $1,000 by converting a portion of the principal into shares of the Company’s common stock at a price of $11.73 per share. Hercules may have elected to receive payments in the Company common stock by requiring the Company to affect a conversion option whereby Hercules could have elected to receive a principal installment payment in shares of the Company common stock based on a price of $11.73 per share, subject to an aggregate maximum principal amount of $1,000.

The Company determined that the Company’s provisions allowing conversion of all or a portion of the LSA contained a beneficial conversion feature (“BCF”). The BCF is contingent upon the occurrence of certain events and as such, the Company will not record the BCF until the contingency is resolved. As the conversion feature was not executed during the life of the LSA, the BCF was not recorded.

The credit facility included affirmative and negative covenants. The affirmative covenants include, among others, covenants requiring the Company to maintain its legal existence and governmental approvals deliver certain financial reports and maintain insurance coverage. The negative covenants included, among others, restrictions on transferring collateral, incurring additional indebtedness, engaging in mergers or acquisitions, paying dividends or making other distributions, making investments, creating liens, selling assets, and undergoing a change in control, in each case subject to certain exceptions. In general, the Term Loan prohibited the Company from (i) repurchasing or redeeming any class of capital stock, including common stock or (ii) declaring or paying any cash dividend or making cash distribution on any class of capital stock, including common stock.

The LSA included provisions requiring the embedded interest rate reset upon an event of default and the put option upon an event of default or qualified change of control each represent an embedded derivative instrument requiring bifurcation from the loan. The embedded derivatives were bundled and valued as one compound derivative in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance for derivatives and hedging. The fair value of the compound derivative at issuance of $11 was recorded as a derivative liability and as a discount to the debt. The derivative liability is remeasured at fair value at each reporting date, with changes in fair value being recorded as other income (expense) in the statements of operations (Note 10). At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair value of the derivative liability was valued at $0 and $1, respectively. The net debt discounts resulting from the embedded compound derivative and lender fees have been amortized as interest expense from the date of issuance through the maturity date using the effective interest method. The Company incurred interest expense of $0 and $186 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and $153 and $512 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. Of the total interest expense, $0 and $131 was payable in cash during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and $112 and $377 was payable in cash during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

The carrying amounts of the Company’s Term Loan as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows:

	Hercules Term Loan			Debt Discount			Issuance Costs			Total
Balance — January 1, 2018	$	3,259		$	(35	)	$	(3	)	$	3,221
Accretion of debt discount					35						35
Accretion of issuance costs								3			3
Principal payments		(3,259	)								(3,259	)
Balance — September 30, 2018	$	0		$	0		$	0		$	0

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6. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses consisted of the following:

	At September 30, 2018		At December 31, 2017
Accrued vacation	$	71	$	57
Accrued wages and incentive		1,229		1,113
Accrued clinical & consulting		812		568
Accrued legal & patent		93		61
Accrued end of term fee		—		225
Deferred Rent		67		68
Accrued other expenses		12		70
Total accrued expenses	$	2,284	$	2,162

7. Common Stock

Public Offering

On April 3, 2018, the Company closed its firm commitment underwritten public offering in which, pursuant to the underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) entered into between the Company and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., as representative of the underwriters (the “Underwriters”), dated March 28, 2018, the Company issued and sold (i) 15,660,000 common units (“Common Units”), with each Common Unit being comprised of one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, one Series A warrant (collectively, the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase one share of common stock and one Series B warrant (collectively, the “Series B Warrants”) to purchase one share of common stock, and (ii) 7,840,000 pre-funded units (the “Pre-Funded Units” and, together with the Common Units, the “Units”), with each Pre-Funded Unit being comprised of one pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock, one Series A Warrant and one Series B Warrant. The public offering price was $0.65 per Common Unit and $0.64 per Pre-Funded Unit, and the gross proceeds received by the Company on April 3, 2018 pursuant to such sales were $15,197, prior to deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses.

In addition, on April 4, 2018, the Company closed on the sale of 1,150,000 additional Common Units pursuant to the Underwriters’ option to purchase up to an additional 1,150,000 Units, which were exercised in full. After giving effect to the exercise of the Underwriters’ overallotment option, the gross aggregate proceeds from the offering on April 3 and 4 were $15,944, prior to deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses.

All of the pre-funded warrants issued in the offering were exercised in April 2018 and, as 150,000 were exercised on a cashless basis, resulted in the issuance of an additional 7,837,061 shares of common stock with gross proceeds of $78.

The Series A Warrants included in the Common Units and the Pre-Funded Units were immediately exercisable at a price of $0.65 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, and expired according to their terms on October 3, 2018 and October 4, 2018, respectively. The Series B Warrants included in the Common Units and the Pre-Funded Units were immediately exercisable at a price of $0.75 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, and will expire five years from the date of issuance. The shares of common stock, or Pre-Funded Warrants in the case of the Pre-Funded Units, and the Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants were offered together, but the securities contained in the Common Units and the Pre-Funded Units were issued separately.

The Company agreed to pay Oppenheimer a commission of (a) 7% of the gross proceeds raised up to $5,000 and (b) 6.5% of the gross proceeds raised in excess of $5,000. The Company also agreed to pay or reimburse certain expenses on behalf of Oppenheimer. A total of $1,505 of commissions and other issuance costs were associated with the public offering.

The net proceeds to the Company from the Offering were approximately $14,517, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the Offering for research and development of its therapeutic candidates, particularly the development of Pulmazole, as well as for working capital and general corporate purposes.

At-the-Market Offering

On March 17, 2017, the Company entered into an At-The-Market Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with BTIG, LLC (“BTIG”) to act as the Company’s sales agent with respect to the issuance and sale of up to $11,000,000 of the Company’s shares of

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common stock, from time to time in an at-the-market public offering (the “Offering”). Sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement are made pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 15, 2016, and subsequently declared effective on August 3, 2016 (File No. 333-212546), and a related prospectus. BTIG acts as the Company’s sales agent on a commercially reasonable efforts basis, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of The NASDAQ Global Market. If expressly authorized by the Company, BTIG may also sell the Company’s common stock in privately negotiated transactions. There is no specific date on which the Offering will end, there are no minimum sale requirements and there are no arrangements to place any of the proceeds of this offering in an escrow, trust or similar account.

BTIG is entitled to compensation at a fixed commission rate of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement.

During the nine month period ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold 1,232,662 shares of its common stock under the Sales Agreement at an average selling price of approximately $1.54 per share which resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $1,904 and net proceeds of approximately $1,847 after payment of 3% commission to BTIG and other issuance costs.

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8. Warrants

A rollforward of the common stock warrants outstanding at September 30, 2018 is as follows.

	Number of Warrants			Weighted Average Exercise Price			Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding January 1, 2018		3,284,440		$	7.79				$	—
Series A warrants issued		24,650,000		$	0.65
Series B warrants issued		24,650,000		$	0.75
Pre-funded warrants issued		7,840,000		$	0.65
Pre-funded warrants exercised		(7,840,000	)	$	(0.65	)
Outstanding September 30, 2018		52,584,440		$	1.14			2.22	$	—

9. Stock-Based Compensation

The Company sponsors the Pulmatrix, Inc. 2013 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan (the “2013 Plan). As of September 30, 2018, the 2013 Plan provides for the grant of up to 12,500,000 shares of common stock, of which 2,034,088 shares remained available for future grant.

In addition, the Company has two legacy plans: The Pulmatrix Operating’s 2013 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan (the “Original 2013 Plan”) and Pulmatrix Operating’s 2003 Employee, Director, and Consultant Stock Plan (the “2003 Plan”). As of September 30, 2018, a total of 490,790 shares of common stock may be delivered under options outstanding under the Original 2013 Plan and the 2003 Plan, however no additional awards may be granted under the Original 2013 Plan or the 2003 Plan.

Options

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company granted 34,000 options to employees and no options to directors or consultants. At the date of grant, the fair value of the options awarded to employees was $11.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 the Company granted 5,966,000 to employees and 775,000 to directors. At the date of the grant, the fair value of the options awarded to employees and directors was $1,895 and $248, respectively.

The stock options granted vest over either 36 or 48 months (the “Time Based Options”). Subject to the grantees’ continuous service with the Company and as defined in the grant agreement, Time Based Options vest in one of the following ways: (i) 25% on the first anniversary of the option grant date and the remainder in 36 equal monthly installments beginning in the month after the vesting start date, (ii) 25% on the option grant date and the remainder in 36 equal monthly installments beginning in the month after the vesting start date or (iii) in 48 equal monthly installments beginning on the monthly anniversary of the vesting start date. Stock options generally expire ten years after the date of grant.

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

	Number of Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price			Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term ( Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding — January 1, 2018		3,695,634		$	5.69				$	—
Granted		6,741,000		$	0.47
Exercised		—		$	—
Forfeited or expired		(23,090	)	$	(2.28	)
Outstanding — September 30, 2018		10,413,544		$	2.32			8.75	$	—
Exercisable — September 30, 2018		4,502,002		$	3.89			7.94	$	—
Vested and expected to vest — September 30, 2018		10,247,905		$	2.34			8.74	$	—

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The estimated fair values of employee stock options granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, were determined on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Expected option life (years)		6.05			6.08			5.58			6.13
Risk-free interest rate		2.79	%		2.04	%		2.77	%		2.07	%
Expected volatility		78.91	%		75.00	%		79.67	%		77.23	%
Expected dividend yield		0	%		0	%		0	%		0	%

The risk-free interest rate was obtained from U.S. Treasury rates for the applicable periods. The Company’s expected volatility was based upon the historical volatility for industry peers and used an average of those volatilities. The expected life of the Company’s options was determined using the simplified method as a result of limited historical data regarding the Company’s activity. The dividend yield considers that the Company has not historically paid dividends and does not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. As of September 30, 2018, there was $4,218 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options granted under the Company’s stock award plans. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.0 years.

The following table presents total stock-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Research and development	$	244	$	184	$	760	$	514
General and administrative		416		556	$	1,598	$	1,563
Total stock based compensation expense	$	660	$	740	$	2,358	$	2,077

Restricted Stock Units (RSU)

In August 2015, the Company granted 10,374 RSUs to other employees that vested over a two year period. The Company recorded no stock-based compensation expense for the RSUs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and $0 and $13 for the RSUs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. At September 30, 2018, no RSUs were outstanding.

10. Fair Value Measurements

Information about the liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, and the input categories associated with those liabilities, is as follows:

	September 30, 2018
	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Liabilities:
Embedded compound derivative	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
	December 31, 2017
	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Liabilities:
Embedded compound derivative	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	1

Embedded Compound Derivatives — LSA with Hercules

As described in Note 5, the LSA contained an interest rate reset upon an event of default and a put option upon an event of default or qualified change of control. Each of these features represents an embedded derivative instrument requiring bifurcation from the Term

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Loan. The embedded derivatives were bundled and valued as one compound derivative in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance for derivatives and hedging. The proceeds from the issuance of the Term Loan were allocated first to the warrant and compound derivative at their respective fair values, with the residual going to the carrying amount of the loan resulting in a discount to the face value of the debt. The fair value of the compound derivative upon issuance of $11 was recognized as a derivative liability and was adjusted to fair value at each reporting date. The loan was repaid in its entirety according to its terms and as of September 30, 2018, the derivative liability had a fair value of zero.

A roll-forward of the preferred stock warrant liability and derivative liability categorized with Level 3 inputs is as follows:

	Derivative Instruments
Balance — January 1, 2018	$	1
Change in fair value		(1	)
Balance — September 30, 2018	$	—

Gains and/or losses arising from changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants and embedded compound derivatives were recorded within other income, net, on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

11. Net Loss Per Share

The Company computes basic and diluted net loss per share using a methodology that gives effect to the impact of outstanding participating securities (the “two-class method”). As the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 resulted in net losses attributable to common shareholders, there is no income allocation required under the two-class method or dilution attributed to weighted average shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted net loss per share.

The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding prior to the use of the treasury stock method have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding, as they would be anti-dilutive.

	As of September 30,
	2018		2017
Options to purchase common stock		10,413,544		3,336,368
Warrants to purchase common stock		52,584,440		3,284,440
Settlement of term loan		—		85,251

12. Commitments

Future minimum lease payments under the non-cancelable operating lease for office and lab space is as follows:

	Amount
2018	$	164
2019		676
2020		698
Total	$	1,538

13. Subsequent Events

The Series A warrants, issued on April 3 and 4, 2018 expired according to their terms, on October 3 and 4, 2018, respectively.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The information set forth below should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as the audited financial statements and the notes thereto contained in our current report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 13, 2018. Unless stated otherwise, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to “us,” “we,” “our,” or our “Company” and similar terms refer to Pulmatrix, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report contains forward-looking statements as that term is defined in the federal securities laws. The events described in forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report may not occur. Generally, these statements relate to business plans or strategies, projected or anticipated benefits or other consequences of our plans or strategies, projected or anticipated benefits from acquisitions to be made by us, or projections involving anticipated revenues, earnings or other aspects of our operating results. The words “anticipates,” “assumes,” “believes,” “can,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “forecasts,” “guides,” “intends,” “is confident that”, “may,” “plans,” “seeks,” “projects,” “targets,” and “would,” and their opposites and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We caution you that these statements are not guarantees of future performance or events and are subject to a number of uncertainties, risks and other influences, many of which are beyond our control that could cause our actual results, performance and achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements. Factors which may affect our results include, but are not limited to:

• our history of recurring losses and negative cash flows from operating activities, significant future commitments and the uncertainty regarding the adequacy of our liquidity to pursue our complete business objectives;

• our inability to carry out research, development and commercialization plans;

• our inability to manufacture our product candidates on a commercial scale on our own, or in collaborations with third parties;

• our inability to complete preclinical testing and clinical trials as anticipated;

• our ability to adequately protect and enforce rights to intellectual property;

• difficulties in obtaining financing on commercially reasonable terms;

• intense competition in our industry, with competitors having substantially greater financial, technological, research and development, regulatory and clinical, manufacturing, marketing and sales, distribution and personnel resources than we do;

• entry of new competitors and products and potential technological obsolescence of our products;

• adverse market and economic conditions;

• loss of one or more key executives or scientists; and

• difficulties in securing regulatory approval to market our product candidates.

For a more detailed discussion of these and other factors that may affect our business and that could cause the actual results to differ materially from those projected in these forward-looking statements, see the risk factors and uncertainties set forth in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report. Any one or more of these uncertainties, risks and other influences could materially affect our results of operations and whether forward-looking statements made by us ultimately prove to be accurate. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether from new information, future events or otherwise.

Overview

Business

The Company is a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on the discovery and development of a novel class of inhaled therapeutic products. The Company’s proprietary dry powder delivery platform, iSPERSE™ (inhaled Small Particles Easily Respirable and Emitted), is engineered to deliver small, dense particles with highly efficient dispersibility and delivery to the airways, which can be used with an array of dry powder inhaler technologies and can be formulated with a variety of drug substances. The Company is developing a pipeline of iSPERSE-based therapeutic candidates targeted at prevention and treatment of a range of respiratory diseases and infections with significant unmet medical needs. Since our inception in 2003, we have devoted substantially

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all of our efforts to product research and development. We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. We have funded our operations to date through proceeds from issuances of common and convertible preferred stock, issuances of convertible debt, collaborations with third parties and non-dilutive grants received from government agencies.

In our underwritten public offering that closed in April 2018 (“the Offering”), the Company issued and sold (i) 16,810,000 common units (“Common Units”), with each Common Unit being comprised of one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, one Series A warrant (collectively, the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase one share of common stock and one Series B warrant (collectively, the “Series B Warrants”) to purchase one share of common stock, and (ii) 7,840,000 pre-funded units (the “Pre-Funded Units” and, together with the Common Units, the “Units”), with each Pre-Funded Unit being comprised of one pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock, one Series A Warrant and one Series B Warrant. Gross proceeds of the public offering before commissions and fees were approximately $15.9 million. All of the pre-funded warrants issued in the Offering were exercised in April 2018 and, as 150,000 were exercised on a cashless basis, resulted in the issuance of an additional 7,837,061 shares of common stock and gross proceeds of approximately $0.1 million. Aggregate gross proceeds for the public offering in April 2018 were approximately $16.0 million.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for at least the next several years based on our drug development plans. We expect our expenses and capital requirements will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:

• initiate and expand clinical trials for Pulmazole for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (“ABPA”), and other indications for immunocompromised at-risk patients;

• seek regulatory approval for our product candidates;

• hire personnel to support our product development, commercialization and administrative efforts; and

• advance the research and development related activities for inhaled therapeutic products in our pipeline.

We will not generate product sales unless and until we successfully complete clinical developments and obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates. Additionally, we currently utilize third-party contract research organizations, or CROs, to carry out our clinical development activities, and we do not yet have a commercial organization. If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant expenses related to developing our internal commercialization capability to support product sales, marketing and distribution. Accordingly, we anticipate that we will seek to fund our operations through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, potentially including collaborative commercial arrangements. Likewise, we intend to seek to limit our commercialization costs by partnering with other companies with complementary capabilities or larger infrastructure including sales and marketing.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

Financial Overview

Revenues

To date, we have not generated any product sales. Our 2018 revenue resulted from an award from Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics (“CFFT”), the nonprofit drug discovery and development affiliate of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, to support the development of Pulmazole for the treatment of ABPA in patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the research and development of our preclinical and clinical candidates, and include:

• employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense;

• expenses incurred under agreements with CROs, contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, and consultants that conduct our clinical trials and preclinical activities;

• the cost of acquiring, developing and manufacturing clinical trial materials and lab supplies;

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• facility, depreciation and other expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent, maintenance of our facility, insurance and other supplies; and

• costs associated with preclinical activities and regulatory operations.

We expense research and development costs to operations as incurred. We recognize costs for certain development activities, such as clinical trials, based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as patient enrollment, clinical site activations or information provided to us by our vendors.

Research and development activities are central to our business model. We utilize a combination of internal and external efforts to advance product development from early stage work to clinical trial manufacturing and clinical trial support. External efforts include work with consultants and substantial work at CROs and CMOs. We support an internal research and development team and facility for our pipeline programs. To move these programs forward along our development timelines, a large portion, approximately 70% of staff, are research and development employees. In addition, we maintain a 12,000 square foot research and development facility which includes capital equipment for the manufacture and characterization of our iSPERSE™ powders for our pipeline programs. As we identify opportunities for iSPERSE™ in respiratory indications, we anticipate additional head count, capital, and development costs will be incurred to support these programs.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, however, we cannot determine with certainty the duration and completion costs of these or other current or future preclinical studies and clinical trials. The duration, costs and timing of clinical trials and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including the uncertainties of future clinical and preclinical studies, uncertainties in clinical trial enrollment rates and significant and changing government regulation. In addition, the probability of success for each product candidate will depend on numerous factors, including competition, manufacturing capability and commercial viability.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist principally of salaries and related costs such as stock-based compensation for personnel and consultants in executive, finance, business development, corporate communications and human resource functions, facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses, patent filing fees and professional legal fees. Other general and administrative expenses include travel expenses and professional fees for consulting, auditing and tax services.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support our continued research and development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. We also anticipate increased expenses related to audit, legal, regulatory, and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with exchange listing and Securities and Exchange Commission requirements, director and officer liability insurance, investor relations costs and other costs associated with being a public company. Additionally, if and when we believe a regulatory approval of a product candidate appears likely, we anticipate an increase in staffing and related expenses as a result of our preparation for commercial operations, especially as it relates to the sales and marketing of our product candidates.

Interest Expense

We have incurred interest expense associated with a term loan executed in June 2015. The term loan was paid in its entirety as of June 30, 2018 and there is no further liability as of September 30, 2018.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net is comprised primarily of interest income on cash deposits and gains and/or losses resulting from fair value adjustments for compound derivative instruments embedded within certain of our convertible notes.

Critical Accounting Policies

This management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to accrued expenses and stock-based compensation. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

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While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and in our audited financial statements included in our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 13, 2018, we believe the following accounting policies to be most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Use of Estimates

In preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include valuing equity securities in share-based payments, estimating fair value of equity instruments recorded as derivative liabilities, estimating the useful lives of depreciable and amortizable assets, valuation allowance against deferred tax assets, goodwill impairment, and estimating the fair value of long-lived assets to assess whether impairment charges may apply.

Revenue Recognition

Our principal sources of revenue are income from reimbursement of clinical study costs. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, our principal source of revenue was income for reimbursement of clinical study costs as part of a grant received from CFFT. In all instances, revenue is recognized only when the price is fixed or determinable, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exits, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, and collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the difference between the consideration transferred and the fair value of the net assets acquired under the acquisition method of accounting for push-down accounting. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment on an annual basis, during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the related reporting unit below its carrying amount. When performing the impairment assessment, the accounting standard for testing goodwill for impairment permits a company to first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicates that it is more likely than not that the goodwill is impaired. If we believe, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill is impaired, we must perform the goodwill impairment test. We have determined that goodwill was not impaired as of September 30, 2018.

Results of Operations

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared with Three Months Ended September 30, 2017

The following table sets forth our results of operations for each of the periods set forth below (in thousands):

	Three months ended September 30,
	2018			2017			Change
Revenue	$	—		$	335		$	(335	)
Operating expenses
Research and development		3,056			2,618			438
General and administrative		1,769			2,021			(252	)
Total operating expenses		4,825			4,639			186
Loss from operations		(4,825	)		(4,304	)		(521	)
Interest expense		—			(153	)		153
Other income, net		9			5			4
Net loss	$	(4,816	)	$	(4,452	)	$	(364	)

Research and development expenses — For the three months ended September 30, 2018, research and development expense was $3.1 million compared to $2.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $0.4 million. The increase was primarily due to increased spend of $0.4 million on the PUR1800 project, $0.2 million in employment costs, and $0.1 million in scientific consulting costs, partially offset by a decreased spend of $0.3 million on the Pulmazole project.

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General and administrative expenses — For the three months ended September 30, 2018, general and administrative expense was $1.8 million compared to $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $0.3 million. The decrease was primarily due to decreased spend of $0.3 million in professional consulting costs and $0.2 million in employment costs, partially offset by an increased spend of $0.2 million in legal and patent costs.

Interest expense — For the three months ended September 30, 2018, there was no interest expense compared to $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the interest expense incurred related to the term loan agreement that we entered in June 2015.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared with Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017

The following table sets forth our results of operations for each of the periods set forth below (in thousands):

	Nine Months ended September 30,
	2018			2017			Change
Revenue	$	153		$	335		$	(182	)
Operating expenses
Research and development		10,290			7,654			2,636
General and administrative		5,930			5,727			203
Total operating expenses		16,220			13,381			2,839
Loss from operations		(16,067	)		(13,046	)		(3,021	)
Interest expense		(186	)		(512	)		326
Other income, net		28			26			2
Net loss	$	(16,225	)	$	(13,532	)		(2,693	)

Revenue — For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, revenue was $0.2 million compared to $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease in revenue was the result of the conclusion of clinical study costs reimbursed by CFFT.

Research and development expenses — For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, research and development expense was $10.3 million compared to $7.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $2.6 million. The increase was primarily due to increased spend of $0.8 million on the Pulmazole project, $0.6 million on the PUR1800 project, $0.5 million in scientific consulting costs and $0.7 million in employment costs.

General and administrative expenses — For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, general and administrative expense was $5.9 million compared to $5.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $0.2 million. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $0.5 million in patent costs, an increase of $0.3 million in employment costs, partially offset by a decrease of $0.5 million in professional consulting costs and $0.1 million in legal costs.

Interest expense — For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 interest expense was $0.2 million compared to $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. During both periods, interest expense incurred related to the term loan agreement that we entered in June 2015.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Through September 30, 2018, we have incurred an accumulated deficit of $190.2 million, primarily as a result of expenses incurred through a combination of research and development activities related to our various product candidates and general and administrative expenses supporting research and development and business activities. We have financed our operations since inception primarily through the sale of preferred and common stock and the issuance of convertible promissory notes and term loans. Our total cash and cash equivalents balance as of September 30, 2018 was $3.8 million. In April 2018, the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $15.9 million in connection with the sale of the Units in the Offering. All of the pre-funded warrants issued in the Offering were exercised in April 2018 and, as 150,000 were exercised on a cashless basis, resulted in the issuance of an additional 7,837,061 shares of common stock and gross proceeds of approximately $0.1 million.

To continue our operations, we will need to raise additional capital by the end of 2018. We anticipate that we will continue to incur losses, and that such losses will increase over the next several years due to development costs associated with our iSPERSE™ pipeline programs. We expect that our research and development and general and administrative expenses will continue to increase and, as a

19

result, we will need additional capital to fund our operations, which we may raise through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, other third-party funding and other collaborations and strategic alliances. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to obtain additional equity or debt financing and, ultimately, to generate revenue. Those factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date of filing these condensed consolidated financial statements.

The following table sets forth the major sources and uses of cash for each of the periods set forth below (in thousands):

	Nine Months ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(12,596	)	$	(11,265	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(8	)		(36	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		12,860			13,479
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	256		$	2,178

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $12.6 million, which was primarily the result of a net loss of $16.2 million, partially offset by $2.6 million of net non-cash adjustments and $1.0 million in cash inflows associated with changes in operating assets and liabilities. Our non-cash adjustments were primarily comprised of $2.4 million of stock-based compensation expense and $0.2 million of depreciation and amortization. The net cash inflows associated with changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to increases of $0.9 million in accounts payable and $0.3 million in accrued expenses, partially offset by a $0.2 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $11.3 million, which was primarily the result of a net loss of $13.5 million and $0.2 million in cash outflows associated with changes in operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by $2.4 million of net non-cash adjustments. Our non-cash adjustments were primarily comprised of $2.1 million of stock-based compensation expense, $0.3 million of depreciation and amortization and non-cash interest expense. The net cash outflows associated with changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $0.6 million decrease in prepaid expenses, partially offset by $0.4 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017 were entirely due to purchases of property and equipment.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $12.9 million, as compared to $13.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 resulted from the issuance of common stock net of issuance costs, of $16.4 million, partially offset by $3.5 million of principal and end of term loan payments. Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 resulted from the issuance of common stock net of issuance costs, of $15.2 million, and $0.3 million from the exercise of stock options, partially offset by $2.0 million of term loan principal payments.

Financings

On March 17, 2017, the Company entered into an At-The-Market Sales Agreement with respect to the issuance and sale of up to $11 million of the Company’s common stock from time to time in an at-the-market public offering. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold 1,232,622 shares of its common stock pursuant to the At-The-Market Sales Agreement for aggregate net proceeds of $1.8 million.

On March 28, 2018, we entered into an underwriting agreement with Oppenheimer and Co., Inc. in connection with the Offering, pursuant to which the Company sold, 16,810,000 Common Units and 7,840,000 Pre-Funded Units. All of the pre-funded warrants issued in the Offering were exercised in April 2018 and, as 150,000 were exercised on a cashless basis, resulted in the issuance of an additional 7,837,061 shares of common stock. Each Common Unit was comprised of one share of common stock, one Series A Warrant to purchase one share of common stock and one Series B Warrant to purchase one share of common stock. Each Pre-Funded

20

Unit was comprised of one pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock, one Series A Warrant and one Series B Warrant. Gross proceeds from the Offering and of the exercise of the pre-funded warrants issued in the Offering, before commissions and fees, were approximately $16.0 million.

Based on our planned use for our existing cash resources, we believe that our available funds will be sufficient to enable us to support clinical development of our Pulmazole program through the issuance of the final report on the Phase Ib trial, preparation costs relating to our planned Phase II trial and the issuance of the final report on the toxicology study in support of PUR1800. The funding will not be sufficient to complete additional clinical work for any of the pipeline programs. We have based our projections of operating capital requirements on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect and we may use all of our available capital resources sooner than we expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our operating capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

• the initiation, progress, timing, costs and results of clinical studies for existing and new pipeline programs based on iSPERSE™;

• the outcome, timing and cost of regulatory approvals by the FDA and European regulatory authorities, including the potential for these agencies to require that we perform studies in addition to those that we currently have planned;

• the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights;

• our need to expand our research and development activities;

• our need and ability to hire additional personnel;

• our need to implement additional infrastructure and internal systems;

• the cost of establishing and maintaining a commercial-scale manufacturing line; and

• the cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any products for which we may receive regulatory approval.

If we cannot expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities because we lack sufficient capital, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Not applicable.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q, have concluded that, based on such evaluation, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and our management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

21

(b) Changes in Internal Controls. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, identified in connection with the evaluation of such internal control that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we may be involved in litigation that arises through the normal course of business. As of the date of this filing, we are not aware of any material legal proceedings to which we or any of our subsidiaries is a party or to which any of our property is subject, nor are we aware of any such threatened or pending litigation or any such proceedings known to be contemplated by governmental authorities.

We are not aware of any material proceedings in which any of our directors, officers or affiliates or any registered or beneficial stockholder of more than 5% of our common stock, or any associate of any of the foregoing, is a party adverse to or has a material interest adverse to, us or any of our subsidiaries.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, except as set forth below. For more information concerning our risk factors, please refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We will need to raise additional capital to meet our business requirements in the future and such capital raising may be costly or difficult to obtain and could dilute our stockholders’ ownership interests.

Our current capital will only be sufficient to enable us to continue operations for a short period of time. In order to fully realize all of our business objectives, absent any non-dilutive funding from a strategic partner or some other strategic transactions, we will need to raise additional capital before the end of 2018, which additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms or at all. For instance, we will need to raise additional funds to accomplish the following:

• advancing the research and development of Pulmazole and PUR1800;

• investing in protecting and expanding our intellectual property portfolio, including filing for additional patents to strengthen our intellectual property rights;

• hiring and retaining qualified management and key employees;

• responding to competitive pressures; and

• maintaining compliance with applicable laws.

Any additional capital raised through the sale of equity or equity backed securities will dilute our stockholders’ ownership percentages and could also result in a decrease in the market value of our equity securities.

The terms of any securities issued by us in future financing transactions may be more favorable to new investors, and may include preferences, superior voting rights and the issuance of warrants or other derivative securities, which may have a further dilutive effect on the holders of any of our securities then outstanding.

Furthermore, any additional capital financing that we may need in the future may not be available on terms favorable to us, or at all. If we are unable to obtain such additional financing on a timely basis, we may have to curtail our development activities and growth plans and/or be forced to sell assets, perhaps on unfavorable terms, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and ultimately could be forced to discontinue our operations and liquidate, in which event it is unlikely that stockholders would receive any distribution on their shares. Further, we may not be able to continue operating if we do not generate sufficient revenues from operations needed to stay in business.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in pursuing future capital financing, including investment banking fees, legal fees, accounting fees, securities law compliance fees, printing and distribution expenses and other costs. We may also be required to recognize non-cash expenses in connection with certain securities we issue, such as convertible notes and warrants, which may adversely impact our financial condition and cause further dilution to our stockholders.

22

We will be required to raise additional capital to fund our operations, and we may not be able to continue as a going concern if we are unable to do so.

Pharmaceutical product development, which includes research and development, pre-clinical and clinical studies and human clinical trials, is a time-consuming and expensive process that takes years to complete. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially as we advance Pulmazole into Phase II trials and pursue development of PUR1800 or other iSPERSE-based product candidates and/or pursue development of iSPERSE-based pharmaceuticals in additional indications. Based upon our current expectations, we believe that our existing capital resources will enable us to continue planned operations through the fourth quarter of 2018. We cannot assure you, however, that our plans will not change or that changed circumstances will not result in the depletion of our capital resources more rapidly than we currently anticipate. We will need to raise additional funds, whether through the sale of equity or debt securities, the entry into strategic business collaborations, the establishment of other funding facilities, licensing arrangements, or asset sales or other means, in order to continue our research and development and clinical trial programs for our iSPERSE-based product candidates and to support our other ongoing activities. However, it may be difficult for us to raise additional funds through these planned measures if we are able to at all. Since inception, we have incurred losses each year and have an accumulated deficit of $190.2 million, which may raise concerns about our solvency and affect our ability to raise additional capital.

The amount of additional funds we need will depend on a number of factors, including:

• rate of progress and costs of our clinical trials and research and development activities, including costs of procuring clinical materials and operating our manufacturing facilities;

• our success in establishing strategic business collaborations or other sales or licensing of assets, and the timing and amount of any payments we might receive from any such transactions we are able to establish;

• actions taken by the FDA and other regulatory authorities affecting our products and competitive products;

• our degree of success in commercializing any of our product candidates

• the emergence of competing technologies and products and other adverse market developments;

• the costs of preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights or defending against claims of infringement by others;

• the level of our legal expenses; and

• the costs of discontinuing projects and technologies.

We have raised capital in the past primarily through debt and private placements of stock. We may in the future pursue the sale of additional equity and/or debt securities, or the establishment of other funding facilities including asset based borrowings. There can be no assurances, however, that we will be able to raise additional capital through such an offering on acceptable terms, or at all. Issuances of additional debt or equity securities could impact the rights of the holders of Company Common Stock and may dilute their ownership percentage. Moreover, the establishment of other funding facilities may impose restrictions on our operations. These restrictions could include limitations on additional borrowing and specific restrictions on the use of our assets, as well as prohibitions on our ability to create liens, pay dividends, redeem our stock or make investments. We also may seek to raise additional capital by pursuing opportunities for the licensing or sale of certain intellectual property and other assets. We cannot offer assurances, however, that any strategic collaborations, sales of securities or sales or licenses of assets will be available to us on a timely basis or on acceptable terms, if at all.

In the event that sufficient additional funds are not obtained through strategic collaboration opportunities, sales of securities, funding facilities, licensing arrangements and/or asset sales on a timely basis, we will be required to reduce expenses through the delay, reduction or curtailment of our projects, including Pulmazole or PUR1800 development activities, or reduction of costs for facilities and administration. Moreover, if we do not obtain such additional funds, there will be continued doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern and increased risk of insolvency and loss of investment to the holders of our securities. If we are or become insolvent, investors in our stock may lose the entire value of their investment.

23

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

(a) Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

(b) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

We did not repurchase any of our equity securities during the quarter ended September 30, 2018.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

Item 6. Exhibits.

See Index to Exhibits.

24

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	PULMATRIX, INC.
Date: November 14, 2018	By:	/s/ Robert W. Clarke
		Robert W. Clarke
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November 14, 2018	By:	/s/ William Duke, Jr.
		William Duke, Jr.
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

25

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No.	Description
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Pulmatrix, Inc., as amended through June  15, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange commission on August 14, 2015).
3.2	Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Pulmatrix, Inc., dated as of June  5, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 7, 2018).
3.3	Restated Bylaws of Pulmatrix, Inc., as amended through June  15, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 14, 2015).
4.1	Form of Series A Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, Amendment No. 4, filed with the SEC on March 28, 2018).
4.2	Form of Series B Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, Amendment No. 4, filed with the SEC on March 28, 2018).
4.3	Form of Pre-Funded Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, Amendment No. 4, filed with the SEC on March 28, 2018).
10.1	First Amendment to the Pulmatrix, Inc. Amended and Restated 2013 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, dated as of June  5, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 7, 2018).
31.1*	Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*	Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101*	The following materials from the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018 (unaudited) and December 31, 2017, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited), (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited), and (iv) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited).

* Filed herewith.

26

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS UNDER SECTION 302

I, Robert W. Clarke, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Pulmatrix, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 14, 2018

/s/ Robert W. Clarke

Robert W. Clarke

President and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS UNDER SECTION 302

I, William Duke, Jr., certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Pulmatrix, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 14, 2018

/s/ William Duke, Jr.

William Duke, Jr.

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATIONS UNDER SECTION 906

Pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), each of the undersigned officers of Pulmatrix, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), does hereby certify, to such officer’s knowledge and in the capacity of an officer, that:

The Quarterly Report for the quarter ended September 30, 2018 (the “Form 10-Q”) of the Company fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the information contained in the Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in the Form 10-Q.

Date: November 14, 2018	/s/ Robert W. Clarke
	Robert W. Clarke
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November 14, 2018	/s/ William Duke, Jr.
	William Duke, Jr.
	Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial Officer)

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Nov. 12, 2018
Document And Entity Information [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2018
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2018
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Trading Symbol	PULM
Entity Registrant Name	Pulmatrix, Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0001574235
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		46,927,221

XML

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 3,806	$ 3,550
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	914	696
Total current assets	4,720	4,246
Property and equipment, net	447	614
Long-term restricted cash	204	204
Goodwill	10,914	10,914
Total assets	16,285	15,978
Current liabilities:
Loan payable, net of debt discount and issuance costs		3,221
Accounts payable	1,367	457
Accrued expenses	2,284	2,162
Derivative liability		1
Total current liabilities	3,651	5,841
Commitments (Note 12)
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value - 500,000 authorized and 0 issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017
Common stock, $0.0001 par value - 200,000,000 shares authorized; 46,927,221 and 21,047,498 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	5	2
Additional paid-in capital	202,856	184,137
Accumulated deficit	(190,227)	(174,002)
Total stockholders' equity	12,634	10,137
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 16,285	$ 15,978

XML

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	500,000	500,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized	200,000,000	200,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	46,927,221	21,047,498
Common stock, shares outstanding	46,927,221	21,047,498

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenues		$ 335	$ 153	$ 335
Operating expenses
Research and development	$ 3,056	2,618	10,290	7,654
General and administrative	1,769	2,021	5,930	5,727
Total operating expenses	4,825	4,639	16,220	13,381
Loss from operations	(4,825)	(4,304)	(16,067)	(13,046)
Interest expense		(153)	(186)	(512)
Other income, net	9	5	28	26
Net loss	$ (4,816)	$ (4,452)	$ (16,225)	$ (13,532)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$ (0.10)	$ (0.22)	$ (0.42)	$ (0.72)
Weighted average shares of common stock used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share	46,927,221	20,200,893	38,393,842	18,738,118

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (16,225)	$ (13,532)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	175	186
Stock-based compensation	2,358	2,077
Non-cash rent expense		16
Non-cash interest expense	55	135
Non-cash debt issuance expense	3	9
Fair value adjustment on derivative liability	(1)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	1	(305)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(219)	(308)
Accounts payable	910	259
Accrued expenses	347	198
Net cash used in operating activities	(12,596)	(11,265)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(8)	(36)
Net cash used in investing activities	(8)	(36)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants, net of issuance costs	16,364	15,170
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options		304
Term loan principal payments	(3,259)	(1,995)
End of term payments	(245)
Net cash provided by financing activities	12,860	13,479
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	256	2,178
Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of period	3,550	4,182
Cash and cash equivalents - end of period	$ 3,806	6,360
Supplemental disclosures of noncash financing and investing activities
Fixed Asset purchases in accounts payable		$ 21

XML

Organization

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Organization

1. Organization

Pulmatrix, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) is a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on the discovery and development of a novel class of inhaled therapeutic products. The Company’s proprietary dry powder delivery platform, iSPERSE™ (inhaled Small Particles Easily Respirable and Emitted), is engineered to deliver small, dense particles with highly efficient dispersibility and delivery to the airways, which can be used with an array of dry powder inhaler technologies and can be formulated with a variety of drug substances. The Company is developing a pipeline of iSPERSE-based therapeutic candidates targeted at prevention and treatment of a range of respiratory diseases and infections with significant unmet medical needs.

Liquidity

At September 30, 2018, the Company had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $3,806, an accumulated deficit of $190,227 and working capital of $1,069. The Company will be required to raise additional capital by the end of 2018 to continue the development and commercialization of current product candidates and to continue to fund operations at the current cash expenditure levels.

The Company cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. To the extent that the Company raises additional funds by issuing equity securities, the Company’s stockholders may experience significant dilution. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants that impact the Company’s ability to conduct business. If unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, the Company may have to (i) delay, scale back or discontinue the development and/or commercialization of one or more product candidates; (ii) seek collaborators for product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable and on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available; or (iii) relinquish or otherwise dispose of rights to technologies, product candidates or products that the Company would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize on unfavorable terms.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company issued 25,879,723 shares of common stock as the result of the sale of 24,647,061 shares of common stock pursuant to an underwritten public offering and the exercise of pre-funded warrants also issued in such offering and the sale of 1,232,662 shares of common stock related to the At-the-Market Offering sales agreement. The Company received aggregate net proceeds of $16,364 in connection with the foregoing (Note 7).

The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to obtain additional equity or debt financing and, ultimately, to generate revenue. Those factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date of filing these condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2018 do not include any adjustments that might become necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

XML

Basis of Presentation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

2. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on a going concern basis in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial reporting and as required by Regulation S-X, Rule 10-01. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (including those which are normal and recurring) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the interim financial information have been included. When preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP, the Company must make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Additionally, operating results for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018. For further information, refer to the financial statements and footnotes included in the Company’s annual financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, which are included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 13, 2018.

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, there were no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies identified in the Company’s most recent annual financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, which are included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 13, 2018, except as noted below.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement. ASU 2018-13 modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements by removing, modifying, or adding certain disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2018-13 will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of ASU No. 2018-13 and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company has not yet evaluated the impact of adoption of this ASU on its condensed consolidated financial statements disclosures.

In June 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-07, Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. Subtopic 505-50, Equity — Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees, addresses aspects of the accounting for nonemployee share based compensation. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-05, “Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118”, (“ASU 2018-05”) to add various SEC paragraphs pursuant to the issuance of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), to ASC 740 “Income Taxes”. SAB 118 was issued by the SEC in December 2017 to provide immediate guidance for accounting implications of U.S. tax reform under the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act” (the “Tax Act”), which became effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. The Company has adopted ASU 2018-05 and adoption of this ASU has no significant impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, “Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (“ASU 2018-02”), which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act and requires certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. ASU 2018-02 is effective for us beginning December 1, 2019 (with early adoption permitted) and shall be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effect of the change in the corporate income tax rate in the Tax Act is recognized. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued authoritative guidance under ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 provides new comprehensive lease accounting guidance that supersedes existing lease guidance. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-02, the Company will be required to recognize most leases on its balance sheet at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented with a corresponding adjustment to stockholders’ equity. ASU 2016-02 requires the Company to capitalize most current operating lease obligations as right-of-use assets with a corresponding liability based on the present value of future operating lease obligations. Criteria for distinguishing leases between finance and operating are substantially similar to criteria for distinguishing between capital leases and operating leases in existing lease guidance. Lease agreements that are 12 months or less are permitted to be excluded from the balance sheet. Topic 842 includes a number of optional practical expedients that the Company may elect to apply. Expanded disclosures with additional qualitative and quantitative information will also be required. The adoption will include updates as provided under ASU 2018-01, Leases (Topic 842): Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842 and ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases. The Company is required to adopt this new guidance in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adoption of this standard on its condensed consolidated financial statements and the additional transition method under ASU 2018-11, which allows the Company to recognize Topic 842’s cumulative effect within retained earnings in the period of adoption.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition” and some cost guidance included in ASC Subtopic 605-35, “Revenue Recognition — Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts.” The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that revenue is recognized when the transfer of control of goods or services to customers occurs in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 requires the disclosure of sufficient information to enable readers of the Company’s financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. ASU 2014-09 also requires disclosure of information regarding significant judgments and changes in judgments, and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. ASU 2014-09 provides two methods of retrospective application. The first method would require the Company to apply ASU 2014-09 to each prior reporting period presented. The second method would require the Company to retrospectively apply ASU 2014-09 with the cumulative effect recognized at the date of initial application. Since the Company is an emerging growth company and elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act, this ASU 2014-09 will be effective for the Company beginning in fiscal 2019 as a result of ASU 2015-14, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date,” which was issued by the FASB in August 2015 and extended the original effective date by one year. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the available methodologies of ASU 2014-09 and 2015-14 upon its consolidated financial statements in future reporting periods. The Company is also in the process of evaluating the new standard against its existing revenue recognition accounting policies to determine the effect the guidance will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and what changes to systems and controls may be warranted.

Use of Estimates

In preparing consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include valuing equity securities in share-based payments, estimating fair value of equity instruments recorded as derivative liabilities, estimating the useful lives of depreciable and amortizable assets, valuation allowance against deferred tax assets, goodwill impairment, and estimating the fair value of long-lived assets to assess whether impairment charges may apply.

Revenue Recognition

The Company’s principal sources of revenue during the reporting period were reimbursement of clinical study costs. In all instances, revenue is recognized only when the price is fixed or determinable, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, and collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the difference between the consideration transferred and the fair value of the net assets acquired, and liabilities assumed under the acquisition method of accounting for push-down accounting. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment within the Company’s single reporting unit on an annual basis, during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit below its carrying amount. When performing the impairment assessment, the accounting standard for testing goodwill for impairment permits a company to first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicates that it is more likely than not that the goodwill is impaired. If the Company believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill is impaired, the Company must perform a quantitative impairment test. The Company completed a qualitative assessment and determined that there was no impairment of goodwill as of September 30, 2018.

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Text Block [Abstract]

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

4. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses consisted of the following:

	At September 30, 2018		At December 31, 2017
Prepaid Insurance	$	291	$	204
Prepaid Clinical Trials		43		421
Prepaid Other		131		44
Deferred Clinical and Operating Costs		449		27
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	914	$	696

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Debt

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

5. Debt

Loan and Security Agreement and Warrant Agreement

On June 11, 2015, Pulmatrix Operating entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (“LSA”) with Hercules Technology Growth Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”), for a term loan in a principal amount of $7,000 (“Term Loan”). The term loan was secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets, excluding intellectual property. Final payments were made in June 2018 and, as of June 30, 2018, the term loan was paid in full.

The term loan bore interest at a floating annual rate equal to the greater of (i) 9.50% and (ii) the sum of (a) the prime rate as reported by The Wall Street Journal minus 3.25% plus (b) 8.50%. The Company was required to make interest payments in cash on the first business day of each month, beginning on July 1, 2015. Since August 1, 2016, the Company has been required to make monthly payments on the first business day of each month consisting of principal and interest based upon a 30-month amortization schedule, and any unpaid principal and interest is due on the maturity date of July 1, 2018. Upon repayment of the term loan, the Company is also required to pay an end of term charge to the Lenders equal to $245. In June of 2018, the Company prepaid the loan in its entirety, including the end of term charge. The Company received a waiver for any prepayment fee associated with early payoff, and no prepayment penalty was incurred. As of June 30, 2018, the company has no further liability to Hercules.

During the term of the loan, the Company could have elected to prepay all, but not less than all, of the outstanding principal balance of the term loan, subject to a prepayment fee of 1% – 3%, depending on the date of repayment. Contingent on the occurrence of several events, including that the Company’s closing stock price exceed $11.73 per share for the seven days preceding a payment date, the Company could have elected to pay, in whole or in part, any regularly scheduled installment of principal up to an aggregate maximum amount of $1,000 by converting a portion of the principal into shares of the Company’s common stock at a price of $11.73 per share. Hercules may have elected to receive payments in the Company common stock by requiring the Company to affect a conversion option whereby Hercules could have elected to receive a principal installment payment in shares of the Company common stock based on a price of $11.73 per share, subject to an aggregate maximum principal amount of $1,000.

The Company determined that the Company’s provisions allowing conversion of all or a portion of the LSA contained a beneficial conversion feature (“BCF”). The BCF is contingent upon the occurrence of certain events and as such, the Company will not record the BCF until the contingency is resolved. As the conversion feature was not executed during the life of the LSA, the BCF was not recorded.

The credit facility included affirmative and negative covenants. The affirmative covenants include, among others, covenants requiring the Company to maintain its legal existence and governmental approvals deliver certain financial reports and maintain insurance coverage. The negative covenants included, among others, restrictions on transferring collateral, incurring additional indebtedness, engaging in mergers or acquisitions, paying dividends or making other distributions, making investments, creating liens, selling assets, and undergoing a change in control, in each case subject to certain exceptions. In general, the Term Loan prohibited the Company from (i) repurchasing or redeeming any class of capital stock, including common stock or (ii) declaring or paying any cash dividend or making cash distribution on any class of capital stock, including common stock.

The LSA included provisions requiring the embedded interest rate reset upon an event of default and the put option upon an event of default or qualified change of control each represent an embedded derivative instrument requiring bifurcation from the loan. The embedded derivatives were bundled and valued as one compound derivative in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance for derivatives and hedging. The fair value of the compound derivative at issuance of $11 was recorded as a derivative liability and as a discount to the debt. The derivative liability is remeasured at fair value at each reporting date, with changes in fair value being recorded as other income (expense) in the statements of operations (Note 10). At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair value of the derivative liability was valued at $0 and $1, respectively. The net debt discounts resulting from the embedded compound derivative and lender fees have been amortized as interest expense from the date of issuance through the maturity date using the effective interest method. The Company incurred interest expense of $0 and $186 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and $153 and $512 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. Of the total interest expense, $0 and $131 was payable in cash during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and $112 and $377 was payable in cash during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

The carrying amounts of the Company’s Term Loan as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows:

	Hercules Term Loan			Debt Discount			Issuance Costs			Total
Balance — January 1, 2018	$	3,259		$	(35	)	$	(3	)	$	3,221
Accretion of debt discount					35						35
Accretion of issuance costs								3			3
Principal payments		(3,259	)								(3,259	)
Balance — September 30, 2018	$	0		$	0		$	0		$	0

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Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

6. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses consisted of the following:

	At September 30, 2018		At December 31, 2017
Accrued vacation	$	71	$	57
Accrued wages and incentive		1,229		1,113
Accrued clinical & consulting		812		568
Accrued legal & patent		93		61
Accrued end of term fee		—		225
Deferred Rent		67		68
Accrued other expenses		12		70
Total accrued expenses	$	2,284	$	2,162

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Common Stock

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Text Block [Abstract]

Common Stock

7. Common Stock

Public Offering

On April 3, 2018, the Company closed its firm commitment underwritten public offering in which, pursuant to the underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) entered into between the Company and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., as representative of the underwriters (the “Underwriters”), dated March 28, 2018, the Company issued and sold (i) 15,660,000 common units (“Common Units”), with each Common Unit being comprised of one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, one Series A warrant (collectively, the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase one share of common stock and one Series B warrant (collectively, the “Series B Warrants”) to purchase one share of common stock, and (ii) 7,840,000 pre-funded units (the “Pre-Funded Units” and, together with the Common Units, the “Units”), with each Pre-Funded Unit being comprised of one pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock, one Series A Warrant and one Series B Warrant. The public offering price was $0.65 per Common Unit and $0.64 per Pre-Funded Unit, and the gross proceeds received by the Company on April 3, 2018 pursuant to such sales were $15,197, prior to deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses.

In addition, on April 4, 2018, the Company closed on the sale of 1,150,000 additional Common Units pursuant to the Underwriters’ option to purchase up to an additional 1,150,000 Units, which were exercised in full. After giving effect to the exercise of the Underwriters’ overallotment option, the gross aggregate proceeds from the offering on April 3 and 4 were $15,944, prior to deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses.

All of the pre-funded warrants issued in the offering were exercised in April 2018 and, as 150,000 were exercised on a cashless basis, resulted in the issuance of an additional 7,837,061 shares of common stock with gross proceeds of $78.

The Series A Warrants included in the Common Units and the Pre-Funded Units were immediately exercisable at a price of $0.65 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, and expired according to their terms on October 3, 2018 and October 4, 2018, respectively. The Series B Warrants included in the Common Units and the Pre-Funded Units were immediately exercisable at a price of $0.75 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, and will expire five years from the date of issuance. The shares of common stock, or Pre-Funded Warrants in the case of the Pre-Funded Units, and the Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants were offered together, but the securities contained in the Common Units and the Pre-Funded Units were issued separately.

The Company agreed to pay Oppenheimer a commission of (a) 7% of the gross proceeds raised up to $5,000 and (b) 6.5% of the gross proceeds raised in excess of $5,000. The Company also agreed to pay or reimburse certain expenses on behalf of Oppenheimer. A total of $1,505 of commissions and other issuance costs were associated with the public offering.

The net proceeds to the Company from the Offering were approximately $14,517, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the Offering for research and development of its therapeutic candidates, particularly the development of Pulmazole, as well as for working capital and general corporate purposes.

At-the-Market Offering

On March 17, 2017, the Company entered into an At-The-Market Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with BTIG, LLC (“BTIG”) to act as the Company’s sales agent with respect to the issuance and sale of up to $11,000,000 of the Company’s shares of common stock, from time to time in an at-the-market public offering (the “Offering”). Sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement are made pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 15, 2016, and subsequently declared effective on August 3, 2016 (File No. 333-212546), and a related prospectus. BTIG acts as the Company’s sales agent on a commercially reasonable efforts basis, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of The NASDAQ Global Market. If expressly authorized by the Company, BTIG may also sell the Company’s common stock in privately negotiated transactions. There is no specific date on which the Offering will end, there are no minimum sale requirements and there are no arrangements to place any of the proceeds of this offering in an escrow, trust or similar account.

BTIG is entitled to compensation at a fixed commission rate of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement.

During the nine month period ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold 1,232,662 shares of its common stock under the Sales Agreement at an average selling price of approximately $1.54 per share which resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $1,904 and net proceeds of approximately $1,847 after payment of 3% commission to BTIG and other issuance costs.

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Warrants

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Federal Home Loan Banks [Abstract]

Warrants

8. Warrants

A rollforward of the common stock warrants outstanding at September 30, 2018 is as follows.

	Number of Warrants			Weighted Average Exercise Price			Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding January 1, 2018		3,284,440		$	7.79				$	—
Series A warrants issued		24,650,000		$	0.65
Series B warrants issued		24,650,000		$	0.75
Pre-funded warrants issued		7,840,000		$	0.65
Pre-funded warrants exercised		(7,840,000	)	$	(0.65	)
Outstanding September 30, 2018		52,584,440		$	1.14			2.22	$	—

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Stock-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

9. Stock-Based Compensation

The Company sponsors the Pulmatrix, Inc. 2013 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan (the “2013 Plan). As of September 30, 2018, the 2013 Plan provides for the grant of up to 12,500,000 shares of common stock, of which 2,034,088 shares remained available for future grant.

In addition, the Company has two legacy plans: The Pulmatrix Operating’s 2013 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan (the “Original 2013 Plan”) and Pulmatrix Operating’s 2003 Employee, Director, and Consultant Stock Plan (the “2003 Plan”). As of September 30, 2018, a total of 490,790 shares of common stock may be delivered under options outstanding under the Original 2013 Plan and the 2003 Plan, however no additional awards may be granted under the Original 2013 Plan or the 2003 Plan.

Options

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company granted 34,000 options to employees and no options to directors or consultants. At the date of grant, the fair value of the options awarded to employees was $11.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 the Company granted 5,966,000 to employees and 775,000 to directors. At the date of the grant, the fair value of the options awarded to employees and directors was $1,895 and $248, respectively.

The stock options granted vest over either 36 or 48 months (the “Time Based Options”). Subject to the grantees’ continuous service with the Company and as defined in the grant agreement, Time Based Options vest in one of the following ways: (i) 25% on the first anniversary of the option grant date and the remainder in 36 equal monthly installments beginning in the month after the vesting start date, (ii) 25% on the option grant date and the remainder in 36 equal monthly installments beginning in the month after the vesting start date or (iii) in 48 equal monthly installments beginning on the monthly anniversary of the vesting start date. Stock options generally expire ten years after the date of grant.

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

	Number of Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price			Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term ( Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding — January 1, 2018		3,695,634		$	5.69				$	—
Granted		6,741,000		$	0.47
Exercised		—		$	—
Forfeited or expired		(23,090	)	$	(2.28	)
Outstanding — September 30, 2018		10,413,544		$	2.32			8.75	$	—
Exercisable — September 30, 2018		4,502,002		$	3.89			7.94	$	—
Vested and expected to vest — September 30, 2018		10,247,905		$	2.34			8.74	$	—

The estimated fair values of employee stock options granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, were determined on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Expected option life (years)		6.05			6.08			5.58			6.13
Risk-free interest rate		2.79	%		2.04	%		2.77	%		2.07	%
Expected volatility		78.91	%		75.00	%		79.67	%		77.23	%
Expected dividend yield		0	%		0	%		0	%		0	%

The risk-free interest rate was obtained from U.S. Treasury rates for the applicable periods. The Company’s expected volatility was based upon the historical volatility for industry peers and used an average of those volatilities. The expected life of the Company’s options was determined using the simplified method as a result of limited historical data regarding the Company’s activity. The dividend yield considers that the Company has not historically paid dividends and does not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. As of September 30, 2018, there was $4,218 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options granted under the Company’s stock award plans. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.0 years.

The following table presents total stock-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Research and development	$	244	$	184	$	760	$	514
General and administrative		416		556	$	1,598	$	1,563
Total stock based compensation expense	$	660	$	740	$	2,358	$	2,077

Restricted Stock Units (RSU)

In August 2015, the Company granted 10,374 RSUs to other employees that vested over a two year period. The Company recorded no stock-based compensation expense for the RSUs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and $0 and $13 for the RSUs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. At September 30, 2018, no RSUs were outstanding.

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Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

10. Fair Value Measurements

Information about the liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, and the input categories associated with those liabilities, is as follows:

	September 30, 2018
	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Liabilities:
Embedded compound derivative	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
	December 31, 2017
	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Liabilities:
Embedded compound derivative	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	1

Embedded Compound Derivatives — LSA with Hercules

As described in Note 5, the LSA contained an interest rate reset upon an event of default and a put option upon an event of default or qualified change of control. Each of these features represents an embedded derivative instrument requiring bifurcation from the Term Loan. The embedded derivatives were bundled and valued as one compound derivative in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance for derivatives and hedging. The proceeds from the issuance of the Term Loan were allocated first to the warrant and compound derivative at their respective fair values, with the residual going to the carrying amount of the loan resulting in a discount to the face value of the debt. The fair value of the compound derivative upon issuance of $11 was recognized as a derivative liability and was adjusted to fair value at each reporting date. The loan was repaid in its entirety according to its terms and as of September 30, 2018, the derivative liability had a fair value of zero.

A roll-forward of the preferred stock warrant liability and derivative liability categorized with Level 3 inputs is as follows:

	Derivative Instruments
Balance — January 1, 2018	$	1
Change in fair value		(1	)
Balance — September 30, 2018	$	—

Gains and/or losses arising from changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants and embedded compound derivatives were recorded within other income, net, on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

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Net Loss Per Share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Loss Per Share

11. Net Loss Per Share

The Company computes basic and diluted net loss per share using a methodology that gives effect to the impact of outstanding participating securities (the “two-class method”). As the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 resulted in net losses attributable to common shareholders, there is no income allocation required under the two-class method or dilution attributed to weighted average shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted net loss per share.

The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding prior to the use of the treasury stock method have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding, as they would be anti-dilutive.

	As of September 30,
	2018		2017
Options to purchase common stock		10,413,544		3,336,368
Warrants to purchase common stock		52,584,440		3,284,440
Settlement of term loan		—		85,251

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Commitments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments

12. Commitments

Future minimum lease payments under the non-cancelable operating lease for office and lab space is as follows:

	Amount
2018	$	164
2019		676
2020		698
Total	$	1,538

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Subsequent Events

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

13. Subsequent Events

The Series A warrants, issued on April 3 and 4, 2018 expired according to their terms, on October 3 and 4, 2018, respectively.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement. ASU 2018-13 modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements by removing, modifying, or adding certain disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2018-13 will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of ASU No. 2018-13 and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company has not yet evaluated the impact of adoption of this ASU on its condensed consolidated financial statements disclosures.

In June 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-07, Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. Subtopic 505-50, Equity — Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees, addresses aspects of the accounting for nonemployee share based compensation. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-05, “Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118”, (“ASU 2018-05”) to add various SEC paragraphs pursuant to the issuance of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), to ASC 740 “Income Taxes”. SAB 118 was issued by the SEC in December 2017 to provide immediate guidance for accounting implications of U.S. tax reform under the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act” (the “Tax Act”), which became effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. The Company has adopted ASU 2018-05 and adoption of this ASU has no significant impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, “Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (“ASU 2018-02”), which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act and requires certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. ASU 2018-02 is effective for us beginning December 1, 2019 (with early adoption permitted) and shall be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effect of the change in the corporate income tax rate in the Tax Act is recognized. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued authoritative guidance under ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 provides new comprehensive lease accounting guidance that supersedes existing lease guidance. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-02, the Company will be required to recognize most leases on its balance sheet at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented with a corresponding adjustment to stockholders’ equity. ASU 2016-02 requires the Company to capitalize most current operating lease obligations as right-of-use assets with a corresponding liability based on the present value of future operating lease obligations. Criteria for distinguishing leases between finance and operating are substantially similar to criteria for distinguishing between capital leases and operating leases in existing lease guidance. Lease agreements that are 12 months or less are permitted to be excluded from the balance sheet. Topic 842 includes a number of optional practical expedients that the Company may elect to apply. Expanded disclosures with additional qualitative and quantitative information will also be required. The adoption will include updates as provided under ASU 2018-01, Leases (Topic 842): Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842 and ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases. The Company is required to adopt this new guidance in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adoption of this standard on its condensed consolidated financial statements and the additional transition method under ASU 2018-11, which allows the Company to recognize Topic 842’s cumulative effect within retained earnings in the period of adoption.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition” and some cost guidance included in ASC Subtopic 605-35, “Revenue Recognition — Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts.” The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that revenue is recognized when the transfer of control of goods or services to customers occurs in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 requires the disclosure of sufficient information to enable readers of the Company’s financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. ASU 2014-09 also requires disclosure of information regarding significant judgments and changes in judgments, and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. ASU 2014-09 provides two methods of retrospective application. The first method would require the Company to apply ASU 2014-09 to each prior reporting period presented. The second method would require the Company to retrospectively apply ASU 2014-09 with the cumulative effect recognized at the date of initial application. Since the Company is an emerging growth company and elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act, this ASU 2014-09 will be effective for the Company beginning in fiscal 2019 as a result of ASU 2015-14, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date,” which was issued by the FASB in August 2015 and extended the original effective date by one year. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the available methodologies of ASU 2014-09 and 2015-14 upon its consolidated financial statements in future reporting periods. The Company is also in the process of evaluating the new standard against its existing revenue recognition accounting policies to determine the effect the guidance will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and what changes to systems and controls may be warranted.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

In preparing consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include valuing equity securities in share-based payments, estimating fair value of equity instruments recorded as derivative liabilities, estimating the useful lives of depreciable and amortizable assets, valuation allowance against deferred tax assets, goodwill impairment, and estimating the fair value of long-lived assets to assess whether impairment charges may apply.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

The Company’s principal sources of revenue during the reporting period were reimbursement of clinical study costs. In all instances, revenue is recognized only when the price is fixed or determinable, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, and collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured.

Goodwill

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the difference between the consideration transferred and the fair value of the net assets acquired, and liabilities assumed under the acquisition method of accounting for push-down accounting. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment within the Company’s single reporting unit on an annual basis, during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit below its carrying amount. When performing the impairment assessment, the accounting standard for testing goodwill for impairment permits a company to first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicates that it is more likely than not that the goodwill is impaired. If the Company believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill is impaired, the Company must perform a quantitative impairment test. The Company completed a qualitative assessment and determined that there was no impairment of goodwill as of September 30, 2018.

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Text Block [Abstract]

Schedule of Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses consisted of the following:

	At September 30, 2018		At December 31, 2017
Prepaid Insurance	$	291	$	204
Prepaid Clinical Trials		43		421
Prepaid Other		131		44
Deferred Clinical and Operating Costs		449		27
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	914	$	696

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Debt (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Carrying Amount of Company's Notes

The carrying amounts of the Company’s Term Loan as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows:

	Hercules Term Loan			Debt Discount			Issuance Costs			Total
Balance — January 1, 2018	$	3,259		$	(35	)	$	(3	)	$	3,221
Accretion of debt discount					35						35
Accretion of issuance costs								3			3
Principal payments		(3,259	)								(3,259	)
Balance — September 30, 2018	$	0		$	0		$	0		$	0

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Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Schedule of Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following:

	At September 30, 2018		At December 31, 2017
Accrued vacation	$	71	$	57
Accrued wages and incentive		1,229		1,113
Accrued clinical & consulting		812		568
Accrued legal & patent		93		61
Accrued end of term fee		—		225
Deferred Rent		67		68
Accrued other expenses		12		70
Total accrued expenses	$	2,284	$	2,162

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Warrants (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Federal Home Loan Banks [Abstract]

Summary of Common Stock Warrants Outstanding

A rollforward of the common stock warrants outstanding at September 30, 2018 is as follows.

	Number of Warrants			Weighted Average Exercise Price			Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding January 1, 2018		3,284,440		$	7.79				$	—
Series A warrants issued		24,650,000		$	0.65
Series B warrants issued		24,650,000		$	0.75
Pre-funded warrants issued		7,840,000		$	0.65
Pre-funded warrants exercised		(7,840,000	)	$	(0.65	)
Outstanding September 30, 2018		52,584,440		$	1.14			2.22	$	—

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Summary of Stock Option Activity

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

	Number of Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price			Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term ( Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding — January 1, 2018		3,695,634		$	5.69				$	—
Granted		6,741,000		$	0.47
Exercised		—		$	—
Forfeited or expired		(23,090	)	$	(2.28	)
Outstanding — September 30, 2018		10,413,544		$	2.32			8.75	$	—
Exercisable — September 30, 2018		4,502,002		$	3.89			7.94	$	—
Vested and expected to vest — September 30, 2018		10,247,905		$	2.34			8.74	$	—

Calculation of Fair Value Assumptions Using Black Scholes Option Model

The estimated fair values of employee stock options granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, were determined on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Expected option life (years)		6.05			6.08			5.58			6.13
Risk-free interest rate		2.79	%		2.04	%		2.77	%		2.07	%
Expected volatility		78.91	%		75.00	%		79.67	%		77.23	%
Expected dividend yield		0	%		0	%		0	%		0	%

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The following table presents total stock-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Research and development	$	244	$	184	$	760	$	514
General and administrative		416		556	$	1,598	$	1,563
Total stock based compensation expense	$	660	$	740	$	2,358	$	2,077

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Information about the liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, and the input categories associated with those liabilities, is as follows:

	September 30, 2018
	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Liabilities:
Embedded compound derivative	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
	December 31, 2017
	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Liabilities:
Embedded compound derivative	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	1

Schedule of Preferred Stock Warrant Liability and Derivative Liability Categorized with Level 3

A roll-forward of the preferred stock warrant liability and derivative liability categorized with Level 3 inputs is as follows:

	Derivative Instruments
Balance — January 1, 2018	$	1
Change in fair value		(1	)
Balance — September 30, 2018	$	—

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Net Loss Per Share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Computation of Diluted Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding Anti-Dilutive

The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding prior to the use of the treasury stock method have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding, as they would be anti-dilutive.

	As of September 30,
	2018		2017
Options to purchase common stock		10,413,544		3,336,368
Warrants to purchase common stock		52,584,440		3,284,440
Settlement of term loan		—		85,251

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Commitments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Future Minimum Lease Payments under the Non-Cancelable Operating Lease for Office and Lab Space

Future minimum lease payments under the non-cancelable operating lease for office and lab space is as follows:

	Amount
2018	$	164
2019		676
2020		698
Total	$	1,538

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Organization - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Organization And Basis Of Presentation [Line Items]
Accumulated deficit	$ (190,227)	$ (174,002)
Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents	3,806	$ 3,550
Working capital deficit	1,069
BTIG LLC [Member]
Organization And Basis Of Presentation [Line Items]
Proceeds from sale of common stock	$ 16,364
BTIG LLC [Member] | Underwritten Public Offering [Member] | Prefunded Warrants [Member]
Organization And Basis Of Presentation [Line Items]
Sale of stock, number of shares sold in transaction	24,647,061
Common stock shares issued	25,879,723
BTIG LLC [Member] | At the Market Offering [Member]
Organization And Basis Of Presentation [Line Items]
Sale of stock, number of shares sold in transaction	1,232,662
Proceeds from sale of common stock	$ 1,847

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Detail)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Impairment of goodwill	$ 0

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets - Schedule of Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Prepaid Expense and Other Assets, Current [Abstract]
Prepaid Insurance	$ 291	$ 204
Prepaid Clinical Trials	43	421
Prepaid Other	131	44
Deferred Clinical and Operating Costs	449	27
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$ 914	$ 696

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Debt - Loan and Security Agreement and Warrant Agreement - Additional Information (Detail)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($) d $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Jun. 11, 2015 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant derivative liabilities at issuance, recorded as debt discount			$ 0		$ 1,000	$ 11,000
Hercules Loan and Security Agreement [Member] | Term Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loan principal amount							$ 7,000,000
Debt instrument basis spread			8.50%
Basis of debt instrument interest rate			The prime rate as reported by The Wall Street Journal minus 3.25% plus (b) 8.50%.
Debt instrument payment terms			The Company has been required to make monthly payments on the first business day of each month consisting of principal and interest based upon a 30-month amortization schedule
Debt instrument periodic payment frequency			30-month amortization schedule
Repayment charges			$ 245,000
Debt prepayment penalty			0
Liabilites to Hercules	$ 0		$ 0
Percentage of prepayment fee	1.00%		1.00%
Percentage of prepayment fee	3.00%		3.00%
Maximum principal amount available for conversion into common shares	$ 1,000,000		$ 1,000,000
Debt instrument, convertible, stock price trigger | $ / shares			$ 11.73
Debt instrument, convertible, threshold trading days | d			7
Interest expense	0	$ 153,000	$ 186,000	$ 512,000
Interest expense payable in cash	$ 0	$ 112,000	$ 131,000	$ 377,000
Hercules Loan and Security Agreement [Member] | Term Loan [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating annual rate	9.50%		9.50%
Hercules Loan and Security Agreement [Member] | Term Loan [Member] | Prime Rate [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument basis spread			3.25%

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Debt - Summary of Carrying Amount of Company's Notes (Detail) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Short And Long Term Debt [Line Items]
Beginning balance	$ (35)
Accretion of debt discount	35
Accretion of issuance costs, debt discount	0
Ending balance	0
Beginning balance	(3)
Accretion of issuance costs, issuance costs	3
Ending balance	0
Beginning balance	3,221
Accretion of debt discount	35
Accretion of issuance costs	3
Principal payments	(3,259)
Ending balance	0
Hercules Term Loan [Member]
Short And Long Term Debt [Line Items]
Beginning balance	3,259
Accretion of issuance costs	0
Principal payments	(3,259)
Ending balance	$ 0

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Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities - Schedule of Accrued Expenses (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Accrued vacation	$ 71	$ 57
Accrued wages and incentive	1,229	1,113
Accrued clinical & consulting	812	568
Accrued legal & patent	93	61
Accrued end of term fee		225
Deferred Rent	67	68
Accrued other expenses	12	70
Total accrued expenses	$ 2,284	$ 2,162

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Common Stock - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)			1 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Apr. 04, 2018	Apr. 03, 2018	Apr. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Mar. 17, 2017
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Common stock, par value				$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common Units [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Proceeds from sale of common stock	$ 15,944,000
Underwriting Agreement [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Payment of commissions and other issuance costs				$ 1,505,000
Proceeds from sale of common stock				$ 14,517,000
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Series A Warrants [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Warrants exercisable price				$ 0.65
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Series B Warrants [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Warrants exercisable price				$ 0.75
Warrants expiration period				5 years
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Common Units [Member] | Series A Warrants [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Warrants expired date				Oct. 03, 2018
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Pre-funded Units [Member] | Series A Warrants [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Warrants expired date				Oct. 04, 2018
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Common Units [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Number of shares issued and sold		15,660,000
Average selling price of common stock		$ 0.65
Proceeds from sale of common stock		$ 15,197,000
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Common Units [Member] | Series A Warrants [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Number of shares		1
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Common Units [Member] | Series B Warrants [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Number of shares		1
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Common Units [Member] | Common Stock [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Number of shares		1
Common stock, par value		$ 0.0001
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Common Units [Member] | Common Stock [Member] | Series A Warrants [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Number of shares called by each warrant		1
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Common Units [Member] | Common Stock [Member] | Series B Warrants [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Number of shares called by each warrant		1
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Pre-funded Units [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Number of shares issued and sold		7,840,000
Average selling price of common stock		$ 0.64
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Pre-funded Units [Member] | Series A Warrants [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Number of shares		1
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Pre-funded Units [Member] | Series B Warrants [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Number of shares		1
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Pre-funded Units [Member] | Common Stock [Member] | Series A Warrants [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Number of shares called by each warrant		1
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Pre-funded Units [Member] | Common Stock [Member] | Series B Warrants [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Number of shares called by each warrant		1
Underwriting Agreement [Member] | Prefunded Warrants [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Number of warrants exercised			150,000
Issuance of common stock shares			7,837,061
Gross proceeds from sale of shares			$ 78,000
Gross Proceeds up to Five Thousand [Member] | Underwriting Agreement [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Commission rate on sale of stock				7.00%
Gross Proceeds in excess of Five Thousand [Member] | Underwriting Agreement [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Commission rate on sale of stock				6.50%
Maximum [Member] | Underwriting Agreement [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Gross proceeds from sale of shares				$ 5,000,000
Minimum [Member] | Underwriting Agreement [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Gross proceeds from sale of shares				5,000,000
BTIG LLC [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Proceeds from sale of common stock				$ 16,364,000
At the Market Offering [Member] | BTIG LLC [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Average selling price of common stock				$ 1.54
Gross proceeds from sale of shares				$ 1,904,000
Proceeds from sale of common stock				$ 1,847,000
Fixed commission rate entitled to placement agent				3.00%
Sale of stock, number of shares sold in transaction				1,232,662
At the Market Offering [Member] | BTIG LLC [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Aggregate offering on sale of common stock						$ 11,000,000
Over-Allotment Option [Member] | Common Units [Member]
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Number of shares issued and sold	1,150,000

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Warrants - Summary of Common Stock Warrants Outstanding (Detail) - Warrant [Member]	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of warrants, Outstanding, Beginning balance | shares	3,284,440
Number of warrants, Outstanding, Ending balance | shares	52,584,440
Weighted average exercise price, Beginning balance | $ / shares	$ 7.79
Weighted average exercise price, Ending balance | $ / shares	$ 1.14
Weighted average remaining contractual term, Ending balance	2 years 2 months 19 days
Aggregate intrinsic value, Beginning balance | $	$ 0
Aggregate intrinsic value, Ending balance | $	$ 0
Series A Warrants [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of warrants, issued | shares	24,650,000
Weighted average exercise price, Warrants issued | $ / shares	$ 0.65
Aggregate intrinsic value, Warrants issued | $	$ 0
Series B Warrants [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of warrants, issued | shares	24,650,000
Weighted average exercise price, Warrants issued | $ / shares	$ 0.75
Aggregate intrinsic value, Warrants issued | $	$ 0
Pre Funded Warrants1 [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of warrants, issued | shares	7,840,000
Weighted average exercise price, Warrants issued | $ / shares	$ 0.65
Aggregate intrinsic value, Warrants issued | $	$ 0
Pre Funded Warrants2 [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of warrants, exercised | shares	(7,840,000)
Weighted average exercise price, Warrants exercised | $ / shares	$ (0.65)
Aggregate intrinsic value, Warrants exercised | $	$ 0

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Stock-Based Compensation - Additional Information (Detail)	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2015 shares	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($) shares	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($) Installment shares	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares outstanding		10,413,544		10,413,544		3,695,634
Number of options to purchase common stock, Granted				6,741,000
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expenses | $		$ 4,218,000		$ 4,218,000
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense, period for recognition				2 years
Employee Stock Option [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award expiration period				10 years
Employee Stock Option [Member] | Time Based Options Vesting 48 Month [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period				48 months
Award vesting percentage				25.00%
Number of equal vesting installments | Installment				36
Award vesting term				25% on the option grant date and the remainder in 36 equal monthly installments beginning in the month after the vesting start date
Employee Stock Option [Member] | Employees [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of options to purchase common stock, Granted		34,000		5,966,000
Aggregate weighted average amount of fair value of options | $		$ 11,000		$ 1,895,000
Employee Stock Option [Member] | Director [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of options to purchase common stock, Granted		0		775,000
Aggregate weighted average amount of fair value of options | $				$ 248,000
Award expiration period				10 years
Employee Stock Option [Member] | Director [Member] | Time Based Options Vesting 24 Month [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period				36 months
Employee Stock Option [Member] | Director [Member] | Time Based Options vesting Three [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period				48 months
Employee Stock Option [Member] | Consultants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of options to purchase common stock, Granted		0
Restricted Stock Units [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of units, outstanding		0		0
Restricted Stock Units [Member] | Other Employees [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period	2 years
Restricted stock units, granted	10,374
Stock-based compensation | $		$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 13,000
2013 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Aggregate shares of Common Stock that may be delivered under options outstanding		12,500,000		12,500,000
Shares available for future grant		2,034,088		2,034,088
Legacy Share Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Aggregate shares of Common Stock that may be delivered under options outstanding		0		0
Shares outstanding		490,790		490,790
Number of legacy stock-based compensation plans				2

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Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Stock Option Activity (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]
Number of options, Outstanding beginning balance	3,695,634
Number of options, Granted	6,741,000
Number of options, Exercised	0
Number of options, Forfeited or expired	(23,090)
Number of options, Outstanding ending balance	10,413,544
Number of options, Exercisable	4,502,002
Number of options, Vested and expected to vest	10,247,905
Weighted average exercise price, Outstanding beginning balance	$ 5.69
Weighted average exercise price, Granted	0.47
Weighted average exercise price, Exercised	0
Weighted average exercise price, Forfeited or expired	(2.28)
Weighted average exercise price, Outstanding ending balance	2.32
Weighted average exercise price, Exercisable	3.89
Weighted average exercise price, Vested and expected to vest	$ 2.34
Weighted average remaining contractual term, Outstanding ending balance	8 years 9 months
Weighted average remaining contractual term, Exercisable	7 years 11 months 8 days
Weighted average remaining contractual term, Vested and expected to vest	8 years 8 months 26 days
Aggregate intrinsic value, Outstanding	$ 0
Aggregate intrinsic value, Exercised	$ 0
Aggregate intrinsic value, Forfeited or expired	$ 0
Aggregate intrinsic value, Outstanding	$ 0
Aggregate intrinsic value, Exercisable	0
Aggregate intrinsic value, Vested and expected to vest	$ 0

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Stock-Based Compensation - Estimated Fair Values of Employee Stock Options Granted (Detail) - Employee Stock Option [Member]	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected option life (years)	6 years 18 days	6 years 29 days	5 years 6 months 29 days	6 years 1 month 17 days
Risk-free interest rate	2.79%	2.04%	2.77%	2.07%
Expected volatility	78.91%	75.00%	79.67%	77.23%
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock based compensation expense	$ 660	$ 740	$ 2,358	$ 2,077
Research and Development [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock based compensation expense	244	184	760	514
General and Administrative [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock based compensation expense	$ 416	$ 556	$ 1,598	$ 1,563

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Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Detail) - Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring [Member] - Preferred Stock Warrants [Member] $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities, Derivative liability	$ 1
Level 3 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities, Derivative liability	$ 1

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Fair Value Measurements - Additional Information (Detail) - Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring [Member] - Level 3 [Member] - Embedded Compound Derivative [Member] $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Fair Value Assets Liabilities Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Derivative liability	$ 11
Fair value of derivative liability	$ 0

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Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of Preferred Stock Warrant Liability and Derivative Liability Categorized with Level 3 (Detail) - Derivative Instruments [Member] $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Beginning balance	$ 1
Change in fair value	$ (1)

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Net Loss Per Share - Schedule of Computation of Diluted Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding Anti-Dilutive (Detail) - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Term Loan [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potential dilutive securities excluded from computation of diluted net loss per common share		85,251
Warrants To Purchase Common Stock [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potential dilutive securities excluded from computation of diluted net loss per common share	52,584,440	3,284,440
Options to Purchase Common Stock [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potential dilutive securities excluded from computation of diluted net loss per common share	10,413,544	3,336,368

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Commitments - Schedule of Future Minimum Lease Payments under the Non-Cancelable Operating Lease for Office and Lab Space (Detail) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
2018	$ 164
2019	676
2020	698
Total	$ 1,538